Technological-Vocational Livelihood

Computer System Services 11

Third Quarter
Module 3
PERFORMING MENSURATION AND CALCULATION

Lesson 1
Types of Components to be Measured
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
 Identify object/s or component to be measured
 Obtain correct specifications from relevant source

A computer memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and
instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in the computer where data is
to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored.

Different computer components have different role for a computer component

to work. These types of components and objects are to be measured and should
have the correct specification to work properly.

Activity 1
Read and try to remember as many words as possible for three minutes. After
three minutes, write down the words that you can remember from the list within a
minute.
1. read, pages, letters, school, study, reading, stories, sheets, cover, pen, pencil,
magazine, paper, words
2. house, pencil, apple, shoe, book, flag, rock, train, ocean, hill, music, water,
glass, school
3. sheets, pillow, mattress, blanket, comfortable, room, dream, lay, chair, rest,
tired, night, dark, time
4. door, tree, eye, song, pillow, juice, orange, radio, rain, car, sleep, cat, dream,
eat
Computer Memory is any physical device capable of storing information
temporarily, lie RAM (Random Access Memory), or permanently, like ROM
(Read-Only Memory). Memory devices utilize integrated cicuits and are used by
operating systems, software, and hardware.

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 There are two types of computer memory. Volatile memory(RAM) and
Non-volatile memory(ROM). Computer memory is based on the two factors that
include access time and capacity. The faster the speed of the memory, the lesser
will be the access time.

Categories of Memory
1. Main Memory or Primary Memory
The main memory unit connects directly to the CPU is the primary memory.
Furthermore, there are two types of primary memory:
a. Random Access Memory – RAM is also known as the volatile
memory. It is the system’s short-term memory. When accessing data
and programs that are being processed by the CPU, RAM is the
temporary storage until the data is needed. RAM is volatile memory,
which means that the contents are erased when the computer is
powered off. RAM is measured in megabytes(MB) or gigabytes (GB)
RAM can be divided into two categories:
 Static RAM(SRAM) – indicates the memory to retain its
contents as long as power is being supplied. The data is lost when
the power goes down due to volatile nature.
 Dynamic RAM (DRAM) – must be continually refreshed in
order to maintain the data.
Common Types of DRAM
 Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) takes its name after the company
that made it, Rambus. It was popular in the early 2000s and was
mainly used for video game devices and graphics cards, with
transfer speeds up to 1 GHz.
 Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) “synchronizes” the memory
speed with CPU clock speed so that the memory controller knows
the exact clock cycle when the requested data will be ready. This
allows the CPU to perform more instructions at a given time.
Typical SDRAM transfers data at speeds up to 133 MHz.
 Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM) is a type of
synchronous memory that nearly doubles the bandwidth of a
single data rate (SDR) SDRAM running at the same clock
frequency by employing a method called "double pumping,"
which allows transfer of data on both the rising and falling edges
of the clock signal without any increase in clock frequency.

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 1. DDR or Double Data Rate – utilizes both rising and falling
edge of the system clock, potentially doubling the speed of
the memory.
2. DDR2 or Double Data Rate Two – can operate at greater
speed than DDR, offers a greater bandwidth potential,
operates on less power, and generate less heat.
3. DDR3 or Double Date Rate Three – have bus clock speed
of 400 MHz up to 1066 MHz, range in size from 1 GB to 24
GB. DDR3 RAM sticks for a desktop computer have 240
pins and for a laptop computer, DDR2 RAM sticks have
204 pins.
4. DDR4 or Double Data Rate Four – has bus clock speeds
that range from 800 to 1600 MHz and range in storage
capacity from 4GB to 128 GB.
b. Read-Only Memory – contains instructions that can be directly
accessed by the CPU. Basic instructions for booting the computer and
loading the operating system are stored in ROM. Data or information
that is stored in ROM keeps its contents even when the computer is
turned off. ROM has three categories:
 Programmable ROM or PROM – is Read-Only Memory that
can be modified only once by a user. It can be programmed only
once and is not erasable.
 Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM or EEPROM – can
be erased one byte at a time, rather than erasing the entire chip.
The process of reprogramming is flexible but slow.
 Erasable Programmable ROM or EPROM – can be erased by
exposing it to ultraviolet light for a duration of up to 40 minutes.
2. Auxiliary Memory or Secondary Memory
Secondary memory is a permanent storage device. It is non-
volatile in nature and used to store programs and data when they are not
being processed. Because of this, the data remains in the same stage as
long as they are not deleted or rewritten from the user’s end. A
secondary memory includes devices such as:
 Optical Disks like DVD, CD, Blue-ray disks
 Magnetic Disks like memory stick, floppy disk and hard disk
 Solid State Disks like thumb drive, pen, flash.
3. Cache Memory

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 It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is used to
hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by the
CPU. The parts of data and programs are transferred from the disk to cache
memory by the operating system from where the CPU can access them.
Data storage capacity. Storage capacity represents how much
disk space can one or more storage devices provides. It measures how much
data a computer system may contain. For an example, a computer with a 500
GB hard drive has a storage capacity of 500 gigabytes.
Processor. A processor is an integrated electronic circuit that
performs the calculations that runs a computer. A processor’s speed is
measured in megahertz(MHz), or millions of instructions per second; and
gigahertz (GHz), or billions of instructions per second. A faster processor
can execute instructions more rapidly.
Video card. A video card is used to process images so they can
be displayed on your monitor. An upgraded and faster video card is helpful
if you are playing games or dealing with photo and video editing.
Along with this one you may also ask units and measurements as to
how memory in computer is measured. We all use hard disk drive
(nowadays Solid-state drive or SDD) and pen drive to transfer the data from
one place to another. But what are its units? Computer measures data in
many forms such as Megabyte, Kilobyte, Byte, it, Nibble, Terabyte,
Gigabyte, Exabyte, Petabyte and many more. Here are the conversions of
these data into one form or another:
1bit - binary digit
4 bits - 1 Nibble
8 bits - 1 Byte
Bytes(1024) - Kilobyte(1KB)
KB(1024) - Megabyte(1MB)
MB(1024) - Gigabyte (1GB)
GB(1024) - Terabyte(1TB)
TB (1024) - Petabyte(1PB)
PB (1024) - Exabyte(1EB)
EB(1024) - Zettabyte(1ZB)
ZB(1024) - Yottabyte(1YB)
YB(1024) - Brontobyte(1BB)
BB(1024) - 1 Geop byte

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 In computer memory, bit is the smallest memory while Geop byte is the
highest memory unit.
All components in your computer, such as the CPU, drive, and
the operating system, work together as a team, and memory is one of the most
essential parts of this team. From the moment you turn on your computer until the
time you shut it down, your CPU is constantly using memory.

Activity 2
Directions: Arrange the word/s properly and explain its use.
1. Y M O E M R
2. O S R O P R S C E
3. D E VO I R D C A
4. E A R D – L N Y O O M R Y M E
5. O M N D R A C E C A S S O M R Y M E

Lesson 2
At the end of the lesson
1. Identify and select measuring tools.
2. Convert Decimal to Binary.
3. Compute the actual storage capacity of a Hard disk, Memory, Compact
Disk, USB Flash Drive, SD Card, and the actual speed of a Processor.
4. Apply different techniques in checking the conversion from Decimal to
Binary, and the computation of the ideal storage capacity and speed.
5. Maintain measuring Instruments.

Measuring Instruments:
1. Multimeter (VOM) - A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM, is
an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions
in one unit. A typical multimeter can measure voltage (Volt), current (Ampere),
and resistance (Ohm). Analog multimeter use a micro ammeter with a moving
pointer to display readings.
Voltmeter - an instrument for measuring electric potential in volts.
Ex. 220 volts
Ohmmeter - an instrument for measuring electrical resistance.
Ex.20 Ohms
Milliameter - an instrument for measuring electric current in amperes.
Ex. 15 amperes

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 Types of Multi-meter or Multi-tester:
1. Analog Multi-meter or multi-tester (VOM) - use a
microammeter with a moving pointer to display
readings

Digital multimeters
(DMM, DVOM) - have a numeric display, and may
also show a graphical bar representing the measured
value.

2. Cable Tester - is an electronic device used to

verify the electrical connections in a signal
cable or other wired assembly. Basic cable
testers are continuity testers that verify the
existence of a conductive path between ends
of the cable, and verify the correct wiring of
connectors on the cable.
3. Loopback, or loop-back adapter - refers to
the routing of electronic signals, digital data
streams, or flows of items back to their source
without intentional processing or modification.
This is primarily a means of testing /
measuring the communications infrastructure.
4. Logic Probe - is a hand-held test probe used
for analyzing and troubleshooting the logical
states (boolean 0 or 1) of a digital circuit.
Logic probe / Digital logic tester is able to
detect lines that are at the digital or logic high
state. The logic probe will indicate this
typically with an LED which is often coloured
red. Logic low: The logic probe also is able to
indicate a logic or digital low often coloured green.

Activity 3.
Directions: Match the components in Column A with their description
in Column B.
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 COLUMN A COLUMB B
____ 1. Logic Probe A. Use moving pointer to display rating
____ 2. Cable Tester B. Indicates high digital and low digital state
____ 3. Analog Tester C. Use digital display to display rating
____ 4. Loopback adaptor D. Verify the electrical connections in a
signal cable or other wired assembly
____ 5. Digital Tester E. Primarily a means of testing / measuring
the communications infrastructure.

Lesson 3
Carry Out Measurements and Calculations
How to Read Binary
Binary is a base-2 number system, where the number two (2) is raised by an
exponent (n-1). The exponent is denoted by the digits’ place (n) and subtracted by
1, wherein it increases as you move through each position starting from the right
going to the left.
For example, number 2 on the first position, so that is 2 raised by n-1,
wherein n=1.
2(n-1) = 2(1-1) = 20
Considering the given table below, the first position is the rightmost cell and
the leftmost position is the last cell.
Position
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
(n-1)
Exponent
(Position) 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
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Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Note: The first place should be 1 but since it is (n-1) subtracted by 1, it

becomes 0.

The first value is equivalent to 1 because 20 is equal to 1.

Note: Any value with an exponent of 0 is always equal to 1.

The second value is 21 is 2 because it is just 2 itself multiplied by 1.

The third value is 4 because 22 = 2 x 2 = 4, 23 = 8 because 23 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8,

and so on and so forth.

In binary system, 1 is equal to ON/TRUE and 0 is OFF/FALSE.

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 To read a binary number, get the turn - ON value/s only and sum it up, no
need to include the turned-OFF value/s. For example:
Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
ON /
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
OFF

0000 0001 = 1
Get the sum: 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 1
Or simply get the turn-ON value which is 1.

Multiple values example:

Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
ON /
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
OFF

0000 0101 = 5

The binary number 0000 0101 is equivalent to 5 because the turned-ON

values are: (ALWAYS START FROM THE RIGHT)

1 and 4

Then get the sum: 1 + 4 = 5

Number 5 and the “Value” in the tables are examples of decimal numbers,
the number system that we have known since we learned how to count numbers.

For us humans, but for computers,

1 0000 0001
+ 2 + 0000 0010
3 0000 0011

Note that each group of eight bits is known as a byte.

8 bits = 1 byte
That is how the computer represented the letters and numbers, and all the
data that you can see in the computer like images and videos.
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 Decimal to Binary Conversion
Rule: If the fraction is = ½ or 0.5, it is equivalent to 1.

In converting a decimal number to binary, all you have to do is:

1. Divide the number by 2.
2. Write the quotient and multiply the remainder by 2.
3. Divide the remainder by 2.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until you get a quotient of 0.
5. Read the values of the remainder from the bottom to top. Write the
values to get the binary value of the decimal number.
Example:
Convert 19 to binary
Decimal number / 2 Quotient Remainder
19 / 2 9 1

Read upward
9/2 4 1
4/2 2 0
2/2 1 0
1/2 0 1

19 = 1 0 0 1 1
Note that a byte has 8 binary digits. Add 0s from the left to complete the 8
digits. The final answer is 19 = 0001 0011

For more detailed discussion, watch the video through this link:
bit.ly/CTNHS-CSS-BinaryConversion

Checking:
There are two ways to check if the conversion is accurate.
Method 1: Binary Table

1. Create a binary table.

2. Input the binary value into the table properly. Each digit should be entered
on the correct column starting from right to the left.

Decimal 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
State
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 3. Then add the decimal values with 1.
16 + 2 + 1 = 19

Method 2: Binary to Decimal Conversion

1. Multiply the bits with its corresponding value.
Note: Always start from the right.
2. Get the sum.

(1 x 1) + (1 x 2) + (0 x 4) + (0 x 8) + (1 x 16) + (0 x 32) + (0 x 64) + (0 x 128)

1 + 2 + 0 + 0 + 16 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 19

Therefore: 19 = 0001 0011

Activity 4.
Direction: Get the binary value of your first name initial. Show your solutions
and checking.

Ex. First name: Juan

First name initial: J
Convert: J = 01001010

Please refer to the table below.

Character Decimal Character Decimal
A 65 N 78
B 66 O 79
C 67 P 80
D 68 Q 81
E 69 R 82
F 70 S 83
G 71 T 84
H 72 U 85
I 73 V 86
J 74 W 87
K 75 X 88
L 76 Y 89
M 77 Z 90
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Binary Prefixes
Also called as prefix multipliers consisting of one-letter abbreviation and the
prefix it stands for.

Unit Symbol Power of 2(bytes) VALUE in Bytes

Kilobyte KB 210 1,204
Megabyte MB 220 1, 048, 576
Gigabyte GB 230 1, 073, 742, 824
Terabyte TB 240 1, 009, 511, 627, 776

For example:
1 kilobyte = 210 bytes
210 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 bytes
210 = 1, 024 bytes

Therefore: 1 KB = 1, 024 bytes

If you have noticed, a 1 KB is not an exact 1,000 bytes but actually its 1,024
bytes because the computer uses binary code in translating capacity and speed. So,
if you have a hard disk with a capacity of 500 GB, its actual size is
536,870,912,000 bytes, and not 500,000,000,000 bytes.

On the contrary, you cannot view a 1 KB file as an actual 1,024 bytes in your
computer because it’s just how Windows represented it. There are a lot of factors
involved in it and it will not be tackled in this lesson.

The presented capacity of a file or component when viewing in your

computer is dependent on the OS and the manufacturer. What you have learned
here is the actual values in computing and is how computers are being engineered
in terms of capacity and speed.

Definition of Terms

Binary – the primary language for computers that is made up of only two
numbers: 0 and 1 (Computer Hope, 2019).

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 Binary Prefix – used to represent the quantity in terms of byte or bit in
computing (SearchStorage, n.d.)

Decimal – a base 10 number system (Yadav, 2018)

Bit (b) – short for binary digit (Computer Hope, 2020), either 0 or 1.

Byte (B) – a unit of computer information consisting of eight (8) bits

(Merriam-Webster, n.d.)

Giga Hertz (GHz) – also known as clock rate or clock speed of the processor
(Computer Hope, 2018).

Data Storage Capacity Calculation

In a storage device, you need to know its capacity as well as how much space
is used and free.

For example, you have an 8 GB flash drive. You want to copy a file with a
size of 1 GB and your flash drive’s free space is 2 GB. How much free space will
be left after you copied that file to your flash drive?

Computation:

Let
FSAC = free space of flash drive after copying
FS = 1 GB (size of the file you want to copy)
FSBC = 2 GB (free space of flash drive before copying)

FSAC = FS – FSBC
FSAC = 2 GB – 1 GB
FSAC = 1 GB

Therefore, there will be only 1 GB of free space in your flash drive

after copying the file.

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 Checking:

Use the equation FSAC = FS – FSBC:

FSAC = FS – FSBC
1 GB = 2 GB – 1 GB
1 GB = 1 GB

Therefore, your computation is correct!

Activity 5:
Directions: Choose the word from the box that is being defined in each item.

Decimal Binary Giga gigabyte

Byte Bit Mega gigahertz

1. A base 2 number system that is made up of only two numbers: 0 and 1.

2. It a binary prefix that denotes a million.
3. The base-10 number system.
4. Data storage capacity that composed of eight (8) bits.
5. A clock speed of a processor.

Lesson 4
Maintain Measuring Instruments

MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES:

1. Measuring instruments are not dropped to avoid damage.

2. Measuring instruments are cleaned before and after using.
3. Regularly check parts and batteries.
4. Proper storage of instruments is undertaken according to the manufacturer’s
specification and standard operating procedure.
5. Always observed Occupational Health and Safety procedures (OHSP).

Activity 6
Directions: Write TRUE is the statement is correct and write FALSE if it is
wrong. Write your answer in your TLE-CSS notebook.
1. Cleaning the measuring instrument is not necessary. _______
2. Safe precaution are always observed. _________
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3. Inspection of the measuring instruments must be done regularly._______
4. You can put anywhere the measuring instrument. _________
5. Manufacturer’s specification must be observed. _________

ASSESSMENT
TEST I. Multiple Choice
Direction: Read the sentences carefully then choose the letter of the best
answer.
1. A measuring instrument that use moving pointer to display rating.
a. Cable Tester b. Loopback Adapter c. Logic probe d. Analog Multi-tester

2. A measuring instrument that indicates high digital and low digital state.
a. Logic Probe b. Multi-tester c. Digital tester d. Cable Tester

3. Use digital display to display rating.

a. Multi-tester b. Logic Probe c. Cable Tester d. Digital Tester

4. Verify the electrical connections in a signal cable or other wired assembly.

a. Digital Tester b. Analog Tester c. Cable Tester d. Loopback Adapter

5. Primarily a means of testing / measuring he communications infrastructure.

a. Cable Tester b. Loopback Adapter c. Digital Tester d. Logic probe

6. The primary language for computers that is made up of only two numbers: 0 and
1.
a. Bit b. Byte c. Binary d. Decimal

7. Abbreviation of binary digit.

a. Bit b. Byte c. Binary d. Decimal

8. A unit of computer data consisting of 8 bits.

a. Bit b. Byte c. Binary d. Decimal

9. The number system of 10 is _________.

a. Bit b. Byte c. Binary d. Decimal

10. Binary prefix kilo is symbolized by _______.

a. K b. I b. c. L d. O
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11. The value of binary 10 in decimal is
a. 1 b. 2 b. c. 10 d. 01

12. Decimal number 9 in binary is

a. 00000001 b. 00000011 c. 00000101 d. 0000 1001

13. A byte consists of ______ bit/s.

a. 1 b. 4 b. 8 d. 16

14. __________ the measuring instrument is not necessary.

15. You can put anywhere the _____________________.

TEST II.

Directions: Write your answers on clean sheet and show your solutions with
checking.

1. Convert the decimal number 10 to a binary digit.

2. Give the types of Multi-meter(VOM) and differential each functions.

References:Dennis A. Yee
Department of Education –Region 10
Technology and Livelihood Education – Grade 7
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1-Module 3
First Edition, 2020

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