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Foundation
Db2 and Python
Access Db2 with Module-Based API
Examples Using Python
—
W. David Ashley
Foundation Db2
and Python
Access Db2 with Module-Based API
Examples Using Python
W. David Ashley
Foundation Db2 and Python
W. David Ashley
Austin, TX, USA
v
Table of Contents
vi
Table of Contents
Creating a Table��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 41
Alter a Table��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 43
Other Table SQL Statements�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 43
Dropping a Table�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 44
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 44
vii
Table of Contents
viii
Table of Contents
ix
Table of Contents
ibm_db.execute_many�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 163
ibm_db.fetch_tuple������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 165
ibm_db.fetch_assoc������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 166
ibm_db.fetch_both�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 167
ibm_db.fetch_row��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 168
ibm_db.field_display_size��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 169
ibm_db.field_name������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 169
ibm_db.field_num��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 170
ibm_db.field_precision�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 172
ibm_db.field_scale�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 173
ibm_db.field_type���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 174
ibm_db.field_width������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 174
ibm_db.foreign_keys����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 175
ibm_db.free_result�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 178
ibm_db.free_stmt���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 179
ibm_db.get_option�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 179
ibm_db.next_result������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 181
ibm_db.num_fields�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 183
ibm_db.num_rows�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 184
ibm_db.pconnect����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 185
ibm_db.prepare������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 187
ibm_db.primary_keys���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 188
ibm_db.procedure_columns������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 190
ibm_db.procedures������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 192
ibm_db.recreatedb�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 194
ibm_db.result���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 194
ibm_db.rollback������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 195
bm_db.server_info�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 196
ibm_db.set_option��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 199
ibm_db.special_columns���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 201
x
Table of Contents
ibm_db.statistics����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 203
ibm_db.stmt_error�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 206
ibm_db.stmt_errormsg������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 206
ibm_db.table_privileges������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 207
ibm_db.tables���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 209
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 210
Index��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 211
xi
About the Author
W. David Ashley is a technical writer for Skillsoft where he
specializes in open source, particularly Linux. As a member
of the Linux Fedora documentation team, he recently led
the Libvirt project documentation and wrote the Python
programs included with it. He has developed in 20 different
programming languages during his 30 years as a software
developer and IT consultant, including more than 18 years at
IBM and 12 years with American Airlines.
xiii
About the Technical Reviewer
Sourav Bhattacharjee is a senior technical member for
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure. As part of IBM Watson Health
Lab, he has developed many scalable systems, published a
few research papers, and applied some patents to USPTO. He
has an ample amount of hands-on experience in Python,
Java, machine learning, and many database systems. He
earned his master’s degree from the Indian Institute of
Technology, Kharagpur, India.
xv
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Db2
Welcome to this introduction to Db2. Since you are here, you are likely looking for a
place to get started with Db2. Our hope is that this book will be that first step you are
looking for. This book is meant to be an introduction to the Db2 environment and to
the Python interface. The first half of the book will cover Db2 at a level that should be of
interest to both administrators and programmers. It will cover many aspects of Db2 that
you will make use of in either of the two roles. The last half of the book will concentrate
on using the Python programming language to interface to Db2. While mainly oriented
to programmers, administrators will find it useful as well for some of their everyday
tasks.
Db2 has a long history and is the first relational database implementation. It was
first proposed by Edgar Frank “Ted” Codd in a paper titled “A Relational Model of Data
for Large Shared Data Banks” in 1969 while working at the IBM’s San Jose Research
Laboratory in California. In the next four years, IBM researchers worked to create a
system based on the principles described in Codd’s paper (called System R). During
this time, it became obvious that a new language was needed to interact with the new
system. Codd wrote a new paper “A Data Base Sublanguage Founded on Relational
Calculus,” which became the basis for the new language called DSL/Alpha. This quickly
went through some name changes but eventually ended up being called SQL, short for
Structured Query Language.
Eventually there was an effort in the 1970s to port DSL/Alpha to the 370 mainframe
environment. It was renamed to Database 2 in 1982. The next year it was made available
to the public with another name change, DB2. This was a limited release but was highly
regarded by the customers that evaluated it. The customers actually pushed IBM to
deliver DB2 to a wider set of customers. IBM was somewhat reluctant because they were
trying to hold on to their IMS/DB market share. But eventually the customers won out,
and DB2 began to spread to other platforms including OS/2, AIX/RS6000, and Windows.
1
© W. David Ashley 2021
W. D. Ashley, Foundation Db2 and Python, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6942-8_1
Chapter 1 Introduction to Db2
Over the next two decades, the product went through a number of name changes
and several platform code bases. Recently with the release of version 11.1, IBM
rebranded the entire product line and brought the code bases into a small number of
code bases. The following set of products are now the standard offerings:
The code bases for today’s Db2 offerings share a common code base that makes
porting the code to another hardware/software platform a relatively easy process. The
SQL code base has been standardized so that it is the same across all platforms, making
moving to another platform an easy task from a programming perspective.
There is also a current movement in programming applications with embedded
SQL. These types of applications are very hard to port from one platform to another
without major code modifications. Instead, IBM is moving (where possible) to an API
that can be called to process SQL statements and make use of programming language
variables for values to be added to the SQL statement. This is the methodology used for
Python that we will explore later in this book.
In the past, Db2 was considered to be too large for most applications. But as personal
computers have become a lot more powerful and then databases used by even a small
number of people have become extremely large, Db2 has become more attractive in the
management of this data. Also, the pricing model of Db2 on these platforms has become
more competitive. So if you need the performance and the ability to manage large
amounts of data, Db2 can be a very attractive product.
2
Chapter 1 Introduction to Db2
This table is a good example because it shows the kind of relationships that can
be expressed in a relational database. The CUSTNO column holds a unique customer
number for each customer (or row). The column is the primary key for this table. The
FNAME and LNAME identify the first and last names of the customer. The STREET is
the address to be used for billing the customer. The STATE column is the U.S. state the
address is located. The ZIP column identifies the mailing zip code.
3
Chapter 1 Introduction to Db2
D
omains
Domains (or attributes) limit the data in a column to a particular type. For instance, the
data might be an integer of a particular type, a monetary value, a character string of fixed
or variable length, a date or time value, or some other domain that has been defined.
K
eys and Indexes
The STATE column in Table 1-1 is a foreign key – that is, a primary key in another table.
A rule can be set up so that when you add a new row to the customer table, the system
checks that the value in your proposed STATE field is a valid entry in the state table. If it is
not, the record will not be inserted, and an error will be generated. Keys are also known
as indexes. When you create a primary key in a table, a special index table is created to
hold valid keys. This table is like any other table in the system; it can be queried, added
to, and deleted from. Thus, all the valid keys can be inserted into and maintained in the
table, and it can be maintained just like any other table. Only the special rules make the
index table special.
R
elationships
All of this shows just some of the kinds of relationships that can be created (or derived)
to properly maintain a set of tables. There are probably other kinds of customer tables
that could be created like a table to maintain customer credit ratings, a customer
shipping address table, a customer contacts table, etc. All of these are specialized entities
that have relationships with the other customer tables. This is what a relational database
is all about. The idea is to express a relationship with data organized so the data is only
stored where needed and hopefully only one time.
Relationships allow the user to create customized reports that can express custom
views of the data from the database. At first glance these reports may look like they have
no relation to the data contained in the database, but they can give insights to the data
not easily possible by other means.
4
Chapter 1 Introduction to Db2
Transactions
Another aspect of relational databases is support for transactions. This means providing
a locking mechanism that can allow data to be modified while others are reading the
data or modifying other data at the same time. This is known as the ACID test, which is
an acronym for the following tests:
Stored Procedures
A relational database typically implements stored procedures. These are programs
stored in the database to implement special processing under several circumstances.
These procedures usually involve business logic that needs to be implemented the
same across all the database users. In many cases, only the stored procedure has the
proper permissions to modify, insert, delete, or access the data being manipulated. This
prevents users from making modifications to the data if they do not have the correct
permissions.
5
Chapter 1 Introduction to Db2
Constraints
Another property of relational databases are constraints. These make it possible to
further restrict an attribute. For instance, a column might be defined as an integer. But
the range of numbers might actually need to be constrained to a particular range. This is
what a constraint provides.
Constraints can come in many forms and are used for a number of purposes. They
are stored within the database and used when adding or modifying data.
Normalization
Normalization is another attribute of a relational database. This design process reduces
the number of nonatomic values and the duplication of data throughout the database,
thus preventing anomalies and loss of integrity. The process is known as normalization.
The process of normalization is performed by the administrator, usually during the
creation of the database. Users are not usually involved in this activity.
SQL
Within the first few years of creating the first relational database, it became very obvious
that something was needed to actually manipulate the data in a relational database. The
language was invented at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce in the
early 1970s. It was originally known as SEQUEL, but that name was trademarked and it
was changed to Structured Query Language (SQL). SQL was later standardized by ANSI,
but each relational database product extended it as needed to conform to their product
or hardware platform.
SQL is divided into four categories of statements:
Most SQL books spend most of their resources on the DML part of SQL, but the other
parts are just as important, especially to the database administrator.
6
Chapter 1 Introduction to Db2
7
Chapter 1 Introduction to Db2
The INSERT statement adds new rows into a table. This new data may also
automatically alter the content of a view of the table data.
The UPDATE statement alters one or more rows in an existing table (and any view
dependent on the table). The statement does not add new rows to a table, it only alters
existing data.
The DELETE statement removes rows from a table (and any view dependent on the
table).
S
ummary
This chapter has presented some of the basic concepts that make up a relational
database and the SQL that supports it. This information is common to almost all
relational databases.
8
CHAPTER 2
Installing Db2
This chapter covers installing Db2 on Linux and Windows. Both environments use
the same installer to perform installation and creation of userids and permissions.
The installation process is pretty easy and straightforward, but there are a number of
questions you might have before you start the installation that are not answered by the
install program. We will try to cover those questions as we come to them.
9
© W. David Ashley 2021
W. D. Ashley, Foundation Db2 and Python, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6942-8_2
Chapter 2 Installing Db2
The fourth system is a Lenovo ThinkCentre M920 with 256 GB of SSD and a 1 TB
drive with 16 GB of memory. It has an i7 CPU. This is my development workstation
where I test all my Linux development and remote access to servers. The operating
system is Fedora 32.
The fifth system is a Lenovo ThinkPad T580 with 256 GB of SSD, 16 GB of memory,
and an i7 CPU. It runs Fedora 32 and usually serves as my travel machine but also as an
auxiliary test device.
I nstallation Prerequisites
Before you even start the Db2 install program, there are a number of prerequisites that
need to be met before you can successfully install everything. Our install environment
for this book is CentOS 8.2. The prerequisites for this OS should be the same for RHEL
8.2, but may be different for other Linux environments. Windows environments have
their own prerequisites, but they are similar to the Linux prerequisites.
The first thing we need is the Db2 install program and support files. To get the free
version of Db2, just go to
www.ibm.com/account/reg/us-en/signup?formid=urx-33669
This gets you to the account registration page. You can either log in with an existing
userid or create a new one. After you are logged in, the website will present you a
preferences page. Select your preferences and select the Continue button. On the
next web page, select the download you need. Unless you need them, just ignore the
pureScale support downloads. Once the download is complete, move the downloaded
file to a safe location and then unzip or untar it. This will create a new subdirectory in the
current directory with the install files exploded inside.
Caution! Do not move the downloaded file to the directory you intend to place
databases. You will have a mess of files on your hands when you create your first
database.
At the time this book was written, the version of Db2 that was available was version
11.5.4. Older free versions of Db2 are not made available when IBM introduces a new
version.
10
Chapter 2 Installing Db2
Now that you have your evaluation version of Db2, you are probably wondering what
its limitations are. The evaluation version does not ever expire. It has no limitation on
the number of databases. The one and only limitation is the total size of all databases,
currently limited to 100 GB. This is more than enough space to perform your own
evaluation of the software unless you are trying to test a very large system. If that is your
plan, IBM will be more than glad to help with a production version of Db2 and even
some engineers.
At this point, we are now ready to find out what our prerequisites are. To do this,
simply run the install program. This program is located in the untarred subdirectory
we previously created. The expanded directory is named server_dec. To run the install
program, just run the following commands:
$ cd server_dec
$ ./db2setup
If prerequisites are needed by Db2, the install program will list them and then exit.
Be sure to read everything output by the install program. On our CentOS 8.2 system, it
listed two prerequisites:
• libpam.so* (32-bit)
• libstdc++.so.6 (32-bit)
“Wait. Why does Db2 need 32-bit libraries?” you ask. Db2 is a collection of a bunch
of products, some of which have not changed in a decade or more. Rather than possibly
introducing new bugs into the system, IBM has chosen to keep the older version of
some of these products. Thus, these prerequisite libraries are needed to support those
products.
Use your system’s software installer to install the prerequisite packages. For Linux,
this will be either the dnf or yum programs for RPM-based packages. Once you have the
prerequisites installed, you are ready to proceed to really installing Db2. But before we
do that, we need to do a little planning.
11
Chapter 2 Installing Db2
The first result of the install is that you will have two new userids created on the
target machine. The default names of these IDs are db2inst1 and db2fenc1. The
db2inst1 ID will have some files stored in its home directory, and you need to make
sure there is enough space to accommodate them. There are a limited number of files,
but you should make sure you are prepared for them. The db2fenc1 ID only has a very
limited number of files stored in its home directory.
The second result is not really a result of the install. It is more a default that is set
as a result of the install. This item is the location where databases will be installed. The
default location for databases is in the db2inst1 home directory! THIS IS NOT WHERE
YOU WANT TO STORE DATABASES! You are probably going to store them on a different
drive/location. We will discuss this point again after we cover the install process and
before we create the sample database.
There are also a few minor points that are a result of the install, but we will cover
those as we get to them.
I nstalling Db2
We are now ready to install Db2. This process must be done by the root (on Linux)
or admin (on Windows) user, so start by becoming the root/admin user. On Windows
you will need to log out and log back in as the admin user. On Linux just perform the
following command:
$ su - root
After this you need to change to the directory where you placed the expanded files of
the Db2 download package. Then run the db2setup install package:
$ cd server_dec
$ ./db2setup
If you have installed all the prerequisites, this should show you the Welcome page
(Figure 2-1).
12
Chapter 2 Installing Db2
This page has a number of products that you can select. The first product is Db2
Server, and this is the product we will install. The second product is Db2 with pureScale,
which we did not download. The third product is Db2 Connect Server, which is used
for distributed databases. The fourth product is Db2 Connect Client, which is used for
building compiled code that includes SQL statements. The last product is Db2 Runtime
Client, which is used for running compiled code from the Db2 Connect Client version.
At this point you should select the top item in the list, Db2 Server Editions. The
version number may be different if you downloaded a newer version of Db2. The other
selections are not important at this point in time. After clicking the Next button, the next
page will appear.
14
Chapter 2 Installing Db2
The Configuration page allows you to select either a Typical or a Custom install. At
this point, select a Typical install. You must also check the box to agree to the IBM terms
before you proceed. When finished, click the Next button and the next page shown in
Figure 2-4 will appear.
You can check out the Custom install option for some items you may want to change.
Most users just perform a Typical install.
The Instance Owner page allows you to create the account that will own the first
instance of Db2 and the group name of the new user. Just leave the db2inst1 information
as it appears and then enter the password and confirmation for the new account. This
is the account that will have new files installed in its home directory. When you have
entered in the new password and confirmed it for the account, click Next and the page
shown in Figure 2-5 will be displayed.
15
Chapter 2 Installing Db2
The db2fenc1 user will run user-defined functions and stored procedures outside the
address space of the Db2 database. Enter the db2fenc1 password and confirm it. When
finished, click Next which will dosplay the page in Figure 2-6.
16
Chapter 2 Installing Db2
The next page is the Response File and Summary page. The response file is a part of
the installation set of files, so it does not have to be created. Click the Finish button to
start the install of Db2 as shown in Figure 2-7.
17
Chapter 2 Installing Db2
When the installation is complete, this is the page that will be shown. You can choose
to review the post-install steps, review the log file, or just click the Finish button to exit
the install.
At this point, the Db2 installation steps are complete, and we are ready to look at the
post-install tasks that will need to be considered.
Note With Ubuntu Linux, the Db2 instance owner and fenced user that are
created by the Db2 install are assigned the Dash shell by default. This can cause
scripts that begin with the line #!/bin/bash to stop working. If you want to use Bash
as the default shell when you log into either of these users, execute the command
csh -s /bin/bash username (where username is the name of the Db2 instance
owner or fenced user) before doing anything else.
1. Try to log into the db2fenc1 userid using the password you set
from the db2setup command. Correct any problems you may find.
2. Try to log into the db2inst1 userid using the password you set
from the db2setup command. Correct any problems you may
find. You should note the location of the sqllib directory and its
contents as you may need to become familiar with them. This may
or may not be a link to another location.
This will update the path in the Db2 configuration so that all databases belonging to
db2inst1 will be stored in the new location.
At this point, we are now finished with our post-install tasks, and we are ready to
proceed to installing the sample database.
19
Chapter 2 Installing Db2
$ su - db2inst1
The Db2 database instance needs to be started, so that is our next step:
$ db2start
Now we can actually install the sample database. This command will take a few
minutes, so be patient:
The -force option ensures that if the database is already installed, it will be overlaid
with the default content. The -sql option tells Db2 not to install the XML data into the
database.
Now we can connect to the database and test it:
If successful, you should see some output that looks something like this:
20
Chapter 2 Installing Db2
Important Be sure to include quotes around the text that follows db2. If the
quotes are omitted, the operating system will try to process the command
incorrectly, and an error will result.
Summary
This chapter has presented the steps to installing and verifying the installation of Db2.
Be sure to read the Caution, Note, and Important sections presented in the chapter as
they have valuable information for some operating systems.
21
CHAPTER 3
Db2 Management
The management of Db2 is not an easy affair. It is not like any open source relational
database. It is a little like Oracle, but there are differences. This is because Db2 for Linux,
Unix, and Windows is a lot like maintaining a mainframe database, just on a smaller and
easier scale. While there are many tools to help manage the Db2 environment contained
in the product itself, the key to proper management is understanding the architecture
of the product and how it manages hardware resources. Without this knowledge, it
is easy to get into trouble and overextend the hardware of the machine. With proper
management, a single piece of hardware can manage either a few large databases or
many smaller ones without stretching the resources on the machine too far.
This chapter will give you enough knowledge so that you can set up the Db2
environment properly without overburdening you with facts that have few, if any,
consequences.
D
b2 Instances
Instances are the top-level architectural structure in Db2. When you installed Db2, you
created the first Db2 Instance, which had the default name of db2inst1. This is also the
Instance that holds the sample database we installed in the previous chapter.
Any number of databases can be installed in an Instance. But it is possible to
overload an Instance and cause performance problems. This is because Db2 sets aside
a fixed number of processes and threads for each Instance, and it does not dynamically
add or remove resources during the active lifetime of an Instance. You must stop the
instance, adjust the number of resources, and then restart the Instance. Of course, the
databases owned by the Instance will have to be stopped and restarted as well. That
is the key: stopping and starting an Instance can have impacts on availability and the
contained databases. If you are continually stopping and restarting Instances, your
users will not be very happy with your management skills.
23
© W. David Ashley 2021
W. D. Ashley, Foundation Db2 and Python, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6942-8_3
Chapter 3 Db2 Management
Instances are easy to describe, but harder to justify. You have to know some history
to be able to properly understand where they came from as well as why they even exist.
Instances were first introduced just after the year 2000. Their justification came as the
databases on multi-drive machines started to become very large. They were so large
and had so many users that the network interface became a bottleneck in processing
database requests. It seems that the machines now far outpaced the network in being
able to handle database requests. Db2 had plenty of idle time while it waited on the
network interface to process the next request. This was in the days when the fastest
common networks were only 10 MB capacity. What was needed was a way to divide the
databases among multiple network ports. Thus, instances were born.
Instances were not only given their own network port, they were also given their
own processes, threads, and semaphores. Thus, if a database crashed for any reason, it
would only disrupt the databases within the containing Instance. The other Instances
and databases would continue to run normally while the database administrator dealt
with the downed Instance.
Instances can be used in many ways by the database administrator, but the most
common use is to prevent network port congestion. The second most common use is to
separate sets of databases from each other for security purposes. Since each Instance
has its own set of administrators and users, this helps to enforce security between
Instances.
One other attribute of an instance is that it has no physical presence on your disk
system, or at least not much of one. It is very hard to point to a place in the disk system
and say, “This is where an instance resides.” There are a few files created with the
instance, but these do not describe where the instance is. You should just think of it as
a logical entity and not a physical one.
There is a set of commands that administrators can use to manage instances. The
following are some example Db2 commands that manage Instances.
Note All the commands used in this chapter can be run in one of two ways. They
can be run by logging into the db2inst1 user, or they can be run by using the
sudo db2inst1 prefix to the command.
24
Chapter 3 Db2 Management
db2ilist
This command lists all the Instances that are available on a system:
db2ilist
Output:
db2inst1
db2inst2
db2inst3
Output:
To start or stop the database manager of an instance on Db2 UDB, the following
command is executed for the current instance:
set db2instance=db2inst1
Using this command, you can start an Instance. Before this, you need to run “set
instance”:
db2start
Output:
db2stop
Output:
25
Chapter 3 Db2 Management
Creating an Instance
Let us see how to create a new Instance.
If you want to create a new Instance, you need to log in with root. An Instance ID is
not a root ID or a root name.
Here are the steps to create a new Instance:
Step 1: Create an operating system user for an Instance.
Example:
Step 2: Go to the Db2 Instance directory as a root user to create a new Instance.
Location:
cd /opt/ibm/db2/v10.1/instance
Example:
Output:
26
Chapter 3 Db2 Management
Example:
Syntax 1: Update configuration with the service name. In the following syntax,
“svcename” indicates the Instance service name, and “inst_name” indicates the
Instance name.
Example 1: Updating DBM configuration with variable svcename with value “db2c_
db2inst2” for Instance “db2inst2”
Output,:
Syntax 2: Set the “tcpip” communication protocol for the current Instance.
db2set DB2COMM=tcpip
Syntax 3: Stop and start the current Instance to get updated values from database
manager configuration.
db2stop
db2start
Updating an Instance
You can update an instance using the following command,:
db2iupdt
This command is used to update the Instance within the same version release.
Before executing this command, you need to stop the Instance database manager using
the “db2stop” command. The following syntax “inst_name” indicates the previously
released or installed Db2 server Instance name, which you want to update to a newly
released or installed Db2 server version.
27
Chapter 3 Db2 Management
db2iupdt <inst_name>
Example:
./db2iupdt db2inst2
db2iupdt -D <inst_name>
Example:
db2iupdt -D db2inst2
Upgrading an Instance
You can upgrade an instance from a previous version of a Db2 copy to a newly installed
version of a Db2 copy:
db2iupgrade
Example:
Command parameters:
If you are using the super user (su) on Linux for the db2iupgrade command, you
must issue the “su” command with the “-” option.
28
Chapter 3 Db2 Management
Dropping an Instance
You can drop or delete an instance, which was created by the “db2icrt” command:
db2idrop
On Linux and UNIX operating systems, this command is located in the DB2_
installation_folder/instance directory.
Syntax:
Example:
Output:
Syntax 2:
Example:
Output:
Syntax 3:
29
Chapter 3 Db2 Management
Example:
Output:
INST_NAME --------------------------------------
db2inst1
1 record(s) selected.
Syntax 4:
db2set db2instdef=<inst_name> -g
Example:
db2set db2instdef=db2inst2 -g
Databases
Databases are the next level of manageable objects in Db2. Every database is contained
inside of a single Instance, but there can be multiple databases contained inside an
Instance.
The database has no communications interface to the outside world. Instead,
the Instance controls communications between each contained database and the
outside world. This reduces the redundancy of the communication code when multiple
databases are owned by the Instance.
A database contains a large group of objects that together make up both the
administration and the storage locations for the database. A partial list of these objects is
as follows:
• Tablespace information
• Temporary tablespaces
30
Chapter 3 Db2 Management
• History files
• Logging files
Each one of these objects will be discussed at length in the following sections and in
Chapter 4 later in this book.
www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSEPGG_11.1.0/com.ibm.db2.luw.sql.ref.
doc/doc/r0008443.html
This documentation details the complete layout of each view with additional
information about all possible values for many columns.
Deadlock information can be written to two different database tables, but it is always
in binary format. Choosing between these two tables can be tricky, so careful thought
should be given to your choice. By using SQL to query the table, the system will interpret
the binary data and translate to a supported language such as English.
Enabling the locking event monitor is automatic when you execute the CREATE
statement for it. The following statement will enable the locking event monitor:
When a deadlock is detected, the following information is collected in the event log:
• The application holding the lock that resulted in the lock event
• The applications that were waiting for or requesting the lock that
resulted in the lock event
T ablespace Information
Tablespaces are used to contain database tables. When a database is created, three
tablespaces are created automatically. The first tablespace, SYSCATSPACE, contains the
database catalog and views. The second tablespace, USERSPACE1, is the default space
used to hold the database tables. The third, TEMPSPACE1, is used to hold temporary
tables for query results. All these tablespaces are created by default in the location
specified when the Db2 system was installed.
There is a lot of information on tablespaces, and this book has an entire chapter
devoted to that topic. See Chapter 4 for more information.
The basic command for obtaining tablespace information is as follows:
If the tblsp_name is NULL or an empty string, then all tablespaces will be returned.
The member specifies the member number of the tablespace. If it is –1, the current
member information is returned. If it is –2, then all member information is returned. If
NULL is specified, it is the same as specifying –1.
32
Chapter 3 Db2 Management
H
istory Files
History files are instance specific and are stored in the same place as the instance
information. They contain some global information on the instance like the last start and
stop times and other sometimes useful data. The number of these files can change from
release to release, so refer to your release-specific documentation for more information.
L ogging Files
The logging files are specific to a database and store information logged by the Db2
system. The number and types of the files will be specific to your database configuration.
33
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
had spent their long lives in hearing and telling of one thing—the
glory, the authority, the divinity of the Church, and the overwhelming
conclusiveness of her consent. All who did not hear the Church
were, according to them, lost. Even when, in preparing the way for
the change of base which they had foreseen before leaving home,
some of them had appeared to throw tradition altogether overboard,
it was only in order to substitute for it the general consent of the
Church. Which of us would have dared to tell devout Roman
Catholics that their own bishops, when once in Rome under the
terror of the Pontiff and the Jesuits, would disavow the consent of
the Catholic Church, and say that without it the word of a single man
was quite as good? They may now attempt to explain the words "not
by consent of the Church," as meaning something small; or even to
say that Popes ever and always formally disclaimed the necessity of
her consent. The world must leave them to do so; but they know, as
well as we do, that had we said that their bishops would of a sudden
put words like these into the creed, they would have called us
calumniators. Yet what came to pass?
That came to pass which had often been hinted as necessary by the
zealots during the Council, but had always been looked upon as
impossible by most men of the minority, although a few had openly
said that in such a Council nothing was impossible. Another
Spaniard, when he gave his conditional vote, had proposed that the
words of the Decree which said, "The definitions of the Roman
Pontiff are of themselves irreformable," should be amended so as to
read, "The definitions of the Roman Pontiff are of themselves, and
not by consent of the Church, irreformable." Vitelleschi says that no
information was given as to the authority at whose suggestion these
metamorphic words were approved by the committee, but approved
by the committee they were. So, without any opportunity of debate,
the Under Secretary cried, "The amendment under number 152,
having been modified, is accepted by the committee"; and reading
it, he added, "Let those who are in favour of accepting it stand up."
The great majority stood up. "Let those who are against accepting it
stand up." "About thirty" stood up.[461] Thus were those ancient
men called upon in their episcopal robes to extinguish the light of
that lamp to which they had ministered oil all the days of their lives.
They obeyed like soldiers, and the old, old light of a catholic consent
was quenched for ever. Many of the eighty-eight were absent, and
knew not of this new, swift, and crowning victory of the guild over
the hierarchy.
Done in a moment! the Romish bishops had effaced from their law,
and from their rule of faith, the consent of the Catholic Church! Talk
of revolutions, of hasty parliamentary votes, of the sudden impulse
of a mob; but where in history is there an instance of breaking with
a long and loud resounding past, in such haste, and so irrevocably;
irrevocably, not by the ordinary law which entails the consequences
of an act upon the future, but irrevocably by the form and intent of
the action itself? We know, alas! what these bishops are capable of
representing; but it is for the unborn to judge the men who did that
act and then faced round, saying that they changed nothing. And
these men are to teach the human species the art of conserving all
that they have "inherited and proved"! The Church of the Popes had
long ceased, in the eye of Protestants, to have a claim to catholicity.
Now, however, in the eye of Liberal Catholics she explicitly rejected
catholicity by statutory and irreformable law. They saw her contract
herself to the sect of one man and his retainers, to a religion made
up of faith in one man, his inner light, and his faits accomplis.
The slow but irresistible operation of principles had at last worked
out its ultimate issue. Liberal Catholics were the first to see that the
religion of the Pope had now really ceased to be Catholic, or even
national, or indeed municipal—that it had in fact become only
palatial. They at once named it the religion of the Vatican. They did
not so soon admit that the principle of one city church—not the
mother, and not a model—being the mistress of all others, and
practically the fountain of their faith, contained in itself the germ of
all that had now come to fruit.
The sitting which began with deeds so very solemn ended in another
way. For once the poor Pope had been exposed to the plague of
pamphlets in the Holy City. It is pathetic to read the wailing over the
destiny that subjected so holy a being to this in addition to his other
"martyrdoms," "Calvaries," "crucifixions," and such like words, to win
a tear. Many of the vexatious writings were in Latin. Thus if they had
the additional bitterness of being the work often of bishops, always
of priests, they still had the veil of a dead language. Not a few,
however, had been written in living tongues. Two of the latter, which
cut dreadfully deep, were in French—What is going on in the
Council? and The Last Hour of the Council. We are now to see how
these are dealt with. It is announced by the First President that a
certain protest will be distributed. So papers are handed round.
During this process the Under-Secretary calls out, Let the Fathers
take notice that the sitting is not over! Then from the pulpit, in the
name of the Presidents, he reads a protest against false reports in
general, and the two pamphlets in particular. They were stinking
calumnies and shameful lies—putidissimæ calumniæ ... probosa
mendacia. The Italians and Spaniards, who could not have read
them, cried, "We condemn them." The minority cried, "We do not
condemn them." The President called upon those who did condemn
them to stand up. Sambin says that so few remained seated that, to
avoid exposing them to humiliation, the contrary was not put.
Among these men Friedrich names Rauscher and Schwarzenberg.
Two copies of the condemnation had been handed to every one of
the bishops. The President now read a request that each would
return one of them signed with his own name. This trap, however,
was not successful. Haynald said that if the Presidents would
translate La Dernière Heure into Latin, he and the rest of the
Hungarians would be able to see if it was as bad as their Eminences
had said it was.[462] The Acta Sanctæ Sedis make no mention of any
demur, but notes that many prelates said, "Willingly, with all my
heart, yes, even to blood!" But why giving bad names to two
pamphleteers should call forth such heroic resolutions is not obvious.
Thus did an Œcumenical Council spend its last legislative moment in
recording a condemnation of two pamphlets which obviously the
bulk of those who gave sentence could not have read. The
presentation to every man personally of the two papers, and the call
to sign, coming from the chair, was a symptom not calculated to
dissipate certain fears that had got abroad among the minority. It
was reported that if they dared to give an adverse vote in the public
session, two papers would be immediately presented to them, the
one being a subscription to the dogma, the other being the
resignation of their sees. If they did not sign the first, they must sign
the second. They knew that in case they refused to sign both, they
were within the walls of Rome. And suppose a bishop to have signed
his resignation and then to find himself in the hands of the Papal
police! And men liable even to the suspicion of such menaces were
free "judges and legislators!"
So ended the last of the General Congregations, being the eighty-
sixth since the beginning. It will be ever memorable—a monument of
despatch and versatility. It renounced, as lights in doctrine, antiquity,
catholicity, and the consent of the Church, and it denounced two
French pamphlets, and gave to Ce Qui se Passe au Concile and La
Dernière Heure du Concile an immortality in the formal Acts of that
assembly denied to all the petitions, suggestions, deliberations, and
votes of the whole hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church in their
fourscore and six anxious and pregnant sittings in General
Congregation.
For awhile the protest against these pamphlets, of which the
wording is named by Vitelleschi as a sample of the violent language
common in the Roman bureaux at the time, is actually printed
among the Acts of the Council, those Acts contain not a word of the
votes, proposals, or discussions of the General Congregations; not a
hint of all the protests put in by the minority, not a hint of the voting
in the great Congregation on July 13, or, in fact, of anything that
could give a knowledge of the processes, or of any other results
than the lists of committees and the formulated Decrees. By
processes we do not mean the ceremonial ones, for they are briefly
described, but the legislative and deliberative ones, which are
entirely omitted. The Bulls of the Pope and the Decrees of the
Presidents as to procedure are printed; but no action of the bishops.
When what has passed through the hands of the bishops becomes a
Papal constitution, it of course appears. As to the historians, they
indeed do give the voting on July 13; but we believe that not one of
those who wrote by or under authority gives one of the documents
of the protesting bishops, from the beginning of the Council to the
end, or any indication of where they may be found. Vitelleschi tells
how, on this same day, Cardinal Rauscher himself made a last
desperate effort to impress the immovable Pope, and was received
with scant courtesy.
That Saturday night a number of downcast old men, each with more
or less of a retinue, took leave of Rome. Some went by the desolate
way to Civitá Vecchia. On reaching that city, and beginning to
breathe the free air of the sea, they might well wonder how long the
red, white, and blue flag would warn away the red, white, and
green; how long the eldest daughter of the Church would help the
autocrat to impose his obscure tyranny on this threadbare patch of
land,—a land whereof the natural lot was neither poverty nor
dependence upon the foreigner. Some of them took the less desolate
way towards the North. In the clear July night they passed by Monte
Rotondo, with Mentana not far off. When would Garibaldi be heard
of anew? Or would the next dash at Rome be left to Garibaldi?
Spoleto, Terni, and other places lost in 1860, would suggest the
question: Will Ireland and Belgium find men for new crusades, and if
so, will they be more successful? The lamps of Perugia, high on the
hill, would recall tales of slaughter under Pius IX. Perhaps the
prelates had not heard them, or had said that they were all lies. All
of the Frenchman, or of the German, in their hearts would be drawn
in one direction; all of the Papist in another. The Frenchman would
naturally say, He who has repaid the restoration of twenty years ago,
and the support given since then, by deliberate insult of the greatest
names of the Gallican dead, by coarse offences against every man of
mark among the French living that dared to speak a dissentient
word, and by the ostentatious abrogation of all the Gallican liberties,
deserves not that the flag of France should longer shelter his policy.
The German would naturally say, The attempt to undo the unity of
the Fatherland, and once more to expose us through division to the
incursions, the burnings, and the plunderings of the French, is no
less than diabolical; and he that aims at breaking up Germany for
the sake of weakening Italy, should be left to his deserts. But in such
men, after all, the Frenchman or the German represented but the
human instincts, not the drilled, trained thoughts, and the
unchangeably moulded habits. The German, or the Frenchman,
represented the boy, but the Papist represented the man. "The
weakening of the individual will in the priest," of which Vitelleschi
speaks, as one of the secrets of that mysterious zeal to-day for
things which were esteemed untrue yesterday, is scarcely more
striking than is the weakening of national sympathy, except when
the interests of the Papacy are supposed to be connected with those
of the nation.
We may close this chapter with one specimen more of the practical
preaching for the establishment of the new moral order, of the real
Christian civilization, which the scribes of the Court had kept under
the eyes of all who sought, in their pages, for tidings of the great
things which the Council was doing. Our last specimen was that of
an English youth: this is that of a French one. Bravely fighting his
gun at Monte Rotondo, fell young Bernard Quatrebarbes, the son of
a Breton marquis, mortally wounded. When the victors of Mentana
delivered the prisoners, no less than four cousins gathered around
the pallet of the wounded Bernard. At Rome he was joined by his
father, his sister, and other female relations. The day after his arrival
in the city, his humble room in the hospital having been entered by
Pius IX, "radiant with sovereign sweetness," as the writer expresses
it, Bernard was naturally in ecstasy at such an august apparition.
The Pope desiring to see the wound of his crusader, and making the
sign of the cross over it, said, "God will bless thee, my friend, as I
bless thee." The Marquis announced to his wife the departure of her
boy in three words, "Bernard in Paradise." "Words," exclaims the
author, unconsciously signalizing the fall of Rome from Christian
hope—"Words worthy of the primitive Christians." Ay, but, thank
God, primitive Christians before saying over their dead "in Paradise"
instead of "in Purgatory," did not wait till one fell fighting for the
royalty of a bishop! Over the fisher drowned with his nets, over the
mother who died in childbirth, they rejoiced with the joy of hope
eternal. It was for later, darker ages to drag them back again into a
dim region where a crowd of intervening patrons and all manner of
priestly spells came between them and the bosom of a Father,
between them and the home where all the brothers meet.
Maria Sophia, ex-Queen of Naples, came so often to the bedside of
the dying Bernard, that our narrator says she almost seemed to have
taken up her abode in the hospital, and sometimes she was moved
to tears. By that bedside also did her husband say to the Marquis,
"How noble is your son!" To the Marquis also wrote another
expectant exile, the Count of Chambord, saying that he admired "the
short but bright career of Bernard, and his marvellous end." It was
the Colonel of Bernard that told the father of his departure, and in
these words: "I have another patron in heaven." But above all when
the news was conveyed to the Pope, he said: "Bernard Quatrebarbes
is a saint in heaven." At home in Brittany, while the corpse lay in the
chapel of the château, the people flocked around the bier; but it was
"more to invoke the departed than to pray for him." The new Hermit
who preaches the new crusade thus concludes his memoir:—
FOOTNOTES:
[442] Friedberg, 145; Quirinus, 788.
[443] See Protest with signatures. Doc., ii. 400-403.
[444] Apologia, p. 327.
[445] Quirinus, p. 792. The Acta Sanctæ Sedis does not think it
worth while to count;—"fifty or thereabouts," "quinquaginta
circiter patribus dissentientibus" (vi. p. 31).
[446] Le Con. du Vat. et le Mouvement Anti-Infallibiliste, pp. 6-10.
[447] Friedrich, p. 405.
[448] Quirinus, p. 771.
[449] Ibid., p. 772.
[450] Ibid., p. 773.
[451] Civiltá, VII. xi. 362. Acta Sanctæ Sedis has the same
numbers.
[452] Friedrich, 406.
[453] When, in 1860, writing Italy in Transition, I read, on the
recommendation of an Italian gentleman, a book by a well-known
writer professing to describe the interior life of the Vatican; but
found it too low to allow me even to allude to it, much less to
quote it. What was my surprise when, a year or so later, appeared
the work of Liverani, to find this very book—which even now I do
not care to name—cited with that of About and of others, as a
work the substantial accuracy of which the learned Domestic
Prelate and Protonotary of the Holy See could not deny.
[454] Quirinus, p. 801. This astounding assertion does not rest
upon the sole authority of Quirinus. Friedrich, in reporting the
sayings of the Archbishop of Munich to the Faculty of Theology in
that city on his return, gives the same assertion as repeated by
his Grace. It had been a favourite theory with official writers that
Quirinus was Friedrich, but as the latter left Rome in May, and
Quirinus continued to write to the last, that theory had dropped
out of sight. It is a curious coincidence in the present case that
nearly all the incidents of this interview, mentioned by Quirinus
writing in Rome on July 19, were repeated by Archbishop Scherr
in Munich to the Faculty two days later. The substantial
agreement of the two accounts is quite as great as that in several
other cases which have induced men like Hergenröther to argue
that Friedrich and Quirinus were one. The agreement is such as
would be found between two practised writers hearing an account
from the same eyewitness, or from two or three eyewitnesses,
and immediately writing down what they had heard. Friedrich, p.
408 ff.
[455] An instance of the effect of perfect knowledge of Rome by
personal residence, on the style of expression and description,
may be seen in Mr. T.A. Trollope's interesting book, The Papal
Conclaves, as compared with the unreal and conventional forms
kept up by Englishmen who know neither the language nor the
spirit of the people. Some of the latter, ever since the days of the
Tracts for the Times, provoke smiles, and have gradually been
acquiring for our country a reputation very unlike the old
reputation of England for strong common sense, love of reality,
and contempt for shows and fables.
[456] Friedrich, p. 409.
[457] Quirinus, p. 803; also the words of Archbishop Scherr, as
quoted in Tagebuch, p. 409.
[458] Related by Archbishop Scherr to the Theological Faculty at
Munich. Friedrich, pp. 409, 410.
[459] Quirinus, p, 804. See the Draft in Doc. ad Illus., ii. pp. 317,
318,—"Quod antiquitus Apostolica Sedes et Romana cum cæteris
tenet perseveranter ecclesia."
[460] Acta Sanctæ Sedis, p. 33.
[461] The Acta Sanctæ Sedis does not even profess to count
exactly,—"about thirty" (triginta circiter).
[462] Quirinus, pp. 806-7.
[463] Civiltá, VII. ix. 542-48 and 664-70.
CHAPTER VIII
Grief of M. Veuillot—Final Deputation and Protest.
SUNDAY, July 17, was rather more of a fast than of a feast for M.
Veuillot. He says, "War and oppositions are cruel clouds." Bad as
were the rumours of war, those of "rebellion" among the bishops
were still worse. It had evidently become known that the minority
were not to be cowed into gracing the public solemnity with their
compulsory Placet. It was even rumoured that the bishops would go
into the open session and disturb the solemnity by saying Non placet
—ay, M. Veuillot had heard, by shouting it and outrageously
repeating it in the face of the Pope.[464] While nothing was more
desirable than that, to prove the freedom of the Council, two or
three should say Non placet, any serious number doing so would be
detestable. The refusal of the non-contents to vote at all would be
only one degree less bad. M. Veuillot, however, discovered that many
whose departure, "or rather desertion," had been reported were still
really in Rome. But, on the other hand, he saw carriages at the
doors of leaders of the "tormenting and tormented" Opposition; at
those of the Archbishops of Paris and Lyons, and of Cardinals
Rauscher and Matthieu. Even the Via Frattina was visited to note the
symptoms at the door of Maret. After night-fall, Veuillot cries, "Many
are gone, and many more are going in the morning. They will really
absent themselves. I cannot help thinking of a caricature. It
represented some seditious fellows in a scare, who said, 'Now is the
moment to show ourselves; let us hide!'"
As the noontide of that July Sunday blazed upon the Vatican, a
deputation had entered the presence chamber, headed by Darboy
and Simor, Primate of Hungary. They came to make one last attempt
to procure the prorogation of the Council without the promulgation
of the dogma. Their only answer was the old Non possumus. Then
the last of the luckless series of protests was solemnly delivered.
They had not heart enough to fight, and had too much conscience to
submit. So they took the middle course, and spoiled for ever the
pretext of moral unanimity except the dead unanimity of form. Their
fears, or their views of unity and reverence would not allow them in
public to withstand the Pope. He had justly calculated the effect
upon them of throne and tiara, with the fear of possible degradation.
They had not, perhaps, sufficiently calculated what might have been
the effect on him of honest men standing up one after another in
their appointed place, and saying before all the Churches, as a wiser
than they had done of a better than he, that he was to be blamed.
They would have exposed, it is true, Pope Pius IX to a temporary
check, yet they might have saved the Papacy from an irrevocable
error. But in proportion as the Papacy had become weak in
producing conviction, it had concentrated its strength on the means
of producing submission. Its success in that art was now to be its
own punishment. No Protestant had expected any effectual
resistance from men trained as Romish bishops. Any real tenacity of
conscience shown during the Council, was due to nobler influences
spread abroad in countries where the ascendancy of Rome is not
complete. There is, to our mode of thinking, something not merely
incongruous and grotesque, but a great deal worse, in putting
forward the paltry plea of personal offence, or personal
consideration, when the matter in hand is a dogma that is to mould
the religion of millions for ever. The fact that these prelates do put
forward such a notion countenances the statements often made
about men giving as the reason for their votes that they could not
refuse the Holy Father or hurt his feelings. Vitelleschi thinks that the
fear of being required to resign their Sees or subscribe the dogma
was one of the elements in determining the minority to leave Rome
before the definition (p. 212). If so, seeing them escape from that
dilemma would be one of the causes of the mortification shown by
the majority, as expressed by Veuillot. We give the last of the
protests in full[465]:—
The bishops applauded, and the journals found the allocution divine.
The Liberal Catholics, however, felt that when the Pope said, "I
desire to be one with them," he meant, "I desire to see them submit
to me." The grave point was, that this being the first utterance from
the chair after he had been solemnly declared to be as infallible as
the Church, an utterance made—if ever one could be made—in the
exercise of his office as pastor of the universal Church, it contained a
misstatement of fact and a misconception of doctrine. The Pope,
occupied with the absentees, ventured roundly to assert that they
who now opposed had been a few years ago fully of his opinion and
of that of the majority. If ever a public misstatement deserved to be
called by a strong short name, this one did. Had the language of the
Decree, now lifted to the level of the law that changeth not, been
put by a Protestant, as the doctrine of their Church, before
Schwarzenberg and Rauscher, before Darboy and Dupanloup, before
Strossmayer, Kenrick, Clifford, and MacHale, any day previous to the
year 1870, they would have railed at the Protestant as a slanderer,
and perhaps would not have let him escape without an episcopal
curse. Would not Spalding have sneered at D'Aubigné as a fool and a
false witness had he said that the Pope could make a dogma without
either the counsel of bishops or the consent of the Church? No, the
ears of the Pope were full of words of witness; the bureaux of the
Council contained document after document in evidence that the
statement which he now dared to make when none dared to
contradict, was not true, and was known not to be true. Those
bishops, in order to please the Pope, had unwisely, as they now felt,
stretched the doctrine of primacy, which they did hold, till it looked
to unpractised eyes very like Papal infallibility. True, they had done
this in what seemed rather to be addresses of ceremony than
formularies of doctrine; for whenever infallibility itself had been
nakedly presented to them, even without the adjunct of ordinary
jurisdiction in every diocese, and without any repudiation of the
consent of the Church, they had mustered the manhood to oppose
it. The Pope neither stated the facts nor discriminated between
opinion and opinion. He did state as fact what was not fact, and
confounded opinions that differed. Friedrich, with the acute author
of the Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum, and not a few others, thinks
that he is personally incapable of understanding theological
distinctions, and that he could not explain what the doctrine of Papal
infallibility means. This seems to be impossible, and yet there is very
much to prevent one from pronouncing it ridiculous. But whether he
is capable of distinguishing in such a case or not is a very slight
matter. The fact that remains for us is, that his first utterance from
the acknowledged seat of infallibility was wholly occupied with the
absent bishops, that he insinuated that they had a double
conscience, and that the grounds on which he made that insinuation
were incorrect in fact and inaccurate in thought. Had the question
whether the Papacy was a divine organ of truth, or merely a
contrivance of clever old men, liable to be overseen, like other
mortals, in their words and deeds, been designedly subjected to a
fair test, we can with difficulty conceive of one fairer or more
conclusive, than that first utterance from the recognized seat of
inerrancy. There is nothing divine in it, and the human elements do
not rise above a very ordinary level.
The city was silent and chill. We can form but a faint idea of how
much, in such a case, mere external impressions sway a community
trained like the one of which we speak. It was as if the salvos from
St. Angelo, the feeble voice of the Irreformable, had been swallowed
up in the salvos of the skies, the voice of the Sole Infallible. The
Giornale di Roma and the Civiltá, the Univers and the Unitá, would
have spared no epithets in denouncing the man who three months
before should have said that, on the night when the creative word,
the fiat, Let there be light, should be uttered; on the night when the
patient voice of the people and of the priests should be hushed
under "the voice of God" proclaiming infallibility, a noble Roman
would pen what Vitelleschi that night quietly wrote down: "The
government offices, the religious establishments, and a few private
houses, were illuminated; but the rest of the city remained in perfect
silence and profound darkness."
The concluding words of the Roman writer, in narrating the triumph
of the day, are not wholly indifferent to us in England (p. 221)—
It is said that the portrait was really that of St. Charles Borromeo.
One other note was often made as to this memorable day. It was the
same day on which was done the deed that irrevocably sealed the
fall of the Second Empire, and consequently the fall of its pendant
and protégé, the Papal throne. The declaration of war was delivered
in Berlin on the day following, and must have left Paris that day!
The reader having already had several specimens, and fair ones, of
Ce Qui se Passe au Concile, is in a position, so far as relates to it, to
form his own opinion of its "stinking calumnies," to adopt the
characteristic language of the Most Eminent, Most Reverend, and
Right Reverend Fathers of the Council. But as to La Dernière Heure
du Concile (The last hour of the Council), we may at this point fitly
give a few examples. It speaks of "Rules imposed in violation of the
most manifest rights of the Council, of Commission chosen
beforehand, of illusory votes, of an oppressive tutelage, of
discussions without order and without aim, of modifications of the
Rules as arbitrary as they were multiplied." It asserts that as to the
minority public calumnies were not spared them; that their speakers
were more than once forced to leave the desk without being able to
explain, much less to defend their views; while the majority from the
beginning took the reasons of the minority for insults, and rendered
back insults for reasons; and that the petitions of the minority were
not only left without effect, but without answer. It pictures the
Jesuits as meeting the bishops after three centuries of feigned truce
on the ground where their General Laynez, defeated at Trent, had
left them; but as now coming perfectly prepared for the battle, while
the bishops had not foreseen anything—