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Clojure High Performance
Programming

Understand performance aspects and write high

performance code with Clojure

Shantanu Kumar

BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
Clojure High Performance Programming

Copyright © 2013 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written
permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in
critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy
of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is
sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt
Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages
caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.

Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the
companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals.
However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

First published: November 2013

Production Reference: 1131113

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Livery Place
35 Livery Street
Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.

ISBN 978-1-78216-560-6

www.packtpub.com

Cover Image by Duraid Fatouhi (duraidfatouhi@yahoo.com)

 Credits

Author Project Coordinator

Shantanu Kumar Amey Sawant

Reviewers Proofreader
Jan Borgelin Paul Hindle
Mimmo Cosenza aka Magomimmo
Paul Stadig Indexers
Hemangini Bari
Miki Tebeka
Mehreen Deshmukh

Acquisition Editors
Sam Birch Graphics
Ronak Dhruv
Andrew Duckworth
Yuvraj Mannari

Commissioning Editors
Priyanka Shah Production Coordinator
Kyle Albuquerque
Meeta Rajani
Llewellyn Rozario
Cover Work
Kyle Albuquerque
Technical Editors
Jalasha D'costa
Monica John

Copy Editors
Alisha Aranha
Roshni Banerjee
Tanvi Gaitonde
Alfida Paiva
Lavina Pereira
 About the Author

Shantanu Kumar is a software developer living in Bangalore, India, with his

wife. He started learning programing in 1991, using BASIC on MS DOS when
he was at school. There, he developed a keen interest in the x86 hardware and
assembly language, and he dabbled in it for a good while. Later, he programmed
professionally in various business domains and technologies while working with
the Indian Air Force and several IT companies.

In recent years, Shantanu has worked on high performance and distributed systems.
Having used Java for a long time, he discovered Clojure in early 2009 and has been
a fan ever since. Clojure's pragmatism and fine-grained orthogonality continues to
amaze him, and he believes he is a better developer because of this.

When not busy with programming or reading up on technical subjects, he enjoys

reading non-fiction, riding his bike, and occasionally just lazing in his free time.
Shantanu is an active participant in the Bangalore Clojure users group and
develops several open source Clojure projects on GitHub.
 Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Rich Hickey for creating Clojure and making it available as
open source, and for his awesome talk videos. I would also like to thank Alex Miller
for arranging so many Clojure talks and for making their videos accessible to all;
and Alex Ott, Michael Klishin, and others from the Clojure community for their
hard work in making Clojure documentation aggregated and available.

While I was working at the Bangalore office of Runa (now Staples Lab) earlier,
several colleagues shared valuable input about Clojure performance. Most notably,
Zach Tellman shared his insight about Clojure and JVM performance, Isaac Praveen
and Abhijith Gopal shared a great deal of information about Clojure application
behavior under load, and Philippe Hanrigou shared his ideas about high performance
API design and queue systems. I want to thank all of them.

This book would not have become a reality without the fine people at Packt
Publishing. I would like to thank Ashvini Sharma for contacting me and
convincing me to take up writing this book, Anish Ramchandani and Amey
Sawant for coordinating the writing process, and the Commissioning
Editors Meeta Rajani, Llewellyn Rozario, and Priyanka Shah for shaping
up this book as I engaged in my debut writing. Technical Editors Jalasha
D'costa and Monica John helped me disambiguate and refine the language
in this book. I also owe my gratitude to the technical reviewers Jan Borgelin,
Mimmo Cosenza, Paul Stadig, and Miki Tebeka – their feedback made the
content so much better. Any errors or omissions, however, are only due to me.

Writing this book has been an arduous task. I want to thank my wife Binita for putting
up with me while I was immersed far too many days, nights, and weekends into the
book. If not for her support, I would not have been able to do justice to this book.
 About the Reviewers

Jan Borgelin is the co-founder and CTO of BA Group Ltd., a Finnish IT consultancy
providing services for global enterprise clients. With over 10 years of professional
software development experience, Jan has had the chance to work with different
technologies and programming languages in international projects where performance
requirements have always been critical to the success of the project.

Mimmo Cosenza aka Magomimmo is a programmer and entrepreneur

living in Milan, Italy. In the eighties, after graduating in Philosophy of Language,
he worked for Rank Xerox and IBM. Then, he joined the Artificial Intelligence lab
of ENI S.p.A, the Italian national oil company.

He designed and developed very successful LISP-based applications for the

exploration and production departments of ENI. In 1995, after having been
in Los Angeles during the rise of the Internet, he founded Sinapsi—an Italian
software boutique. In his own country, he is very well known for his involvement
in open source communities. In 2012, he founded SmartRM Inc., a startup that
applies the Digital Right Management technology for protecting privacy to share
confidential information without losing the control of their circulation.

He loves to teach the art of programming. He is the author of Modern-cljs, an open

source book on the Clojure and ClojureScript programming languages. The book is
hosted on https://github.com/magomimmo/modern-cljs.

Currently, he is applying machine learning techniques to Big Data by using Clojure

on the server-side and ClojureScript on the client-side.
Paul Stadig is a professional software developer living in Crozet, VA, with his
wife and three children. He has a B.S. and an M.S. in Computer Science from
George Mason University, and he has 16 years of software development experience.
He has an insatiable curiosity about the world in general and about programming
languages in particular.

He has been involved in the Clojure community since 2008, he was a reveiwer for
the first edition of Programming Clojure, and he is also a contributor to the language.
Since 2010, he has been employed at Sonian, where he builds cloud-based distributed
systems in Clojure.

Miki Tebeka has been shipping software for more than 10 years. He has developed
a wide variety of products from assemblers and linkers to news trading systems and
cloud infrastructures. Miki currently works on the data pipeline at Demand Media.
In his free time, Miki is active in several open source communities.
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 Table of Contents
Preface 1
Chapter 1: Performance by Design 5
Usecase classification 5
User-facing software 6
Computational and data-processing tasks 6
CPU bound 6
Memory bound 7
Cache bound 7
Input/Output (I/O) bound 7
Online transaction processing (OLTP) 8
Online analytical processing (OLAP) 8
Batch processing 9
Structured approach for performance 9
Performance vocabulary 10
Latency 10
Throughput 11
Bandwidth 11
Baseline and benchmark 12
Profiling 12
Performance optimization 13
Concurrency and parallelism 13
Resource utilization 14
Workload 14
Latency numbers every programmer should know 14
Summary 15
Table of Contents

Chapter 2: Clojure Abstractions 17

Non-numeric scalars and interning 18
Identity, value, and epochal time model 19
Variables and mutation 20
Collection types 21
Persistent data structures 21
Constructing less-used data structures 22
Complexity guarantee 23
Concatenation of persistent data structures 24
Sequences and laziness 25
Laziness 25
Laziness in data structure operations 26
Constructing lazy sequences 27
Transients 29
Fast repetition 30
Performance miscellanea 31
Disabling assertions in production 31
Destructuring 31
Recursion and tail-call optimization (TCO) 32
Premature end in reduce 33
Multimethods versus protocols 33
Inlining 33
Summary 34
Chapter 3: Leaning on Java 35
Inspect the equivalent Java source for Clojure code 35
Create a new project 36
Compile Clojure sources into Java bytecode 36
Decompile the .class files into Java source 36
Numerics, boxing, and primitives 38
Arrays 39
Reflection and type hints 42
Array of primitives 43
Primitives 43
Macros and metadata 44
Miscellaneous 44
Using array/numeric libraries for efficiency 45
HipHip 45
primitive-math 48
Resorting to Java and native code 48
Proteus – mutable locals in Clojure 49

[ ii ]
 Table of Contents

Summary 50
Chapter 4: Host Performance 51
The hardware 51
Processors 52
Branch prediction 52
Instruction scheduling 52
Threads and cores 53
Memory systems 54
Cache 55
Interconnect 55
Storage and networking 56
The Java Virtual Machine 56
The just-in-time (JIT) compiler 56
Memory organization 58
HotSpot heap and garbage collection 60
Measuring memory (heap/stack) usage 60
Measuring latency with Criterium 62
Criterium and Leiningen 63
Summary 64
Chapter 5: Concurrency 65
Low-level concurrency 65
Hardware memory barrier instructions 66
Java support and its Clojure equivalent 66
Atomic updates and state 68
Atomic updates in Java 68
Clojure's support for atomic updates 69
Asynchronous agents and state 70
Asynchrony, queuing, and error handling 72
Advantages of agents 73
Nesting 74
Coordinated transactional ref and state 74
Ref characteristics 75
Ref history and intransaction deref operations 76
Transaction retries and barging 77
Upping transaction consistency with ensure 77
Fewer transaction retries with commutative operations 78
Agents can participate in transactions 78
Nested transactions 79
Performance considerations 80
Dynamic var binding and state 80

[ iii ]
Table of Contents

Validating and watching the reference types 81

Java concurrent data structures 82
Concurrent maps 83
Concurrent queues 84
Clojure support for concurrent queues 86
Concurrency with threads 86
JVM support for threads 87
Thread pools in the JVM 87
Clojure concurrency support 88
Asynchronous execution with Futures 88
Anticipated asynchronous execution result with promises 90
Clojure parallelization and the JVM 90
Moore's law 90
Amdahl's law 91
Clojure support for parallelization 91
pmap 91
pcalls 92
pvalues 92
Java 7's fork/join framework 92
Parallelism with reducers 93
Reducible, reducer function, reduction transformation 93
Realizing reducible collections 94
Foldable collections and parallelism 94
Summary 95
Chapter 6: Optimizing Performance 97
A tiny statistics terminology primer 98
Median, first quartile, and third quartile 98
Percentile 99
Variance and standard deviation 100
Understanding criterium output 101
Guided performance objectives 102
Performance testing 102
Test environment 102
What to test 103
Measuring latency 103
Measuring throughput 104
Load, stress, and endurance tests 104
Performance monitoring 105
Introspection 105
JVM instrumentation via JMX 106

[ iv ]
 Table of Contents

Profiling 106
OS and CPU-cache-level profiling 108
I/O profiling 108
Performance tuning 108
JVM tuning 109
I/O tuning and backpressure 110
Summary 110
Chapter 7: Application Performance 111
Data sizing 111
Reduced serialization 112
Chunking to reduce memory pressure 113
Sizing for file/network operations 113
Sizing for JDBC query results 114
Resource pooling 115
JDBC resource pooling 116
I/O batching and throttling 116
JDBC batch operations 117
Batch support at API level 118
Throttling requests to services 119
Precomputing and caching 119
Concurrent pipelines 120
Distributed pipelines 121
Applying back pressure 121
Thread pool queues 122
Servlet containers like Tomcat and Jetty 122
HTTP Kit 123
Performance and queuing theory 123
Little's Law 124
Summary 124
Index 125

[v]
 Preface
Clojure is a remarkably high-performance language despite its dynamic nature.
What really strikes you though is the fact that it combines performance with
fundamental simplicity and pragmatism, which makes it such a joy to program
in. Over the last six years since its first public release, Clojure has been heavily
tested and deployed in production by many people and organizations across
various domains. Its user base has grown rapidly during this period.

Clojure High Performance Programming is all about Clojure running on the Java Virtual
Machine. The JVM has a reputation of being a robust platform to develop and deploy
applications on. In this book, we take a deeper look at the performance characteristics
of various features of Clojure and the underlying environment. We also explore what it
takes to build well-performing software. We begin with the performance fundamentals
and gradually proceed over to Clojure and other matters you may have to deal with
while writing high-performance applications.

Understanding and achieving performance is both an art and a science, just like
writing good software. Remember the big picture in the back of your mind but
also be prepared to get into the details with measurement tools. More importantly,
know how the software works and keenly study the environment in which it runs.
I hope this book will help you on that path.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Performance by Design, classifies the various use cases with respect to
performance and analyzes how to interpret their performance aspects and needs.

Chapter 2, Clojure Abstractions, is a guided tour of various Clojure data structures,

abstractions (persistent data structures, vars, macros, and so on), and their
performance characteristics.
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FRANK ARMSTRONG AT QUEENS.
We find among the jolly boys at Queen’s School, Frank, the student-
athlete, Jimmy, the baseball enthusiast, and Lewis, the
unconsciously-funny youth who furnishes comedy for every page
that bears his name. Fall and winter sports between intensely rival
school teams are expertly described.
FRANK ARMSTRONG’S SECOND TERM.
The gymnasium, the track and the field make the background for the
stirring events of this volume, in which David, Jimmy, Lewis, the
“Wee One” and the “Codfish” figure, while Frank “saves the day.”
FRANK ARMSTRONG, DROP KICKER.
With the same persistent determination that won him success in
swimming, running and baseball playing, Frank Armstrong acquired
the art of “drop kicking,” and the Queen’s football team profits
thereby.
Any volume sent postpaid upon receipt of price.
HURST & COMPANY—Publishers—NEW YORK

MOTOR RANGERS SERIES

High Speed Motor Stories

By MARVIN WEST.

Cloth Bound. Illustrated.

Price, 50c. per vol., postpaid
THE MOTOR RANGERS’ LOST MINE.
This is an absorbing story of the continuous adventures of a motor
car in the hands of Nat Trevor and his friends. It does seemingly
impossible “stunts,” and yet everything happens “in the nick of time.”
THE MOTOR RANGERS THROUGH THE SIERRAS.
Enemies in ambush, the peril of fire, and the guarding of treasure
make exciting times for the Motor Rangers—yet there is a strong
flavor of fun and freedom, with a typical Western mountaineer for
spice.
THE MOTOR RANGERS ON BLUE WATER; or, The Secret of the
Derelict.
The strange adventures of the sturdy craft “Nomad” and the
stranger experiences of the Rangers themselves with Morello’s
schooner and a mysterious derelict form the basis of this well-spun
yarn of the sea.
THE MOTOR RANGERS’ CLOUD CRUISER.
From the “Nomad” to the “Discoverer,” from the sea to the sky, the
scene changes in which the Motor Rangers figure. They have
experiences “that never were on land or sea,” in heat and cold and
storm, over mountain peak and lost city, with savages and reptiles;
their ship of the air is attacked by huge birds of the air; they survive
explosion and earthquake; they even live to tell the tale!
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HURST & COMPANY—Publishers—NEW YORK

MOLLY BROWN SERIES

College Life Stories for Girls

By NELL SPEED.

Cloth Bound. Illustrated.

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MOLLY BROWN’S FRESHMAN DAYS.
Would you like to admit to your circle of friends the most charming
of college girls—the typical college girl for whom we are always
looking but not always finding; the type that contains so many
delightful characteristics, yet without unpleasant perfection in any;
the natural, unaffected, sweet-tempered girl, loved because she is
lovable? Then seek an introduction to Molly Brown. You will find the
baggage-master, the cook, the Professor of English Literature, and
the College President in the same company.
HOLLY BROWN’S SOPHOMORE DAYS.
What is more delightful than a re-union of college girls after the
summer vacation? Certainly nothing that precedes it in their
experience—at least, if all class-mates are as happy together as the
Wellington girls of this story. Among Molly’s interesting friends of the
second year is a young Japanese girl, who ingratiates her “humbly”
self into everybody’s affections speedily and permanently.
MOLLY BROWN’S JUNIOR DAYS.
Financial stumbling blocks are not the only things that hinder the
ease and increase the strength of college girls. Their troubles and
their triumphs are their own, often peculiar to their environment.
How Wellington students meet the experiences outside the
classrooms is worth the doing, the telling and the reading.
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MOTOR MAIDS SERIES

Wholesome Stories of Adventure

By KATHERINE STOKES.
 Cloth Bound. Illustrated.
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THE MOTOR MAIDS’ SCHOOLDAYS.
Billie Campbell was just the type of a straightforward, athletic girl to
be successful as a practical Motor Maid. She took her car, as she did
her class-mates, to her heart, and many a grand good time did they
have all together. The road over which she ran her red machine had
many an unexpected turning,—now it led her into peculiar danger;
now into contact with strange travelers; and again into experiences
by fire and water. But, best of all, “The Comet” never failed its brave
girl owner.
THE MOTOR MAIDS BY PALM AND PINE.
Wherever the Motor Maids went there were lively times, for these
were companionable girls who looked upon the world as a vastly
interesting place full of unique adventures—and so, of course, they
found them.
THE MOTOR MAIDS ACROSS THE CONTINENT.
It is always interesting to travel, and it is wonderfully entertaining to
see old scenes through fresh eyes. It is that privilege, therefore, that
makes it worth while to join the Motor Maids in their first 'cross-
country run.
THE MOTOR MAIDS BY ROSE, SHAMROCK AND HEATHER.
South and West had the Motor Maids motored, nor could their
education by travel have been more wisely begun. But now a
speaking acquaintance with their own country enriched their
anticipation of an introduction to the British Isles. How they made
their polite American bow and how they were received on the other
side is tale of interest and inspiration.
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HURST & COMPANY—Publishers—NEW YORK
 GIRL AVIATORS SERIES

Clean Aviation Stories

By MARGARET BURNHAM.

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THE GIRL AVIATORS AND THE PHANTOM AIRSHIP.
Roy Prescott was fortunate in having a sister so clever and devoted
to him and his interests that they could share work and play with
mutual pleasure and to mutual advantage. This proved especially
true in relation to the manufacture and manipulation of their
aeroplane, and Peggy won well deserved fame for her skill and good
sense as an aviator. There were many stumbling-blocks in their
terrestrial path, but they soared above them all to ultimate success.
THE GIRL AVIATORS ON GOLDEN WINGS.
That there is a peculiar fascination about aviation that wins and
holds girl enthusiasts as well as boys is proved by this tale. On
golden wings the girl aviators rose for many an exciting flight, and
met strange and unexpected experiences.
THE GIRL AVIATORS’ SKY CRUISE.
To most girls a coaching or yachting trip is an adventure. How much
more perilous an adventure a “sky cruise” might be is suggested by
the title and proved by the story itself.
THE GIRL AVIATORS’ MOTOR BUTTERFLY.
The delicacy of flight suggested by the word “butterfly,” the
mechanical power implied by “motor,” the ability to control assured
in the title “aviator,” all combined with the personality and
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other reader “to go crazy over.”
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