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Raspberry Pi Computer Vision
Programming

Design and implement your own computer vision

applications with the Raspberry Pi

Ashwin Pajankar

BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
Raspberry Pi Computer Vision Programming

Copyright © 2015 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written
permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in
critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy
of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is
sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt
Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages
caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.

Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the
companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals.
However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

First published: May 2015

Production reference: 1250515

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Livery Place
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Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.

ISBN 978-1-78439-828-6

www.packtpub.com
 Credits

Author Project Coordinator

Ashwin Pajankar Nikhil Nair

Reviewers Proofreaders
James Allen Stephen Copestake
Arush Kakkar Safis Editing
Luis A. Larco
Fred Stakem Indexer
Priya Sane
Aldo Vargas

Graphics
Commissioning Editor
Sheetal Aute
Amit Ghodake
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Acquisition Editor
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Shantanu Zagade

Content Development Editor

Merwyn D'souza Cover Work
Shantanu Zagade

Technical Editor
Edwin Moses

Copy Editors
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 About the Author

Ashwin Pajankar is a Bangalore-based software professional with more than

5 years of experience in software design, development, testing, and automation.
He graduated from IIT Hyderabad with an MTech degree in computer science
and engineering. He holds multiple professional certifications from Oracle, IBM,
Teradata, and ISTQB in development, databases, and testing. Apart from work, he
enjoys serving the community. He has won several awards in college through college
outreach initiatives and at work for community service through his employers
for corporate social responsibility programs. He was introduced to the Raspberry
Pi while organizing a hackathon at his workplace, and he's been hooked on to Pi
ever since. He writes plenty of code in Bash, Python, and Java on his cluster of Pi.
Currently, he's building India's biggest cluster of the recently launched Raspberry
Pi 2. He's reviewed two other titles related to Python from Packt and is working on
another book on Raspberry Pi.

You can view Ashwin's LinkedIn profile by visiting in.linkedin.com/in/

ashwinpajankar.

I would like to thank my wife, Kavitha, for motivating me to

write this book to share my knowledge with others. I would also
like to thank Merwyn D'Souza and Llewellyn Rozario from Packt
Publishing for providing me with the opportunity, guidance, and
necessary support to write this book. Last but not least, I would like
to thank all the reviewers who helped me make the book better by
providing their precious feedback.
 About the Reviewers

James Allen is a computer scientist and a teacher whose experiences run the gamut
from web and application programming to graphic design and sound engineering.
If a form of media can be produced on a computer, there is a very good chance that
he has dabbled in something along those lines.

He is very interested in the enabling factor of technology and how advancements

in personal computers and handheld devices have opened up a wide variety
of activities to a big chunk of the population. He is especially interested in
opening up these activities further. Above all, he wants to be happy and bring
happiness to others. You can read more about his (mis)adventures by visiting
http://jamesmallen.net.

Arush Kakkar is a robotics enthusiast who has experience in computer

vision, machine learning, and hardware technologies. His primary focus is
on autonomous robotics, which includes drones and self-driving cars. He has
contributed to the development of these systems in different capacities, including
computer vision and path planning. He is the electronics engineer for the solar car
team of his university, DTU Solaris. He is also interested in building commercial
solutions in robotics to reduce the manual labor required in jobs. You can contact
him through his website, www.arushkakkar.com, and read about some of his
projects on http://blog.arushkakkar.com.
Luis A. Larco is a software engineer at GE Healthcare in Milwaukee, Wisconsin,
as well as a research associate at the Medical Imaging Research Center (MIRC) at
the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, Illinois. Originally from Lima, Peru,
Luis was raised in Miami, Florida, where he attended high school and college. He
subsequently relocated to Illinois and studied at the Illinois Institute of Technology.
He received bachelor’s degrees in electrical engineering and computer engineering.
While studying for his undergraduate degree, he worked on a research project
with the Chicago Police Department on predictive policing. In his free time, he
enjoys performing with his jazz band, where he plays the bass, as well as hiking
and mountain biking.

Aldo Vargas is a mechatronics engineer who graduated from UNAM in Mexico

City. He has previously worked in the robotics industry. He is currently completing
his PhD in aerospace engineering from the University of Glasgow, United
Kingdom. He is developing GNC (guidance, navigation, and control) algorithms for
unmanned aerial systems. The research aim is to give UAS the ability to "see" using
advanced and practical computer vision algorithms programmed in Python. He has
academic and industrial experience in control systems, embedded systems, artificial
intelligence, machine learning, computer vision, robotics, and systems integration.

Aldo loves to design, build, and control drones at work and during his free time.
He also enjoys scuba diving, skydiving, and riding motorcycles. If you're interested
in knowing more about his work, you can visit http://aldux.net.
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 Table of Contents
Preface v
Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer Vision and Raspberry Pi 1
Computer vision 1
OpenCV 2
Single-board computers and the Raspberry Pi 4
Raspberry Pi 4
Operating systems 5
Raspbian 6
Setting up your Raspberry Pi B+ 7
Preparing your microSD card manually 9
Booting up your Raspberry Pi for the first time 11
Shutting down and rebooting your Pi safely 12
Preparing your Pi for computer vision 13
Testing OpenCV installation with Python 15
NumPy 16
Array creation 16
Basic operations on arrays 17
Linear algebra 17
Summary 18
Chapter 2: Working with Images, Webcams, and GUI 19
Running Python programs with Raspberry Pi 19
Working with images 22
Using matplotlib 24
Drawing geometric shapes 26
Working with trackbar and named window 28
Working with a webcam 30
Creating a timelapse sequence using fswebcam 32
Webcam video recording and playback 34

[i]
Table of Contents

Working with a webcam using OpenCV 34

Saving a video and playback of a video using OpenCV 36
Working with the Pi camera module 37
Using raspistill and raspivid 37
Using picamera in Python with the Pi camera module 38
picamera and OpenCV 39
Summary 39
Chapter 3: Basic Image Processing 41
Retrieving image properties 41
Arithmetic operations on images 42
Blending and transitioning images 45
Splitting and merging image colour channels 47
Creating a negative of an image 48
Logical operations on images 50
Exercise 51
Summary 52
Chapter 4: Colorspaces, Transformations, and Thresholds 53
Colorspaces and conversions 53
Tracking in real time based on color 56
Image transformations 58
Scaling 58
Translation, rotation, and affine transformation 59
Perspective transformation 64
Thresholding image 66
Otsu's method 68
Exercise 69
Summary 70
Chapter 5: Let's Make Some Noise 71
Noise 71
Introducing noise to an image 72
Kernels 74
2D convolution filtering 74
Low-pass filtering 76
Exercise 79
Summary 79

[ ii ]
 Table of Contents

Chapter 6: Edges, Circles, and Lines' Detection 81

High-pass filters 81
Canny Edge detector 85
Hough circle and line transforms 86
Exercise 90
Summary 90
Chapter 7: Image Restoration, Quantization, and Depth Map 91
Restoring images using inpainting 91
Image segmentation 93
Mean shift algorithm based segmentation 94
K-means clustering and image quantization 95
Comparison of mean shift and k-means 98
Disparity map and depth estimation 98
Summary 99
Chapter 8: Histograms, Contours, Morphological
Transformations, and Performance Measurement 101
Image histograms 101
Image contours 104
Morphological transformations on image 106
OpenCV performance measurement and improvement 107
Summary 108
Chapter 9: Real-life Computer Vision Applications 109
Barcode detection 109
Motion detection and tracking 117
Hand gesture recognition 121
Chroma key with green screen 126
Summary 132
Chapter 10: Introduction to SimpleCV 133
SimpleCV and its installation on Raspberry Pi 133
Getting started with the camera, display, and images 135
Binary thresholding and color distances 137
The blur effect on a live web camera feed 140
Histogram calculation 141
Greyscale conversion 142

[ iii ]
Table of Contents

Detecting corners and lines in an image 143

Blob detection in images 144
Sending Raspberry Pi on a boating vacation 145
Exercise 149
Summary 150
Index 151

[ iv ]
 Preface
Raspberry Pi was developed as a low-cost single-board computer with the
intention of promoting computer science education in schools. It also represents
a welcome return to a simple and fun yet effective way to learn computer science
and programming.

You can use Raspberry Pi to learn and implement concepts in computer vision.

With a $35 Raspberry Pi computer and a USB webcam, anyone can afford to become
a pro in computer vision in no time and build a real-life computer vision application
to impress friends and colleagues.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Introduction to Computer Vision and Raspberry Pi, takes you through the
introduction and initial setup of Raspberry Pi and computer vision.

Chapter 2, Working with Images, Webcams, and GUI, teaches you how to work with
images, videos, and various cameras.

Chapter 3, Basic Image Processing, explores arithmetic and logical operations on images.

Chapter 4, Colorspaces, Transformations, and Thresholds, introduces you to colorspaces

and conversions, which are then followed by a simple project. This chapter also
explores geometric transformations and segmentation by thresholding.

Chapter 5, Let's Make Some Noise, teaches the basics of noise in digital images and
low-pass filters. It also discussed their usage in the removal of noise from images.

Chapter 6, Edges, Circles, and Lines' Detection, explores high-pass filters and their
applications. It also explores the detection of features like edges, circles, and lines.

[v]
Preface

Chapter 7, Image Restoration, Quantization, and Depth Map, explores image restoration
by inpainting. It also teaches image segmentation, quantization, and depth maps.

Chapter 8, Histograms, Contours, Morphological Transformations, and Performance

Measurement, introduces the readers to histograms and plotting. It explores the
concepts of contours and morphological transformations on an image. It concludes
with the basics of performance measurement and improvement.

Chapter 9, Real-life Computer Vision Applications, implements various real-life

applications of computer vision using Raspberry Pi and a webcam.

Chapter 10, Introduction to SimpleCV, teaches the installation and usage of

SimpleCV, a powerful yet simple computer vision library, and concludes
with a few real-life projects.

What you need for this book

The following hardware is recommended for maximum enjoyment:

• The Raspberry Pi computer (Model B, B+, or Pi 2)

• SD card (8 GB minimum)
• 5V 1A power supply
• HDMI or VGA monitor
• HDMI to VGA converter if a VGA monitor is used
• Wired Internet connection
• A keyboard and a mouse
• A good quality webcam
• A Pi Camera
• A Windows computer/laptop with an embedded or external card reader

Who this book is for

This book is intended for novices as well as seasoned Raspberry Pi and Python
enthusiasts who would like to explore the area of computer vision. Readers with
very little programming or coding/scripting experience can create wonderful
image processing and computer vision applications with relatively few lines
of code in Python.

[ vi ]
 Preface

Conventions
In this book, you will find a number of text styles that distinguish between different
kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles and an explanation of
their meaning.

Code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions,
pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles are shown as follows: "
We are going to learn about the linspace() function now."

A block of code is set as follows:

import picamera
import time

with picamera.PiCamera() as cam:

cam.resolution=(1024,768)
cam.start_preview()
time.sleep(5)
cam.capture('/home/pi/book/output/still.jpg')

Any command-line input or output is written as follows:

>>> a**2
array([ 1, 9, 36, 81])

New terms and important words are shown in bold. Words that you see on the
screen, for example, in menus or dialog boxes, appear in the text like this: "Go to
Enable Boot to Desktop/Scratch | Desktop."

Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this.

Tips and tricks appear like this.

Reader feedback
Feedback from our readers is always welcome. Let us know what you think about
this book—what you liked or disliked. Reader feedback is important for us as it helps
us develop titles that you will really get the most out of.

[ vii ]
Preface

To send us general feedback, simply e-mail feedback@packtpub.com, and mention

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[ viii ]
 Preface

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[ ix ]
 Introduction to Computer
Vision and Raspberry Pi
OpenCV is a simple yet powerful tool for any computer vision enthusiast. One can
learn computer vision in an easy way by writing OpenCV programs in Python.
The Raspberry Pi family of single-board computers uses Python as the preferred
development platform. Using a Raspberry Pi computer and Python for OpenCV
programming is one of the best ways to start your journey into the world of
computer vision. We will commence our journey with this chapter by getting
ourselves familiar with the following topics:

• Computer vision
• OpenCV
• Raspberry Pi
• Setting up Raspberry Pi
• Installing OpenCV and its dependencies
• NumPy basics

Computer vision
Computer vision is an area of computer science, mathematics, and electrical
engineering. It includes ways to acquire, process, analyze, and understand images
and videos from the real world in order to mimic human vision. Also, unlike
human vision, computer vision can also be used to analyze and process depth
and infrared images.

[1]
Introduction to Computer Vision and Raspberry Pi

Computer vision is also concerned with the theory of information extraction from
images and videos. A computer vision system can accept different forms of data as
an input, including, but not limited to, images, image sequences, and videos that can
be streamed from multiple sources to further process and extract useful information
from for decision making.

Artificial intelligence and computer vision share many topics, such as image
processing, pattern recognition, and machine learning techniques, as shown
in the following diagram:

The typical tasks of computer vision include the following:

• Object recognition and classification

• Motion detection and analysis
• Image and scene reconstruction

Don't worry about this jargon as of now. We will explore most of these concepts in
detail in the later chapters.

OpenCV
OpenCV (Open Source ComputerVision) is a library of programming functions
for computer vision. It was initially developed by the Intel Russia research center
in Nizhny Novgorod, and it is currently maintained by Itseez.

[2]
 Chapter 1

You can read more about Itseez at http://itseez.com/.

This is a cross-platform library, which means that it can be implemented and

operated on different operating systems. It focuses mainly on image and video
processing. In addition to this, it has several GUI and event handling features for
the user's convenience.

OpenCV was released under a Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) license and
hence, it is free for both academic and commercial use. It has interfaces for popular
programming languages, such as C/C++, Python, and Java, and it runs on a variety
of operating systems including Windows, Android, and Unix-like operating systems.

You can explore the OpenCV homepage, www.opencv.org,

for further details.

OpenCV was initially an Intel Research initiative to develop tools to analyze images.

Following is the timeline of OpenCV in brief:

In August 2012, support for OpenCV was taken over by a nonprofit foundation,
OpenCV.org, which is currently developing it further. It also maintains a developer
and user site for OpenCV.

At the time of writing this book, the stable version of

OpenCV was 2.4.10. Version 3.0 Beta is also available.

[3]
Introduction to Computer Vision and Raspberry Pi

Single-board computers and the

Raspberry Pi
A single-board computer system is a complete computer on a single board. The
board includes processor(s), RAM, I/O, and networking ports for interfacing devices.
Unlike traditional computer systems, single-board computers are not modular and
its hardware cannot be upgraded as it's integrated on the board itself. Single-board
computers are used as low-cost computers in academic and research settings. The
use of single-board computers in embedded systems is very prevalent, and many
individuals and organizations have developed and released fully functional products
based on single-board computers.

Popular single-board computers available in the market include, but are not limited
to, Raspberry Pi, Banana Pi, BeagleBone, and Cubieboard.

Raspberry Pi
Raspberry Pi is a series of low-cost, palm-sized, single-board computers developed
by the Raspberry Pi Foundation in the UK. The intention behind the creation of
Raspberry Pi was to promote the teaching of basic computer skills in schools, and
the former serves this purpose well. Raspberry Pi has expanded its footprint well
beyond its intended purpose by penetrating into the market of embedded systems
and research.

The homepage of the Raspberry Pi Foundation is:

http://www.raspberrypi.org

Raspberry Pi models—A, A+, B, and B+—are based on SoC (system on a chip)

Broadcom BCM2835, which includes an ARM11 700 MHz CPU (which can be
overclocked). RPi generation 2 uses a quad core ARM Cortex-A7, the first multicore
Raspberry Pi. Raspberry Pi A and B use SD cards for boot and persistent storage,
whereas models A+, B+, and Pi 2 use microSD cards for the same. The models A and
A+ have 256 MB of RAM, B and B+ have 512 MB of RAM, and Pi 2 has 1 GB of RAM.

As of now, there are five major models of Raspberry Pi, which are as follows:

• Model A
• Model A+ (currently in production and available for purchase)
• Model B (available for purchase but not in production)

[4]
 Chapter 1

• Model B+ (currently in production and available for purchase)

• Raspberry Pi 2 (currently in production and available for purchase)

Check out the product page of Raspberry Pi at the following location:

http://www.raspberrypi.org/products/

The Raspberry Pi Foundation provides Debian and Arch variants and Linux
ARM distributions for download. Python is the main programming platform and
languages like C, C++, Java, Perl, and Ruby can be used to program Raspberry Pi.

We will use Raspberry Pi B+ for our Computer Vision learning. However, these
examples can also be executed on other Raspberry Pi Models.

The Raspberry Pi B+ specifications are as follows:

Component Specification

CPU 700 MHz ARM1176JZF-S core (ARM11 family, ARM v6 instruction set)
GPU Broadcom VideoCore IV @250 MHz
Memory 512 MB SDRAM (shared with GPU—the limit of memory used by GPU
can be set using raspi-config utility)
USB 2.0 ports 4
Video output HDMI, composite video (PAL and NTSC) via 3.5 mm TRRS jack shared
with audio out (you need to use converters for VGA type displays)
Audio output Analog via 3.5 mm phone jack; digital via HDMI port
Onboard microSD
storage
Networking 10/100 Mbit/s Fast Ethernet, no onboard Wi-Fi or Bluetooth
Power 600 mA (3 W), 5 V via http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroUSB
or GPIO header (using MicroUSB for power is recommended)

Operating systems
Raspberry Pi primarily uses Unix-like, Linux-kernel-based operating systems,
like the variants of Debian and Fedora.

The Raspberry Pi models A, A+, B, and B+ are based on the ARM11 family chip,
which runs on the ARM v6 instruction set. The ARM v6 instruction set does not
support Ubuntu and Windows.

[5]
Introduction to Computer Vision and Raspberry Pi

However, the recently launched Raspberry Pi 2 is based on ARM Cortex A7, which
is capable of running both Windows 10 and Ubuntu (Snappy Core). The following
operating systems are officially supported by all the models of Raspberry Pi and are
available for download at the download page:

• OpenELEC
• Pidora (Fedora Remix)
• RASPBMC
• RISC OS
• Raspbian—we will use this with a Raspberry Pi B+ throughout this book.

Windows 10 and Ubuntu are supported by only the recently

launched Pi 2.

Raspbian
Raspbian is an unofficial variant of Debian Wheezy armhf (ARM hard float)
that is compiled for hard float code that will run on Raspberry Pi computers.
It is a free operating system based on Debian that is optimized for the Raspberry Pi
hardware. Raspbian is more than a pure OS. It comes with over 35,000 packages
and precompiled software for Raspberry Pi.

To know more about Raspbian, you can visit

http://www.raspbian.org/.

[6]
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Letters of
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Vol. 1 (of 2)
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Vol. 1 (of 2)

Author: Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Editor: Ernest Hartley Coleridge

Release date: January 1, 2014 [eBook #44553]

Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

Credits: E-text prepared by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team

(http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made
available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LETTERS OF

SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE, VOL. 1 (OF 2) ***
The Project Gutenberg eBook, Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge,
Vol. I (of 2), by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Edited by Ernest Hartley
Coleridge

Note: Images of the original pages are available through Internet

Archive. See
https://archive.org/details/lettersofsamuelt01coleuoft

Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.

Volume II: see
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44554/44554-h/44554-
h.htm

LETTERS OF
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE
 LETTERS
OF

SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE

EDITED BY
ERNEST HARTLEY COLERIDGE
 IN TWO VOLUMES
VOL. I

LONDON
WILLIAM HEINEMANN
1895
[All rights reserved.]

The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A.

Printed by H. O. Houghton and Company.
 INTRODUCTION
Hitherto no attempt has been made to publish a collection of
Coleridge’s Letters. A few specimens were published in his lifetime,
both in his own works and in magazines, and, shortly after his death
in 1834, a large number appeared in print. Allsop’s “Letters,
Conversations, and Recollections of S. T. Coleridge,” which was
issued in 1836, contains forty-five letters or parts of letters; Cottle in
his “Early Recollections” (1837) prints, for the most part incorrectly,
and in piecemeal, some sixty in all, and Gillman, in his “Life of
Coleridge” (1838), contributes, among others, some letters
addressed to himself, and one, of the greatest interest, to Charles
Lamb. In 1847, a series of early letters to Thomas Poole appeared
for the first time in the Biographical Supplement to the “Biographia
Literaria,” and in 1848, when Cottle reprinted his “Early
Recollections,” under the title of “Reminiscences of Coleridge and
Southey,” he included sixteen letters to Thomas and Josiah
Wedgwood. In Southey’s posthumous “Life of Dr. Bell,” five letters of
Coleridge lie imbedded, and in “Southey’s Life and Correspondence”
(1849-50), four of his letters find an appropriate place. An
interesting series was published in 1858 in the “Fragmentary
Remains of Sir H. Davy,” edited by his brother, Dr. Davy; and in the
“Diary of H. C. Robinson,” published in 1869, a few letters from
Coleridge are interspersed. In 1870, the late Mr. W. Mark W. Call
printed in the “Westminster Review” eleven letters from Coleridge to
Dr. Brabant of Devizes, dated 1815 and 1816; and a series of early
letters to Godwin, 1800-1811 (some of which had appeared in
“Macmillan’s Magazine” in 1864), was included by Mr. Kegan Paul in
his “William Godwin” (1876). In 1874, a correspondence between
Coleridge (1816-1818) and his publishers, Gale & Curtis, was
contributed to “Lippincott’s Magazine,” and in 1878, a few letters to
Matilda Betham were published in “Fraser’s Magazine.” During the
last six years the vast store which still remained unpublished has
been drawn upon for various memoirs and biographies. The
following works containing new letters are given in order of
publication: Herr Brandl’s “Samuel T. Coleridge and the English
Romantic School,” 1887; “Memorials of Coleorton,” edited by
Professor Knight, 1887; “Thomas Poole and his Friends,” by Mrs. H.
Sandford, 1888; “Life of Wordsworth,” by Professor Knight, 1889;
“Memoirs of John Murray,” by Samuel Smiles, LL. D., 1891; “De
Quincey Memorials,” by Alex. Japp, LL. D., 1891; “Life of Washington
Allston,” 1893.
Notwithstanding these heavy draughts, more than half of the letters
which have come under my notice remain unpublished. Of more
than forty which Coleridge wrote to his wife, only one has been
published. Of ninety letters to Southey which are extant, barely a
tenth have seen the light. Of nineteen addressed to W. Sotheby,
poet and patron of poets, fourteen to Lamb’s friend John Rickman,
and four to Coleridge’s old college friend, Archdeacon Wrangham,
none have been published. Of more than forty letters addressed to
the Morgan family, which belong for the most part to the least
known period of Coleridge’s life,—the years which intervened
between his residence in Grasmere and his final settlement at
Highgate,—only two or three, preserved in the MSS. Department of
the British Museum, have been published. Of numerous letters
written in later life to his friend and amanuensis, Joseph Henry
Green; to Charles Augustus Tulk, M. P. for Sudbury; to his friends
and hosts, the Gillmans; to Cary, the translator of Dante, only a few
have found their way into print. Of more than forty to his brother,
the Rev. George Coleridge, which were accidentally discovered in
1876, only five have been printed. Of some fourscore letters
addressed to his nephews, William Hart Coleridge, John Taylor
Coleridge, Henry Nelson Coleridge, Edward Coleridge, and to his son
Derwent, all but two, or at most three, remain in manuscript. Of the
youthful letters to the Evans family, one letter has recently appeared
in the “Illustrated London News,” and of the many addressed to John
Thelwall, but one was printed in the same series.
The letters to Poole, of which more than a hundred have been
preserved, those addressed to his Bristol friend, Josiah Wade, and
the letters to Wordsworth, which, though few in number, are of great
length, have been largely used for biographical purposes, but much,
of the highest interest, remains unpublished. Of smaller groups of
letters, published and unpublished, I make no detailed mention, but
in the latter category are two to Charles Lamb, one to John Sterling,
five to George Cattermole, one to John Kenyon, and many others to
more obscure correspondents. Some important letters to Lord
Jeffrey, to John Murray, to De Quincey, to Hugh James Rose, and to
J. H. B. Williams, have, in the last few years, been placed in my
hands for transcription.
A series of letters written between the years 1796 and 1814 to the
Rev. John Prior Estlin, minister of the Unitarian Chapel at Lewin’s
Mead, Bristol, was printed some years ago for the Philobiblon
Society, with an introduction by Mr. Henry A. Bright. One other series
of letters has also been printed for private circulation. In 1889, the
late Miss Stuart placed in my hands transcriptions of eighty-seven
letters addressed by Coleridge to her father, Daniel Stuart, editor of
“The Morning Post” and “Courier,” and these, together with letters
from Wordsworth and Southey, were printed in a single volume
bearing the title, “Letters from the Lake Poets.” Miss Stuart
contributed a short account of her father’s life, and also a
reminiscence of Coleridge, headed “A Farewell.”
Coleridge’s biographers, both of the past and present generations,
have met with a generous response to their appeal for letters to be
placed in their hands for reference and for publication, but it is
probable that many are in existence which have been withheld,
sometimes no doubt intentionally, but more often from inadvertence.
From his boyhood the poet was a voluminous if an irregular
correspondent, and many letters which he is known to have
addressed to his earliest friends—to Middleton, to Robert Allen, to
Valentine and Sam Le Grice, to Charles Lloyd, to his Stowey
neighbour, John Cruikshank, to Dr. Beddoes, and others—may yet be
forthcoming. It is certain that he corresponded with Mrs. Clarkson,
but if any letters have been preserved they have not come under my
notice. It is strange, too, that among the letters of the Highgate
period, which were sent to Henry Nelson Coleridge for transcription,
none to John Hookham Frere, to Blanco White, or to Edward Irving
appear to have been forthcoming.
The foregoing summary of published and unpublished letters,
though necessarily imperfect, will enable the reader to form some
idea of the mass of material from which the present selection has
been made. A complete edition of Coleridge’s Letters must await the
“coming of the milder day,” a renewed long-suffering on the part of
his old enemy, the “literary public.” In the meanwhile, a selection
from some of the more important is here offered in the belief that
many, if not all, will find a place in permanent literature. The letters
are arranged in chronological order, and are intended rather to
illustrate the story of the writer’s life than to embody his critical
opinions, or to record the development of his philosophical and
theological speculations. But letters of a purely literary character
have not been excluded, and in selecting or rejecting a letter, the
sole criterion has been, Is it interesting? is it readable?
In letter-writing perfection of style is its own recommendation, and
long after the substance of a letter has lost its savour, the form
retains its original or, it may be, an added charm. Or if the author be
the founder of a sect or a school, his writings, in whatever form, are
received by the initiated with unquestioning and insatiable delight.
But Coleridge’s letters lack style. The fastidious critic who touched
and retouched his exquisite lyrics, and always for the better, was at
no pains to polish his letters. He writes to his friends as if he were
talking to them, and he lets his periods take care of themselves. Nor
is there any longer a school of reverent disciples to receive what the
master gives and because he gives it. His influence as a teacher has
passed into other channels, and he is no longer regarded as the
oracular sage “questionable” concerning all mysteries. But as a poet,
as a great literary critic, and as a “master of sentences,” he holds his
own and appeals to the general ear; and though, since his death, in
1834, a second generation has all but passed away, an unwonted
interest in the man himself survives and must always survive. For
not only, as Wordsworth declared, was he “a wonderful man,” but
the story of his life was a strange one, and as he tells it, we “cannot
choose but hear.” Coleridge, often to his own detriment, “wore his
heart on his sleeve,” and, now to one friend, now to another,
sometimes to two or three friends on the same day, he would seek
to unburthen himself of his hopes and fears, his thoughts and
fancies, his bodily sufferings, and the keener pangs of the soul. It is,
to quote his own words, these “profound touches of the human
heart” which command our interest in Coleridge’s Letters, and invest
them with their peculiar charm.
At what period after death, and to what extent the private letters of
a celebrated person should be given to the world, must always
remain an open question both of taste and of morals. So far as
Coleridge is concerned, the question was decided long age. Within a
few years of his death, letters of the most private and even painful
character were published without the sanction and in spite of the
repeated remonstrances of his literary executor, and of all who had a
right to be heard on the subject. Thenceforth, as the published
writings of his immediate descendants testify, a fuller and therefore
a fairer revelation was steadily contemplated. Letters collected for
this purpose find a place in the present volume, but the selection
has been made without reference to previous works or to any final
presentation of the material at the editor’s disposal.
My acknowledgments are due to many still living, and to others who
have passed away, for their generous permission to print
unpublished letters, which remained in their possession or had
passed into their hands.
For the continued use of the long series of letters which Poole
entrusted to Coleridge’s literary executor in 1836, I have to thank
Mrs. Henry Sandford and the Bishop of Gibraltar. For those
addressed to the Evans family I am indebted to Mr. Alfred Morrison
of Fonthill. The letters to Thelwall were placed in my hands by the
late Mr. F. W. Cosens, who afforded me every facility for their
transcription. For those to Wordsworth my thanks are due to the
poet’s grandsons, Mr. William and Mr. Gordon Wordsworth. Those
addressed to the Gillmans I owe to the great kindness of their
granddaughter, Mrs. Henry Watson, who placed in my hands all the
materials at her disposal. For the right to publish the letters to H. F.
Cary I am indebted to my friend the Rev. Offley Cary, the grandson
of the translator of Dante. My acknowledgments are further due to
the late Mr. John Murray for the right to republish letters which
appeared in the “Memoirs of John Murray,” and two others which
were not included in that work; and to Mrs. Watt, the daughter of
John Hunter of Craigcrook, for letters addressed to Lord Jeffrey.
From the late Lord Houghton I received permission to publish the
letters to the Rev. J. P. Estlin, which were privately printed for the
Philobiblon Society. I have already mentioned my obligations to the
late Miss Stuart of Harley Street.
For the use of letters addressed to his father and grandfather, and
for constant and unwearying advice and assistance in this work I am
indebted, more than I can well express, to the late Lord Coleridge.
Alas! I can only record my gratitude.
To Mr. William Rennell Coleridge of Salston, Ottery St. Mary, my
especial thanks are due for the interesting collection of unpublished
letters, many of them relating to the “Army Episode,” which the poet
wrote to his brother, the Rev. George Coleridge.
I have also to thank Miss Edith Coleridge for the use of letters
addressed to her father, Henry Nelson Coleridge; my cousin, Mrs.
Thomas W. Martyn of Torquay, for Coleridge’s letter to his mother,
the earliest known to exist; and Mr. Arthur Duke Coleridge for one of
the latest he ever wrote, that to Mrs. Aders.
During the preparation of this work I have received valuable
assistance from men of letters and others. I trust that I may be
permitted to mention the names of Mr. Leslie Stephen, Professor
Knight, Mrs. Henry Sandford, Dr. Garnett of the British Museum,
Professor Emile Legouis of Lyons, Mrs. Henry Watson, the Librarians
of the Oxford and Cambridge Club, and of the Kensington Public
Library, and Mrs. George Boyce of Chertsey.
Of my friend, Mr. Dykes Campbell, I can only say that he has spared
neither time nor trouble in my behalf. Not only during the progress
of the work has he been ready to give me the benefit of his
unrivalled knowledge of the correspondence and history of Coleridge
and of his contemporaries, but he has largely assisted me in seeing
the work through the press. For the selection of the letters, or for
the composition or accuracy of the notes, he must not be held in any
way responsible; but without his aid, and without his counsel, much,
which I hope has been accomplished, could never have been
attempted at all. Of the invaluable assistance which I have received
from his published works, the numerous references to his edition of
Coleridge’s “Poetical Works” (Macmillan, 1893), and his “Samuel
Taylor Coleridge, A Narrative” (1894), are sufficient evidence. Of my
gratitude he needs no assurance.
ERNEST HARTLEY COLERIDGE.
PRINCIPAL EVENTS IN THE LIFE OF
S. T. COLERIDGE
Born, October 21, 1772.
Death of his father, October 4, 1781.
Entered at Christ’s Hospital, July 18, 1782.
Elected a “Grecian,” 1788.
Discharged from Christ’s Hospital, September 7, 1791.
Went into residence at Jesus College, Cambridge, October, 1791.
Enlisted in King’s Regiment of Light Dragoons, December 2, 1793.
Discharged from the army, April 10, 1794.
Visit to Oxford and introduction to Southey, June, 1794.
Proposal to emigrate to America—Pantisocracy—Autumn, 1794.
Final departure from Cambridge, December, 1794.
Settled at Bristol as public lecturer, January, 1795.
Married to Sarah Fricker, October 4, 1795.
Publication of “Conciones ad Populum,” Clevedon, November 16,
1795.
Pantisocrats dissolve—Rupture with Southey—November, 1795.
Publication of first edition of Poems, April, 1796.
Issue of “The Watchman,” March 1-May 13, 1796.
Birth of Hartley Coleridge, September 19, 1796.
Settled at Nether-Stowey, December 31, 1796.
Publication of second edition of Poems, June, 1797.
Settlement of Wordsworth at Alfoxden, July 14, 1797.
The “Ancient Mariner” begun, November 13, 1797.
First part of “Christabel,” begun, 1797.
Acceptance of annuity of £150 from J. and T. Wedgwood, January,
1798.
Went to Germany, September 16, 1798.
Returned from Germany, July, 1799.
First visit to Lake Country, October-November, 1799.
Began to write for “Morning Post,” December, 1799.
Translation of Schiller’s “Wallenstein,” Spring, 1800.
Settled at Greta Hall, Keswick, July 24, 1800.
Birth of Derwent Coleridge, September 14, 1800.
Wrote second part of “Christabel,” Autumn, 1800.
Began study of German metaphysics, 1801.
Birth of Sara Coleridge, December 23, 1802.
Publication of third edition of Poems, Summer, 1803.
Set out on Scotch tour, August 14, 1803.
Settlement of Southey at Greta Hall, September, 1803.
Sailed for Malta in the Speedwell, April 9, 1804.
Arrived at Malta, May 18, 1804.
First tour in Sicily, August-November, 1804.
Left Malta for Syracuse, September 21, 1805.
Residence in Rome, January-May, 1806.
Returned to England, August, 1806.
Visit to Wordsworth at Coleorton, December 21, 1806.
Met De Quincey at Bridgwater, July, 1807.
First lecture at Royal Institution, January 12, 1808.
Settled at Allan Bank, Grasmere, September, 1808.
First number of “The Friend,” June 1, 1809.
Last number of “The Friend,” March 15, 1810.
Left Greta Hall for London, October 10, 1810.
Settled at Hammersmith with the Morgans, November 3, 1810.
First lecture at London Philosophical Society, November 18, 1811.
Last visit to Greta Hall, February-March, 1812.
First lecture at Willis’s Rooms, May 12, 1812.
First lecture at Surrey Institution, November 3, 1812.
Production of “Remorse” at Drury Lane, January 23, 1813.
Left London for Bristol, October, 1813.
First course of Bristol lectures, October-November, 1813.
Second course of Bristol lectures, December 30, 1813.
Third course of Bristol lectures, April, 1814.
Residence with Josiah Wade at Bristol, Summer, 1814.
Rejoined the Morgans at Ashley, September, 1814.
Accompanied the Morgans to Calne, November, 1814.
Settles with Mr. Gillman at Highgate, April 16, 1816.
Publication of “Christabel,” June, 1816.
Publication of the “Statesman’s Manual,” December, 1816.
Publication of second “Lay Sermon,” 1817.
Publication of “Biographia Literaria” and “Sibylline Leaves,” 1817.
First acquaintance with Joseph Henry Green, 1817.
Publication of “Zapolya,” Autumn, 1817.
First lecture at “Flower-de-Luce Court,” January 27, 1818.
Publication of “Essay on Method,” January, 1818.
Revised edition of “The Friend,” Spring, 1818.
Introduction to Thomas Allsop, 1818.
First lecture on “History of Philosophy,” December 14, 1818.
First lecture on “Shakespeare” (last course), December 17, 1818.
Last public lecture, “History of Philosophy,” March 29, 1819.
Nominated “Royal Associate” of Royal Society of Literature, May,
1824.
Read paper to Royal Society on “Prometheus of Æschylus,” May 15,
1825.
Publication of “Aids to Reflection,” May-June, 1825.
Publication of “Poetical Works,” in three volumes, 1828.
Tour on the Rhine with Wordsworth, June-July, 1828.
Revised issue of “Poetical Works,” in three volumes, 1829.
Marriage of Sara Coleridge to Henry Nelson Coleridge, September 3,
1829.
Publication of “Church and State,” 1830.
Visit to Cambridge, June, 1833.
Death, July 25, 1834.
 PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES
REFERRED TO IN THESE VOLUMES
1. The Complete Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. New York:
Harper and Brothers, 7 vols. 1853.
2. Biographia Literaria [etc.]. By S. T. Coleridge. Second edition,
prepared for publication in part by the late H. N. Coleridge:
completed and published by his widow. 2 vols. 1847.
3. Essays on His Own Times. By Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Edited by
his daughter. London: William Pickering. 3 vols. 1850.
4. The Table Talk and Omniana of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Edited by
T. Ashe. George Bell and Sons. 1884.
5. Letters, Conversations, and Recollections of S. T. Coleridge.
[Edited by Thomas Allsop. First edition published anonymously.]
Moxon. 2 vols. 1836.
6. The Life of S. T. Coleridge, by James Gillman. In 2 vols. (Vol. I.
only was published.) 1838.
7. Memorials of Coleorton: being Letters from Coleridge, Wordsworth
and his sister, Southey, and Sir Walter Scott, to Sir George and Lady
Beaumont of Coleorton, Leicestershire, 1803-1834. Edited by William
Knight, University of St. Andrews. 2 vols. Edinburgh. 1887.
8. Unpublished Letters from S. T. Coleridge to the Rev. John Prior
Estlin. Communicated by Henry A. Bright (to the Philobiblon Society).
n. d.
9. Letters from the Lake Poets—S. T. Coleridge, William Wordsworth,
Robert Southey—to Daniel Stuart, editor of The Morning Post and
The Courier. 1800-1838. Printed for private circulation. 1889. [Edited
by Mr. Ernest Hartley Coleridge, in whom the copyright of the letters
of S. T. Coleridge is vested.]
10. The Poetical Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Edited, with a
Biographical Introduction, by James Dykes Campbell. London and
New York: Macmillan and Co. 1893.
11. Samuel Taylor Coleridge. A Narrative of the Events of His Life. By
James Dykes Campbell. London and New York: Macmillan and Co.
1894.
12. Early Recollections: chiefly relating to the late S. T. Coleridge,
during his long residence in Bristol. 2 vols. By Joseph Cottle. 1837.
13. Reminiscences of S. T. Coleridge and R. Southey. By Joseph
Cottle. 1847.
14. Fragmentary Remains, literary and scientific, of Sir Humphry
Davy, Bart. Edited by his brother, John Davy, M. D. 1838.
15. The Autobiography of Leigh Hunt. London. 1860.
16. Diary, Reminiscences, and Correspondence of Henry Crabb
Robinson. Selected and Edited by Thomas Sadler, Ph.D. London.
1869.
17. A Group of Englishmen (1795-1815): being records of the
younger Wedgwoods and their Friends. By Eliza Meteyard. 1871.
18. Memoir and Letters of Sara Coleridge [Mrs. H. N. Coleridge].
Edited by her daughter. 2 vols. 1873.
19. Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the English Romantic School. By
Alois Brandl. English Edition by Lady Eastlake. London. 1887.
20. The Letters of Charles Lamb. Edited by Alfred Ainger. 2 vols.
1888.
21. Thomas Poole and his Friends. By Mrs. Henry Sandford. 2 vols.
1888.
22. The Life and Correspondence of R. Southey. Edited by his son,
the Rev. Charles Cuthbert Southey. 6 vols. 1849-50.
23. Selections from the Letters of R. Southey. Edited by his son-in-
law, John Wood Warter, B. D. 4 vols. 1856.
24. The Poetical Works of Robert Southey, Esq., LL.D. 9 vols.
London. 1837.
25. Memoirs of William Wordsworth. By Christopher Wordsworth, D.
D., Canon of Westminster [afterwards Bishop of Lincoln]. 2 vols.
1851.
26. The Life of William Wordsworth. By William Knight, LL.D. 3 vols.
1889.
27. The Complete Poetical Works of William Wordsworth. With an
Introduction by John Morley. London and New York: Macmillan and
Co. 1889.
 CONTENTS OF VOLUME I
Note. Where a letter has been printed
previously to its appearance in this work,
the name of the book or periodical
containing it is added in parenthesis.

Page
CHAPTER I. STUDENT LIFE, 1785-1794.
I. Thomas Poole, February, 1797. (Biographia Literaria,
1847, ii. 313) 4
II. Thomas Poole, March, 1797. (Biographia Literaria,
1847, ii. 315) 6
III. Thomas Poole, October 9, 1797. (Biographia Literaria,
1847, ii. 319) 10
IV. Thomas Poole, October 16, 1797. (Biographia
Literaria, 1847, ii. 322) 13
V. Thomas Poole, February 19, 1798. (Biographia
Literaria, 1847, ii. 326) 18
VI. Mrs. Coleridge, Senior, February 4, 1785. (Illustrated
London News, April 1, 1893) 21
VII. Rev. George Coleridge, undated, before 1790.
(Illustrated London News, April 1, 1893) 22
VIII. Rev. George Coleridge, October 16, 1791. (Illustrated
London News, April 8, 1893) 22
IX. Rev. George Coleridge, January 24, 1792 23
X. Mrs. Evans, February 13, 1792 26
XI. Mary Evans, February 13, 1792 30
 XII. Anne Evans, February 19, 1792 37
XIII. Mrs. Evans, February 22 [1792] 39
XIV. Mary Evans, February 22 [1792] 41
XV. Rev. George Coleridge, April [1792]. (Illustrated
London News, April 8, 1893) 42
XVI. Mrs. Evans, February 5, 1793 45
XVII. Mary Evans, February 7, 1793. (Illustrated London
News, April 8, 1893) 47
XVIII. Anne Evans, February 10, 1793 52
XIX. Rev. George Coleridge, July 28, 1793 53
XX. Rev. George Coleridge [Postmark, August 5, 1793] 55
XXI. G. L. Tuckett, February 6 [1794], (Illustrated
London News, April 15, 1893) 57
XXII. Rev. George Coleridge, February 8, 1794 59
XXIII. Rev. George Coleridge, February 11, 1794 60
XXIV. Capt. James Coleridge, February 20, 1794. (Brandl’s
Life of Coleridge, 1887, p. 65) 61
XXV. Rev. George Coleridge, March 12, 1794. (Illustrated
London News, April 15, 1893) 62
XXVI. Rev. George Coleridge, March 21, 1794 64
XXVII. Rev. George Coleridge, end of March, 1794 66
XXVIII. Rev. George Coleridge, March 27, 1794 66
XXIX. Rev. George Coleridge, March 30, 1794 68
XXX. Rev. George Coleridge, April 7, 1794 69
XXXI. Rev. George Coleridge, May 1, 1794 70
XXXII. Robert Southey, July 6, 1794. (Sixteen lines
published, Southey’s Life and Correspondence,
1849, i. 212) 72
 XXXIII. Robert Southey, July 15, 1794. (Portions published in
Letter to H. Martin, July 22, 1794, Biographia
Literaria, 1847, ii. 338) 74
XXXIV. Robert Southey, September 18, 1794. (Eighteen lines
published, Southey’s Life and Correspondence,
1849, i. 218) 81
XXXV. Robert Southey, September 19, 1794 84
XXXVI. Robert Southey, September 26, 1794 86
XXXVII. Robert Southey, October 21, 1794 87
XXXVIII. Robert Southey, November, 1794 95
XXXIX. Robert Southey, Autumn, 1794. (Illustrated London
News, April 15, 1893) 101
XL. Rev. George Coleridge, November 6, 1794 103
XLI. Robert Southey, December 11, 1794 106
XLII. Robert Southey, December 17, 1794 114
XLIII. Robert Southey, December, 1794. (Eighteen lines
published, Southey’s Life and Correspondence,
1849, i. 227) 121
XLIV. Mary Evans, (?) December, 1794. (Samuel Taylor
Coleridge, A Narrative, 1894, p. 38) 122
XLV. Mary Evans, December 24, 1794. (Samuel Taylor
Coleridge, A Narrative, 1894, p. 40) 124
XLVI. Robert Southey, December, 1794 125

CHAPTER II. EARLY PUBLIC LIFE, 1795-1796.

XLVII. Joseph Cottle, Spring, 1795. (Early Recollections,
1837, i. 16) 133
XLVIII. Joseph Cottle, July 31, 1795. (Early Recollections,
1837, i. 52) 133
XLIX. Joseph Cottle, 1795. (Early Recollections, 1837, i.
55) 134
L. Robert Southey, October, 1795 134
LI. Thomas Poole, October 7, 1795. (Biographia Literaria,
1847, ii. 347) 136
LII. Robert Southey, November 13, 1795 137
LIII. Josiah Wade, January 27, 1796. (Biographia Literaria,
1847, ii. 350) 151
LIV. Joseph Cottle, February 22, 1796. (Early
Recollections, 1837, i. 141; Biographia Literaria,
1847, ii. 356) 154
LV. Thomas Poole, March 30, 1796. (Biographia Literaria,
1847, ii. 357) 155
LVI. Thomas Poole, May 12, 1796. (Biographia Literaria,
1847, ii. 366; Thomas Poole and his Friends, 1887,
i. 144) 158
LVII. John Thelwall, May 13, 1796 159
LVIII. Thomas Poole, May 29, 1796. (Biographia Literaria,
1847, ii. 368) 164
LIX. John Thelwall, June 22, 1796 166
LX. Thomas Poole, September 24, 1796. (Biographia
Literaria, 1847, ii. 373; Thomas Poole and his
Friends, 1887, i. 155) 168
LXI. Charles Lamb [September 28, 1796]. (Gillman’s Life
of Coleridge, 1838, pp. 338-340) 171
LXII. Thomas Poole, November 5, 1796. (Biographia
Literaria, 1847, ii. 379; Thomas Poole and his
Friends, 1887, i. 175) 172
LXIII. Thomas Poole, November 7, 1796 176
LXIV. John Thelwall, November 19 [1796]. (Twenty-six 178
lines published, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, A
 Narrative, 1894, p. 58)
LXV. Thomas Poole, December 11, 1796. (Thomas Poole
and his Friends, 1887, i. 182) 183
LXVI. Thomas Poole, December 12, 1796. (Thomas Poole
and his Friends, 1887, i. 184) 184
LXVII. Thomas Poole, December 13, 1796. (Thomas Poole
and his Friends, 1887, i. 186) 187
LXVIII. John Thelwall, December 17, 1796 193
LXIX. Thomas Poole [? December 18, 1796]. (Thomas
Poole and his Friends, 1887, i. 195) 208
LXX. John Thelwall, December 31, 1796 210

CHAPTER III. THE STOWEY PERIOD, 1797-1798.

LXXI. Rev. J. P. Estlin [1797]. (Privately printed,
Philobiblon Society) 213
LXXII. John Thelwall, February 6, 1797 214
LXXIII. Joseph Cottle, June, 1797. (Early Recollections,
1837, i. 250) 220
LXXIV. Robert Southey, July, 1797 221
LXXV. John Thelwall [October 16], 1797 228
LXXVI. John Thelwall [Autumn, 1797] 231
LXXVII. John Thelwall [Autumn, 1797] 232
LXXVIII. William Wordsworth, January, 1798. (Ten lines
published, Life of Wordsworth, 1889, i. 128) 234
LXXIX. Joseph Cottle, March 8, 1798. (Part published
incorrectly, Early Recollections, 1837, i. 251) 238
LXXX. Rev. George Coleridge, April, 1798 239
LXXXI. Rev. J. P. Estlin, May [? 1798]. (Privately printed,
Philobiblon Society) 245
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