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Chapter 2

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which one of the following would contain the translated Java byte code for a program named Demo?
a. Demo.java
b. Demo.code
c. Demo.class
d. Demo.byte

ANS: C

2. To compile a program named First, use the following command:

a. java First.java
b. javac First
c. javac First.java
d. compile First.javac

ANS: C

3. A Java program must have at least one of these:

a. Class definition
b. Variable
c. Comment
d. System.out.println(); statement

ANS: A

4. In Java, the beginning of a comment is marked with:

a. //
b. ""
c. ;
d. #

ANS: A
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

5. The term typically refers to the device that displays console output.
a. Standard output device
b. Central processing unit
c. Secondary storage device
d. Liquid crystal display

ANS: A

6. In Java, must be declared before they can be used.

a. Variables
b. Literals
c. Key words
d. Comments

ANS: A

7. If the following Java statements are executed, what will be displayed?

System.out.println("The top three winners are\n");

System.out.print("Jody, the Giant\n");
System.out.print("Buffy, the Barbarian");
System.out.println("Adelle, the Alligator");
a. The top three winners are
Jody, the Giant
Buffy, the Barbarian
Adelle, the Alligator
b. The top three winners are
Jody, the Giant\nBuffy, the BarbarianAdelle, the Alligator
c. The top three winners are Jody, the Giant\nBuffy, the BarbarianAdelle, and the Albino
d. The top three winners are
Jody, the Giant
Buffy, the BarbarianAdelle, the Alligator

ANS: D

8. This is a value that is written into the code of a program.

a. literal
b. assignment statement
c. variable
d. operator

ANS: A

9. When the + operator is used with strings, it is known as the:

a. Assignment operator
b. String concatenation operator
c. Addition operator
d. Combined assignment operator

ANS: B
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

10. What would be printed out as a result of the following code?

System.out.println("The quick brown fox" +

"jumped over the \n"
"slow moving hen.");
a. The quick brown fox jumped over the \nslow moving hen.
b. The quick brown fox jumped over the
slow moving hen.
c. The quick brown fox
jumped over the
slow moving hen.
d. Nothing. This is an error.

ANS: D

11. Which of the following is not a rule that must be followed when naming identifiers?
a. The first character must be one of the letters a-z, A-Z, and underscore or a dollar sign.
b. Identifiers can contain spaces.
c. Uppercase and lowercase characters are distinct.
d. After the first character, you may use the letters a-z, A-Z, the underscore, a dollar sign, or digits 0-
9.

ANS: B

12. Which of the following cannot be used as identifiers in Java?

a. Variable names
b. Class names
c. Key words
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

ANS: C

13. In Java, it is standard practice to capitalize the first letter of:

a. Class names
b. Variable names
c. Key words
d. Literals

ANS: A

14. Which of the following is not a primitive data type?

a. short
b. long
c. float
d. String

ANS: D

15. Which of the following is valid?

a. float y;
y = 54.9;
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

b. float y;
double z;
z = 934.21;
y = z;

c. float w;
w = 1.0f;

d. float v;
v = 1.0;

ANS: C

16. The boolean data type may contain values in the following range of values
a. true or false
b. -128 to + 127
c. - 2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647
d. - 32,768 to +32,767

ANS: A

17. Character literals are enclosed in ; string literals are enclosed in .

a. single quotes; single quotes
b. double quotes; double quotes
c. single quotes; double quotes
d. double quotes; single quotes

ANS: C

18. What is the result of the following expression?

10 + 5 * 3 - 20

a. -5
b. 5
c. 25
d. -50

ANS: B

19. What is the result of the following expression?

25 / 4 + 4 * 10 % 3

a. 19
b. 5.25
c. 3
d. 7

ANS: D
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

20. What will be displayed as a result of executing the following code?

int x = 5, y = 20;
x += 32;
y /= 4;
System.out.println("x = " + x + ", y = " + y);

a. x = 32, y = 4
b. x = 9, y = 52
c. x = 37, y = 5
d. x = 160, y = 80

ANS: C

21. What will be the value of z as a result of executing the following code?

int x = 5, y = 28;
float z;
z = (float) (y / x);

a. 5.60
b. 5.6
c. 3.0
d. 5.0

ANS: D

22. What will be the displayed when the following code is executed?

final int x = 22, y = 4;

y += x;
System.out.println("x = " + x +
", y = " + y);

a. x = 22, y = 4
b. x = 22, y = 26
c. x = 22, y = 88
d. Nothing, this is an error

ANS: D

23. In the following Java statement what value is stored in the variable name?

String name = "John Doe";

a. John Doe
b. The memory address where "John Doe" is located
c. name
d. The memory address where name is located

ANS: B

24. What will be displayed as a result of executing the following code?

 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

int x = 6;
String msg = "I am enjoying this class.";
String msg1 = msg.toUpperCase();
String msg2 = msg.toLowerCase();
char ltr = msg.charAt(x);
int strSize = msg.length();
System.out.println(msg);
System.out.println(msg1);
System.out.println(msg2);
System.out.println("Character at index x = " +
ltr);
System.out.println("msg has " + strSize +
"characters.");

a. I am enjoying this class.

I AM ENJOYING THIS CLASS.
i am enjoying this class.
Character at index x = e
msg has 24 characters.

b. I am enjoying this class.

I AM ENJOYING THIS CLASS.
i am enjoying this class.
Character at index x = e
msg has 25 characters.

c. I am enjoying this class.

I AM ENJOYING THIS CLASS.
i am enjoying this class.
Character at index x = n
msg has 24 characters.

d. I am enjoying this class.

I AM ENJOYING THIS CLASS.
i am enjoying this class.
Character at index x = n
msg has 25characters.

ANS: D

25. What will be displayed as a result of executing the following code?

public class test

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int value1 = 9;
System.out.println(value1);
int value2 = 45;
System.out.println(value2);
System.out.println(value3);
value = 16;
}
}
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

a. 9
45
16
b. 94516
c. 9 45 16
d. Nothing, this is an error

ANS: D

26. Which of the following is not a valid comment statement?

a. // comment 1
b. /* comment 2 */
c. */ comment 3 /*
d. /** comment 4 */

ANS: C

27. When saving a Java source file, save it with an extension of

a. .javac
b. .class
c. .src
d. .java

ANS: D

28. Every Java application program must have

a. a class named MAIN
b. a method named main
c. comments
d. integer variables

ANS: B

29. To print "Hello, world" on the monitor, use the following Java statement
a. SystemOutPrintln("Hello, world");
b. System.out.println{"Hello, world"}
c. System.out.println("Hello, world");
d. Print "Hello, world";

ANS: C

30. To display the output on the next line, you can use the println method or use this escape sequence in the
print method.

a. \n
b. \r
c. \t
d. \b

ANS: A
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

31. This is a named storage location in the computer's memory.

a. Literal
b. Constant
c. Variable
d. Operator

ANS: C

32. What would be displayed as a result of the following code?

int x = 578;
System.out.print("There are " +
x + 5 + "\n" +
"hens in the hen house.");

a. There are 583 hens in the hen house.

b. There are 5785 hens in the hen house.
c. There are x5\nhens in the hen house.
d. There are 5785
hens in the hen house.

ANS: D

33. Variables are classified according to their

a. value
b. data type
c. names
d. location in the program

ANS: B

34. The primitive data types only allow a(n) to hold a single value.
a. variable
b. object
c. class
d. literal

ANS: A

35. If x has been declared an int, which of the following statements is invalid?
a. x = 0;
b. x = -58932;
c. x = 1,000;
d. x = 592;

ANS: C

36. Given the declaration double r;, which of the following statements is invalid?
a. r = 326.75;
b. r = 9.4632e15;
c. r = 9.4632E15;
d. r = 2.9X106;
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

ANS: D

37. Variables of the boolean data type are useful for

a. working with small integers
b. evaluating true/false conditions
c. working with very large integers
d. evaluating scientific notation

ANS: B

38. What is the result of the following expression?

25 - 7 * 3 + 12 / 3

a. 6
b. 8
c. 10
d. 12

ANS: B

39. What is the result of the following expression?

17 % 3 * 2 - 12 + 15

a. 7
b. 8
c. 12
d. 105

ANS: A

40. What will be displayed after the following statements have been executed?

int x = 15, y = 20, z = 32;

x += 12;
y /= 6;
z -= 14;
System.out.println("x = " + x +
", y = " + y +
", z = " +z);

a. x = 27, y = 3.333, z = 18
b. x = 27, y = 2, z = 18
c. x = 27, y = 3, z = 18
d. x = 37, y = 14, z = 4

ANS: C

41. What will be the value of z after the following statements have been executed?
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

int x = 4, y = 33;
double z;
z = (double) (y / x);

a. 8.25
b. 4
c. 8
d. 8.0

ANS: D

42. This is a variable whose content is read only and cannot be changed during the program's execution.

a. operator
b. literal
c. named constant
d. reserved word

ANS: C

43. What will be displayed after the following statements have been executed?

final double x;
x = 54.3;
System.out.println("x = " + x );

a. x = 54.3
b. x
c. x = 108.6
d. Nothing, this is an error.

ANS: D

44. Which of the following is a valid Java statement?

a. String str = 'John Doe';
b. string str = "John Doe";
c. string str = 'John Doe';
d. String str = "John Doe";

ANS: D

45. What will be displayed as a result of executing the following code?

int x = 8;
String msg = "I am enjoying java.";
String msg1 = msg.toUpperCase();
String msg2 = msg.toLowerCase();
char ltr = msg.charAt(x);
int strSize = msg.length();
System.out.println(msg);
System.out.println(msg1);
System.out.println(msg2);
System.out.println("Character at index x = " +
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

ltr);
System.out.println("msg has " + strSize +
" characters.");

a. I am enjoying java.
I AM ENJOYING JAVA.
i am enjoying java.
Character at index x = j
msg has 20 characters.

b. I am enjoying java.
I AM ENJOYING JAVA.
i am enjoying java.
Character at index x = o
msg has 20 characters.

c. I am enjoying java.
I AM ENJOYING JAVA.
i am enjoying java.
Character at index x = o
msg has 19 characters.

d. I am enjoying java.
I AM ENJOYING JAVA.
i am enjoying java.
Character at index x = y
msg has 19 characters.

ANS: C

46. Which of the following does not describe a valid comment in Java?
a. Single line comments, two forward slashes - //
b. Multi-line comments, start with /* and end with */
c. Multi-line comments, start with */ and end with /*
d. Documentation comments, any comments starting with /** and ending with */

ANS: C

47. Which of the following statements correctly creates a Scanner object for keyboard input?

a. Scanner kbd = new Scanner(System.keyboard);

b. Scanner keyboard(System.in);

c. Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in);

d. Keyboard scanner = new Keyboard(System.in);

ANS: C

48. Which Scanner class method reads an int?

a. readInt() c. getInt()
b. nextInt() d. read_int()
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

ANS: B

49. Which Scanner class method reads a String?

a. readString() c. getString()
b. nextString() d. nextLine()

ANS: D

50. Which one of the following methods would you use to convert a string to a double?

a. Byte.ParseByte c. Integer.ParseInt
b. Long.ParseLong d. Double.ParseDouble

ANS: D

TRUE/FALSE

1. A Java program will not compile unless it contains the correct line numbers.

ANS: F

2. All Java statements end with semicolons.

ANS: F

3. Java is a case-insensitive language.

ANS: F

4. Although the dollar sign is a legal identifier character, you should not use it because it is normally used for
special purposes.

ANS: T

5. Assuming that pay has been declared a double, the following statement is valid.
pay = 2,583.44;

ANS: F

6. Named constants are initialized with a value, that value cannot be changed during the execution of the program.

ANS: T

7. A variable's scope is the part of the program that has access to the variable.

ANS: T

8. In Java the variable named total is the same as the variable named Total.

ANS: F

9. Class names and key words are examples of variables.

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 We think the mocking-birds have taught the robins to do this,
and we have noticed the wax-wings[7] doing the same thing.
[7] Ampelis cedrorum.

When the winter tourist birds make a raid on our yards, we can
hear the tiny pepper seeds fall in a shower on our tin roofs, under
the tall trees, and the door-steps will be covered. Sometimes the
seeds come down so thick and fast that we can think of nothing but
a hail-storm. The pepper berries ripen in midwinter, and it is worth
one's while to see a flock of robins and wax-wings come into our
yard. In a few days almost every pepper tree has been robbed, and
nothing is left us but the brown seeds.
These, and other birds from the north who come to pay us a visit
in winter, are tamer than they are at home. They seem to think that
we are on our honor to be polite to strangers, and so we are.
If you watch closely, wherever you live, at some time in the year
you will see visiting birds in your yard and you ought to be polite to
them.
 CHAPTER X.
SEED-EATERS AND MEAT-EATERS.
If we wish to keep one of the wild birds in a cage, we usually
select one of the seed-eaters. These birds are gentle and are readily
tamed. Our tame canaries are descended from the wild seed-eaters.
Seed-eating birds make us think of some nations of men who live
on rice or fruit. Those who have been among these people tell us
that they are gentle and kind and ready to learn.
Many birds are very fond of spiders. It is said that spiders are a
kind of "bird medicine," and that some birds could not live without
them. This seems rather hard for the spiders, but sometimes they
pay the birds back. There is said to be a spider in a certain part of
the world which is so large and strong that it eats birds. It lies in
wait and catches small, weak birds as if they were so many flies.
This seems very cruel, because we love the birds so much. But we
might learn to love the spiders just as well, if we should get better
acquainted with them.
 Chimney Swift.
When you are outdoors just after sundown, you will sometimes
see a great many swifts and swallows in the air, darting around in
great circles. They do not seem to be going anywhere or doing
anything in particular. But you will find that they really have
something very important on hand. They are eating their late
suppers.
There are tiny insects high up where the birds are flying, whole
swarms of them, and these make a delicious supper for the hungry
birds.
 Arkansas Goldfinch.

The finches, or wild canaries,[8] as we call them in Southern

California, are among our commonest birds. These birds shell plant-
seeds before swallowing them, as one can see by watching flocks of
them in the sunflower patches. We have thrown hard crumbs out to
them in the yard, and they have been seen to crack these crumbs all
to pieces, thinking of course that there must be a shell.
[8] Spinus psaltria and Spinus tristis.

The birds do not crack or break their teeth or beaks, be the

seeds ever so hard, as a child would be very likely to do on a walnut.
Every bird carries a nutcracker about with him wherever he goes. If
a finch gets hold of a very tough, hard seed, he slips it far back in
the beak, where the angle of the jaw gives better strength or force.
He can then break it easily, as you would crack the hardest nut by
placing it close to the hinge of the nutcracker.
If the seed is tender or brittle, the bird pushes it to the point of
his beak with his tongue and presses on it. Out drops the seed-cover
to the ground, leaving the meat in the bird's bill.
 Our tame canary has an original way of preparing his food. We
give him cookie or bread, and he breaks off bits and carries them to
his water dish, into which he drops them. After they have soaked a
little while, he goes back and picks them out and eats them. Now his
teeth are not at all poor, for he cracks his canary seeds without any
trouble. We think he likes a little mush for a change, and so he
makes it for himself.
One sometimes wonders why our garden birds do not store away
food when it is plentiful, as squirrels do. There are ever so many
nice hiding-places all about. Some wild birds do hide their food, thus
"laying up something for a rainy day," which we think is about the
right thing for birds and other people to do.
One reason why our civilized birds do not store their food is that
a supply of one kind or another is almost always to be found.
Besides, many of our birds travel about so much, always going
where food is, that there is no need of storing it.
The seed-eaters do not travel much, as seeds may always be
found, in winter as well as in summer. Birds that depend for food
upon insect life must go in search of it as the seasons change.
One sometimes thinks the birds do little else but think about
meal-time. A singer will sometimes "make believe" forget, while he
sits on his swaying branch, pouring out his throat full of melody, as if
he did not care if he never tasted food again. But suddenly, without
a hint, there is a stop in the music that doesn't belong just there,
and the bird darts to the ground. He swallows a worm or a blue-
jacketed fly, and then back he goes to his perch and his song, as if
he had not been interrupted at all.
We do not think it is the worst fate in the world to be eaten by a
bird and made into song and chirp and flutter. We owe a good deal
to the insects, which the birds we love so much could not do
without. We ought to think of this and not step on a bug or worm in
the path.
 Some heartless people think it is a great treat to have a pot-pie
made of as many little birds as they can get by paying for them or
shooting them,—birds so small that it takes a whole one to make a
good mouthful.
We do not think it wrong to have a chicken dinner, or even a
quail or pigeon, if we are sick; because it takes only a bird or two to
make enough. But we do think it is wrong to take many happy lives
just to give one person a dinner, when he could make as good a
meal on beefsteak as on a dozen little birds.
Birds have so many enemies that they hardly ever die of old age.
We ought to think of this, and do what we can to prolong their lives.
There is hardly a spot on earth so desolate that birds are not found
there.
 CHAPTER XI.
SOME BIRDS WITH A BAD NAME.
A good name is what we all want in this world. We like to have
people speak well of us behind our backs. There are a few birds
which have a bad name. Sometimes they deserve what is said of
them, and sometimes they are quite innocent. It is always well for
us to find out for ourselves if what we hear about birds is quite true.
There is a king-bird or bee-martin. Farmers think him a very
wicked little fellow, catching the bees on the wing and eating
greedily whole swarms of them. Mr. Farmer has not yet found out
everything about the bee-martin, or he would know that he eats a
good many enemies of the bees, even if he does swallow a few of
the bees themselves.
 King-Bird.
We once saw these birds around our beehive and felt certain that
they were eating the bees. They would dart close to the hives,
snapping their bills and looking very savage. But we were willing to
watch a long while, that we might be certain if we were not
mistaken, and we did just right.
There was some tall grass near the hives, and we noticed
swarms of strange looking black-and-blue flies all over the grass. We
saw these flies dart out to the front of the hive and kill the bees
faster than the birds could have done it.
Waiting a little longer, we found that the birds were on the watch
for these flies, and it was these they were catching instead of the
bees at that particular time.
A certain naturalist, who has spent a good deal of time trying to
find out if the bee-birds do really kill bees, has told us a little secret,
which is very interesting and may lead some other people to
investigate the matter. He says that he has never found a worker-
bee in the stomach of a bee-bird, though he has examined a great
many of them. He has found only drones, which the worker bees are
very glad to get rid of and often kill, because they are lazy and eat
honey without gathering any for winter.
Perhaps one reason why the bee-bird prefers the drone to the
worker is because the drones have no stings.
By all this you see that it pays us to take some trouble to find out
all the good there is about anybody.
However, it cannot be denied that the king-birds do eat bees,
when they can find nothing they like better. We have often
wondered what they do with so many stings, and why they are not
poisoned by them. We have not examined a king-bird's throat to find
out this secret, but a friend of ours did look at the throat of a toad
which persisted in eating his bees on warm summer evenings. This
man found a good many stings on the side of the toad's throat,
which had caught there when he swallowed the bees. Stings are
probably not poisonous to toads and bee-birds.

Loggerhead Shrike.
 Hardly anybody speaks a good word for the butcher-bird or
shrike.[9] Yet this bird is not half so bad as most people think he is.
It is true that he has been caught a few times in doing very naughty
things, such as making a dinner on a small chicken, or on birds
weaker than himself.
[9] Lanius ludovicianus.

But his most common food consists of insects, especially

Jerusalem crickets. This great yellow cricket is an inch or two inches
long, and he looks as bad as he is reported to be, for he wears a suit
of clothes with brown and yellow stripes, running around, instead of
up and down in the usual way for stripes. This makes one think of a
convict or a convict's suit of clothes.
Now the shrike, or butcher-bird, does us a great favor by making
as many meals as he can of these great crickets. These crickets are
the fellows that dig holes in our potatoes while they are in the
ground and bite the roots off from our pansies and other plants. The
butcher-bird also eats grasshoppers and beetles, and other enemies
to our roots and grains. So we see that he is more our friend than
our enemy.
This bird, which we have all learned to despise so much, could
teach us a good lesson in his line of work, for he is a very merciful
and kind butcher. He is in the habit of killing his victim quickly, and
does not hang it up alive on a thorn, as some people think he does.
He probably fastens his dinner in that way that he may pull it to
pieces easier and know where to find it when he is hungry again.

The English sparrow[10] is another bird that has a bad name, and
he deserves what is said of him more than some of the other birds.
He is quarrelsome and selfish and very unlovable. But in spite of this
we have sometimes put him to a good use, and have grown to look
upon the little tyrant as quite capable of adding to the comfort of our
families.
 [10] Passer domesticus, introduced into the United States from
Europe.

Once there was a sick child in our family, and we happened to

think that the sparrow would make a good supper for our little
invalid. The birds were "small fry," to be sure, but we cooked them,
and they were good eating.

English Sparrow.
Then we gathered all the sparrows' eggs we could reach every
morning, and cooked them. They were delicious. We felt that it was
not wrong for us to take a good many of these eggs, for there were
countless more.
We found that we could tempt the hen birds to lay their eggs
close to the door, by placing hay above the sills and around the
window corners, just as you would make a hen's nest for Mistress
Biddy.
This disposition of the English sparrow to become domesticated,
like our hens, once came near making trouble in money matters.
Captain R. H. Pratt, of the Carlisle Indian School, noting that the
sparrows were driving all the other birds away from the school
grounds, offered a penny a set for all the eggs which should be
brought to him.
The little Indian students, two hundred or more of them, made a
raid on the grounds, and brought so many eggs to the captain that
he began to think he should have no money left. He thought, "Surely
there cannot be so many nests as there are sets of eggs." So he set
himself to work to find out the secret.
It had not taken the boys long to learn that Mrs. Sparrow would
lay right along, just like a hen, if the nest itself were not destroyed.
The eggs were taken out cautiously as often as four or five were
laid, and the industrious little Indian claimed his reward. It was a
good scheme at money-making, but the alert superintendent soon
found it out, and of course took back his offer. There was no more
bounty given for sparrows' eggs that summer.

California farmers complain a good deal about the linnets.[11]

One man whom we know spent whole days in March killing the
linnets, because he thought they were eating up his peach buds. In
late summer we went over to see him, and what do you think he
was doing? We found him pulling off half of the little peaches and
throwing them on the ground.
[11] Housefinch, Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis.

"Good morning, sir," we said, stopping at the street along the

edge of the field. "What are you doing?"
He looked up and answered, "Oh, I am thinning out the peaches.
They are too thick on the boughs, and they will grow larger if there
are only half as many left. We always have to thin them out in this
way before fall."
"But, sir," we said, "don't you think it would have saved you some
trouble if you had let the linnets thin the peaches for you in the
spring? They would have eaten more insects than peaches, too, and
not have charged you a dollar for all their work."
The man looked surprised and scratched his head in a sorry sort
of way. Then he said, "Why, I never thought of that. I was told that
the linnets do a great deal of damage. I will get them to take care of
my peach orchard next year. I am sorry I made such a mistake."
 CHAPTER XII.
BEFORE BREAKFAST.
"Ring the breakfast bell," cried Madam Towhee, "the sun is nearly
up. Rap on your tree, Mr. Flicker, and wake up the linnets."
"You are late yourself, Mrs. Towhee," said Mrs. Linnet; "my
children have had their breakfast already."
Mr. Flicker opened his sharp eyes and admired his sharp tail
shafts. Then he peeped from behind his tree and called out, "Mr.
Mocker kept me awake an hour in the night serenading young Mr.
and Mrs. Sparrow. That is why I slept so late."

Brown Towhee.
 Mr. Mocker, in the top of his house, rang the breakfast bell. It
sounded like the linnet and the towhee and the flicker and the robin
all together. The mocker laughed, too, like a dozen birds, keeping his
clapper going until the other people in the yard could scarcely hear
their own voices.
Up jumped little Mrs. Humming-bird and snatched a dewdrop
from the cup of a morning-glory on the trellis. "I prefer to drink
distilled water," she said, wiping her mouth.
"I like to drink from the hydrant," said Madam Linnet. "Any water
is good enough for me." Then she tilted herself on the top of the
hydrant and swallowed three drops as they fell from the pipe.
"What makes you always turn a somersault on the top of the
hydrant?" asked Mrs. Towhee. "It doesn't look polite to stoop over
like that, and drink with your head down."
"I don't drink with my mouth on the edge of the cup, like some
people I know," she said in reply to Mrs. Towhee. "Besides, it doesn't
wet my face' when the drops fall right into my mouth like this. I like
to turn upside down, too; it is good exercise for the muscles. What's
the use of a bird always being so proper?"
"Tut, tut!" said Mrs. Sparrow, "see how I drink." And she stood
on the edge of the puddle under the hydrant, and laid her breast in
the water, and drank, and drank, wetting her face and throat all over.
"I'm not afraid of a wetting," she said.
"What's all this talk about drinking?" asked old Mr. Butcher-bird,
coming down on the party with a swoop of his wings that scared all
the other birds back to the trees. "Don't run away," he said kindly.
"I've had my breakfast." Then he began to pull tatters of lizard meat
out of his bill.
"Where do you suppose I got that lizard?" he asked of a
goldfinch.
 "I have no idea," she answered. "I never saw a lizard up in the
morning so early as this. Lizards are 'sun birds' and don't like cold,
wet grass."
"Ha, ha!" laughed the butcher. "I caught him yesterday asleep,
and killed him, and pinned him on a thorn. I always get my
breakfast ready over night."
"I wish I had some wine to drink," observed Mr. Oriole, sadly.
"The doctor says I ought to drink wine, I feel so weak."
"What do you know about wine?" asked old Mr. Warbler, hopping
along where the birds were talking. "I tasted some wine once from a
broken bottle at the back door of a dram-shop, and it made me so
dizzy I couldn't fly. I had to stay on the shed roof all the morning,
feeling so foolish, and expecting to be caught by a cat any minute. I
wouldn't drink wine."
"I would, whole bottles of it," declared Mr. Oriole, laughing till he
almost cried. Then all the frightened birds came back to the hydrant.
"Too bad! too bad!" cried the warbler, wiping his eyes. "Young
man, you will be sorry. I wouldn't have anything to do with a doctor
who advised a young man to drink wine because he felt weak.
Better go out in the field to work."
"Ha, ha!" laughed the oriole again, amused at his own joke. "See
me tap my wine bottles." Then he flew to the berry patch and sipped
the red juice of the ripe raspberries, until his mouth and downy
moustache were all stained, the little winebibber.
"A pretty drinker you are," said the mocker; "give us a treat."
Then all the other birds fell to tapping the berry bottles, till a lady
came out of the house and cried, "Shoo!" flirting her gingham apron
at them and rattling her tin pail against the sunflower stalks in a way
that made the birds know she was in earnest. Then the lady began
filling her pail, while the birds watched her from behind the leaves.
 "Keep still," said Mr. Robin; "she'll never see them all. There'll be
plenty left. There are always more under the leaves. Let's go off to
the strawberry bed."
So the birds flew off to the strawberry bed on the other side of
the garden, and picked the ripe red side out of ever so many of the
berries. Then a man came out of the house and cried, "Shoo!" just
as the lady had done. But he did not begin to pick the berries. He
stuck a great ugly scarecrow up in the middle of the strawberry bed,
and laughed to himself as he thought how scared the birds would be
when they saw it.
But the birds, sitting in the trees, laughed too, and gay old Mr.
Mocker said, "He can't deceive us. We know a scarecrow from a man
any day."
As soon as the man's back was turned, the birds came down and
chattered in the scarecrow's face, and sat on the rim of his hat, and
wiped their bills on his coat sleeve, and made themselves very well
acquainted with him. All the while the man in the house was saying
to his daughter, "I guess those birds will let my strawberries alone
now."
 CHAPTER XIII.
OUR BIRDS' RESTAURANT.—MEALS AT ALL HOURS.
One day in the middle of winter some one suggested that we set
up a "Birds' Restaurant" out on the lawn. It was such a funny idea
that we had to laugh. After we were done laughing, we went to
work, while the birds watched us, as they always do, expecting some
surprise.
We set a rustic table under a tree by the summer-house. Then
came the question, "What shall we put on it?" We imagined the birds
all about were making remarks, and suggesting in an undertone,
"Just what you eat, if you please." We remembered that the birds in
our yard are civilized birds, and so of course we gave them civilized
food.
If you are not well acquainted with the birds, we suppose you
will be amused at our mention of bread and butter. But the birds
make food a "matter of taste," like other people. They have learned
to like the flavor of things they never dreamed of eating when they
were wild, just as some races of men leave off eating raw flesh and
eat cooked foods when they have been to school a while.
We rolled some cracker crumbs very fine. Then we crumbled a
couple of seed cookies, and chopped some walnuts into bits. Then
we put some stewed blackberries in a saucer, and a slice of bread
and butter on a plate.
This seemed to us like a pretty "square meal" for February birds,
and we stood back and smiled at the spread. Some people passing
in the street smiled too, and asked if we were having "a picnic, such
weather." And we were sure we heard the birds twittering. Of course
chairs at our restaurant were out of the question, things were gotten
up in such a hurry, owing to the "hard times" among the birds.
We stood behind a hedge and watched to see if company would
come. We were not disappointed. First a pair of brown towhees[12]
hopped along and up to the edge of the table. They did not even
look for chairs, but went straight for the blackberries, pecking away
at the sweet morsels until they were all gone, and then looking as if
they could have taken more.
[12] Pipilo fuscus senicula.

"Now, Mrs. Towhee," we said, "you had better put up a few cans
of blackberries for yourself next summer, if you think they are so
nice." She made no answer, but looked as if she expected us to put
up enough for ourselves and her too.

Then along came the sparrows.[13] They took the bread and
butter and cracker crumbs. They actually picked the butter from the
bread, just as all children do who are very fond of butter, feeling
sure of another "spread"' when that is gone. In less than an hour
that table was cleared of every bit of food. The linnets took the
walnuts and what was left of the cookies. Our birds' restaurant was
a success. If we could have charged them the regular price for their
meals, we should have made money at the business. But though we
knew that they had pockets, we had never heard of their carrying
money about with them, and so we said nothing about it.
[13] Melospiza fasciata heermanni.
 Song Sparrow.
All we ever received from our little guests by way of payment
was song and twitter and pleasant company in the cold, sad part of
the year, but we thought that was good pay.
We set the table over and over again during the cold spell,
watching from the windows when it rained. The birds cared little if
the crumbs were wet. Every winter since then we have remembered
to do the same thing; and even in summer, especially in nesting
time, we do not forget the restaurant.
We usually set the table at night, the last thing before going to
bed, as some careful and busy house-wives do, and you should hear
and see the fun at sunrise. The table will be all covered with birds of
every size and color living near, and they are as good-natured as can
be. Food by the saucerful disappears in almost a twinkling, and the
birds surround the empty board when they are done, tamer than
ever, and asking in coaxing tones for "more."
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