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 v

8
 BRIEF CONTENTS

PART ONE
THE PROFESSION

1 The World of Customer Service

2 Contributing to the Service Culture

PART TWO
SKILLS FOR SUCCESS

3 Verbal Communication Skills

4 Nonverbal Communication Skills
5 Listening to the Customer

PART THREE
BUILDING AND MAINTAINING RELATIONSHIPS

6 Customer Service and Behavior

7 Service Breakdowns and Recovery
8 Customer Service in a Diverse World
9 Customer Service via Technology

9
PART FOUR
RETAINING CUSTOMERS

10 Encouraging Customer Loyalty

Glossary
Notes
Bibliography
Index

vi

10
 CONTENTS

Preface
Acknowledgments

PART ONE THE

PROFESSION
Customer Service Interview: Barbara Tanzer, Owner, TBS Group

1 The World of Customer Service

In the Real World: (Retail)—Amazon.com Inc.
LO 1-1 Defining Customer Service
The Concept of Customer Service
Post–World War II Service in the United States
The Shift to Service

LO 1-2 Growth of the Service Sector

Impact of the Economy

LO 1-3 Societal Factors Affecting Customer Service

Shifts in Consumer Needs, Wants, and Expectations
Global Economic Shifts
Shifts in the Population and Labor Force

11
 Increased Efficiency in Technology
Deregulation of Many Industries
Geopolitical Changes
Changing Values
More Women Entering the Workforce
A More Racially and Ethnically Diverse Population is Entering the
Workforce
More Older Workers Entering the Workforce
Growth of E-Commerce

LO 1-4 Consumer Behavior Shifts

Different Mindset
Expectation of Quality Service
Enhanced Consumer Preparation

LO 1-5 The Customer Service Environment

Components of a Customer Service Environment
The Customer
Organizational Culture
Human Resources
Deliverables
Delivery Systems
Service

LO 1-6 Addressing the Changes

Small Business Perspective

2 Contributing to the Service Culture

In the Real World: (Delivery Services)—FedEx
LO 2-1 Defining a Service Culture

12
 Service Philosophy or Mission
Employee Roles and Expectations
Policies and Procedures
Products and Services
Motivators and Rewards
Management Support
Employee Empowerment
Training

LO 2-2 Establishing a Service Strategy

LO 2-3 Customer-Friendly Systems
Typical System Components
Service Delivery Systems
Tools for Service Measurement

LO 2-4 Eleven Strategies for Promoting a Positive Service

Culture
LO 2-5 Separating Average Companies from Excellent
Companies
LO 2-6 What Customers Want
Small Business Perspective
vii

PART TWO SKILLS FOR

SUCCESS
Customer Service Interview: Ginger Marks, CEO, Calomar, LLC

3 Verbal Communication Skills

In the Real World: Insurance—State Farm Insurance
LO 3-1 The Importance of Effective Communication

13
 LO 3-2 Ensuring Two-Way Communication
Interpersonal Communication Model

LO 3-3 Communicating Positively

Prepare for Positive Customer Interactions
Let Your Customers Know They Are Important
Address Your Customer’s Expectations Positively
Nurture a Continuing Relationship

LO 3-4 Providing Feedback Effectively

Verbal Feedback
Nonverbal Feedback

LO 3-5 Avoiding Negative Communication

LO 3-6 Dealing Assertively with Customers
LO 3-7 Assertive versus Aggressive Service
Small Business Perspective

4 Nonverbal Communication Skills

In the Real World: (Financial Services)—American Express
LO 4-1 What Is Nonverbal Communication?
LO 4-2 The Scope of Nonverbal Behavior
Body Language
Vocal Cues
Appearance and Grooming
Spatial Cues
Environmental Cues
Miscellaneous Cues

LO 4-3 The Role of Gender in Nonverbal Communication

LO 4-4 The Impact of Culture on Nonverbal Communication

14
 LO 4-5 Negative Nonverbal Behaviors
Unprofessional Handshake
Fidgeting
Pointing a Finger or Other Object
Raising an Eyebrow
Peering over Top of Eyeglasses
Crossing Arms or Putting Hands on Hips
Holding Hands Near Mouth

LO 4-6 Strategies for Improving Nonverbal Communication

Seek out Nonverbal Cues
Confirm Your Perceptions
Seek Clarifying Feedback
Analyze Your Interpretations of Nonverbal Cues

LO 4-7 Customer-Focused Behavior

Small Business Perspective

5 Listening to the Customer

In the Real World: Retail—Nordstrom
LO 5-1 Why Is Listening So Important?
LO 5-2 What Is Listening?
Hearing and Receiving the Message
Attending
Comprehending or Assigning Meaning
Responding

LO 5-3 Characteristics of a Good Listener

LO 5-4 Causes of Listening Breakdown
Personal Obstacles

15
 Listening Skill Level
External Obstacles
Additional Obstacles to Effective Listening

LO 5-5 Strategies for Improved Listening

Stop Talking!
Prepare Yourself
Listen Actively
Show a Willingness to Listen
Show Empathy
Listen for Concepts
Listen Openly
Send Positive Nonverbal Cues
Do Not Argue
Take Notes, If Necessary

LO 5-6 Information-Gathering Techniques

Open-End Questions
Closed-End Questions

LO 5-7 Additional Question Guidelines

Avoid Criticism
Ask Only Positively Phrased Questions
Ask Direct Questions
Ask Customers How You Can Better Serve
Small Business Perspective
viii

PART THREE BUILDING AND

MAINTAINING

16
 RELATIONSHIPS
Customer Service Interview: Venkatesh P. Nagalapadi, President,
CFP Physicians Group

6 Customer Service and Behavior

In the Real World: Supermarket—Trader Joe’s
LO 6-1 What Are Behavioral Styles?
LO 6-2 Identifying Behavioral Styles
R: Rational
I: Inquisitive
D: Decisive
E: Expressive

LO 6-3 Communicating with Each Style

LO 6-4 Building Stronger Relationships
Discover Customer Needs
Say “Yes”
Seek Opportunities for Service
Focus on Process Improvement
Make Customers Feel Special
Be Culturally Aware
Know Your Products and Services

LO 6-5 Dealing with Perceptions

Perceptions and Stereotypes
Small Business Perspective

7 Service Breakdowns and Recovery

In the Real World: Retail/Manufacturing—Coca-Cola

17
LO 7-1 What Is a Service Breakdown?
LO 7-2 The Role of Behavioral Style
LO 7-3 Difficult Customers
Demanding or Domineering Customers
Indecisive Customers
Dissatisfied and Angry Customers
Rude or Inconsiderate Customers
Talkative Customers

LO 7-4 Handling Emotions with the Emotion-Reducing Model

LO 7-5 Reasons for Customer Defection
LO 7-6 Working with Internal Customers (Coworkers)
Stay Connected
Meet All Commitments
Do Not Sit on Your Emotions
Build a Professional Reputation
Adopt a Good-Neighbor Policy

LO 7-7 Strategies for Preventing Dissatisfaction and Problem

Solving
Make Positive Initial Contact
Think Like the Customer
Pamper the Customer
Respect the Customer
Exceed Expectations
Responding to Conflict
Causes of Conflict
Salvaging Relationships after Conflict

LO 7-8 The Problem-Solving Process

18
 1. Identify the Problem
2. Compile and Analyze the Data
3. Identify the Alternatives
4. Evaluate the Alternatives
5. Make a Decision
6. Monitor the Results

LO 7-9 Implementing a Service Recovery Strategy

1. Apologize, Apologize, and Apologize Again
2. Take Immediate Action
3. Show Compassion
4. Provide Compensation
5. Conduct Follow-Up

LO 7-10 Disaster Planning Initiatives in the Service Recovery

Process
Small Business Perspective

8 Customer Service in a Diverse World

In the Real World: Restaurant Franchise—Subway
LO 8-1 The Impact of Diversity
LO 8-2 Defining Diversity
LO 8-3 Customer Awareness
LO 8-4 The Impact of Cultural Values
Modesty
Expectations of Privacy
Forms of Address
Respect for Elders
Importance of Relationships

19
 Gender Roles
Attitude toward Conflict
The Concept of Time
Ownership of Property

LO 8-5 Providing Quality Service to Diverse Customer Groups

Customers with Language Differences
Customers with Disabilities
Elderly Customers
Younger Customers
ix

LO 8-6 Communicating with Diverse Customers

Small Business Perspective

9 Customer Service via Technology

In the Real World: Technology—Microsoft
LO 9-1 The Role of Technology in Customer Service
LO 9-2 The Customer Contact/Call Center or Help Desk
Call Center Technology
Traditional Call Center Technology

LO 9-3 Tapping into Web-Based and Mobile Technologies

Websites
Social Media
Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology

LO 9-4 Technology Etiquette and Strategies

E-Mail
Facsimile

LO 9-5 The Telephone in Customer Service

20
 Communication Skills for Success
Tips for Creating a Positive Telephone Image
Effective Telephone Usage
Voice Mail and Answering Machines or Services
Taking Messages Professionally
General Advice for Communicating by Telephone
Small Business Perspective

PART FOUR RETAINING

CUSTOMERS
Customer Service Interview: Richard Ulrych, Partner, Waterways
Car Spa

10 Encouraging Customer Loyalty

In the Real World: Wholesale—Costco
LO 10-1 Customer Loyalty
LO 10-2 The Role of Trust
Communicate Effectively and Convincingly
Display Caring and Concern
Be Fair
Admit Errors or Lack of Knowledge
Trust Your Customers
Keep Your Word
Provide Peace of Mind
Be Responsible for Your Customer Relationships
Personalize Your Approach
Keep an Open Mind
Individualize Service

21
 Show Respect
Elicit Customer Input

LO 10-3 The Importance of Customer Relationship

Management
Benefits of Customer Relationship Management

LO 10-4 The Role of Channel Partner Relationships on

Customer Loyalty
Three Types of Channel Partners

LO 10-5 Provider Characteristics Affecting Customer Loyalty

Responsiveness
Adaptability
Communication Skills
Decisiveness
Enthusiasm
Ethical Behavior
Initiative
Knowledge
Perceptiveness
Planning Ability
Problem-Solving Ability
Professionalism

LO 10-6 Making the Customer Number One

Establish Rapport
Identify and Satisfy Customer Needs Quickly
Exceed Expectations
Follow-Up

LO 10-7 Enhancing Customer Satisfaction as a Strategy for

Retaining Customers

22
 Pay Attention
Deal with One Customer at a Time
Know Your Customers
Give Customers Special Treatment
Service Each Customer Adequately
Do the Unexpected
Handle Complaints Effectively
Sell Benefits, Not Features
Know Your Competition
Cost of Dissatisfied Customers

LO 10-8 Strive for Quality

Small Business Perspective

Glossary
Notes
Bibliography
Index
x

23
 PREFACE

New to This Edition

Every Chapter
New Customer Service interviews with service
Updated research and statistics throughout text
New Words to Live By quotes at the end of the Quick Preview section
of each chapter
Updated and addition of Trending Now sections in many chapters

Chapter 1
Interview by customer service industry professional
New In the Real World chapter opening case study (Amazon.com)
New Think About It
Updated research and statistics throughout chapter
New section Key Developments That Impacted Customer Service
Profession
Expanded definitions of service-related terminology
New Trending Now segments added
Updated discussion of Global Economic Shifts impacting customer
service
Additional Work It Out section

24
 Addition of section on Shifts in Consumer Needs, Wants, and
Expectations
Addition of suggestions for dealing more effectively with Internal
Customers
Additional Customer Service Tips
Expanded discussion of small business trends and customer service
Additional Search It Out resources

Chapter 2
Updated In the Real World chapter opening case study (FedEx)
New Think About It
Updated research and statistics
Inclusion of sample mission statements
Additional Trending Now segments
Expanded definitions related to service terminology
New Customer Service Success Tip added
Updated 11 Strategies for Promoting a Positive Service Culture section
Additional Search It Out resources
Additional Collaborative Learning Activity
xi

Chapter 3
New In the Real World chapter opening case study (State Farm
Insurance)
New Think About It
Addition of Words to Live By quote
Expanded definitions related to service terminology
Additional Customer Service Tips
Additional Trending Now segments
Updated research and statistics
Expanded Importance of Effective Communication section
Updated section on Assertive vs. Aggressive Customer Service

25
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
The Project Gutenberg eBook of History of
Spanish Literature, vol. 2 (of 3)
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
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included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: History of Spanish Literature, vol. 2 (of 3)

Author: George Ticknor

Release date: September 20, 2017 [eBook #55589]

Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Josep Cols Canals, Ramon Pajares Box and

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF

SPANISH LITERATURE, VOL. 2 (OF 3) ***
Transcriber's note
Table of Contents
 H I S TO RY
OF

S PA N I S H L I T E R AT U R E .

VOL. II.
 H I S TO RY

OF

S PA N I S H L I T E R AT U R E .
BY

GEORGE TICKNOR.

IN THREE VOLUMES.
VOLUME II.

NEW YORK:
HARPER AND BROTHERS, 82 CLIFF STREET.
M DCCC XLIX.
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1849, by
G e o r g e T i c k n o r,
in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.
 CONTENTS

OF

V O L U M E S E C O N D.

SECOND PERIOD.
( C o n t i n u e d .)

CHAPTER VII.
Theatre in the Time of Charles the Fifth, and during
the First Part of the Reign of Philip the Second.

Drama opposed by the Church 3

Inquisition interferes 4
Religious Dramas continued 4
Secular Plays, Castillejo, Oliva 5
Juan de Paris 6
Jaume de Huete 8
Agostin Ortiz 9
Popular Drama attempted 9
Lope de Rueda 9
His Four Comedias 11
His Two Pastoral Colloquies 13
His Ten Pasos 16
His Two Dialogues in Verse 17
His insufficient Apparatus 18
He begins the Popular Drama 19
Juan de Timoneda 20
His Cornelia 21
His Menennos 21
His Blind Beggars 22

CHAPTER VIII.
Theatre, continued.

Followers of Lope de Rueda 25

Alonso de la Vega, Cisneros 25
Attempts at Seville 26
Juan de la Cueva 26
Romero de Zepeda 27
Attempts at Valencia 28
Cristóval de Virues 28
Translations from the Ancients 30
Villalobos, Oliva 30
Boscan, Abril 30
Gerónimo Bermudez 30
Lupercio de Argensola 32
Spanish Drama to this Time 34
The Attempts to form it few 35
The Apparatus imperfect 36
Connection with the Hospitals 37
Court-yards in Madrid 37
Dramas have no uniform Character 37
A National Drama demanded 39

CHAPTER IX.
Luis de Leon.

Religious Element in Spanish Literature 40

Luis de Leon 40
His Birth and Training 40
Professor at Salamanca 41
His Version of Solomon’s Song 41
His Persecution for it 42
His Names of Christ 43
His Perfect Wife 45
His Exposition of Job 45
His Death 46
His Poetry 47
His Translations 48
His Original Poetry 49
His Character 51

CHAPTER X.
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra.

His Family 52
His Birth 53
His Education 54
His first published Verses 54
Goes to Italy 55
Becomes a Soldier 55
Fights at Lepanto 56
And at Tunis 57
Is captured at Sea 57
Is a Slave at Algiers 57
His cruel Captivity 58
His Release 59
Serves in Portugal 61
His Galatea 61
His Marriage 64
His Literary Friends 65
His First Dramas 65
His Trato de Argel 67
His Numantia 70
Character of these Dramas 77

CHAPTER XI.
Cervantes, continued.

He goes to Seville 77
His Life there 78
Asks Employment in America 78
Short Poems 79
Tradition from La Mancha 80
He goes to Valladolid 81
First Part of Don Quixote 82
He goes to Madrid 82
Relations with Poets there 82
With Lope de Vega 82
His Novelas 84
His Viage al Parnaso 88
His Adjunta 89
His Eight Comedias 90
His Eight Entremeses 94
Second Part of Don Quixote 97
His Sickness 98
His Death 99

CHAPTER XII.
Cervantes, concluded.

His Persiles y Sigismunda 100

His Don Quixote, First Part 103
His Purpose in writing it 104
Passion for Romances of Chivalry 105
He destroys it 107
Character of the First Part 108
Avellaneda’s Second Part 109
Its Character 110
Cervantes’s Satire on it 111
His own Second Part 112
Its Character 113
Don Quixote and Sancho 114
Blemishes in the Don Quixote 116
Its Merits and Fame 118
Claims of Cervantes 119

CHAPTER XIII.
Lope Felix de Vega Carpio.

His Birth 120

His Education 121
A Soldier 123
Patronized by Manrique 123
Bachelor at Alcalá 123
His Dorothea 124
Secretary to Alva 124
His Arcadia 125
Marries 127
Is exiled for a Duel 127
Life at Valencia 128
Death of his Wife 128
Establishes himself at Madrid 128
Serves in the Armada 129
Marries again 131
His Children 132
Death of his Sons 132
Death of his Wife 132
Becomes a Priest 133
His Poem of San Isidro 134
His Hermosura de Angélica 137
His Dragontea 140
His Peregrino en su Patria 142
His Jerusalen Conquistada 143

C H A P T E R X I V.
Lope de Vega, continued.

His Relations with the Church 146

His Pastores de Belen 146
Various Works 148
Beatification of San Isidro 149
Canonization of San Isidro 153
Tomé de Burguillos 154
His Gatomachia 154
Various Works 155
His Novelas 156
He acts as an Inquisitor 157
His Religious Poetry 158
His Corona Trágica 159
His Laurel de Apolo 160
His Dorotea 160
His Last Works 161
His Illness and Death 162
His Burial 162

C H A P T E R X V.
Lope de Vega, continued.

His Miscellaneous Works 164

Their Character 165
His earliest Dramas 166
At Valencia 167
State of the Theatre 168
El Verdadero Amante 169
El Pastoral de Jacinto 169
His Moral Plays 170
The Soul’s Voyage 171
The Prodigal Son 172
The Marriage of the Soul 173
The Theatre at Madrid 174
His published Dramas 175
Their great Number 175
His Dramatic Foundation 177
Varieties in his Plays 178
Comedias de Capa y Espada 179
Their Character 179
Their Number 180
El Azero de Madrid 181
La Noche de San Juan 184
Festival of the Count Duke 184
La Boba para los Otros 189
El Premio del Bien Hablar 190
Various Plays 190

CHAPTER XVI.
Lope de Vega, continued.

Comedias Heróicas 192

Roma Abrasada 193
El Príncipe Perfeto 195
El Nuevo Mundo 199
El Castigo sin Venganza 202
La Estrella de Sevilla 205
National Subjects 206
Various Plays 207
Character of the Heroic Drama 207

CHAPTER XVII.
Lope de Vega, continued.

Dramas on Common Life 210

El Cuerdo en su Casa 211
La Donzella Teodor 212
Cautivos de Argel 214
Three Classes of Secular Plays 215
The Influence of the Church 216
Religious Plays 217
Plays founded on the Bible 217
El Nacimiento de Christo 218
Other such Plays 221
Comedias de Santos 223
Several such Plays 224
San Isidro de Madrid 225
Autos Sacramentales 226
Festival of the Corpus Christi 227
Number of Lope’s Autos 229
Their Form 230
Their Loas 230
Their Entremeses 231
The Autos themselves 232
Lope’s Secular Entremeses 234
Popular Tone of his Drama 236
His Eclogues 237

CHAPTER XVIII.
Lope de Vega, concluded.
Variety in the Forms of his Dramas 239
Characteristics of all of them 239
Personages 240
Dialogue 240
Irregular Plots 240
History disregarded 241
Geography 242
Morals 242
Dramatized Novelle 243
Comic Underplot 243
Graciosos 244
Poetical Style 245
Various Measures 246
Ballad Poetry in them 247
Popular Air of every thing 249
His Success at home 249
His Success abroad 250
His large Income 251
Still he is poor 251
Great Amount of his Works 252
Spirit of Improvisation 250

CHAPTER XIX.
Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas.

Birth and Training 255

Exile 256
Public Service in Sicily 256
In Naples 257
Persecution at Home 257
Marries 257
Persecution again 258
His Sufferings and Death 259
Variety of his Works 259
Many suppressed 260
His Poetry 261
Its Characteristics 262
Cultismo 263
El Bachiller de la Torre 263
His Prose Works 267
Paul the Sharper 269
Various Tracts 269
The Knight of the Forceps 269
La Fortuna con Seso 270
Visions 271
Quevedo’s Character 274

CHAPTER XX.
The Drama of Lope’s School.

Madrid the Capital 276

Its Effect on the Drama 277
Damian de Vegas 277
Francisco de Tarrega 278
His Enemiga Favorable 279
Gaspar de Aguilar 280
His Mercader Amante 280
His Suerte sin Esperanza 281
Guillen de Castro 283
His Dramas 284
His Don Quixote 285
His Piedad y Justicia 285
His Santa Bárbara 286
His Mocedades del Cid 287
Corneille’s Cid 289
Other Plays of Guillen 292
Luis Vélez de Guevara 293
Mas pesa el Rey que la Sangre 294
Other Plays of Guevara 296
Juan Perez de Montalvan 297
His San Patricio 298
His Orfeo 299
His Dramas 300
His Amantes de Teruel 301
His Don Carlos 304
His Autos 305
His Theory of the Drama 306
His Success 307

CHAPTER XXI.
Drama of Lope’s School, concluded.

Tirso de Molina 308

His Dramas 308
His Burlador de Sevilla 309
His Vergonzoso en Palacio 312
His Theory of the Drama 314
Antonio Mira de Mescua 315
His Dramas and Poems 315
Joseph de Valdivielso 316
His Autos 317
His Religious Dramas 317
Antonio de Mendoza 318
Ruiz de Alarcon 319
His Dramas 320
His Texedor de Segovia 320
His Verdad Sospechosa 321
Other Plays 322
Belmonte, Cordero, Enriquez 323
Villaizan, Sanchez, Herrera 323
Barbadillo, Solorzano 324
Un Ingenio 325
El Diablo Predicador 325
Opposition to Lope’s School 327
By Men of Learning 328
By the Church 329
The Drama triumphs 331
Lope’s Fame 332

CHAPTER XXII.
Pedro Calderon de la Barca.

Birth and Family 333

Education 334
Festivals of San Isidro 335
Serves as a Soldier 336
Writes for the Stage 336
Patronized by Philip the Fourth 336
Rebellion in Catalonia 337
Controls the Theatre 337
Enters the Church 337
Less favored by Charles the Second 338
Death and Burial 339
Person and Character 340
His Works 341
His Dramas 342
Many falsely ascribed to him 342
Their Number 343
His Autos Sacramentales 344
Feast of the Corpus Christi 345
His different Autos 347
His Divino Orfeo 348
Popularity of his Autos 350
His Religious Plays 351
Troubles with the Church 351
Ecclesiastics write Plays 352
Calderon’s San Patricio 353
His Devocion de la Cruz 355
His Mágico Prodigioso 355
Other similar Plays 358

CHAPTER XXIII.
Calderon, continued.

Characteristics of his Drama 360

Trusts to the Story 361
Sacrifices much to it 362
Dramatic Interest strong 363
Love, Jealousy, and Honor 364
Amar despues de la Muerte 364
El Médico de su Honra 368
El Pintor de su Deshonra 371
El Mayor Monstruo los Zelos 371
El Príncipe Constante 376
 C H A P T E R X X I V.
Calderon, concluded.

Comedias de Capa y Espada 381

Antes que todo es mi Dama 382
La Dama Duende 383
La Vanda y la Flor 385
Various Sources of Calderon’s Plots 389
Castilian Tone everywhere 389
Exaggerated Sense of Honor 391
Domestic Authority 392
Duels 393
Immoral Tendency of his Dramas 394
Attacked 394
Defended 394
Calderon’s courtly Tone 395
His Style and Versification 396
His long Success 397
Changes the Drama little 399
But gives it a lofty Tone 400
His Dramatic Character 401

C H A P T E R X X V.
Drama of Calderon’s School.

Most Brilliant Period 403

Agustin Moreto 403
His Dramas 404
Figuron Plays 405
El Lindo Don Diego 405
El Desden con el Desden 406
Francisco de Roxas 408
His Dramas 408
Del Rey abaxo Ninguno 409
Several Authors to one Play 411
Alvaro Cubillo 412
Leyba and Cancer y Velasco 413
Enriquez Gomez 414
Sigler and Zabaleta 414
Fernando de Zarate 414
Miguel de Barrios 415
Diamante 416
Monroy, Monteser, Cuellar 417
Juan de la Hoz 417
Juan de Matos Fragoso 418
Sebastian de Villaviciosa 419
Antonio de Solís 420
Francisco Banzes Candamo 422
Zarzuelas 424
Opera at Madrid 425
Antonio de Zamora 426
Lanini, Martinez 427
Rosete, Villegas 427
Joseph de Cañizares 427
Decline of the Drama 428
Vera y Villarroel 429
Inez de la Cruz 429
Fernandez de Leon 429
Tellez de Azevedo 429
Old Drama of Lope and of Calderon 429

CHAPTER XXVI.
Old Theatres.

Nationality of the Drama 430

The Autor of a Company 431
Relations with the Dramatists 432
Actors, their Number 433
The most distinguished 434
Their Character and hard Life 435
Exhibitions in the Day-time 436
Poor Scenery and Properties 437
The Stage 437
The Audience 437
The Mosqueteros 437
The Gradas, and Cazuela 438
The Aposentos 438
Entrance-money 439
Rudeness of the Audiences 439
Honors to the Authors 440
Play-Bills 440
Titles of Plays 441
Representations 441
Loa 441
Ballad 441
First Jornada 443
First Entremes 444
Second Jornada and Entremes 445
Third Jornada and Saynete 445
Dancing 445
Ballads 446
Xacaras 446
Zarabandas 447
Popular Character of the Drama 448
Great Number of Authors 449
Royal Patronage 450
Great Number of Dramas 451
All National 452

CHAPTER XXVII.
Historical and Narrative Poems.

Old Epic Tendencies 454

Revived in the Time of Charles the Fifth 455
Hierónimo Sempere 455
Luis de Çapata 456
Diego Ximenez de Ayllon 457
Hippólito Sanz 457
Alfonso Fernandez 458
Espinosa and Coloma 458
Alonso de Ercilla 459
His Araucana 461
Diego de Osorio 464
Pedro de Oña 466
Gabriel Lasso de la Vega 467
Antonio de Saavedra 467
Juan de Castellanos 468
Centenera 469
Gaspar de Villagra 469
Religious Narrative Poems 470
Hernandez Blasco 470
Gabriel de Mata 470
Cristóval de Virues 470
His Monserrate 471
Nicolas Bravo 472
Joseph de Valdivielso 472
Diego de Hojeda 473
His Christiada 473
Alonso Diaz 474
Antonio de Escobar 474
Alonso de Azevedo 474
Rodriguez de Vargas 474
Jacobo Uziel 474
Sebastian de Nieva Calvo 474
Duran Vivas 474
Juan Dávila 474
Antonio Enriquez Gomez 474
Hernando Dominguez Camargo 474
Juan de Encisso y Monçon 474
Imaginative Epics 475
Orlando Furioso 476
Nicolas Espinosa 476
Abarca de Bolea 477
Garrido de Villena 477
Agostin Alonso 477
Luis Barahona de Soto 477
His Lágrimas de Angélica 478
Bernardo de Balbuena 479
His Bernardo 480

CHAPTER XXVIII.
Historical and Narrative Poems, concluded.

Subjects from Antiquity 481

Boscan, Mendoza, Silvestre 481
Montemayor, Villegas 481
Perez, Romero de Cepeda 482
Fábulas, Góngora 483
Villamediana, Pantaleon 483
Moncayo, Villalpando 483
Salazar 483
Miscellaneous Poems 483
Yague de Salas 484
Miguel de Silveira 485
Fr. Lopez de Zarate 486
Mock-heroic Poems 487
Cosmé de Aldana 487
Cintio Merctisso 488
Villaviciosa 489
Heroic Poems 491
Don John of Austria 491
Hierónimo de Cortereal 492
Juan Rufo 493
Pedro de la Vezilla 494
Miguel Giner 495
Duarte Diaz 495
Lorenzo de Zamora 495
Cristóval de Mesa 496
Juan de la Cueva 497
Alfonso Lopez, El Pinciano 498
Francisco Mosquera 499
Vasconcellos 499
Bernarda Ferreira 500
Antonio de Vera y Figueroa 501
Francisco de Borja 501
Rise of Heroic Poetry 502
Its Decline 503

CHAPTER XXIX.
Lyric Poetry.

Early Lyric Tendency 505

Italian School of Boscan 505
National School 506
Lomas de Cantorál 506
Francisco de Figueroa 507
Vicente Espinel 507
Montemayor 507
Barahona de Soto, Rufo 508
Vegas, Padilla 508
Lopez Maldonado 508
Fernando de Herrera 509
His Odes 511
His Castilian Style 513
Pedro Espinosa 515
His Flores de Poetas Ilustres 515
Rey de Artieda 516
Manoel de Portugal 516
Cristóval de Mesa 517
Francisco de Ocaña 517
Lope de Sosa 517
Alonso de Ledesma 517
The Conceptistas 518
Cultismo and its Causes 519
Luis de Góngora 521
His earlier Poetry 522
His later Poetry 523
His Extravagance 524
His Obscurity 524
His Commentators 525
His Followers 526
Count Villamediana 527
Felix de Arteaga 528
Roca y Serna 528
Antonio de Vega 529
Anastasio Pantaleon 529
Violante del Cielo 529
Manoel de Melo 529
Moncayo, La Torre 530
Vergara 530
Rozas, Ulloa 530
Salazar 530
Spread of Cultismo 531
Contest about it 532
Francisco de Medrano 533
Pedro Venegas 533
Baltasar de Alcazar 533
Arguijo 534
Antonio Balvas 534

CHAPTER XXX.
Lyric Poetry, concluded.

The Argensolas 536

Lupercio 536
Bartolomé 537
Their Poetry 538
Juan de Jauregui 539
His Orfeo 540
His Aminta 540
His Lyrical Poetry 541
Estévan Manuel de Villegas 542
Imitates Anacreon 543
Bernardo de Balbuena 544
Barbadillo, Polo, Rojas 544
Francisco de Rioja 545
Borja y Esquilache 546
Antonio de Mendoza 547
Bernardino de Rebolledo 548
Ribero, Quiros 549
Barrios, Lucio y Espinossa 549
Evia, Inez de la Cruz 549
Solís, Candamo, Marcante 549
Montoro, Negrete 549
Success of Lyric Poetry 550
Religious 550
Secular and Popular 550
Secular and more formal 551
Its General Character 552
 H I S TO RY
OF

S PA N I S H L I T E R AT U R E .

SECOND PERIOD.

The Literature that existed in Spain from the Accession of the Austrian
Family to its Extinction, or from the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century
to the End of the Seventeenth.

(CONTINUED.)
 H I S TO RY
OF

S PA N I S H L I T E R AT U R E .

S E C O N D P E R I O D.
(CONTINUED.)

CHAPTER VII.
Theatre. — Influence of the Church and the Inquisition. — Mysteries. — Castillejo,
Oliva, Juan de Paris, and Others. — Popular Demands for Dramatic Literature. —
Lope de Rueda. — His Life, Comedias, Coloquios, Pasos, and Dialogues in Verse. —
His Character as Founder of the Popular Drama in Spain. — Juan de Timoneda.

The theatre in Spain, as in most other countries of modern

Europe, was early called to contend with formidable difficulties.
Dramatic representations there, perhaps more than elsewhere, had
been for centuries in the hands of the Church; and the Church was
not willing to give them up, especially for such secular and irreligious
purposes as we have seen were apparent in the plays of Naharro.
The Inquisition, therefore, already arrogating to itself powers not
granted by the state, but yielded by a sort of general consent,
interfered betimes. After the publication of the Seville edition of the
“Propaladia” in 1520,—but how soon afterward we do not know,—
the representation of its dramas was forbidden, and the interdict
was continued till 1573.[1] Of the few pieces written in the early part
of the reign of Charles the Fifth, nearly all, except those on strictly
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