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 Machine Learning with Python Cookbook
SECOND EDITION
Practical Solutions from Preprocessing to Deep Learning

With Early Release ebooks, you get books in their earliest form—the author’s raw and unedited content as they write—so you can
take advantage of these technologies long before the official release of these titles.

Kyle Gallatin and Chris Albon

Machine Learning with Python Cookbook
by Kyle Gallatin and Chris Albon
Copyright © 2023 Kyle Gallatin. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions
are also available for most titles (http://oreilly.com). For more information, contact our
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Acquisitions Editor: Nicole Butterfield
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Interior Designer: David Futato
Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery
April 2018: First Edition
October 2023: Second Edition
Revision History for the Early Release
2022-08-24: First Release
2022-10-05: Second Release
2022-12-08: Third Release
2023-01-18: Fourth Release
See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781098135720 for release details.
The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Machine Learning with Python
Cookbook, the cover image, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc.
The views expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not represent the publisher’s views.
While the publisher and the authors have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and
instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the authors disclaim all responsibility
for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of
or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own
risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source
licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use
thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights.
978-1-098-13566-9
Chapter 1. Working with Vectors, Matrices
and Arrays in NumPy

A NOTE FOR EARLY RELEASE READERS

With Early Release ebooks, you get books in their earliest form—the authors’ raw and unedited content as they write—so you can
take advantage of these technologies long before the official release of these titles.
This will be the 1st chapter of the final book.
If you have comments about how we might improve the content and/or examples in this book, or if you notice missing material
within this chapter, please reach out to the authors at feedback.mlpythoncookbook@gmail.com.

1.0 Introduction
NumPy is a foundational tool of the Python machine learning stack. NumPy allows for efficient
operations on the data structures often used in machine learning: vectors, matrices, and tensors. While
NumPy is not the focus of this book, it will show up frequently throughout the following chapters. This
chapter covers the most common NumPy operations we are likely to run into while working on machine
learning workflows.

1.1 Creating a Vector

Problem
You need to create a vector.

Solution
Use NumPy to create a one-dimensional array:

# Load library
import numpy as np

# Create a vector as a row

vector_row = np.array([1, 2, 3])

# Create a vector as a column

vector_column = np.array([[1],
[2],
[3]])

Discussion
NumPy’s main data structure is the multidimensional array. A vector is just an array with a single
dimension. In order to create a vector, we simply create a one-dimensional array. Just like vectors, these
arrays can be represented horizontally (i.e., rows) or vertically (i.e., columns).

See Also
Vectors, Math Is Fun
Euclidean vector, Wikipedia

1.2 Creating a Matrix

Problem
You need to create a matrix.

Solution
Use NumPy to create a two-dimensional array:

# Load library
import numpy as np

# Create a matrix
matrix = np.array([[1, 2],
[1, 2],
[1, 2]])

Discussion
To create a matrix we can use a NumPy two-dimensional array. In our solution, the matrix contains
three rows and two columns (a column of 1s and a column of 2s).
NumPy actually has a dedicated matrix data structure:

matrix_object = np.mat([[1, 2],

[1, 2],
[1, 2]])

matrix([[1, 2],
[1, 2],
[1, 2]])

However, the matrix data structure is not recommended for two reasons. First, arrays are the de facto
standard data structure of NumPy. Second, the vast majority of NumPy operations return arrays, not
matrix objects.

See Also
Matrix, Wikipedia
Matrix, Wolfram MathWorld
1.3 Creating a Sparse Matrix

Problem
Given data with very few nonzero values, you want to efficiently represent it.

Solution
Create a sparse matrix:

# Load libraries
import numpy as np
from scipy import sparse

# Create a matrix
matrix = np.array([[0, 0],
[0, 1],
[3, 0]])

# Create compressed sparse row (CSR) matrix

matrix_sparse = sparse.csr_matrix(matrix)

Discussion
A frequent situation in machine learning is having a huge amount of data; however, most of the
elements in the data are zeros. For example, imagine a matrix where the columns are every movie on
Netflix, the rows are every Netflix user, and the values are how many times a user has watched that
particular movie. This matrix would have tens of thousands of columns and millions of rows! However,
since most users do not watch most movies, the vast majority of elements would be zero.
A sparse matrix is a matrix in which most elements are 0. Sparse matrices only store nonzero elements
and assume all other values will be zero, leading to significant computational savings. In our solution,
we created a NumPy array with two nonzero values, then converted it into a sparse matrix. If we view
the sparse matrix we can see that only the nonzero values are stored:

# View sparse matrix

print(matrix_sparse)

(1, 1) 1
(2, 0) 3

There are a number of types of sparse matrices. However, in compressed sparse row (CSR) matrices,
(1, 1) and (2, 0) represent the (zero-indexed) indices of the non-zero values 1 and 3, respectively.
For example, the element 1 is in the second row and second column. We can see the advantage of sparse
matrices if we create a much larger matrix with many more zero elements and then compare this larger
matrix with our original sparse matrix:

# Create larger matrix

matrix_large = np.array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]])

# Create compressed sparse row (CSR) matrix

 matrix_large_sparse = sparse.csr_matrix(matrix_large)

# View original sparse matrix

print(matrix_sparse)

(1, 1) 1
(2, 0) 3

# View larger sparse matrix

print(matrix_large_sparse)

(1, 1) 1
(2, 0) 3

As we can see, despite the fact that we added many more zero elements in the larger matrix, its sparse
representation is exactly the same as our original sparse matrix. That is, the addition of zero elements
did not change the size of the sparse matrix.
As mentioned, there are many different types of sparse matrices, such as compressed sparse column, list
of lists, and dictionary of keys. While an explanation of the different types and their implications is
outside the scope of this book, it is worth noting that while there is no “best” sparse matrix type, there
are meaningful differences between them and we should be conscious about why we are choosing one
type over another.

See Also
Sparse matrices, SciPy documentation
101 Ways to Store a Sparse Matrix

1.4 Pre-allocating Numpy Arrays

Problem
You need to pre-allocate arrays of a given size with some value.

Solution
NumPy has functions for generating vectors and matrices of any size using 0s, 1s, or values of your
choice.

# Load library
import numpy as np

# Generate a vector of shape (1,5) containing all zeros

vector = np.zeros(shape=5)

# View the vector

print(vector)

array([0., 0., 0., 0., 0.])

 # Generate a matrix of shape (3,3) containing all ones
matrix = np.full(shape=(3,3), fill_value=1)

# View the vector

print(matrix)

array([[1., 1., 1.],

[1., 1., 1.],
[1., 1., 1.]])

Discussion
Generating arrays prefilled with data is useful for a number of purposes, such as making code more
performant or having synthetic data to test algorithms with. In many programming languages, pre-
allocating an array of default values (such as 0s) is considered common practice.

1.5 Selecting Elements

Problem
You need to select one or more elements in a vector or matrix.

Solution
NumPy’s arrays make it easy to select elements in vectors or matrices:

# Load library
import numpy as np
# Create row vector
vector = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])

# Create matrix
matrix = np.array([[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]])

# Select third element of vector

vector[2]

# Select second row, second column

matrix[1,1]

Discussion
Like most things in Python, NumPy arrays are zero-indexed, meaning that the index of the first element
is 0, not 1. With that caveat, NumPy offers a wide variety of methods for selecting (i.e., indexing and
slicing) elements or groups of elements in arrays:

# Select all elements of a vector

vector[:]
 array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])

# Select everything up to and including the third element

vector[:3]

array([1, 2, 3])

# Select everything after the third element

vector[3:]

array([4, 5, 6])

# Select the last element

vector[-1]

# Reverse the vector

vector[::-1]

array([6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1])

# Select the first two rows and all columns of a matrix

matrix[:2,:]

array([[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6]])

# Select all rows and the second column

matrix[:,1:2]

array([[2],
[5],
[8]])

1.6 Describing a Matrix

Problem
You want to describe the shape, size, and dimensions of the matrix.

Solution
Use the shape, size, and ndim attributes of a NumPy object:

# Load library
import numpy as np

# Create matrix
matrix = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4],
[5, 6, 7, 8],
[9, 10, 11, 12]])

# View number of rows and columns

matrix.shape
 (3, 4)

# View number of elements (rows * columns)

matrix.size

12

# View number of dimensions

matrix.ndim

Discussion
This might seem basic (and it is); however, time and again it will be valuable to check the shape and
size of an array both for further calculations and simply as a gut check after some operation.

1.7 Applying Functions Over Each Element

Problem
You want to apply some function to all elements in an array.

Solution
Use NumPy’s vectorize method:

# Load library
import numpy as np

# Create matrix
matrix = np.array([[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]])

# Create function that adds 100 to something

add_100 = lambda i: i + 100

# Create vectorized function

vectorized_add_100 = np.vectorize(add_100)
# Apply function to all elements in matrix
vectorized_add_100(matrix)

array([[101, 102, 103],

[104, 105, 106],
[107, 108, 109]])

Discussion
NumPy’s vectorize class converts a function into a function that can apply to all elements in an array
or slice of an array. It’s worth noting that vectorize is essentially a for loop over the elements and
does not increase performance. Furthermore, NumPy arrays allow us to perform operations between
arrays even if their dimensions are not the same (a process called broadcasting). For example, we can
create a much simpler version of our solution using broadcasting:

# Add 100 to all elements

matrix + 100

array([[101, 102, 103],

[104, 105, 106],
[107, 108, 109]])

Broadcasting does not work for all shapes and situations, but a common way of applying simple
operations over all elements of a numpy array.

1.8 Finding the Maximum and Minimum Values

Problem
You need to find the maximum or minimum value in an array.

Solution
Use NumPy’s max and min methods:

# Load library
import numpy as np
# Create matrix
matrix = np.array([[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]])
# Return maximum element
np.max(matrix)

# Return minimum element

np.min(matrix)

Discussion
Often we want to know the maximum and minimum value in an array or subset of an array. This can be
accomplished with the max and min methods. Using the axis parameter we can also apply the operation
along a certain axis:

# Find maximum element in each column

np.max(matrix, axis=0)

array([7, 8, 9])

# Find maximum element in each row

np.max(matrix, axis=1)
 array([3, 6, 9])

1.9 Calculating the Average, Variance, and Standard Deviation

Problem
You want to calculate some descriptive statistics about an array.

Solution
Use NumPy’s mean, var, and std:

# Load library
import numpy as np

# Create matrix
matrix = np.array([[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]])

# Return mean
np.mean(matrix)

5.0

# Return variance
np.var(matrix)

6.666666666666667

# Return standard deviation

np.std(matrix)

2.5819888974716112

Discussion
Just like with max and min, we can easily get descriptive statistics about the whole matrix or do
calculations along a single axis:

# Find the mean value in each column

np.mean(matrix, axis=0)

array([ 4., 5., 6.])

1.10 Reshaping Arrays

Problem
You want to change the shape (number of rows and columns) of an array without changing the element
values.
Solution
Use NumPy’s reshape:

# Load library
import numpy as np

# Create 4x3 matrix

matrix = np.array([[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9],
[10, 11, 12]])
# Reshape matrix into 2x6 matrix
matrix.reshape(2, 6)

array([[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
[ 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]])

Discussion
reshape allows us to restructure an array so that we maintain the same data but it is organized as a
different number of rows and columns. The only requirement is that the shape of the original and new
matrix contain the same number of elements (i.e., the same size). We can see the size of a matrix using
size:

matrix.size

12

One useful argument in reshape is -1, which effectively means “as many as needed,” so reshape(1,
-1) means one row and as many columns as needed:

matrix.reshape(1, -1)

array([[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]])

Finally, if we provide one integer, reshape will return a 1D array of that length:

matrix.reshape(12)

array([ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12])

1.11 Transposing a Vector or Matrix

Problem
You need to transpose a vector or matrix.

Solution
Use the T method:
 # Load library
import numpy as np

# Create matrix
matrix = np.array([[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]])

# Transpose matrix
matrix.T

array([[1, 4, 7],
[2, 5, 8],
[3, 6, 9]])

Discussion
Transposing is a common operation in linear algebra where the column and row indices of each element
are swapped. One nuanced point that is typically overlooked outside of a linear algebra class is that,
technically, a vector cannot be transposed because it is just a collection of values:

# Transpose vector
np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]).T

array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])

However, it is common to refer to transposing a vector as converting a row vector to a column vector
(notice the second pair of brackets) or vice versa:

# Tranpose row vector

np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]]).T

array([[1],
[2],
[3],
[4],
[5],
[6]])

1.12 Flattening a Matrix

Problem
You need to transform a matrix into a one-dimensional array.

Solution
Use flatten:

# Load library
import numpy as np

# Create matrix
matrix = np.array([[1, 2, 3],
 [4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]])

# Flatten matrix
matrix.flatten()

array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

Discussion
flatten is a simple method to transform a matrix into a one-dimensional array. Alternatively, we can
use reshape to create a row vector:

matrix.reshape(1, -1)

array([[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]])

One more common method to flatten arrays is the ravel method. Unlike flatten which returns a copy
of the original array, ravel operates on the original object itself and is therefore slightly faster. It also
lets us flatten lists of arrays, which we can’t do with the flatten method. This operation is useful for
flattening very large arrays and speeding up code.

# Create one matrix

matrix_a = np.array([[1, 2],
[3, 4]])

# Create a second matrix

matrix_b = np.array([[5, 6],
[7, 8]])

# Create a list of matrices

matrix_list = [matrix_a, matrix_b]
# Flatten the entire list of matrices
np.ravel(matrix_list)

array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])

1.13 Finding the Rank of a Matrix

Problem
You need to know the rank of a matrix.

Solution
Use NumPy’s linear algebra method matrix_rank:

# Load library
import numpy as np

# Create matrix
matrix = np.array([[1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 10],
[1, 1, 15]])
Random documents with unrelated
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 Sa at o s e s to be
To whom the Judge: "What you allege
doth nothing help the case,
But makes appear how vile you were,
and rend'reth you more base.

CXIX.
"You understood that what was good,
Cor. 11:1. was to be followéd,
l. 4:8. And that you ought that which was naught
to have relinquishéd.
Contrariwise it was your guise
only to imitate
Good men's defects, and their neglects
who were regenerate.

CXX.
al. 32:5. "But to express their holiness,
Chron. 32:26. or imitate their grace,
t. 26:75.
ov. 1:24, 25.
You little car'd, nor once prepar'd
your hearts to seek my Face.
They did repent and truly rent
their hearts for all known sin;
You did offend, but not amend,
to follow them therein."

CXXI.
Some plead the Scriptures' darkness, and
difference among Interpreters.
"We had thy Word," say some, "O Lord,
Pet. 3:16. but wiser men than we
Could never yet interpret it,
but always disagree.
How could we fools be led by Rules
so far beyond our ken,
Which to explain did so much pain
and puzzle wisest men?"

CXXII.
 They are confuted.
"Was all my Word abstruse and hard?"
ov. 14:6. the Judge then answeréd;
. 35:8. "It did contain much Truth so plain
s. 8:12.
you might have run and read.
But what was hard you never car'd
to know, or studiéd;
And things that were most plain and clear
you never practiséd.

CXXIII.
"The Mystery of Piety
t. 11:25. God unto Babes reveals,
ov. 2:3, When to the Wise he it denies,
5.
and from the world conceals.
If to fulfil God's holy Will
had seeméd good to you,
You would have sought light as you ought,
and done the good you knew."

CXXIV.
Others the fear of persecution.
Then came in view another crew,
and 'gan to make their pleas;
Amongst the rest, some of the best
ts 28:22. had such poor shifts as these:
"Thou know'st right well, who all canst tell,
we liv'd amongst thy foes,
Who the Renate did sorely hate
and goodness much oppose.

CXXV.
"We holiness durst not profess,
hn 12:42, 43. fearing to be forlorn
Of all our friends, and for amends
to be the wicked's scorn.
We knew their anger would much endanger
li d t t
 our lives and our estates;
Therefore, for fear, we durst appear
no better than our mates."

CXXVI.
They are answered.
To whom the Lord returns this word:
ke 12:4, 5. "O wonderful deceits!
. 51:12, 13. To cast off awe of God's strict law,
and fear men's wrath and threats;
To fear hell-fire and God's fierce ire
less than the rage of men;
As if God's wrath could do less scath
than wrath of bretheren!

CXXVII.
"To use such strife, a temp'ral life
to rescue and secure,
And be so blind as not to mind
that life that will endure!
This was your case, who carnal peace
more than true joys did savor;
Who fed on dust, clave to your lust,
and spurnéd at my favor.

CXXVIII.
"To please your kin, men's love to win,
ke 9:23, 24, to flow in worldly wealth,
, and 16:2. To save your skin, these things have been
more than Eternal health.
You had your choice, wherein rejoice;
it was your porti-on,
For which you chose your souls t' expose
unto Perditi-on.

CXXIX.
"Who did not hate friends, life, and state,
ke 9:26. with all things else for me,
ov. 8:36. And all forsake and's Cross up-take
hn 3:19, 20.
shall never happy be.
Well worthy they to die for aye,
who death than life had rather;
Death is their due that so value
the friendship of my Father."

CXXX.
Others plead for pardon both from
God's Mercy and Justice.
Others argue, and not a few,
al. 78:38. "Is not God graci-ous?
Kin. 14:26. His Equity and Clemency,
are they not marvellous?
Thus we believ'd; are we deceiv'd?
Cannot his Mercy great,
(As hath been told to us of old,)
assuage his anger's heat?

CXXXI.
"How can it be that God should see
his Creatures' endless pain,
Or hear their groans and rueful moans,
and still his wrath retain?
Can it agree with Equity,
can Mercy have the heart,
To recompense few years' offense
with everlasting smart?

CXXXII.
"Can God delight in such a sight
as sinners' misery?
al. 30:9. Or what great good can this our blood
c. 7:18. bring unto the most High?
O thou that dost thy Glory most
in pard'ning sin display,
Lord, might it please thee to release
and pardon us this day!
 CXXXIII.
"Unto thy name more glorious fame
would not such Mercy bring?
Would not it raise thine endless praise,
more than our suffering?"
With that they cease, holding their peace,
but cease not still to weep;
Grief ministers a flood of tears,
in which their words do steep.

CXXXIV.
They are answered.
But all too late; grief's out of date,
when Life is at an end.
The glorious King thus answering,
all to his voice attend:
"God gracious is," quoth he; "like his,
no mercy can be found:
His Equity and Clemency
to sinners do abound,

CXXXV.
Mercy now shines forth in the vessels
of Mercy.
"As may appear by those that here
c. 7:18. are plac'd at my right hand,
m. 9:23. Whose stripes I bore, and clear'd the score,
that they might quitted stand.
For surely none but God alone,
whose Grace transcends men's thought,
For such as those that were his foes
like wonders would have wrought.

CXXXVI.
Did also wait upon such as abused it.
"And none but he such lenity
m 2:4 and patience o ld ha e sho n
 m. 2:4. and patience would have shown
s. 11:4. To you so long, who did him wrong,
and pull'd his Judgment down.
How long a space, O stiff-neck'd race,
did patience you afford?
How oft did love you gently move,
to turn unto the Lord?

CXXXVII.
The day of Grace now past.
"With chords of love God often strove
ke 13:34. your stubborn hearts to tame;
Nevertheless your wickedness
did still resist the same.
If now at last Mercy be past
from you for evermore,
And Justice come in Mercy's room,
yet grudge you not therefore.

CXXXVIII.
"If into wrath God turnéd hath
his long, long-suffering,
ke 19:42, 43. And now for love you vengeance prove,
de 4. it is an equal thing.
Your waxing worse hath stopt the course
of wonted Clemency,
Mercy refus'd and Grace misus'd
call for severity.

CXXXIX.
"It's now high time that ev'ry Crime
m. 2:5, 6. be brought to punishment;
. 1:24. Wrath long contain'd and oft restrain'd,
mos 2:18.
n. 18:25.
at last must have a vent.
Justice severe cannot forbear
to plague sin any longer,
But must inflict with hand most strict
mischief upon the wronger.
 CXL.
t. 25:3, 1, 2. "In vain do they for Mercy pray,
ov. 12:8, 29, the season being past,
.
Who had no care to get a share
therein, while time did last.
The man whose ear refus'd to hear
the voice of Wisdom's cry,
Earn'd this reward, that none regard
him in his misery.

CXLI.
It doth agree with Equity
. 5:18, 19. and with God's holy Law,
n. 2:17. That those should die eternally
m. 2:8, 9.
that Death upon them draw.
The soul that sins Damnation wins,
for so the Law ordains;
Which Law is just; and therefore must
such suffer endless pains.

CXLII.
"Eternal smart is the desert
ev'n of the least offense;
m. 6:23. Then wonder not if I allot
Thes. 1:8, 9. to you this Recompense;
But wonder more that since so sore
and lasting plagues are due
To every sin, you liv'd therein,
who well the danger knew.

CXLIII.
ek. 33:11. "God hath no joy to crush or 'stroy,
od. 34:7, and ruin wretched wights;
d 14:17.
But to display the glorious Ray
of Justice he delights.
To manifest he doth detest,
and throughly hate all sin,
9 22 l f
m. 9:22. By plaguing it as is most fit—
this shall him Glory win."

CXLIV.
Some pretend they were shut out
of Heaven by God's Decree.
Then at the Bar arraignéd are
m. 9:18, 19. an impudenter sort,
Who to evade the guilt that's laid
Upon them, thus retort:
"How could we cease thus to transgress?
How could we Hell avoid,
Whom God's Decree shut out from thee,
and sign'd to be destroy'd?

CXLV.
"Whom God ordains to endless pains
by Law unalterable,
b. 22:17. Repentance true, Obedience new,
m. 11:7, 8. to save such are unable.
Sorrow for sin no good can win,
to such as are rejected;
Nor can they grieve nor yet believe,
that never were elected.

CXLVI.
"Of Man's fall'n race, who can true Grace
or Holiness obtain?
Who can convert or change his heart,
if God withhold the same?
Had we applied ourselves and tried
as much as who did most,
God's love to gain, our busy pain
and labor had been lost."

CXLVII.
Their pleas taken off.
Christ readily makes this Reply:
 C st ead y a es t s ep y
ke 13:27. "I damn you not because
Pet. 1:9, 10, You are rejected, nor yet elected;
mpared
th
but you have broke my Laws.
t. 19:16. It is in vain your wits to strain
the end and means to sever;
Men fondly seek to part or break
what God hath link'd together.

CXLVIII.
ts 3:19, "Whom God will save, such he will have
d 16:31. the means of life to use;
Sam. 2:15.
hn 3:19.
Whom he'll pass by shall choose to die,
b 5:40. and ways of life refuse.
Thes. 2:11, He that fore-sees and fore-decrees,
. in wisdom order'd has,
That man's free-will, electing ill,
shall bring his Will to pass.

CXLIX.
ek. 33:11, "High God's Decree, as it is free,
. so doth it none compel
ke 13:34.
ov. 8:33, 36.
Against their will to good or ill;
it forceth none to Hell.
They have their wish whose Souls perish
with Torments in Hell-fire,
Who rather choose their souls to lose,
than leave a loose desire.

CL.
n. 2:17. "God did ordain sinners to pain,
t. 25:41, 42. yet he to Hell sends none
ek. 18:20.
But such as swerv'd and have deserv'd
destruction as their own.
His pleasure is, that none from Bliss
and endless happiness
Be barr'd, but such as wrong'd him much,
by willful wickedness.
 CLI.
"You, sinful Crew! no other knew
Pet. 1:10. but you might be elect;
ts 13:46. Why did you then yourselves condemn?
ke 13:24.
Why did you me reject?
Where was your strife to gain that life
which lasteth evermore?
You never knock'd, yet say God lock'd
against you Heaven's door.

CLII.
t. 7:7, 8. "Twas no vain task to knock and ask,
whilst life continuéd.
Who ever sought Heav'n as he ought,
and seeking perishéd?
The lowly, meek, who truly seek
for Christ and for Salvation,
l. 5:22, 23. There's no decree whereby such be
ordain'd to condemnation.

CLIII.
"You argue then: 'But abject men,
whom God resolves to spill,
Cannot repent, nor their hearts rent;
nor can they change their will.'
Not for his Can is any man
adjudgéd unto Hell,
hn 3:19. But for his Will to do what's ill,
and nilling to do well.

CLIV.
"I often stood tend'ring my Blood
to wash away your guilt,
And eke my Sprite to frame you right,
lest your Souls should be spilt.
hn 5:40. But you, vile Race, rejected Grace,
when Grace was freely proffer'd,
No changéd heart, no heav'nly part
 g , yp
would you, when it was offer'd.

CLV.
"Who willfully the remedy,
and means of life contemnéd,
hn 15:22, 24. Cause have the same themselves to blame,
b. 2:3. if now they be condemnéd.
. 66:34.
You have yourselves, you and none else,
to blame that you must die;
You chose the way to your decay,
and perish'd willfully."

CLVI.
These words appall and daunt them all,
dismay'd and all amort,
Like stocks that stand at Christ's left hand
and dare no more retort.
Then were brought near with trembling fear,
a number numberless,
Of Blind Heathen and brutish men,
that did God's Law transgress;

CLVII.
Heathen men plead want of the Written Word.
Whose wicked ways Christ open lays,
and makes their sins appear,
They making pleas their case to ease,
if not themselves to clear.
"Thy Written Word," say they, "good Lord,
we never did enjoy;
We ne'er refus'd, nor it abus'd;
Oh, do not us destroy!"

CLVIII.
"You ne'er abus'd, nor yet refus'd
my Written Word, you plead;
That's true," quoth he, "therefore shall ye
t 11:22 the less be punishéd
t. 11:22. the less be punishéd.
ke 12:48. You shall not smart for any part
of other men's offense,
But for your own transgressi-on
receive due recompense."

CLIX.
Insufficiency of the light of Nature.
"But we were blind," say they, "in mind;
too dim was Nature's Light,
Our only guide, as hath been tried,
Cor. 1:21, to bring us to the sight
Of our estate degenerate,
and curs'd by Adam's Fall;
How we were born and lay forlorn
in bondage and in thrall.

CLX.
"We did not know a Christ till now,
nor how fall'n men be savéd,
Else would we not, right well we wot,
have so ourselves behavéd.
We should have mourn'd, we should have turn'd
from sin at thy Reproof,
And been more wise through thy advice,
t. 11:22. for our own soul's behoof.

CLXI.
They are answered.
"But Nature's light shin'd not so bright,
to teach us the right way:
We might have lov'd it and well improv'd it,
and yet have gone astray."
The Judge most High makes this Reply:
"You ignorance pretend,
Dimness of sight, and want of light,
your course Heav'nward to bend.

CLXII
 CLXII.
"How came your mind to be so blind?
I once you knowledge gave,
n. 1:27. Clearness of sight and judgment right:
cl. 7:29. who did the same deprave?
s. 13:9.
If to your cost you have it lost,
and quite defac'd the same,
Your own desert hath caus'd the smart;
you ought not me to blame.

CLXIII.
"Yourselves into a pit of woe,
t. 11:25, your own transgression led;
mpared If I to none my Grace had shown,
th
:15.
who had been injuréd?
If to a few, and not to you,
I shew'd a way of life,
My Grace so free, you clearly see,
gives you no ground of strife.

CLXIV.
"'Tis vain to tell, you wot full well,
if you in time had known
Your misery and remedy,
your actions had it shown:
m. 1:20, You, sinful Crew, have not been true
, 22. unto the Light of Nature,
Nor done the good you understood,
nor ownéd your Creator.

CLXV.
"He that the Light, because 'tis slight,
hath uséd to despise,
m. 2:12, Would not the Light shining more bright,
, and 1:32. be likely for to prize.
t. 12:41.
If you had lov'd, and well improv'd
your knowledge and dim sight,
Herein your pain had not been vain,
 your plagues had been more light."

CLXVI.
Reprobate Infants plead for themselves.
Then to the Bar all they drew near
v. 20:12, 15, Who died in infancy,
mpared with And never had or good or bad
m. 5:12, 14,
d 9:11, 13.
effected pers'nally;
ek. 18:2. But from the womb unto the tomb
were straightway carriéd,
(Or at the least ere they transgress'd)
who thus began to plead:

CLXVII.
"If for our own transgressi-on,
or disobedience,
We here did stand at thy left hand,
just were the Recompense;
But Adam's guilt our souls hath spilt,
his fault is charg'd upon us;
And that alone hath overthrown
and utterly undone us.

CLXVIII.
"Not we, but he ate of the Tree,
whose fruit was interdicted;
Yet on us all of his sad Fall
the punishment's inflicted.
How could we sin that had not been,
or how is his sin our,
Without consent, which to prevent
we never had the pow'r?

CLXIX.
"O great Creator why was our Nature
depravéd and forlorn?
Why so defil'd, and made so vil'd,
whilst we were yet unborn?
 st e e e yet u bo
If it be just, and needs we must
transgressors reckon'd be,
al. 51:5. Thy Mercy, Lord, to us afford,
which sinners hath set free.

CLXX.
"Behold we see Adam set free,
and sav'd from his trespass,
Whose sinful Fall hath split us all,
and brought us to this pass.
Canst thou deny us once to try,
or Grace to us to tender,
When he finds grace before thy face,
who was the chief offender?"

CLXXI.
Their arguments taken off.
Then answeréd the Judge most dread:
ek. 18:20. "God doth such doom forbid,
m. 5:12, 19. That men should die eternally
for what they never did.
But what you call old Adam's Fall,
and only his Trespass,
You call amiss to call it his,
both his and yours it was.

CLXXII.
"He was design'd of all Mankind
to be a public Head;
Cor. 15:48, A common Root, whence all should shoot,
. and stood in all their stead.
He stood and fell, did ill or well,
not for himself alone,
But for you all, who now his Fall
and trespass would disown.

CLXXIII.
"If he had stood then all his brood
 If he had stood, then all his brood
had been establishéd
In God's true love never to move,
nor once awry to tread;
Then all his Race my Father's Grace
should have enjoy'd for ever,
And wicked Sprites by subtile sleights
could them have harméd never.

CLXXIV.
Would you have griev'd to have receiv'd
through Adam so much good,
As had been your for evermore,
if he at first had stood?
Would you have said, 'We ne'er obey'd
nor did thy laws regard;
It ill befits with benefits,
us, Lord, to so reward?'

CLXXV.
"Since then to share in his welfare,
you could have been content,
You may with reason share in his treason,
m. 5:12. and in the punishment.
al. 51:5. Hence you were born in state forlorn,
n. 5:3.
with Natures so depravéd;
Death was your due because that you
had thus yourselves behavéd.

CLXXVI.
"You think 'If we had been as he,
whom God did so betrust,
We to our cost would ne'er have lost
all for a paltry lust.'
t. 23:30, 31. Had you been made in Adam's stead,
you would like things have wrought,
And so into the self-same woe,
yourselves and yours have brought.
 CLXXVII.
The free gift.
"I may deny you once to try,
or Grace to you to tender,
m. 9:15, 18. Though he finds Grace before my face
m. 5:15. who was the chief offender;
Else should my Grace cease to be Grace,
for it would not be free,
If to release whom I should please
I have no liberty.

CLXXVIII.
"If upon one what's due to none
I frankly shall bestow,
And on the rest shall not think best
compassion's skirt to throw;
Whom injure I? will you envy
and grudge at others' weal?
Or me accuse, who do refuse
yourselves to help and heal?

CLXXIX.
"Am I alone of what's my own,
no Master or no Lord?
t. 20:15. And if I am, how can you claim
what I to some afford?
Will you demand Grace at my hand,
and challenge what is mine?
Will you teach me whom to set free,
and thus my Grace confine?

CLXXX.
al. 58:8. "You sinners are, and such a share
m. 6:23. as sinners, may expect;
l. 3:10.
m 8:29,
Such you shall have, for I do save
and 11:7. none but mine own Elect.
v. 21:27. Yet to compare your sin with their
k 12 14 h li 'd l ti
ke 12:14, who liv'd a longer time,
I do confess yours is much less,
t. 11:22.
though every sin's a crime.

CLXXXI.
The wicked all convinced and put to silence.
"A crime it is, therefore in bliss
m. 3:19. you may not hope to dwell;
t. 22:12. But unto you I shall allow
the easiest room in Hell."
The glorious King thus answering,
they cease, and plead no longer;
Their Consciences must needs confess
his Reasons are the stronger.

CLXXXII.
Behold the formidable estate of all the
ungodly as they stand hopeless
and helpless before an impartial
Judge, expecting their final Sentence.
Thus all men's pleas the Judge with ease
v. 6:16, 17. doth answer and confute,
Until that all, both great and small,
are silencéd and mute.
Vain hopes are cropt, all mouths are stopt,
sinners have naught to say,
But that 'tis just and equal most
they should be damn'd for aye.

CLXXXIII.
Now what remains, but that to pains
and everlasting smart,
Christ should condemn the sons of men,
which is their just desert?
Oh rueful plights of sinful wights!
Oh wretches all forlorn!
'T had happy been they ne'er had seen
the sun, or not been born.
 CLXXXIV.
Yea now it would be good they could
themselves annihilate,
And cease to be, themselves to free
from such a fearful state.
O happy Dogs, and Swine, and Frogs,
yea, Serpent's generation!
Who do not fear this doom to hear,
and sentence of Damnation!

CLXXXV.
This is their state so desperate;
their sins are fully known;
Their vanities and villanies
al. 130:2, 3, before the world are shown.
As they are gross and impious,
cl. 12:14.
so are their numbers more
Than motes in th' Air, or than their hair,
or sands upon the shore.

CLXXXVI.
Divine Justice offended is,
and satisfaction claimeth;
God's wrathful ire, kindled like fire,
t. 25:45. against them fiercely flameth.
Their Judge severe doth quite cashier,
and all their pleas off take,
That ne'er a man, or dare, or can
a further answer make.

CLXXXVII.
Their mouths are shut, each man is put
t. 22:12. to silence and to shame,
m. 2:5, 6. Nor have they aught within their thought,
ke 19:42.
Christ's Justice for to blame.
The Judge is just, and plague them must,
nor will he Mercy shew,
Fo Me c 's da is past a a
 For Mercy's day is past away
to any of this Crew.

CLXXXVIII.
The Judge is strong, doers of wrong
t. 28:18. cannot his pow'r withstand;
None can by flight run out of sight,
nor 'scape out of his hand.
Sad is their state; for Advocate,
al. 137:7. to plead their cause, there's none;
None to prevent their punishment,
or mis'ry to bemoan.

CLXXXIX.
O dismal day! whither shall they
for help and succor flee?
To God above with hopes to move
. 33:14. their greatest Enemy?
al. 11:6. His wrath is great, whose burning heat
m. 25:19.
no floods of tears can slake;
His Word stands fast that they be cast
into the burning Lake.

CXC.
tt. 25:41, To Christ their Judge? He doth adjudge
d 25:10, 11, them to the Pit of Sorrow;
.
Nor will he hear, or cry or tear,
nor respite them one morrow.
To Heav'n, alas! they cannot pass,
it is against them shut;
To enter there (O heavy cheer)
they out of hopes are put.

CXCI.
ke 12:20. Unto their Treasures, or to their Pleasures?
al. 49:7, 17. All these have them forsaken;
ut. 32:2.
Had they full coffers to make large offers,
their gold would not be taken.
U t th l h hil
 Unto the place where whilom was
their birth and Education?
Lo! Christ begins for their great sins,
to fire the Earth's Foundation;

CXCII.
And by and by the flaming Sky
shall drop like molten Lead
About their ears, t'increase their fears,
Pet. 3:10. and aggravate their dread.
To Angel's good that ever stood
in their integrity,
Should they betake themselves, and make
their suit incessantly?

CXCIII.
They've neither skill, nor do they will
to work them any ease;
They will not mourn to see them burn,
t. 13:41, 42. nor beg for their release.
v. 20:13, 15. To wicked men, their bretheren
in sin and wickedness,
Should they make moan? Their case is one;
they're in the same distress.

CXCIV.
Ah! cold comfort and mean support,
from such like Comforters!
Ah! little joy of Company,
ke 16:28. and fellow-sufferers!
Such shall increase their heart's disease,
and add unto their woe,
Because that they brought to decay
themselves and many moe.

CXCV.
Unto the Saints with sad complaints
should they themselves apply?
21 4 h ' d d h ff d
v. 21:4. They're not dejected nor aught affected
al. 58:10. with all their misery.
Friends stand aloof and make no proof
what Prayers or Tears can do;
Your Godly friends are now more friends
to Christ than unto you.

CXCVI.
Where tender love men's hearts did move
unto a sympathy,
And bearing part of others' smart
Cor. 6:2. in their anxiety,
Now such compassion is out of fashion,
and wholly laid aside;
No friends so near, but Saints to hear
their Sentence can abide.

CXCVII.
One natural Brother beholds another
in his astonied fit,
mpare Yet sorrows not thereat a jot,
ov. 1:28 nor pities him a whit.
th 1 John 3:
The godly Wife conceives no grief,
d 2 Cor. nor can she shed a tear
16. For the sad state of her dear Mate,
when she his doom doth hear.

CXCVIII.
He that was erst a Husband pierc'd
with sense of Wife's distress,
Whose tender heart did bear a part
of all her grievances,
Shall mourn no more as heretofore,
because of her ill plight,
Although he see her now to be
a damn'd forsaken wight.

CXCIX.
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