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Checkpoint Solutions

Checkpoint for Section 1.1

1.1 Understand the problem, devise a plan of action, carry out the plan, review the results
1.2 answers will vary
1.3 analyze the problem, design a program to solve the problem, code the program, test the
program
1.4 answers will vary
Checkpoint for Section 1.2
1.5 answers will vary, include from a file, keyboard, mouse, etc.
1.6 answers will vary, include to a screen, printer, file
1.7 sequence, selection, repetition
1.8 selection has a branch point where either a block of statements will be executed or not while a
repetition structure will repeat a certain block of statements until a condition no longer is true
Checkpoint for Section 1.3
1.9(a) True (b) True
1.10 calculation = myNumber + 3
1.11 (a) result *= z; (b)result += x; (c)result /= (y*z);
1.12 (a) greeting = hello + " " + name + "! Glad you're here."
(b) greeting = name + " Your shipping cost is $ " + shipping
(c) total = price + shipping;
greeting = "The total cost of your purchase is $ " + total;
Checkpoint for Section 1.4
1.13 This is a way to break a program into smaller pieces, with each piece accomplishing a task.
1.14 Pseudocode uses English phrases instead of actual code to design a program. It allows the
programmer to think through the logic of the program design without worrying about specific
syntax.
1.15 The diamond
1.16 Answers will vary
Checkpoint for Section 1.5
1.17 The type (type = javascript)
1.18 It will display alternate content for users who have disabled JavaScript.
1.19 nothing
1.20 An alert will pop up which will say Boo!
1.21 An alert will pop up that will say Ouch! Be gentle, friend!

1.22 When you want some JavaScript code to occur as soon as the page is finished loading.
Checkpoint for Section 1.6

1.23 properties and methods or attributes and functions

1.24 write()
1.25 document.write("<h2>Welcome to my world!</h2>");
Use the following code for Checkpoints 1.26 and 1.27
<html>
<head>
<title>Checkpoints 1.26 and 1.27</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
function getValue()
{
fill in the blank for Checkpoint 1.26
document.write("Your car is a <br />");
fill in the blank for Checkpoint 1.27
}
</script>
 </head>
<body>
<h3 id="cars" onclick="getValue()">Lamborghini</h3>
</body>
</html>
1.26 var auto=document.getElementById("cars");
1.27 document.write(auto.innerHTML);
1.28 document.window.open("","extraInfo", "width=400, height=600");
Checkpoint for Section 1.7
1.29 A group of instructions that can be used by other parts of a program.
1.30 function warning()
{
document.write("<h3>Don't go there! You have been
warned.</h3>");
}

1.31 Values that are passed into a function

1.32 parameters are first and last
1.33 <html>
<head>
<title> JavaScript Events</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
function ouch()
{

document.write("<h2>Don't be so pushy!<br />One click is

enough.</h2>");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h2 id ="hello"2>Who are you?</h2>
<button type="button" ondblclick="ouch()">Enter your name</button>
</body>
</html>
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creatures, the power of the Creator. I praie you therefore, though it be
tedious & intolerable (as you would be heard in your miserable
calamities) so heare with compassion, their accusations, examinations,
matters given in evidence, confessions, presumptions, interrogatories,
conjurations, cautions, crimes, tortures and condemnations, devised and
practised usuallie against them./
 ¶ The second Booke. 19. 13

The first Chapter.

What testimonies and witnesses are allowed to give evidence against reputed
witches, by the report & allowance of the inquisitors themselves, and such
as are speciall writers heerein.
XCOMMUNICAT persons, partakers of the falt, infants, wicked Mal. M
servants, and runnawaies are to be admitted to beare witnesse 5. pa.
lib. 4. c
against their dames in this mater of witchcraft: bicause (saith Bodin dæmon
the champion of witchmoongers) none that be honest are able to detect
them. Heretikes also and witches shall be received to accuse, but not to Arch. in
excuse a witch. And finallie, the testimonie of all infamous persons in this accusa
lz. supe
case is good and allowed. Yea, one lewd person (saith Bodin) may be I. Bod.
received to accuse and condemne a thousand suspected witches. And 1. de d
although by lawe, a capitall enimie may be challenged; yet James Sprenger, Mal. m
56. pa.
and Henrie Institor, (from whom Bodin, and all the writers that ever I have 5, part
read, doo receive their light, authorities and arguments) saie (upon this point
of lawe) that The poore frendlesse old woman must proove, that hir capitall
enimie would have killed hir, and that hee hath both assalted & wounded hir;
otherwise she pleadeth all in vaine. If the judge aske hir, whether she have Ibidem
anie capitall enimies; and she rehearse other, and forget hir accuser; or else
answer that he was hir capitall enimie, but now she hopeth he is not so: such
a one is nevertheles admitted for a witnes. And though by lawe, single Que. 7
witnesses are not admittable; yet if one depose she/ hath bewitched hir cow;
another, hir sow; and the third, hir butter: these saith (saith M. Mal. and 20.
Bodin) are no single witnesses; bicause they agree that she is a witch.
[Redup

The second Chapter.

The order of examination of witches by the inquistors.
OMEN suspected to be witches, after their apprehension may not be
suffered to go home, or to other places, to seek suerties: for then
(saith Bodin) the people would be woorse willing to accuse them; for
feare least at their returne home, they worke revenge upon them. In which
respect Bodin commendeth much the Scottish custome and order in this The Sc
behalfe: where (he saith) a hollowe peece of wood or a chest is placed in the custōe
accusin
church, into the which any bodie may freelie cast a little scroll of paper,
wherein may be conteined the name of the witch, the time, place, and fact,
&c. And the same chest being locked with / three severall locks, is opened
everie fifteenth daie by three inquisitors or officers appointed for that
purpose; which keepe three severall kaies. And thus the accuser need not be
knowne, nor shamed with the reproch of slander or malice to his poore
neighbour.
Item, there must be great persuasions used to all men, women, and
children, to accuse old women of witchcraft.
Item, there may alwaies be promised impunitie and favour to witches, that
confesse and detect others; and for the contrarie, there may be threatnings
and violence practised and used.
Item, the little children of witches, which will not confesse, must be
attached; who (if they be craftilie handled saith Bodin) will confesse against
their owne mothers.
Item, witches must be examined as suddenlie, and as unawares as is
possible: the which will so amaze them, that they will confesse any thing,
supposing the divell hath forsaken them; wheras if they should first be
cōmitted to prison, the divell would tem/per with them, and informe them 21.
what to doo.
Item, the inquisitor, judge, or examiner, must begin with small matters first.
Item, they must be examined, whether their parents were witches or no:
for witches (as these Doctors suppose) come by propagation. And Bodin
setteth downe this principle in witchcraft, to wit, Si saga sit mater, sic etiam I. Bod.
est filia: howbeit the lawe forbiddeth it, Ob sanguinis reverentiam. dæmon
4.
Item, the examiner must looke stedfastlie upon their eies: for they cannot L. pare
testibu
looke directlie upon a mans face (as Bodin affirmeth in one place, although in
another he saith, that they kill and destroie both men and beasts with their
lookes.)
Item, she must be examined of all accusations, presumptions, and faults,
at one instant; least sathan should afterwards dissuade hir from confession.
Item, a witch may not be put in prison alone, least the divell dissuade hir
from confession, through promises of her indemnitie. For (saith Bodin) some
that have beene in the gaole have prooved to flie awaie, as they were woont
to doo when they met with Diana and Minerva, &c.: and so brake their owne
necks against the stone walles.
Item, if anie denie hir owne confession made without torture, she is
neverthelesse by that confession to be condemned, as in anie other crime.
Item, the judges must seeme to put on a pittifull countenance and to mone
them; saieng, that It was not they, but the divell that committed the murther,
and that he compelled them to doo it; and must make them beleeve that
they thinke them to be innocents.
Item, if they will confesse nothing but upon the racke or torture; their
apparell must be changed, and everie haire in their bodie must be shaven off
with a sharpe razor.
Item, if they have charmes for taciturnitie, so as they feele not the
common tortures, and therefore confesse nothing: then some sharpe
instrument must be thrust betwixt everie naile of their fingers and toes:
which (as/ Bodin saith) was king Childeberts devise, and is to this daie of all 15.
others the most effectuall. For by meanes of that extreme paine, they will K. Child
(saith he) confesse anie/ thing. cruell d
22.
Item, Paulus Grillandus, being an old dooer in these matters, wisheth that
when witches sleepe, and feele no paine upon the torture, Domine labia mea P. Grilla
aperies should be said, and so (saith he) both the torments will be felt, and
the truth will be uttered: Et sic ars deluditur arte.
Item, Bodin saith, that at the time of examination, there should be a A subti
semblance of great a doo, to the terrifieing of the witch: and that a number divelish
of instruments, gieves, manacles, ropes, halters, fetters, &c. be prepared,
brought foorth, and laid before the examinate: and also that some be
procured to make a most horrible and lamentable crie, in the place of torture,
as though he or she were upon the racke, or in the tormentors hands: so as
the examinate may heare it whiles she is examined, before she hir selfe be
brought into the prison; and perhaps (saith he) she will by this meanes
confesse the matter.
Item, there must be subborned some craftie spie, that may seeme to be a
prisoner with hir in the like case; who perhaps may in conference undermine
hir, and so bewraie and discover hir.
Item, if she will not yet confesse, she must be told that she is detected,
and accused by other of hir companions; although in truth there be no such
matter: and so perhaps she will confesse, the rather to be revenged upon hir
adversaries and accusers.

The third Chapter.

Matters of evidence against witches.
F an old woman threaten or touch one being in health, who dieth
shortlie after; or else is infected with the leprosie, apoplexie, or anie
other strange disease: it is (saith Bodin) a permanent fact, and such
an evidence, as condemnation or death must insue, without further proofe; if
anie bodie have mistrusted hir, or said before that she was a witch./ 23.
 Item, if anie come in, or depart out of the chamber or house, the doores
being shut; it is an apparent and sufficient evidence to a witches
condemnation, without further triall: which thing Bodin never sawe. If he can
shew me that feat, I will subscribe to his follie. For Christ after his
resurrection used the same: not as a ridiculous toie, that everie witch might
accomplish; but as a speciall miracle, to strengthen the faith of the elect.
Item, if a woman bewitch anie bodies eies, she is to be executed without
further proofe.
Item, if anie inchant or bewitch mens beasts, or corne, or flie in the aire, or
make a dog speake, or cut off anie mans members, and unite them againe to
men or childrens bodies; it is sufficient proofe to condemnation.
Item, presumptions and conjectures are sufficient proofes against witches./ 16.

Item, if three witnesses doo but saie, Such a woman is a witch; then is it a Bar. Sp
cleere case that she is to be executed with death. Which matter Bodin saith is Bod. d
lib. 2. c
not onelie certeine by the canon and civill lawes, but by the opinion of pope
Innocent, the wisest pope (as he saith) that ever was.
Item, the complaint of anie one man of credit is sufficient to bring a poore Alexan
woman to the racke or pullie. numer
testibu
Item, a condemned or infamous persons testimonie is good and allowable I. Bod.
dæmon
in matters of witchcraft.
cap. 2.
Item, a witch is not to be delivered, though she endure all the tortures, and
confesse nothing; as all other are in anie criminall cases.
Item, though in other cases the depositions of manie women at one instant
are disabled, as insufficient in lawe; bicause of the imbecillitie and frailtie of
their nature or sex: yet in this matter, one woman, though she be a partie,
either accuser or accused, and be also infamous and impudent (for such are
Bodins words) yea and alreadie condemned; she may neverthelesse serve to
accuse and condemne a witch.
Item, a witnesse uncited, and offering himselfe in this case is to be heard,
and in none other.
Item, a capitall enimie (if the enimitie be pretended to growe by meanes of
witchcraft) may object against a witch; and none/ exception is to be had or 24.
made against him.
Item, although the proofe of perjurie may put backe a witnesse in all other Par. in
causes; yet in this, a perjured person is a good and lawfull witnesse. legatum
de iis q
Item, the proctors and advocats in this case are compelled to be witnesses indig.
Alex. c
against their clients, as in none other case they are to be constrained there
2. &c.
unto.
 Item, none can give evidence against witches, touching their assemblies,
but witches onelie: bicause (as Bodin saith) none other can doo it. Howbeit, In his f
Ri. Ga. writeth, that he came to the God speed, and with his sword and pamph
execut
buckler killed the divell; or at the least he wounded him so sore, that he Windso
made him stinke of brimstone.
Item, Bodin saith, that bicause this is an extraordinarie matter; there must
heerein be extraordinarie dealing: and all maner of waies are to be used,
direct and indirect.

The fourth Chapter.

Confessions of witches, whereby they are condemned.
OME witches confesse (saith Bodin) that are desirous to die; not for I. Bod.
glorie, but for despaire: bicause they are tormented in their life time. 3.
But these may not be spared (saith he) although the lawe dooth Is ther
excuse them. probab
such w
The best and surest confession is at shrift, to hir ghostlie father. continu
Idem I
Item, if she confesse manie things that are false, and one thing that may
be true; she is to be taken and executed upon that confession./ Joan. A
specula
Item, she is not so guiltie that confesseth a falshood or lie, and denieth a litis con
truth; as she that answereth by circumstance. 2.
17.
Item, an equivocall or doubtfull answer is taken for a confession against a
witch./ L. non
eodem
Item, Bodin reporteth, that one confessed that he went out, or rather up
25.
into the aire, and was transported manie miles to the fairies danse, onelie
L. de æ
bicause he would spie unto what place his wife went to hagging, and how nihil eo
she behaved hir selfe. Whereupon was much a doo among the inquisitors and I. Bod.
lawyers, to discusse whether he should be executed with his wife or no. But it dæmon
cap. 3.
was concluded that he must die, bicause he bewraied not his wife: the which
he forbare to doo, Propter reverentiam honoris & familiæ.
Item, if a woman confesse freelie herein, before question be made; and yet
afterward denie it: she is neverthelesse to be burned.
Item, they affirme that this extremitie is herein used, bicause not one
among a thousand witches is detected. And yet it is affirmed by Sprenger, in
M. Mal. that there is not so little a parish, but there are manie witches
knowne to be therein.

The fift Chapter.

 Presumptions, whereby witches are condemned.
F anie womans child chance to die at hir hand, so as no bodie I. Bod.
knoweth how; it may not be thought or presumed that the mother dæmon
cap. 4.
killed it, except she be supposed a witch: and in that case it is
otherwise, for she must upon that presumption be executed; except she can
proove the negative or contrarie.
Item, if the child of a woman that is suspected to be a witch, be lacking or
gone from hir; it is to be presumed, that she hath sacrificed it to the divell:
except she can proove the negative or contrarie.
Item, though in other persons, certeine points of their confessions may be
thought erronious, and imputed to error: yet (in witches causes) all
oversights, imperfections, and escapes must/ be adjudged impious and 26.
malicious, and tend to hir confusion and condemnation.
Item, though a theefe be not said in lawe to be infamous in any other
matter than in theft; yet a witch defamed of witchcraft is said to be defiled
with all maner of faults and infamies universallie, though she were not
condemned; but (as I said) defamed with the name of a witch. For rumors
and reports are sufficient (saith Bodin) to condemne a witch.
Item, if any man, woman, or child doo saie, that such a one is a witch; it is I. Bod.
a most vehement suspicion (saith Bodin) and sufficient to bring hir to the dæmon
cap. 4.
racke: though in all other cases it be directlie against lawe.
Item, in presumptions and suspicions against a witch, the common brute or L. decu
voice of the people cannot erre. pœnis.
Panorm
Item, if a woman, when she is apprehended, crie out, or saie; I am in C. ve
de test
undoone; Save my life; I will tell you how the matter standeth, &c: she is
causa.
thereupon most vehementlie to be suspected and condemned to die./ Lib. 4.
12. usq
Item, though a conjurer be not to be condemned for curing the diseased
18.
by vertue of his art: yet must a witch die for the like case.
Item, the behaviour, looks, becks, and countenance of a woman, are
sufficient signes, whereby to presume she is a witch: for alwais they looke
downe to the ground, and dare not looke a man full in the face.
Item, if their parents were thought to be witches, then is it certeinlie to be
presumed that they are so: but it is not so to be thought of whoores.
Item, it is a vehement presumption if she cannot weepe, at the time of hir
examination: and yet Bodin saith, that a witch may shed three drops out of
hir right eie.
Item, it is not onelie a vehement suspicion, and presumption, but an
evident proofe of a witch, if any man or beast die suddenlie where she hath
beene seene latelie; although hir witching stuffe be not found or espied.
Item, if any bodie use familiaritie or companie with a witch convicted; it is
a sufficient presumption against that person to be adjudged a witch./ 27.

Item, that evidence that may serve to bring in any other person to L. 5. de
examination, may serve to bring a witch to her condemnation. gl. & B
venera
Item, herein judgment must be pronounced & executed (as Bodin saith) electio
I. Bod.
without order, and not like to the orderlie proceeding and forme of judgement
dæmon
in other crimes. cap. 4.
Item, a witch may not be brought to the torture suddenlie, or before long
examination, least she go awaie scotfree: for they feele no torments, and
therefore care not for the same (as Bodin affirmeth.)
Item, little children may be had to the torture at the first dash; but so may Idem I
it not be doone with old women: as is aforesaid.
Item, if she have anie privie marke under hir arme pokes, under hir haire,
under hir lip, or in hir buttocke, or in hir privities: it is a presumption sufficient
for the judge to proceed and give sentence of death upon hir.
The onlie pitie they shew to a poore woman in this case, is; that though
she be accused to have slaine anie bodie with her inchantments; yet if she
can bring foorth the partie alive, she shall not be put to death. Whereat I
marvell, in as much as they can bring the divell in any bodies likenesse and
representation.
Item, their lawe saith, that an uncerteine presumption is sufficient, when a Cap. p
certeine presumption faileth. cum gl
de test
Panorm
vener.
eodem
The sixt Chapter.
Particular Interogatories used by the inquisitors against witches.
NEEDE not staie to confute such parciall and horrible dealings, being
so apparentlie impious, and full of tyrannie which except I should
have so manifestlie detected, even with their owne writings and
assertions, few or none would have beleeved. But for brevities sake I will
passe over the same; supposing that the ci/ting of such absurdities may 28.
stand for a suffici/ent confutation thereof. Now therefore I will proceed to a
more particular order and maner of examinations, &c: used by the inquisitors, 19.
and allowed for the most part throughout all nations.
First the witch must be demanded, why she touched such a child, or such a Mal. m
cow, &c: and afterward the same child or cow fell sicke or lame, &c. interro
 Item, why hir two kine give more milke than hir neighbors. And the note
before mentioned is heere againe set downe, to be speciallie observed of all
men: to wit; that Though a witch cannot weepe, yet she may speake with a
crieng voice. Which assertion of weeping is false, and contrarie to the saieng Seneca
of Seneca, Cato, and manie others; which affirme, that A woman weepeth tragœd
Mal. m
when she meaneth most deceipt: and therefore saith M. Mal. she must be 3. quæ
well looked unto, otherwise she will put spettle privilie upon hir cheeks, and 10.
seeme to weepe: which rule also Bodin saith is infallible. But alas that teares
should be thought sufficient to excuse or condemne in so great a cause, and
so weightie a triall! I am sure that the woorst sort of the children of Israel
wept bitterlie: yea, if there were any witches at all in Israel, they wept. For it
is written, that all the children of Israel wept. Finallie, if there be any witches Num. 1
in hell, I am sure they weepe: for there is weeping, wailing, and gnashing of 1. Sam
2. Sa.
teeth. Mat. 8
22. & 2
But God knoweth, many an honest matrone cannot sometimes in the
Luke 3
heavines of her heart shed teares; the which oftentimes are more readie and
common with craftie queanes and strumpets, than with sober women. For we
read of two kinds of teares in a womans eie, the one of true greefe, the other
of deceipt. And it is written, that Dediscere flere fæminam est mendacium: Seneca
which argueth, that they lie which say, that wicked women cannot weepe. But tragœd
let these tormentors take heed, that the teares in this case which runne
downe the widowes cheeks, with their crie spoken of by Jesus Sirach, be not Eccl. 3
heard above. But lo what learned, godlie, and lawfull meanes these popish
inquisitors have invented for the triall of true or false teares./

The seventh Chapter. 29.

The inquisitors triall of weeping by conjuration.
CONJURE thee by the amorous teares, which Jesus Christ our Saviour Triall o
shed upon the crosse for the salvation of the world; and by the most
earnest and burning teares of his mother the most glorious virgine
Marie, sprinkled upon his wounds late in the evening; and by all the teares,
which everie saint and elect vessell of God hath powred out heere in the
world, and from whose eies he hath wiped awaie all teares; that if thou be
without fault, thou maist powre downe teares aboundantlie; and if thou be
guiltie, that thou weepe in no wise: In the name of the father, of the sonne, Mal. M
and of the holie ghost; Amen. And note (saith he) that the more you conjure, 15. pa.
the lesse she weepeth./ 20.

The eight Chapter.

Certaine cautions against witches, and of their tortures to procure confession.
 UT to manifest their further follies, I will recite some of their cautions,
which are published by the ancient inquisitors, for perpetuall lessons
to their successors: as followeth.
The first caution is that, which was last rehearsed concerning weeping; the
which (say they) is an infallible note.
Secondlie, the judge must beware she touch no part of him, speciallie of
his bare; and that he alwaies weare about his necke conjured salt, palme,
herbes, and waxe halowed: which (say they) are not onelie approoved to be Ja. Spr
good by the witches confessions; but/ also by the use of the Romish church, H. Inst
which halloweth them onelie for that purpose. 30.

Item, she must come to hir arreignement backward, to wit, with hir taile to Mal. m
the judges face, who must make manie crosses, at the time of hir approching quæ. 1
to the barre. And least we should condemne that for superstition, they
prevent us with a figure, and tell us, that the same superstition may not Proleps
seeme superstitious unto us. But this resembleth the persuasion of a theefe, Præocc
that dissuadeth his sonne from stealing; and neverthelesse telleth him that he
may picke or cut a pursse, and rob by the high waie.
One other caution is, that she must be shaven, so as there remaine not
one haire about hir: for sometimes they keepe secrets for taciturnitie, and for
other purposes also in their haire, in their privities, and betweene their skinne
and their flesh. For which cause I marvell they flea them not: for one of their
witches would not burne, being in the middest of the flame, as M. Mal. Mal. m
reporteth; untill a charme written in a little scroll was espied to be hidden
betweene hir skin and flesh, and taken awaie. And this is so gravelie and
faithfullie set downe by the inquisitors themselves, that one may beleeve it if
he list, though indeed it be a verie lie. The like lie citeth Bodin, of a witch that John. B
could not be strangled by the executioner, doo what he could. But it is most
true, that the inquisitor Cumanus in one yeare did shave one and fourtie Anno.
poore women, and burnt them all when he had done. knave

Another caution is, that at the time and place of torture, the hallowed Q. 16.
things aforesaid, with the seaven words spoken on the crosse, be hanged tempor
interro
about the witches necke; and the length of Christ in waxe be knit about hir
bare naked bodie, with relikes of saints, &c. All which stuffe (saie they) will so
worke within and upon them, as when they are racked and tortured, they can
hardlie staie or hold themselves from confession. In which case I doubt not
but that pope, which blasphemed Christ, and curssed his mother for a Blasph
pecocke, and curssed God with great despights for a peece of porke, with pope J
name t
lesse compulsion would have renounced the trinitie, and have worshipped the
divell upon his knees./ 1.

Another caution is, that after she hath beene racked, and hath passed over
all tortures devised for that purpose; and after that she hath beene compelled
to drinke holie water, she be conveied/ againe to the place of torture: and 31.
that in the middest of hir torments, hir accusations be read unto hir; and that
the witnesses (if they will) be brought face to face unto hir: and finallie, that
she be asked, whether for triall of hir innocencie she will have judgement,
Candentis ferri, which is; To carrie a certeine weight of burning iron in hir Mal. m
bare hand. But that may not (saie they) in anie wise be granted. For both M. quæ. 1
Mal. and Bodin also affirme, that manie things may be promised, but nothing
need be performed: for whie, they have authoritie to promise, but no
commission to performe the same.
Another caution is, that the judge take heed, that when she once
beginneth to confesse, he cut not off hir examination, but continue it night
and daie. For many-times, whiles they go to dinner, she returneth to hir
vomit.
Another caution is, that after the witch hath confessed the annoieing of
men and beasts, she be asked how long she hath had Incubus, when she
renounced the faith, and made the reall league, and what that league is, &c.
And this is indeede the cheefe cause of all their incredible and impossible
confessions: for upon the racke, when they have once begunne to lie, they
will saie what the tormentor list.
The last caution is, that if she will not confesse, she be had to some strong
castle or gaole. And after certeine daies, the gaolor must make hir beleeve he
goeth foorth into some farre countrie: and then some of hir freends must
come in to hir, and promise hir, that if she will confesse to them, they will
suffer hir to escape out of prison: which they may well doo, the keeper being
from home. And this waie (saith M. Mal.) hath served, when all other meanes Mal. m
have failed. quæ. 1

And in this place it may not be omitted, that above all other times, they
confesse upon fridaies. Now saith James Sprenger, and Henrie Institor, we
must saie all, to wit: If she confesse nothing, she should be dismissed by
lawe; and yet by order she may in no wise be bailed, but must be put into
close prison, and there be talked withall by some craftie person (those are
the words) and in the meane while there must be some eves-dropers with
pen and inke behind the wall, to hearken and note what she confesseth: or
else some of hir old companions and acquain/tance may come in and talke 32.
with hir of old matters, and so by eves-droppers be also bewraied; so as
there shall be no end of torture before she have confessed what they will./ 2.

The Ninth Chapter.

The fifteene crimes laid to the charge of witches, by witchmongers; speciallie
by Bodin, in Dæmonomania.
 HEY denie God, and all religion. 1

Answere.* Then let them die therefore, or at the least be used like [* Rom
infidels, or apostataes.
They cursse, blaspheme, and provoke God with all despite. 2

Answere.[A] Then let them have the law expressed in Levit. 24. and Deut.
13. & 17.
They give their faith to the divell, and they worship and offer sacrifice unto 3
him.
Ans. Let such also be judged by the same lawe.
They doo solemnelie vow and promise all their progenie unto the divell. 4

Ans. This promise proceedeth from an unsound mind, and is not to be

regarded; bicause they cannot performe it, neither will it be prooved true.
Howbeit, if it be done by anie that is sound of mind, let the cursse of Jeremie.
32. 36. light upon them, to wit, the sword, famine and pestilence.
They sacrifice their owne children to the divell before baptisme, holding 5
them up in the aire unto him, and then thrust a needle into their braines.
Ans. If this be true, I maintaine them not herein: but there is a lawe to
judge them by. Howbeit, it is so contrarie to sense and nature, that it were
follie to beleeve it; either upon Bodins bare word, or else upon his
presumptions; speciallie when so small commoditie and so great danger and
inconvenience insueth to the witches thereby.
They burne their children when they have sacrificed them. 6

Ans. Then let them have such punishment, as they that offered their
children unto Moloch: Levit. 20. But these be meere/ devises of 33.
witchmoongers and inquisitors, that with extreame tortures have wroong
such confessions from them; or else with false reports have beelied them; or
by flatterie & faire words and promises have woon it at their hands, at the
length.
They sweare to the divell to bring as manie into that societie as they can. 7

Ans. This is false, and so prooved elsewhere.

They sweare by the name of the divell. 8

Ans. I never heard anie such oth, neither have we warrant to kill them that
so doo sweare; though indeed it be verie lewd and impious.
They use incestuous adulterie with spirits. 9

Ans. This is a stale ridiculous lie, as is prooved apparentlie hereafter.

 They boile infants (after they have murthered them unbaptised) untill their 10
flesh be made potable.
Ans. This is untrue, incredible, and impossible./ 23.

They eate the flesh and drinke the bloud of men and children openlie. 11

Ans. Then are they kin to the Anthropophagi and Canibals. But I beleeve
never an honest man in England nor in France, will affirme that he hath
seene any of these persons, that are said to be witches, do so; if they shuld,
I beleeve it would poison them.
They kill men with poison. 12

Ans. Let them be hanged for their labour.

They kill mens cattell. 13

Ans. Then let an action of trespasse be brought against them for so dooing.
They bewitch mens corne, and bring hunger and barrennes into the 14
countrie; they ride and flie in the aire, bring stormes, make tempests, &c.
Ans. Then will I worship them as gods; for those be not the works of man,
nor yet of witch: as I have elsewhere prooved at large.
They use venerie with a divell called Incubus, even when they lie in bed 15
with their husbands, and have children by them, which become the best
witches.
Ans. This is the last lie, verie ridiculous, and confuted by me elsewhere./ 34.

The tenth Chapter.

A refutation of the former surmised crimes patched togither by Bodin, and
the onelie waie to escape the inquisitors hands.
F more ridiculous or abhominable crimes could have beene invented,
these poore women (whose cheefe fault is that they are scolds)
should have beene charged with them.
In this libell you dooe see is conteined all that witches are charged with;
and all that also, which anie witchmoonger surmiseth, or in malice imputeth
unto witches power and practise.
Some of these crimes may not onelie be in the power and will of a witch,
but may be accomplished by naturall meanes: and therefore by them the
matter in question is not decided, to wit; Whether a witch can worke The qu
woonders supernaturallie? For manie a knave and whore dooth more matter
controv
commonlie put in execution those lewd actions, than such as are called is to sa
witches, and are hanged for their labour.
 Some of these crimes also laid unto witches charge, are by me denied, and propos
theme
by them cannot be prooved to be true, or committed by any one witch.
Othersome of these crimes likewise are so absurd, supernaturall, and
impossible, that they are derided almost of all men, and as false, fond, and
fabulous reports condemned: insomuch as the very witchmoongers
themselves are ashamed to heare of them.
If part be untrue, why may not the residue be thought false? For all these
things are laid to their charge at one instant, even by the greatest doctors
and patrones of the sect of witchmongers, producing as manie proofs for
witches supernaturall and impossible actions, as for the other. So as, if one
part of their accusation be false, the other part deserveth no credit. If all be
true that is alledged of their dooings, why should we beleeve in Christ,
bicause of his miracles, when a witch dooth as great/ wonders as/ ever he 24. 35
did?
But it will be said by some; As for those absurd and popish writers, they
are not in all their allegations, touching these matters, to be credited. But I A gene
assure you, that even all sorts of writers heerein (for the most part) the very
doctors of the church to the schoolemen, protestants and papists, learned
and unlearned, poets and historiographers, Jewes, Christians, or Gentiles
agree in these impossible and ridiculous matters. Yea and these writers, out
of whome I gather most absurdities, are of the best credit and authoritie of
all writers in this matter. The reason is, bicause it was never throughlie looked
into; but everie fable credited; and the word (Witch) named so often in
scripture.
They that have seene further of the inquisitors orders and customes, saie The on
also; that There is no waie in the world for these poore women to escape the for witc
avoid t
inquisitors hands, and so consequentlie burning: but to gild their hands with inquisit
monie, wherby oftentimes they take pitie upon them, and deliver them, as
sufficientlie purged. For they have authoritie to exchange the punishment of
the bodie with the punish- ment of the pursse, applieng the same to the
office of their inquisi- tion: whereby they reape such profit, as a number of
these seelie women paie them yeerelie pen- sions, to the end they may not
be punished againe.

The eleventh Chapter.

The opinion of Cornelius Agrippa concerning witches, of his pleading for a
poore woman accused of witchcraft, and how he convinced the
inquisitors.
ORNELIUS AGRIPPA saith, that while he was in Italie, manie inquisitors in the
dutchie of Millen troubled divers most honest & noble matrones, privilie
 wringing much monie from them, untill their knaverie was detected.
Further he saith, that being an advocate or councellor in the
Commonwelth of Maestright in Brabant, he had sore contention with
an inquisitor, who through un/just accusations drew a poore woman of the 36.
countrie into his butcherie, and to an unfit place; not so much to examine hir,
as to torment hir. Whom when C. Agrippa had undertaken to defend,
declaring that in the things doone, there was no proofe, no signe or token
that could cause hir to be tormented; the inquisitor stoutlie denieng it, said;
One thing there is, which is proofe and matter sufficient: for hir mother was
in times past burned for a witch. Now when Agrippa replied, affirming that
this article was impertinent, and ought to be refused by the judge, as being
the deed of another; alledging to the inquisitor, reasons and lawe for the
same: he replied againe that this was true, bicause they used to sacrifice
their children to the divell, as soone as they were borne; and also bicause
they usuallie conceived by spirits transformed into mans shape, and that
thereby witchcraft was naturallie ingraffed into this child, as a disease that
commeth by inheritance./ 33.

C. Agrippa replieng against the inquisitors follie & superstitious blindnesse, A bitte
said; O thou wicked preest! Is this thy divinitie? Doost thou use to drawe against
inquisit
poore guiltlesse women to the racke by these forged devises? Doost thou
with such sentences judge others to be heretikes, thou being a more heretike
than either Faustus or Donatus? Be it as thou saiest, dooest thou not
frustrate the grace of Gods ordinance; namelie baptisme? Are the words in
baptisme spoken in vaine? Or shall the divell remaine in the child, or it in the
power of the divell, being there and then consecrated to Christ Jesus, in the
name of the father, the sonne, and the holie ghost? And if thou defend their
false opinions, which affirm, that spirits accompanieng with women, can
ingender; yet dotest thou more than anie of them, which never beleeved that
anie of those divels, togither with their stolne seed, doo put part of that their
seed or nature into the creature. But though indeed we be borne the children
of the divell and damnation, yet in baptisme, through grace in Christ, sathan
is cast out, and we are made new creatures in the Lord, from whome none
can be separated by another mans deed. The inquisitor being hereat
offended, threatened the advocate to proceed against him, as a supporter of
heretikes or witches; yet neverthelesse he ceased not to defend the seelie
woman, and through the power of the lawe he delivered hir/ from the clawes 37.
of the bloodie moonke, who with hir accusers, were condemned in a great
summe of monie to the charter of the church of Mentz, and remained
infamous after that time almost to all men.
But by the waie you must understand, that this was but a petie inquisitor,
and had not so large a commission as Cumanus, Sprenger, and such other
had; nor yet as the Spanish inquisitors at this daie have. For these will admit
no advocats now unto the poore soules, except the tormentor or hangman
may be called an advocate. You may read the summe of this inquisition in
few words set out by M. John Fox in the Acts and monuments. For witches John F
and heretikes are among the inquisitors of like reputation; saving that the acts an
monum
extremitie is greater against witches, bicause through their simplicitie, they
may the more boldlie tyrannize upon them, and triumph over them.

The twelfe Chapter.

What the feare of death and feeling of torments may force one to doo, and
that it is no marvell though witches condemne themselves by their owne
confessions so tyrannicallie extorted.
E that readeth the ecclesiasticall histories, or remembreth the
persecutions in Queene Maries time, shall find, that manie good men
have fallen for feare of persecution, and returned unto the Lord
againe. What marvell then, though a poore woman, such a one as is
described else-where, & tormented as is declared in these latter leaves, be
made to confesse such absurd and false impossibilities; when flesh and bloud
is unable to endure such triall? Or how can she in the middest of such
horrible tortures/ and torments, promise unto hir selfe constancie; or forbeare 34.
to confesse anie thing? Or what availeth it hir, to persevere in the deniall of
such matters, as are laid to her charge unjustlie; when on the one side there
is never anie end of hir torments; on the other side,/ if she continue in hir 38.
assertion, they saie she hath charmes for taciturnitie or silence?
Peter the apostle renounced, curssed, and forsware his maister and our Peters
Saviour Jesus Christ, for feare of a wenches manaces; or rather at a question & reno
Christ
demanded by hir, wherein he was not so circumvented, as these poore
witches are, which be not examined by girles, but by cunning inquisitors, who
having the spoile of their goods, and bringing with them into the place of
judgement minds to maintaine their bloudie purpose, spare no maner of
allurements, thretenings, nor torments, untill they have wroong out of them
all that, which either maketh to their owne desire, or serveth to the others
destruction.
Peter (I saie) in the presence of his Lord and maister Christ, who had
instructed him in true knowledge manie yeares, being forewarned, not
passing foure or five houres before, and having made a reall league and a
faithfull promise to the contrarie, without anie other compulsion than (as hath
beene said) by a question proposed by a girle, against his conscience,
forsooke, thrise denied, and abandoned his said maister: and yet he was a
man illuminated, and placed in dignitie aloft, and neerer to Christ by manie
degrees, than the witch, whose fall could not be so great as Peters; bicause
she never ascended halfe so manie steps. A pastors declination is much more
abhominable that the going astraie of anie of his sheepe: as an ambassadors
conspiracie is more odious than the falshood of a common person: or as a
capteins treason is more mischeevous than a private soldiers mutinie. If you
saie, Peter repented; I answer that the witch dooth so likewise sometimes,
and I see not in that case, but mercie may be emploied upon hir. It were a
mightie temptation to a seelie old woman, that a visible divell (being in shape
so ugglie, as Danæus and others saie he is) should assalt hir in maner and Danæu
forme as is supposed, or rather avowed; speciallie when there is promise
made that none shall be tempted above their strength. The poore old witch is 1 Cor.
commonlie unlearned, unwarned, and unprovided of counsell and freendship,
void of judgement and discretion to moderate hir life and communication, hir
kind and gender more weake and fraile than the masculine, and much more
subject to melancholie; hir bringing up and companie is so base, that nothing
is to be/ looked for in hir speciallie of these extraordinarie qualities; hir age 39.
also is commonlie such, as maketh her decrepite, which is a disease that
mooveth them to these follies.
Finallie, Christ did cleerelie remit Peter, though his offense were committed
both against his divine and humane person: yea afterwards he did put him in
trust to feed his sheepe, and shewed great countenance, freendship and love
unto him. And there- fore I see not, but we may shew compassion upon
these poore soules; if they shew themselves sorrowfull for their misconceipts
and wicked imagina- tions./
 ¶ The third Booke. 40. 35

The first Chapter.

The witches bargaine with the divell, according to M. Mal. Bodin, Nider,
Danæus, Psellus, Erastus, Hemingius, Cumanus, Aquinas,
Bartholomæus Spineus, &c.
HAT which in this matter of witchcraft hath abused so manie, and
seemeth both so horrible and intollerable, is a plaine bargaine,
that (they saie) is made betwixt the divell and the witch. And
manie of great learning conceive it to be a matter of truth, and in their
writings publish it accordinglie: the which (by Gods grace) shall be
prooved as vaine and false as the rest.
The order of their bargaine or profession is double; the one solemne The do
and publike; the other secret and private. That which is called solemne bargan
witche
or publike, is where witches come togither at certeine assemblies, at the divell.
times prefixed, and doo not onelie see the divell in visible forme; but
confer and talke familiarlie with him. In which conference the divell
exhorteth them to observe their fidelitie unto him, promising them long
life and prosperitie. Then the witches assembled, commend a new
disciple (whom they call a novice) unto him: and if the divell find that
yoong witch apt and forward in renunciation of christian faith, in
despising anie of the seven sacraments, in treading upon crosses, in
spetting at the time of the elevation, in breaking their fast on fasting
daies, and fasting on sundaies; then the divell giveth foorth/ his hand, 41.
and the novice joining hand in hand with him, promiseth to observe and
keepe all the divels commandements.
This done, the divell beginneth to be more bold with hir, telling hir
plainlie, that all this will not serve his turne; and therefore requireth
homage at hir hands: yea he also telleth hir, that she must grant him Mal. m
both hir bodie and soule to be tormented in everlasting fire: which she modo
profes
yeeldeth unto. Then he chargeth hir, to procure as manie men, women,
and children also, as she can, to enter into this societie. Then he
teacheth them to make ointments of the bowels and members of
children, whereby they ride in the aire, and accomplish all their desires.
So as, if there be anie children unbaptised, or not garded with the signe
of the crosse, or orizons; then the witches may and doo catch them from
their mothers sides in the night, or out of their cradles, or otherwise kill
them with their ceremonies; and after buriall steale them out of their
graves, and seeth them in a caldron, untill their flesh be made potable.
Of the thickest whereof they make ointments, whereby they ride in the
aire; but the thinner potion they put into flaggons, whereof whosoever
drinketh, observing certeine ceremonies, immediatlie becommeth a
maister or rather a mistresse in that practise and facultie./ 36.

The second Chapter.

The order of the witches homage done (as it is written by lewd
inquisitors and peevish witchmoongers) to the divell in person; of
their songs and danses, and namelie of La volta, and of other
ceremonies, also of their excourses.
OMETIMES their homage with their oth and bargaine is received Homag
for a certeine terme of yeares; sometimes for ever. Sometimes it witche
divell.
consisteth in the deniall of the whole faith, sometimes in part.
The first is, when the soule is absolutelie yeelded to the divell and hell
fier: the other is, when they have but bargained [not] to/ observe 42.
certeine ceremonies and statutes of the church; as to conceale faults at
shrift, to fast on sundaies, &c. And this is doone either by oth,
protestation of words, or by obligation in writing, sometimes sealed with
wax, sometimes signed with bloud, sometimes by kissing the divels bare
buttocks; as did a Doctor called Edlin, who as (Bodin saith) was burned
for witchcraft.
You must also understand, that after they have delicatlie banketted Bar. Sp
with the divell and the ladie of the fairies; and have eaten up a fat oxe, 1. in n
malef.
and emptied a butt of malmesie, and a binne of bread at some noble
mans house, in the dead of the night, nothing is missed of all this in the
morning. For the ladie Sibylla, Minerva, or Diana with a golden rod
striketh the vessell & the binne, and they are fullie replenished againe.
Yea, she causeth the bullocks bones to be brought and laid togither upon
the hide, and lappeth the foure ends thereof togither, laieng her golden
rod thereon; and then riseth up the bullocke againe in his former estate
and condition: and yet at their returne home they are like to starve for
hunger; as Spineus saith. And this must be an infallible rule, that everie Idem I
fortnight, or at the least everie moneth, each witch must kill one child at
the least for hir part.
 And here some of Monsieur Bodins lies may be inserted, who saith I. Bod
that at these magicall assemblies, the witches never faile to danse; and dæmo
cap. 4
in their danse they sing these words; Har har, divell divell, danse here,
danse here, plaie here, plaie here, Sabbath, sabbath. And whiles they
sing and danse, everie one hath a broome in hir hand, and holdeth it up
aloft. Item he saith, that these night-walking or rather night-dansing
witches, brought out of Italie into France, that danse, which is called La
volta.
A part of their league is, to scrape off the oile, which is received in Mal. m
extreame follie (unction I should have said). But if that be so dangerous,
they which socke the corps had neede to take great care, that they rub
not off the oile, which divers other waies may also be thrust out of the
forehead; and then I perceive all the vertue thereof is gone, and farewell
it. But I marvell how they take on to preserve the water powred on them
in baptisme, which I take to be largelie of as great force as the other;
and yet I thinke is commonlie wiped and washed off, within foure and
twentie houres/ after baptisme: but this agreeth with the residue/ of 37. 43
their follie.
And this is to be noted, that the inquisitors affirme, that during the
whole time of the witches excourse, the divell occupieth the roome and
place of the witch, in so perfect a similitude, as hir husband in his bed,
neither by feeling, speech, nor countenance can discerne hir from his
wife. Yea the wife departeth out of her husbands armes insensiblie, and
leaveth the divell in hir roome visiblie. Wherein their incredulitie is
incredible, who will have a verie bodie in the feined plaie, and a
phantasticall bodie in the true bed: and yet (forsooth) at the name of
Jesus, or at the signe of the crosse, all these bodilie witches (they saie) Grillan
vanish awaie. sort. 1
tract.

The third Chapter.

How witches are summoned to appeere before the divell, of their riding
in the aire, of their accompts, of their conference with the divell, of
his supplies, and their conference, of their farewell and sacrifices:
according to Danæus, Psellus, &c.
ITHERTO, for the most part, are the verie words conteined in M.
Mal. or Bodin, or rather in both; or else in the new M. Mal. or at
the least-wise of some writer or other, that mainteineth the
almightie power of witches. But Danæus saith, the divell oftentimes in
 the likenes of a sumner, meeteth them at markets and faires, and Danæ
warneth them to appeere in their assemblies, at a certeine houre in the cap. 4
night, that he may understand whom they have slaine, and how they
have profited. If they be lame, he saith the divell delivereth them a
staffe, to conveie them thither invisiblie through the aire; and that then
they fall a dansing and singing of bawdie songs, wherein he leadeth the
danse himselfe. Which danse, and other conferencies being ended, he
supplieth their wants of powders and roots to intoxicate withall; and
giveth to everie novice a marke, either with his teeth or with his clawes,
and so they kisse the divels bare buttocks, and depart:/ not forgetting 44.
every daie afterwards to offer to him, dogs, cats, hens, or bloud of their
owne. And all this dooth Danæus report as a troth, and as it were upon Ide. Ib
his owne knowledge. And yet else-where he saieth; In these matters
they doo but dreame, and doo not those things indeed, which they Idem.
confesse through their distemperature, growing of their melancholike cap. 3
humor: and therefore (saith he) these things, which they report of
themselves, are but meere illusions.
Psellus addeth hereunto, that certeine magicall heretikes, to wit; the
Eutychians, assemblie themselves everie good fridaie at night; and
putting out the candles, doo commit incestuous adulterie, the father with
the daughter, the sister with the brother, and the sonne with the mother;
and the ninth moneth they returne and are delivered; and cutting their
children in peeces, fill their pots with their bloud; then burne they the
carcases, and mingle the ashes therewith, and so preserve the same for Card.
magicall purposes. Cardanus writeth (though in mine opinion not verie/ rerum
80.
probablie) that these excourses, dansings, &c: had their beginning from
38.
certeine heretikes called Dulcini, who devised those feasts of Bacchus
which are named Orgia, whereunto these kind of people openlie
assembled; and beginning with riot, ended with this follie. Which feasts
being prohibited, they nevertheles hanted them secretlie; and when they
could not doo so, then did they it in cogitation onelie, and even to this
daie (saith he) there remaineth a certeine image or resemblance thereof
among our melancholike women.

The fourth Chapter.

That there can no reall league be made with the divell the first author of
the league, and the weake proofes of the adversaries for the same.
F the league be untrue, as are the residue of their confessions, the
witchmongers arguments fall to the ground: for all the writers herein
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