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 Contents

About the Authors xi REVISIT THE KEY IDEAS 45

Preface xiii Check Your Understanding 46
Apply the Concepts 47
Chapter 1 Introduction to Environmental Measure Your Impact: Bottled Water versus
Science 1 Tap Water 47

Chapter Opener: To Frack, Or Not to Chapter 3 Ecosystem Ecology and

Frack 1 Biomes 48
UNDERSTAND THE KEY IDEAS 2 Chapter Opener: Reversing the Deforestation
Environmental science offers important insights of Haiti 49
into our world and how we influence it 2
UNDERSTAND THE KEY IDEAS 50
Humans alter natural systems 3
Energy flows through ecosystems 50
Environmental scientists monitor natural systems
Matter cycles through the biosphere 54
for signs of stress 4
Global processes determine weather and
Human well-being depends on sustainable
climate 61
practices 11
Variations in climate determine Earth’s dominant
Science is a process 14
plant growth forms 65
Environmental science presents unique
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY
challenges 18
Is Your Coffee Made in the Shade? 76
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY
Using Environmental Indicators to Make a Better REVISIT THE KEY IDEAS 77
City 19 Check Your Understanding 78
REVISIT THE KEY IDEAS 21 Apply the Concepts 79
Check Your Understanding 21 Measure Your Impact: Atmospheric Carbon
Apply the Concepts 22 Dioxide 79
Measure Your Impact: Exploring Your Footprint 23 Chapter 4 Evolution, Biodiversity, and
Community Ecology 80
Chapter 2 Matter, Energy, and Change 24
Chapter Opener: The Dung of the Devil 81
Chapter Opener: A Lake of Salt Water, Dust UNDERSTAND THE KEY IDEAS 82
Storms, and Endangered Species 25
Evolution is the mechanism underlying
UNDERSTAND THE KEY IDEAS 26 biodiversity 82
Earth is a single interconnected system 26 Evolution shapes ecological niches and
All environmental systems consist of matter 27 determines species distributions 87
Energy is a fundamental component of Population ecologists study the factors that
environmental systems 34 regulate population abundance and
Energy conversions underlie all ecological distribution 91
processes 39 Growth models help ecologists understand
Systems analysis shows how matter and energy population changes 93
flow in the environment 40 Community ecologists study species
Natural systems change across space and interactions 97
over time 43 The composition of a community changes over
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY time and is influenced by many factors 101
Managing Environmental Systems in the Florida WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY
Everglades 43 Bringing Back the Black-Footed Ferret 103

CONTENTS ■ vii
 REVISIT THE KEY IDEAS 104 Measure Your Impact: What is the Impact of Your
Check Your Understanding 105 Diet on Soil Dynamics? 155
Apply the Concepts 106
Measure Your Impact: The Living Planet Index 106 Chapter 7 Land Resources and
Agriculture 156
Chapter 5 Human Population Growth 108 Chapter Opener: A Farm Where Animals Do
Most of the Work 157
Chapter Opener: The Environmental
Implications of China’s Growing UNDERSTAND THE KEY IDEAS 158
Population 109 Human land use affects the environment in many
ways 158
UNDERSTAND THE KEY IDEAS 110
Land management practices vary according to
Scientists disagree on Earth’s carrying their classification and use 160
capacity 110
Residential land use is expanding 163
Many factors drive human population
growth 111 Agriculture has generally improved the human
diet but creates environmental problems 165
Many nations go through a demographic
transition 117 Alternatives to industrial farming methods are
gaining more attention 171
Population size and consumption interact to
influence the environment 120 Modern agribusiness includes farming meat and
fish 174
Sustainable development is a common, if
elusive, goal 125 WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY The Dudley Street Neighborhood 176
Gender Equity and Population Control in REVISIT THE KEY IDEAS 177
Kerala 126 Check Your Understanding 178
REVISIT THE KEY IDEAS 127 Apply the Concepts 179
Check Your Understanding 128 Measure Your Impact: The Ecological Footprint of
Apply the Concepts 129 Food Consumption 179
Measure Your Impact: National Footprints 129
Chapter 8 Nonrenewable and Renewable
Energy 180
Chapter 6 Geologic Processes, Soils, and
Minerals 130 Chapter Opener: All Energy Use Has
Consequences 181
Chapter Opener: Are Hybrid Electric
Vehicles as Environmentally Friendly as We UNDERSTAND THE KEY IDEAS 182
Think? 131 Nonrenewable energy accounts for most of our
energy use 182
UNDERSTAND THE KEY IDEAS 132
Fossil fuels provide most of the world’s energy
The availability of Earth’s resources was but the supply is limited 186
determined when the planet formed 132
Nuclear energy offers benefits and
Earth is dynamic and constantly changing 133 challenges 190
The rock cycle recycles scarce minerals and We can reduce dependence on fossil fuels by
elements 141 reducing demand, and by using renewable
Soil links the rock cycle and the biosphere 144 energy and biological fuels 194
The uneven distribution of mineral resources has Energy from the Sun can be captured directly
social and environmental consequences 149 from the Sun, Earth, wind, and hydrogen 202
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY How can we plan our energy future? 209
Mine Reclamation and Biodiversity 153 WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY
REVISIT THE KEY IDEAS 154 Meet TED: The Energy Detective 210
Check Your Understanding 154 REVISIT THE KEY IDEAS 211
Apply the Concepts 155 Check Your Understanding 212

viii ■ CONTENTS
 Apply the Concepts 213 Indoor air pollution is a significant hazard,
Measure Your Impact: Choosing a Car: Conventional particularly in developing countries 259
or Hybrid? 213 WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY
A New Cook Stove Design 262
Chapter 9 Water Resources and Water REVISIT THE KEY IDEAS 263
Pollution 214 Check Your Understanding 263
Apply the Concepts 264
Chapter Opener: The Chesapeake Bay 215
Measure Your Impact: Mercury Release From
UNDERSTAND THE KEY IDEAS 216 Coal 265
Water is abundant but usable water
is rare 216 Chapter 11 Solid Waste Generation and
Humans use and sometimes overuse water for Disposal 266
agriculture, industry, and households 220
Chapter Opener: Paper or Plastic? 267
The future of water availability depends
on many factors 224 UNDERSTAND THE KEY IDEAS 268
Water pollution has many sources 226 Humans generate waste that other organisms
We have technologies to treat wastewater cannot use 268
from humans and livestock 228 The three Rs and composting divert materials
Many substances pose serious threats from the waste stream 272
to human health and the environment 230 Currently, most solid waste is buried in landfills
Oil pollution can have catastrophic or incinerated 277
environmental impacts 233 Hazardous waste requires special means of
A nation’s water quality is a reflection disposal 282
of its water laws and their enforcement 234 There are newer ways of thinking about solid
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY waste 284
Is the Water in Your Toilet Too WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY
Clean? 236 Recycling E-Waste in Chile 287
REVISIT THE KEY IDEAS 237 REVISIT THE KEY IDEAS 288
Check Your Understanding 238 Check Your Understanding 288
Apply the Concepts 239 Apply the Concepts 289
Measure Your Impact: Gaining Access Measure Your Impact: Understanding Household
to Safe Water and Proper Sanitation 239 Solid Waste 289

Chapter 10 Air Pollution 240 Chapter 12 Human Health Risk 290

Chapter Opener: Cleaning Up in Chapter Opener: Citizen Scientists 291
Chattanooga 241 UNDERSTAND THE KEY IDEAS 292
UNDERSTAND THE KEY IDEAS 242 Human health is affected by a large number of
risk factors 292
Air pollutants are found throughout the entire
global system 242 Infectious diseases have killed large numbers of
people 294
Air pollution comes from both natural and
human sources 247 Toxicology is the study of chemical
risks 298
Photochemical smog is still an environmental
problem in the United States 249 Scientists can determine the concentrations of
chemicals that harm organisms 300
Acid deposition is much less of a problem
than it used to be 251 Risk analysis helps us assess, accept, and
manage risk 305
Pollution control includes prevention,
technology, and innovation 253 WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY
The stratospheric ozone layer provides The Global Fight Against Malaria 310
protection from ultraviolet solar radiation 256 REVISIT THE KEY IDEAS 311

CONTENTS ■ ix
 Check Your Understanding 312 The Kyoto Protocol addresses climate change at
Apply the Concepts 313 the international level 357
Measure Your Impact: How Does Risk Affect Your WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY
Life Expectancy? 313 Local Governments and Businesses Lead the Way
on Reducing Greenhouse Gases 358
Chapter 13 Conservation of Biodiversity 314 REVISIT THE KEY IDEAS 359
Chapter Opener: Modern Conservation Check Your Understanding 360
Legacies 315 Apply the Concepts 361
UNDERSTAND THE KEY IDEAS 316 Measure Your Impact: Carbon Produced by Different
Modes of Travel 361
We are in the midst of a sixth mass
extinction 316
Declining biodiversity has many causes 320 Chapter 15 Environmental Economics,
The conservation of biodiversity often focuses on Equity, and Policy 362
single species 327 Chapter Opener: Assembly Plants, Free
The conservation of biodiversity sometimes Trade, and Sustainable Systems 363
focuses on protecting entire ecosystems 329
UNDERSTAND THE KEY IDEAS 364
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainability is the ultimate goal of sound
Swapping Debt for Nature 332
environmental science and policy 364
REVISIT THE KEY IDEAS 333
Economics studies how scarce resources are
Check Your Understanding 334 allocated 364
Apply the Concepts 335 Economic health depends on the availability
Measure Your Impact: How Large Is Your of natural capital and basic human
Home? 335 welfare 369
Agencies, laws, and regulations are designed to
Chapter 14 Climate Alteration and Global protect our natural and human capital 371
Warming 336 There are several approaches to measuring and
achieving sustainability 375
Chapter Opener: Walking on Thin Ice 337
Two major challenges of our time are reducing
UNDERSTAND THE KEY IDEAS 338 poverty and stewarding the environment 377
Global change includes global climate change WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY
and global warming 338 Reuse-A-Sneaker 380
Solar radiation and greenhouse gases make our REVISIT THE KEY IDEAS 381
planet warm 339
Check Your Understanding 382
Sources of greenhouse gases are both natural
Apply the Concepts 383
and anthropogenic 342
Measure Your Impact: GDP and Footprints 383
Changes in CO2 and global temperatures have
been linked for millennia 345
Appendix: Fundamentals of Graphing APP-1
Feedbacks can increase or decrease the impact
of climate change 352 Bibliography BIB-1
Global warming has serious consequences for Glossary GL-1
the environment and organisms 353 Index I-1

x ■ CONTENTS
 About the Authors
Andrew Friedland is Richard and Jane Pearl Professor in Environmental Studies and
chair of the Environmental Studies Program at Dartmouth College. Andy regularly teaches
introductory environmental science and energy courses at Dartmouth and has taught
courses in forest biogeochemistry, global change, and soil science, as well as foreign study
courses in Kenya. In 2015, Andy brought his introductory environmental science course to
the massive, open, online course format through the DartmouthX platform.
Andy received a BA degree in both biology and environmental studies, and a PhD in
earth and environmental science from the University of Pennsylvania. For more than two
decades, Andy has been investigating the effects of air pollution on the cycling of carbon,
nitrogen, and lead in high-elevation forests of New England and the Northeast. Recently,
he has been examining the impact of increased demand for wood as a fuel, and the subse-
quent effect on carbon stored deep in forest soils.
[Nancy Nutile-McMenemy] Andy has served on panels for the National Science Foundation, USDA Forest Service,
and Science Advisory Board of the Environmental Protection Agency. He has authored or
coauthored more than 65 peer-reviewed publications and one book, Writing Successful Sci-
ence Proposals (Yale University Press).
Andy is passionate about saving energy and can be seen wandering the halls of the Envi-
ronmental Studies Program at Dartmouth with a Kill A Watt meter, determining the elec-
tricity load of vending machines, data projectors, and computers. He pursues energy saving
endeavors in his home as well and recently installed a 4kW photovoltaic tracker that follows
the Sun during the day.

Rick Relyea is the David Darrin Senior ‘40 Endowed Chair in Biology and the Executive
Director of the Darrin Freshwater Institute at the Rensselaer Institute of Technology. Rick
teaches courses in ecology, evolution, and animal behavior at the undergraduate and
graduate levels. He received a BS in environmental forest biology from the State University
of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, an MS in wildlife manage-
ment from Texas Tech University, and a PhD in ecology and evolution from the University
of Michigan.
Rick is recognized throughout the world for his work in the fields of ecology, evolu-
tion, animal behavior, and ecotoxicology. He has served on multiple scientific panels for
the National Science Foundation and the Environmental Protection Agency. For two
decades, he has conducted research on a wide range of topics, including predator-prey
[Brian Mattes] interactions, phenotypic plasticity, eutrophication of aquatic habitats, sexual selection, dis-
ease ecology, long-term dynamics of populations and communities across the landscape,
and pesticide impacts on aquatic ecosystems. He has authored more than 130 scientific
articles and book chapters, presented research seminars throughout the world, and
co-authored the leading ecology textbook, Ecology: The Economy of Nature. Rick recently
moved to Rensselaer from University of Pittsburgh, where he was named the Chancellor’s
Distinguished Researcher in 2005 and received the Tina and David Bellet Teaching Excel-
lence Award in 2014.
Rick’s commitment to the environment extends to his personal life. He lives in a
home constructed with a passive solar building design and equipped with active solar panels
on the roof.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS ■ xi

Content Advisory Board

Art Samel is an associate professor and chair of Michael L. Denniston was an associate professor of
geography at the School of Earth, Environment and chemistry at Georgia Perimeter College, where he
Society at Bowling Green University. taught general chemistry and environmental science.

Teri C. Balser is Dean of Teaching and Learning for Jeffery A. Schneider is an associate professor of envi-
the Faculty of Science and Engineering at Curtin ronmental chemistry at the State University of New
University, Australia York in Oswego, New York. He teaches general
chemistry, environmental science, and environmental
Dean Goodwin is an adjunct faculty member at chemistry.
Plymouth State University, the University of New
Hampshire, and Rappahannock Community College,
Virginia.

xii ■ CONTENT ADVISORY BOARD

 Preface

We are delighted to introduce the second edition of Essentials of Environmental Science.

Our mission has been to create a book that provides streamlined coverage of the core
topics in the first environmental science course while also presenting a contemporary,
holistic approach to learning about Earth and its inhabitants. The book not only
engages the fundamentals of environmental science but also shows students how envi-
ronmental science informs sustainability, environmental policies, economics, and per-
sonal choices.
This book took shape over the course of a decade. Subject to a rigorous development
and review process to make sure that the material is as accurate, clear, and engaging as
possible, we wrote and rewrote until we got it right. College instructors and specialists
in specific topics have checked to make sure we are current and pedagogically sound.
The art development team worked with us on every graphic and photo researchers sifted
through thousands of possibilities until we found the best choice for each concept we
wished to illustrate. The end-of-chapter problems and solutions were also subject to
review by both instructors and students. Here’s what we think is special.

A Balanced Approach
with Emphasis on the Essentials
Daily life is filled with decisions large and small that affect our environment. From the
food we eat, to the cars we drive or choose not to drive, to the chemicals we put into
the water, soil, and air, the impact of human activity is wide-ranging and deep. And yet
decisions about the environment are not often easy or straightforward. Is it better for the
environment to purchase a new, energy-efficient hybrid car or to continue using the car
you already own, or to ride a bicycle or take public transportation? Can we find ways to
encourage development without creating urban sprawl? Should a dam that provides
electricity for 70,000 homes be removed because it interferes with the migration of
salmon?
As educators, scientists, and people concerned about sustainability, our goal is to help
today’s students prepare for the challenges they will face in the future. Essentials of
Environmental Science does not preach or tell students how to conduct their lives. Rather,
we focus on the science and show students how to make decisions based on their own
assessments of the evidence.

Ideal for a One-Semester First Course in Environmental Science

Essentials of Environmental Science contains 15 chapters, which is ideal for an initial, one-
semester course. At a rate of one chapter per week, both instructors and students are able
to get through the entire book in a given semester, therefore maximizing its use.

Focus on Core Content

We understand that students drawn to this course may have a variety of backgrounds.
Through its streamlined presentation of core content and issues, Essentials of Environmen-
tal Science seeks to stimulate and inspire students who may never take another science
course. At the same time, our text includes coverage appropriate for students who will
go on to further studies in science.

PREFACE ■ xiii
A Pedagogical Framework
to Reinforce Classroom Learning
We have built each chapter on a framework of learning tools that will help students get the
most out of their first course in environmental science. Pedagogical features include:
■ Chapter opening case studies: Each chapter opens with a detailed case study that

motivates the student by showing the subject of the chapter in a real-world context.
■ Understand the Key Ideas: A list of key concepts follows the opening case. This
tool helps students organize and focus their study.
■ Gauge Your Progress: After each major chapter section, these review questions ask
students to test their understanding of the material.
■ Photos and line art: Developed in conjunction with the text by specialists in the
field of science illustration, figures have been selected and rendered for maximum visual
impact.
■ Revisit the Key Ideas: Chapter summaries are built around the Key Ideas list to
reinforce chapter concepts.
■ Working Toward Sustainability: Chapters conclude with an inspiring story of
people or organizations that are making a difference to the environment.
■ Check Your Understanding: At the end of each chapter, Check Your
Understanding questions, in multiple-choice format, test student comprehension.
■ Apply the Concepts: A multilevel response question at the end of each chapter helps
students solidify their understanding of key concepts by applying what they have
learned in the chapter to relevant situations.
■ Measure Your Impact: In the Measure Your Impact question at the end of each
chapter, students are asked to calculate and answer everyday problem scenarios to assess
their environmental impact and make informed decisions.
■ Graphing Appendix: A graphing appendix at the end of the book helps students
review graphing essentials.

We’d Love to Hear from You

Our goal—to create a balanced, holistic approach to the study of environmental science—has
brought us in contact with hundreds of professionals and students. We hope this book inspires
you as you have inspired us. Let us know how we’re doing! Feel free to get in touch with
Andy at andy.friedland@dartmouth.edu and Rick at Env.Science.Relyea@gmail.com.

xiv ■ PREFACE
 Supplements

For the Instructor

Teaching Tips offer a chapter-by-chapter guide to help instructors plan lectures. Each chapter’s Teaching Tips out-
line common student misconceptions, providing suggestions for in- and out-of-class activities and a list of suggested
readings and websites.

Lecture PowerPoints have been pre-built for every chapter with your student in mind. Each lecture outline fea-
tures text, figures, photos, and tables to help enhance your lecture.

JPEGs for every figure from the text–including their labels–are available in high resolution to incorporate in your
lectures.

Labs give your students the opportunity to apply key concepts, collect data, and think critically about their
findings.

Printed Test Bank includes approximately 100 multiple-choice, free-response, and footprint calculation questions
per chapter. These questions are tagged to the “Key Ideas” for each chapter and organized by their level of
difficulty.

Computerized Test Bank includes all of the printed test bank questions in an easy-to-use computerized format.
The software allows instructors to add and edit questions and prepare quizzes and tests quickly and easily.

Course Management Coursepacks include the student and instructor materials in Blackboard, WebCT, and
other selected platforms.

For the Student

The following resources are available for students online at www.macmillanhighered.com/friedlandessentials2e:
Flash Cards
Drag and Drop Exercises
Labs
Science Applied Essays

SUPPLEMENTS ■ xv
Acknowledgments

From Andy Friedland . . . Ann Heath, Becky Kohn, Lee Wilcox, Karen Misler,
A large number of people have contributed to this Cathy Murphy, Hélène de Portu, Beth Howe, and
book in a variety of ways. I would like to thank all of Debbie Clare. I especially want to thank Lee Wilcox
my teachers, students, and colleagues. Professors for art assistance, and much more, including numerous
Robert Giegengack and Arthur Johnson introduced phone conversations. Thanks also to Bill Minick, Julio
me to environmental science as an undergraduate and Espin, Christine Buese, and Tracey Kuehn. We were
a graduate student. My colleagues in the Environmental grateful to David Courard-Hauri for help with the first
Studies Program at Dartmouth have contributed in edition.
numerous ways. I thank Doug Bolger, Michael Dorsey, Taylor Hornig, Susan Weisberg, Susan Milord, Carrie
Karen Fisher-Vanden, Coleen Fox, Jim Hornig, Rich Larabee, Kim Wind, and Lauren Gifford provided edito-
Howarth, Ross Jones, Anne Kapuscinski, Karol rial, administrative, logistical, and other support.
Kawiaka, Rosi Kerr, David Mbora, Jill Mikucki, Terry I’d also like to acknowledge Dick and Janie Pearl
Osborne, Darren Ranco, Bill Roebuck, Jack Shep- for friendship, and support through the Richard and
herd, Chris Sneddon, Scott Stokoe, Ross Virginia, and Jane Pearl Professorship in Environmental Studies.
D.G. Webster for all sorts of contributions to my Finally, I’d like to thank Katie, Jared, and Ethan
teaching in general and to this book. Friedland, and my mother, Selma, for everything.
In the final draft, four Dartmouth undergraduates
who have taken courses from me, Matt Nichols, Travis From Rick Relyea . . .
Price, Chris Whitehead, and Elizabeth Wilkerson, First and foremost I would like to thank my family—
provided excellent editorial, proofreading, and writing my wife Christine and my children Isabelle and Wyatt.
assistance. Many other colleagues have had discussions Too many nights and weekends were taken from them
with me or evaluated sections of text including Bill and given to this textbook and they never complained.
Schlesinger, Ben Carton, Jon Kull, Jeff Schneider, Their presence and patience continually inspired me to
Jimmy Wu, Colin Calloway, Joel Blum, Leslie Sonder, push forward and complete the project.
Carl Renshaw, Xiahong Feng, Bob Hawley, Meredith Much of the writing coincided with a sabbatical
Kelly, Rosi Kerr, Jay Lawrence, Jim Labelle, Tim that I spent in Montpellier, France. I am indebted to
Smith, Charlie Sullivan, Jenna Pollock, Jim Kaste, Philippe Jarne and Patrice David for supporting and
Carol Folt, Celia Chen, Matt Ayres, Becky Ball, Kathy funding my time at the Centre d’Ecologie Fonction-
Cottingham, Mark McPeek, David Peart, Lisa Adams, nelle et Evolutive. I am also indebted to many
and Richard Waddell. Graduate students and recent individuals at my home institution for supporting my
graduate students Andrew Schroth, Lynne Zummo, sabbatical, including Graham Hatfull and James
Rachel Neurath, and Chelsea Vario also contributed. Knapp.
Four friends helped me develop the foundation for Finally, I would like to thank the many people at W.
this textbook and shared their knowledge of environ- H. Freeman who helped guide me through the publica-
mental science and writing. I wish to acknowledge tion process and taught me a great deal. As with any
Dana Meadows and Ned Perrin, both of whom have book, a tremendous number of people were responsible,
since passed away, for all sorts of contributions during including many whom I have never even met. I would
the early stages of this work. Terry Tempest Williams especially like to thank Jerry Correa for convincing me
has been a tremendous source of advice and wisdom to join this project. I thank Becky Kohn, Karen Misler,
about topics environmental, scientific, and practical. Cathy Murphy, and Lee Wilcox for translating my
Jack Shepherd contributed a great deal of wisdom words and art ideas into a beautiful final product. Addi-
about writing and publishing. tional credit goes to Norma Roche and Fred Burns for
John Winn, Paul Matsudeiro, and Neil Campbell their copyediting, and to Debbie Goodsite and Ted
offered guidance with my introduction to the world of Szczepanski for finding great photos no matter how odd
publishing. Beth Nichols and Tom Corley helped me my request. Thanks also to Bill Minick, Julio Espin,
learn about the wide variety of environmental science Christine Buese, and Tracey Kuehn. Finally, I thank
courses that are being taught in the United States. Ann Heath and Beth Howe for ensuring a high-
A great many people worked with me at or through quality product and the dozens of reviewers who
W. H. Freeman and provided all kinds of assistance. I constantly challenged Andy and me to write a clear,
particularly would like to acknowledge Jerry Correa, correct, and philosophically balanced textbook.

xvi ■ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Reviewers
We would like to extend our deep appreciation to the following instructors who reviewed the book manuscript
at various stages of development. The content experts who carefully reviewed chapters in their area of expertise
are designated with an asterisk (*).

M. Stephen Ailstock, Anne Arundel Community College Caroline A. Karp, Brown University
Deniz Z. Altin-Ballero, Georgia Perimeter College Erica Kipp, Pace University, Pleasantville/Briarcliff
Daphne Babcock, Collin County Community College District Christopher McGrory Klyza, Middlebury College*
Jay L. Banner, University of Texas at San Antonio Frank T. Kuserk, Moravian College
James W. Bartolome, University of California, Berkeley Matthew Landis, Middlebury College*
Brad Basehore, Harrisburg Area Community College Kimberly Largen, George Mason University
Ray Beiersdorfer, Youngstown State University Larry L. Lehr, Baylor University
Grady Price Blount, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi Zhaohui Li, University of Wisconsin, Parkside
Edward M. Brecker, Palm Beach Community College, Thomas R. MacDonald, University of San Francisco
Boca Raton Robert Stephen Mahoney, Johnson & Wales University
Anne E. Bunnell, East Carolina University Bryan Mark, Ohio State University, Columbus Campus
Ingrid C. Burke, Colorado State University Paula J.S. Martin, Juniata College
Anya Butt, Central Alabama Community College Robert J. Mason, Tennessee Temple University
John Callewaert, University of Michigan* Michael R. Mayfield, Ball State University
Kelly Cartwright, College of Lake County Alan W. McIntosh, University of Vermont
Mary Kay Cassani, Florida Gulf Coast University Kendra K. McLauchlan, Kansas State University*
Young D. Choi, Purdue University Calumet Patricia R. Menchaca, Mount San Jacinto Community College
John C. Clausen, University of Connecticut* Dorothy Merritts, Franklin and Marshall College*
Richard K. Clements, Chattanooga State Technical Bram Middeldorp, Minneapolis Community and Technical
Community College College
Jennifer Cole, Northeastern University Tamera Minnick, Mesa State College
Stephen D. Conrad, Indiana Wesleyan University Mark Mitch, New England College
Terence H. Cooper, University of Minnesota Ronald Mossman, Miami Dade College, North
Douglas Crawford-Brown, University of North Carolina at William Nieter, St. John’s University
Chapel Hill Mark Oemke, Alma College
Wynn W. Cudmore, Chemeketa Community College Victor Okereke, Morrisville State College
Katherine Kao Cushing, San Jose State University Duke U. Ophori, Montclair State University
Maxine Dakins, University of Idaho Chris Paradise, Davidson College
Robert Dennison, Heartland Community College Clayton A. Penniman, Central Connecticut State University
Michael Denniston, Georgia Perimeter College Christopher G. Peterson, Loyola University Chicago
Roman Dial, Alaska Pacific University Craig D. Phelps, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey,
Robert Dill, Bergen Community College New Brunswick
Michael L. Draney, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay F. X. Phillips, McNeese State University
Anita I. Drever, University of Wyoming* Rich Poirot, Vermont Department of Environmental
James Eames, Loyola University New Orleans Conservation*
Kathy Evans, Reading Area Community College Bradley R. Reynolds, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga
Mark Finley, Heartland Community College Amy Rhodes, Smith College*
Eric J. Fitch, Marietta College Marsha Richmond, Wayne State University
Karen F. Gaines, Northeastern Illinois University Sam Riffell, Mississippi State University
James E. Gawel, University of Washington, Tacoma Jennifer S. Rivers, Northeastern Illinois University
Carri Gerber, Ohio State University Agricultural Technical Ellison Robinson, Midlands Technical College
Institute Bill D. Roebuck, Dartmouth Medical School*
Julie Grossman, Saint Mary’s University, Winona Campus William J. Rogers, West Texas A&M University
Lonnie J. Guralnick, Roger Williams University Thomas Rohrer, Central Michigan University
Sue Habeck, Tacoma Community College Aldemaro Romero, Arkansas State University
Hilary Hamann, Colorado College William R. Roy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Sally R. Harms, Wayne State College Steven Rudnick, University of Massachusetts, Boston
Barbara Harvey, Kirkwood Community College Heather Rueth, Grand Valley State University
Floyd Hayes, Pacific Union College Eleanor M. Saboski, University of New England
Keith R. Hench, Kirkwood Community College Seema Sah, Florida International University
William Hopkins, Virginia Tech* Shamili Ajgaonkar Sandiford, College of DuPage
Richard Jensen, Hofstra University Robert M. Sanford, University of Southern Maine
Sheryll Jerez, Stephen F. Austin State University Nan Schmidt, Pima Community College
Shane Jones, College of Lake County Jeffery A. Schneider, State University of New York at Oswego

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ■ xvii
(reviewers continued)

Bruce A. Schulte, Georgia Southern University Melanie Szulczewski, University of Mary Washington
Eric Shulenberger, University of Washington Donald Thieme, Valdosta State University
Michael Simpson, Antioch University New England* Jamey Thompson, Hudson Valley Community College
Annelle Soponis, Reading Area Community College Tim Tibbets, Monmouth College
Douglas J. Spieles, Denison University John A. Tiedemann, Monmouth University
David Steffy, Jacksonville State University Conrad Toepfer, Brescia University
Christiane Stidham, State University of New York at Stony Todd Tracy, Northwestern College
Brook Steve Trombulak, Middlebury College
Peter F. Strom, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Zhi Wang, California State University, Fresno
New Brunswick Jim White, University of Colorado, Boulder
Kathryn P. Sutherland, University of Georgia Rich Wolfson, Middlebury College*
Christopher M. Swan, University of Maryland, Baltimore C. Wesley Wood, Auburn University
County* David T. Wyatt, Sacramento City College
Karen Swanson, William Paterson University of New Jersey

xviii ■ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 Chapter Highlights

Students Are Engaged When Material

Is Made Relevant and Personal

Human Health Risk

Citizen Scientists

T
he neighborhood of Old Diamond in Norco, Loui- that the Shell refinery was releasing more than 0.9 million kg
siana, is composed of four city blocks located (2 million pounds) of toxic chemicals into the air each year.
between a chemical plant and an oil refinery, The fight against Shell met strong resistance from com-
both owned by the Shell Oil Company. There are pany officials and went on for 13 years. But in the end, Margie
approximately 1,500 residents in the neighbor- Richard won her battle. In 2002, Shell agreed to purchase the
hood, largely lower-income African Americans. In 1973, a pipe- homes of the Old Diamond neighborhood. The company also
line explosion blew a house off its foundation and killed two agreed to pay an additional $5 million for community devel-
residents. In 1988, an accident at the refinery killed seven opment and it committed to reducing air emissions from the

The unusually high rates of disease raised suspicions that the residents
were being affected by two nearby industrial facilities.

workers and sent more than 70 million kg (159 million pounds) refinery by 30 percent to help improve the air quality for those
of potentially toxic chemicals into the air. Nearly one-third of residents who remained in the area. In 2007, Shell agreed that
the children in Old Diamond suffered from asthma and there it had violated air pollution regulations in several of its Loui-
were many cases of cancer and birth defects. The unusually siana plants and paid the state of Louisiana $6.5 million in
high rates of disease raised suspicions that the residents were penalties.
being affected by the two nearby industrial facilities. For her tremendous efforts in winning the battle in
By 1989, local resident and middle school teacher Margie Norco, Margie Richard was the North American recipient of
Richard had seen enough. Richard organized the Concerned the Goldman Environmental Prize, which honors grassroots
Citizens of Norco. The primary goal of the group was to get environmentalists. Since then, Richard has brought her mes-
Shell to buy the residents’ properties at a fair price so they sage to many other minority communities located near large
could move away from the industries that were putting their polluting industries. She teaches
health at risk. Richard contacted environmental scientists and people that success requires a
quickly learned that to make a solid case to the company and combination of organizing people
to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), she needed to take action to protect their envi-
to be more than an organizer; she also needed to be a scientist. ronment and learning how to be a
The residents all knew that the local air had a foul smell, citizen scientist. ■
but they had no way of knowing which chemicals were pres-
ent or their concentrations. To determine whether the air they Sources: The Goldman Environmental
Prize: Margie Richard. http://www
were breathing exposed the residents to chemical concentra-
.goldmanprize.org/node/100;
tions that posed a health risk, the air had to be tested. Richard M. Scallan, Shell, DEQ settle emission
learned about specially built buckets that could collect air charges, Times-Picayune (New Orleans), Margie Richard became
samples. She organized a “Bucket Brigade” of volunteers and March 15, 2007. http://www.nola.com/ a citizen scientist to
news/t-p/riverparishes/index.ssf?/ help document the
slowly collected the data she and her collaborators needed. base/news-3/1173941825153360
As a result of these efforts, scientists were able to document .xml&coll=1.
health risk of nearby
chemical plants. [Photo
courtesy of Goldman
Environmental Prize]
b The citizens of Norco, Louisiana, live in the shadows of chemical
plants and oil refineries. [Mark Ludak/The Image Works] 291

Chapter Opening Case Studies

An intriguing case study launches each chapter and
prompts students to think about how environmental
challenges relate to them.

CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS ■ xix

 Students Are Engaged When Material
Is Made Relevant and Personal (continued)

MEASURE YOUR IMPACT Measure Your Impact

What is the Impact of Your Diet on Soil Dynamics? In the rate of soil formation. Iowa has lost one-half of
the landmark 1997 report “Livestock Production: Energy
Inputs and the Environment,” Cornell University ecologist
its topsoil in 150 years of farming. That soil took
thousands of years to form.
In the end-of-chapter “Measure Your Impact”
David Pimentel wrote that feeding grain to cattle con-
sumes more resources than it yields, accelerates soil erosion, Over the course of 1 week, make a daily record of what
you eat and drink. At the end of the week, answer the fol-
exercises, students calculate and answer
and reduces the supply of food for the world’s people.
Some highlights of the report include the following: lowing questions:
(a) Evaluate the components of your diet for the
problem scenarios to assess their
r
&BDI
ZFBS
BO
FTUJNBUFE

NJMMJPO
UPOT
PG
QMBOU
QSPUFJO

is fed to U.S. livestock to produce an estimated 7 mil-
lion tons of animal protein for human consumption.
week. How many portions of animal protein did
you eat each day?
environmental impact and make informed
About 26 million tons of the livestock feed comes
from grains and 15 million tons from forage crops. For
(b) Most agricultural fields receive inputs of
phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium, which are decisions.
every kilogram of high-quality animal protein pro- usually obtained by mining rocks containing those
duced, livestock are fed nearly 6 kg of plant protein. elements, grinding them up, and adding them to
The 7 billion animals consume five times as much fertilizers. Assess the likely impact of this practice on
grain as the entire U.S. human population. the demand for certain rocks and on soil dynamics.
r
&WFSZ
LJMPHSBN
PG
CFFG
QSPEVDFE
UBLFT
 
MJUFST
(c) Describe changes you could make to your diet to
of water. Some 900 liters of water go into producing minimize the impacts you cited above.
a kilogram of wheat. Potatoes are even less “thirsty,” (d) How do you think your diet would compare to
at 500 liters per kilogram. that of a person in a developing country? How
r
"CPVU

QFSDFOU
PG
64
DSPQMBOE
JT
MPTJOH
TPJM
UP
would their ecological footprint compare to
erosion at 13 times the rate of soil formation. Soil yours? Hint: You may have to draw upon
loss is most severe in some of the richest farming previous chapters you have read as well as this South Dakota Wyoming
South Dakota
areas: Iowa, for example, loses topsoil at 30 times chapter to answer this question. Wyoming

Nebraska
Nebraska

Kansas
Colorado

Numerous U.S. Examples Colorado Kansas

New
Oklahoma
Mexico
Local and regional examples make
the material relevant. Oklahoma Texas

Water-level change 200 km

New Mexico in meters
Saturated thickness
More than 45
of Ogallala aquifer in meters
30 to 45 (b)
15 to 30 Less than 60
7 to 15 60 to 180
Texas 3 to 7 More than 180 (as much as
370 in some places)
–3 to +3

3 to 7
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY 200 km 7 to 15

I
More than 15
n certain parts of the world, such as Unfortunately, many local and state (a)
the United States, sanitation regula-
tions impose such high standards on
Is the Water in regulations in the United States and
around the world do not allow use of
FIGURE 9.4 The Ogallala aquifer. The Ogallala aquifer, also called the High Plains aquifer,
is the largest in the United States, with a surface area of about 450,000 km2 (174,000 miles2).
household wastewater that we classify Your Toilet Too gray water. Some localities allow the (a) The change in water level from 1950 to 2005, mostly due to withdrawals for irrigation that
relatively clean water from bathtubs use of gray water only if it is treated, have exceeded the aquifer’s rate of recharge. (b) The current thickness of the aquifer.
and washing machines as contami- Clean? filtered, or delivered to lawns and gar-
nated. This water must then be treated dens through underground drip irri-
as sewage. We also use clean, drinkable water to flush gation systems to avoid potential bacterial contamination.
our toilets and water our lawns. Can we combine Arizona, a state in the arid Southwest, has some of the
these two observations to come up with a way to save least restrictive regulations. As long as a number of
water? One idea that is gaining popularity throughout guidelines are followed, homeowners are permitted to
the developed world is to reuse some of the water we reuse gray water. In 2009, in the face of a severe water
normally discard as waste. shortage, California reversed earlier restrictions on gray
This idea has led creative homeowners and plumb-
ers to identify two categories of wastewater in the
home: gray water and contaminated water. Gray water is
defined as the wastewater from baths, showers, bath-
room sinks, and washing machines. Although no one
would want to drink it, gray water is perfectly suitable
for watering lawns and plants, washing cars, and flush-
ing toilets. In contrast, water from toilets, kitchen sinks,
and dishwashers contains a good deal of waste and
contaminants and should therefore be disposed of in
the usual fashion.
Around the world, there are a growing number of
Working Toward Sustainability
commercial and homemade systems in use for storing
gray water to flush toilets and water lawns or gardens.
For example, a Turkish inventor has designed a house- At the end of each chapter, students are
hold system allowing the homeowner to pipe wastewa-
ter from the washing machine to a storage tank that inspired by a success story that focuses on
dispenses this gray water into the toilet bowl with each
flush (FIGURE 9.25).
Many cities in Australia have considered the use of gray
how environmental problems are being
water as a way to reduce withdrawals of fresh water and
reduce the volume of contaminated water that requires
addressed by individual action.
treatment.The city of Sydney estimates that 70 percent of
the water withdrawn in the greater metropolitan area is FIGURE 9.25 Reusing gray water. A Turkish inventor has
used in households, and that perhaps 60 percent of that designed a washing machine that pipes the relatively clean
water becomes gray water.The Sydney Water utility com- water left over from a washing machine, termed gray water, to
pany estimates that the use of gray water for outdoor a toilet, where it can be reused for flushing. Such technologies
purposes could save up to 50,000 L (13,000 gallons) per can reduce the amount of drinkable water used and the volume
household per year. of water going into sewage treatment plants. [Sevin Coskun]

APPLY THE CONCEPTS

Apply the Concepts
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has developed (a) Identify two major sources of mercury pollution
guidelines for the consumption of canned tuna fish. These and one means of controlling mercury pollution.
Multilevel response questions at the end guidelines were developed particularly for children, preg- (b) Explain how mercury is altered and finds its way
nant women, or women who were planning to become into albacore tuna fish.
of each chapter encourage students to pregnant, because mercury poses the most serious threat (c) Identify two health effects of methylmercury on
to these segments of society. However, the guidelines can humans.
apply chapter concepts to everyday be useful for everyone.

situations.

xx ■ CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
 Students Identify and Master Key Ideas
Using In-Chapter Pedagogy

Understand the Key Ideas/

Revisit the Key Ideas
“Key Ideas,” introduced at the
Understand the Key Ideas beginning of each chapter and
Humans are dependent on Earth’s air, water, and soil for our ■ describe key environmental indicators that help us
revisited at the end, provide a
existence. However, we have altered the planet in many evaluate the health of the planet. framework for learning and help
ways, large and small. The study of environmental science ■ define sustainability and explain how it can be
can help us understand how humans have changed the measured using the ecological footprint.
students test their
planet and identify ways of responding to those changes.
After reading this chapter you should be able to
■ explain the scientific method and its application to the comprehension of the chapter
study of environmental problems.
■ define the field of environmental science and discuss its
material.
■ describe some of the unique challenges and limitations
importance. of environmental science.
■ identify ways in which humans have altered and
continue to alter our environment.

Revisit the Key Ideas

■ Define the field of environmental science and discuss generations to meet their own needs. The ecological
its importance. footprint is the land area required to support a person’s
Environmental science is the study of the interactions (or a country’s) lifestyle. We can use that information to
among human-dominated systems and natural systems say something about how sustainable that lifestyle would
and how those interactions affect environments. Studying be if it were adopted globally.
environmental science helps us identify, understand, and ■ Explain the scientific method and its application to the
respond to anthropogenic changes. study of environmental problems.
■ Identify ways in which humans have altered and The scientific method is a process of observation,
continue to alter our environment. hypothesis generation, data collection, analysis of results,
The impact of humans on natural systems has been and dissemination of findings. Repetition of measurements
significant since early humans hunted some large animal or experiments is critical if one is to determine the validity
species to extinction. However, technology and population of findings. Hypotheses are tested and often modified
growth have dramatically increased both the rate and the before being accepted.
scale of human-induced change. ■ Describe some of the unique challenges and limitations
■ Describe key environmental indicators that help us of environmental science.
evaluate the health of the planet. We lack an undisturbed “control planet” with which to
Five important global-scale environmental indicators are compare conditions on Earth today. Assessments and
biological diversity, food production, average global choices are often subjective because there is no single
surface temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentrations, measure of environmental quality. Environmental systems
human population, and resource depletion. are so complex that they are poorly understood, and
human preferences and policies may have as much of an
■ Define sustainability and explain how it can be effect on them as natural laws.
measured using the ecological footprint.
Sustainability is the use of Earth’s resources to meet our
current needs without jeopardizing the ability of future

p p g p

GAUGE YOUR PROGRESS

✓ What is the scientific method, and how do Gauge Your Progress
scientists use it to address environmental
problems? The questions in the “Gauge Your
✓ What is a hypothesis? What is a null hypothesis? Progress” feature, found at the end of
✓ How are controlled and natural experiments each major section in the chapter, help
different? Why do we need each type? students master one set of concepts
before moving on to the next.

CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS ■ xxi

 Students Visualize the Concepts
Using Art as a Learning Tool

Instructive Art and Photo Program

(a) Random distribution
The text uses visuals to make complex
ideas accessible. The illustration program
includes fully integrated teaching captions
to help students understand and remember
important concepts.

(b) Uniform distribution

(c) Clumped distribution

FIGURE 4.13 Population distributions. Populations in nature

distribute themselves in three ways. (a) Many of the tree species
in this New England forest are randomly distributed, with no
apparent pattern in the locations of individuals. (b) Territorial
nesting birds, such as these Australasian gannets (Morus
serrator), exhibit a uniform distribution, in which all individuals
maintain a similar distance from one another. (c) Many pairs of
eyes are better than one at detecting approaching predators.
The clumped distribution of these meerkats (Suricata suricatta)
provides them with extra protection. [a: David R. Frazier
Photolibrary, Inc./Science Source; b: Michael Thompson/Earth
Scenes/Animals Animals; c: Clem Haagner/ARDEA]

Beech and maple

Aspen, cherry, broadleaf forest
Perennial Shrubs and young pine
Annual forest
Lichens weeds and
weeds
Exposed and grasses
rocks mosses
Time

FIGURE 4.21 Primary succession. Primary succession occurs in areas devoid of soil.
Early-arriving plants and algae can colonize bare rock and begin to form soil, making the
site more hospitable for other species to colonize later. Over time, a series of distinct
communities develops. In this illustration, representing an area in New England, bare rock
is initially colonized by lichens and mosses and later by grasses, shrubs, and trees.

xxii ■ CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS

ESSENTIALS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
SECOND EDITION
 1
C H A P T E R
Other documents randomly have
different content
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 137
Orientalists Congress, 1899. Diwali at Amritsar — the Religon of the
Sikhs — the rise of Amritsar and the alterations of Sikh 'Religion'.
The Sikh Religion under Banda and its present condition. Col. Rev
Vol. LXXI, 1880, 257-272. LXXII, 1881, 48-75. LXXIII, 1881, 155-68.
and LXXIII, 1881, 155-168 The Fair at Sakhi Sarwar. Calcutta
Review. MacFarlane, Charles. History of British India, from earliest
English Intercourse with continuation to the Fall of Delhi and the
relief of Lucknow. G. Routledge and coy., London, 1857. 1862. New
York. Sikhs during the reign of Bahadur Shah and Farrukhsiyar 16 ;
Kohi-iNoor, 346, 525 ; Ranjit Singh's battles with Dost Mohammed
and Afghans, 525-528 ; battles of Jamrud ; 5 Hari Singh, 527; death
of Ranjit Singh, 58 1 ; Sher Singh and Dhyan Singh, 582; Hira Singh
— disturbed state, 583-585; British preparations for war, 586-590;
battle of Mudki, 592-98 ; battle of Ferozeshah, 598-600; battle of
Aliwal, 603-5; Sobraon, 605-612; treaty, 614-621; Siege of Multan,
623; Ram Nagar, 626-28; Chillianwala, 629; battle of Gujrat, 630 ;
annexation of the Punjab, 631-32; Dalip Singh makes su-mission,
613-16; deposed, 631; Christianized, 631; Board of administration,
63 1-32; Fidelity of the Sikhs, 632, 642-45; Sikhs volunteer for
Jaurma, 632 ; Gulab Singh, 613-45; Mulraj, 623-32 ; Amichand, 41,
46. Our Indian Empire — Its History arid Present State from the
earliest settlement of the British in Hindostan to the close of the
year, 1843, London, 1844. 2 Vols. Macgregor, Lady. The Life and
Opinions of Major General Sir Charles Macgregor. Blackwood & Sons,
London, 1888. 2 vols.
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 138
Macguire, Thomas Miller. A Summary of Modern Military History with
comments in the Leading puations. Simpkin Marshall & Co., London,
1887. Mackenna, P. J. Ancient and Modern India by W. Cook Taylor,
revised by James Madden, London, 185 I. Mackenzie, A. R. D.
Mutiny Memoirs, being personal reminiscences of the Great Sepoy
Revolt of 1857. Pioneer Press, Allahabad, 1872. Mackenzie, Colin
Storms and Sunshine of a Soldier's Life, 1825-1881. David Douglas,
Edinburgh, 1884. 2 Vols. Col. Wade — Akalis, i. 112-117; state of the
Punjab, 122; Sikh conquest of Peshawar — General Avitable, i. 141-
60, 375. References to the Slkh.Anglo war, ii. 22-50. Mackenzie, Mrs.
Colin. Six Years in India, Delhi: the City of the Great Moghal, with an
account of the various tribes in Hindostan; Hindoos, Sikhs, Afghans,
etc. A new edition of "the Mission, the Camp and the Zenana".
Richard Bentley, London, 1857. Aliwal — prosperity of the annexed
Sikh states-disgrace at Baddowal — Sikh hair — Sikh Sardars — Sher
Singh — the Rani — Sir F. Currie — siege of Multan — ambush at
Ram Nagar — battles of Chillianwala and Gujerat — S. Chattar Singh
— Koh-i-Noor — Dalip Singh — Amritsar Golden Temple. Mackenzie,
Compton, Glllipoli Memories. Cassell and Co., London, 19291930.
Mackinnon, Captain D. H. Military Services and Adventures in the Far
East, including sketches of the campaigns against the Afghans in 1
839 and the Sikhs in 1 845- 1 846. John Oliver, London, 1 849. 2
Vols. Auckland's interview with. Ranjit Singh at Ferozepur, J. 59-77;
British mission to Bahawalpur, 77; turban and hat compared, 274;
return of the Army from Afghanistan — coldness of Maharaja
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 139 Kharak
Singh towards the British -Jehangir's tomb, 275-280; Lahore — Sikhs
— their sports -Maharaja Kharak Singh — Sher Singh— Akalis— 288-
303. First Anglo-Sikh war, the Sikh Military establishment-the British
position, 64; the battles of Mudki, 65-90; Ferozeshah, 91-132;
Baddowal, 133-162; Aliwal, 163-206; Henry Smith's division — battle
of Sobraon, 207-248; British forces concentrate at Kasur-visit of
Gulab Singh and Dalip to British Camp — occupation of Lahore —
the Treaty concluded, 249-293. Mackison, Lieut. Journal of Captain
CM. Wade's voyage from Ludhlana to Mithankote by the River Sutlej.
JASB, 1837, pp. 169-217. Mackeson, Captain F. Copies of
Correspondence with — Political Agent at Peshawar, 1833-43.
Imperial Records Department, Government of India: No in the list,
310-317 ; Hand Book, p. 88. MacLagan, E. Fragments of the History
of Multan. MacLagan, ED., Ibbetson, D. and Rose. H. A. A Glossary
of the Castes and Tribes of the Punjab and North Western Frontier
Province. Government Printing, Lahore. 1919. 3 Vols. See under
Ibbetson, Sir Denzil. MacLagan, Edward. Census of India, 1891, Vol.
XIX — The Punjab and its Feduatories. Government Printing,
Calcutta, 1892. The progress of Sikhism, 94-97 ; Nanak and his
followers, the Nanak Panthls — Bedis — Udasis — Gulabdasis —
Suthras-some minor sects — Sanwal Shahls — Nirankaris, Nine
Gurus-Niranjanis — the Ramdasls — Dhir Maliias, Ram Raiyas —
Sewa Panthls — Sodhls, 148-164; Guru Govind Singh — Character of
the Khalsa — Akalis and Nihangs — the Nirmalas — Kukas -Kukas
rising of 1 872 ; Kukas of today — present Sikh School of opinion.
164-171. Mac Lagan, General R., etc., etc. The 'Punjab' 'India' and
'Hindostani' articles in the Encyclopaedia Britanlca, 9th edition. The
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 140
Encyciopaedia Britanica, Co., Ltd., London. Volume 10. Sikhs
Scriptures, pp. 845. 12. Rise of the Sikhs, Sikh wars and loyalty of
the Sikhs during the Mutiny, p. 810. 20. Sikh sect, Sikh Gurus, Ranjit
Singh and the Sikh wars, pp. 110-112 MacLear Rev. C.F. The
Christian Statesman and our Indian Empire or the legitimate sphere
of Government countenance and aid in promotion of Christianity in
India. Cambridge, 1859. MacMunn, George F. The Martial Races of
India — An article in the Army Review, Vol. I. No.2, October, 1911.
His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1911. The Sikhs, pp. 263-265. The
Martial Races of India. Sampson Low, Marston & Co., London.
Afghanistan from Darius to Amanullah. G Bell & Sons, London, 1929.
Rise of the Sikhs, 62, 65 ; Sikh Empire, 93-96; wars with the
Afghans, 62, 64, 71, 90 ; Afghans defeated at Attock, 90,94; Anglo-
Sikh wars, 157-159; assistance of the Afghans to the Sikhs, 158;
Chillianwala, 159; Gujrat, 31-40, 159; Sobraon, 157; Ranjit Singh,
80-153; Hari Singh, 97-104; Gulab Singh Raja, 152, 158; Sher Singh,
98; Dhyan Singh, 105 ; Multan under Sikhs, 98; Kohi-Noor, 54, 90;
Babar Akalis, 254. The underground of India. Jarrolds, London,
1933. The horror of Nankana 192-98 ; Sikhs, 17-38 ; the Bomb-
parasts., 239-60. The Lure of the Indus, being the final acquisition of
India by the East India Company. Jarrolds, London, 1936. The First
Afghan War. 35-94; the First Sikh War, 141-216; the Second Sikh
War, 217-80. The Armies of India. Adam and Charles Black, London,
1911.
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 141
Vignettes from Indian Wars. IMAD. History of the Sikh Pioneers
(23rd 32nd 34th). Sampson Low, London, 1935 Turmoil and Tragedy
in India, 1914 and After. LHrolds. London, 1935. Ferozeshah —
second Punjab war. Cornhill Mag. London, Vol. 55 (1923), pp. 641-
53. Macmurdo, Captain James. Dissertation on the River Indus.
JRAS, 1834, pp. 20-44. Macpherson, Lt. Col. Andrew John. Rambling
Reminiscences of Punjab Campaign, 1 848-49; with a brief sketch
history of the 24th Regiment from, 1689-1889. W.J. Mackay & Co,
Chatham; also Hamilton Adams & Co., London, 1889. Macpherson,
W. C. Soldiering in India, 1764-1787. Blackwood, London, 1928.
Madec, Le Nabob Rene. See Barbe, Emile. Maguire, Thomas Miller. A
Summery of Modern Military History, with comments on the leading
operations. Simpkin, Marshall & Co., London, William Mc Gee,
Dublin, 1887. Anglo-Sikh wars. Mudkee, 244; Multan, 244; Ram
Nagar, 244; Chillianwala, 244 ; Gujerat, 244. Mahadji Sindhia and
North Indian Affairs. 1785-1794. See Sarkar, J. Mahajan, Jagmohan.
Circumstances Leading — to the Annexation of the Punjab, 1846-
1849. Kitabistan, Allahabad, 1949. The Treaty of Bhyrowal,
December, 1846: A Historical Revision. JIH. Majendie, Lieut. Vivian
Dering. Up among the service In India. Routledge, Warne and
Routledge, London, 1859. Personal reminiscences during the mutiny
of 1857-8 Majumddar, R. C. The Sepoy Mutiny and Revolt of 1857.
Flrma K.
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 142
Mukhopadhyay, Calcutta, 1957. Mataviya. KapilDeva. The Amritsar
Tragedy. Allahabad, 1919. Malcolm, Lt. Col. Sketch of the Sikhs: A
Singular Nation who inhabit the Provinces of the Punjab John
Murray, London, 1812. One of the first publications on the Sikhs —
sketch of the history of Sikhs their religious institutions; manners
and character, 7-75 ; Amritsar, 29; Guru Govind Singh, 40-76;
Gurmatta, 52, 120-23; Banda, 76.85; Royal edict for the General
Massacre of the Sikhs, 85; Nadir, Mir Mannu, 91 ; Kura Mall, 91 ;
Adina Beg. 92-93; Amritsar destroyed, 94; Jassa Singh Ahluwalia,
95; Wadda Ghalughara, 98; Ahmed Shah, 90-102; Sikh possessions,
108Mazhabi Sikhs, 122, 123, 138; Character of Sikhs, 129, to 143;
Religion of the Sikhs, 144-197. Translation of Bakht Mall's Khalsa
Nama. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, London. Political History
of India, 1784.1823. John Murray, London, 1826. Affairs with the
Court of King Ranjlt Singh of Lahore, i.410-414. Notes on the
Invasion of India by Russia, Dhapooree, July 4, 1830. Appended to
Capt. J. Bonamy's Memorand a on the North West Frontier of British,
etc., etc. See Kaye J. W. Malik, Muhammad Baqir, Adina Beg Khan.
Proceedings of the Idara-iMaarif-i-lslamia, second Session, Lahore,
1938. (Urdu) Malteson, G. B. Decisive Battles of India from 1746 to
1849 inclusive Reeves and Turner, London, 1888. Rise of the Sikhs,
335-338; Banda, 339-40; Ahmed Shah and Sikhs, 340-41; Ranjit
Singh, 341-48; death of Kharak Singh and Naunihal Singh, 348; Sher
Singh murdered, 350; Lai Singh and Tej Singh secretly foment war,
352; Ellen-borough's
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 143
preparations. 353; arrangements of treacherous leaders, 354-55;
battle of Mudki, Sikh losses not more than of the British, 358;
Ferozeshah, Aliwal and Sobraon, 359—372; treaty — British
occupation of Lahore, 373-76; Moolraj -resignation, 382-384; siege
and fall of Multan, 385-424; Ram Nagar, 397-400; Sadullapore, 405-
7; Chillianwala, 415-423; battle of Gujerat, 428-435; annexation of
the Punjab, 436-437; Rani Chand Kaur, 349; S. Chatar Singh, 392 to
394,410, 424-25; Rani Jind Kaur, 349.50; 392; Lall Singh and Tej
Singh rewarded for their treachery, Sher Singh Attarlwala, 392-438.
History of Afghanistan from the Earliest period to 1878. W.H. Allen &
Coy., London. 1879. Death of Nadir Shah, 213; Koh-i-Noor, 273, 313,
333; coronation of Ahmed Shah, 275; Invasion of India — carries
Hindu slaves from Mathura — battle of Panipat against the
Mahrattas, 276-90; Sikhs and the Durranis — Taimur defeats the
Sikhs near Multan, 29196; Shah Zaman's expedition against the
Sikhs, 305-7; Shah Shuja's treaty with the British — his misfortunes,
331-33; Fateh Khan's treaty with Ranjit Singh for conquest of
Kashmir — withdraws from payment of the promised amount —
Ranjit Singh occupies Attack (Atok), — Dost Mohammed defeated by
Ranjit Singh, 33539; Ranjit Singh defeats the Afghans at Naushera-
advantages of the victory to the Sikhs, 350-51; Ranjit Singh's
occupation of Peshawar, 356-58; Dost Mohammad unsuccess-ful
against the Sikhs — battle of Jamrud — Sikhs besieged — Akbar
Khan retreats on the arrival of Sikh reinforcement, 358-59 ; Dost
Mohammed applies to the English for help- Burnes' mission to Kabul-
arrival of Russian agent at Kabul, 359-65 ; Lord Auckland prepares
to depose Dost Mohammed and replace him by Shah Shuja —
Maharaja Ranjit Singh refuses passage to the expedition (British)
force through the Punjab, 365-37 1 ; the British Invasion of Kabul,
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 144 Sikh
contingent- Dost Mohammed sent to India — murder of Shah Shuja
and his son. — Dost mohammed allowed to return to Kabulreceived
at Lahore by Maharaja Sher Singh — becomes King, 372413; Dost
Mohammed helps the Sikhs in 1848-9; Afghans defeated at Gujrat
and pursued by Gilbert, 414-415. The Kabul Insurrection of 1841-42
— Revised and corrected from Lieut. Eyres' original manuscript W H
Allen & Co., London, 1 879. History of the Indian Mutiny, 1857-58,
commencing from the close of the 2nd Volume of Sir J. W. Kaye's
History of the Sepoy war, 3 Vols. 1878-80. Mutiny of the Bengal
Army, 1857-58. Kaye's and Malleson's History of Indian Mutiny of
1857-58 — with an analytical Index by F. Pincott. 6 Vols. History of
the Bengal Army. History of the Bengal Artillery. 1848. Lord Clive
(Founders of the Empire). Allen & Company, London, 1882. Amin
Chand warns the English deputies of the designs of the Nawab, 176;
instructed by the English to work on the mind of Nawab in their
interest, 195; intrigues with Nand Kumar, 198; the secret, 228-33,
244-5; Amind Chand shown the fictitious treaty, 244-45 ; undeceived
after Plassey, 275 ; dies of shock, 276. Native States of India,
Longman, Green and Company, London, 1875. Man Mohan. A
History of the Mandl State, published by the State, Times Press,
Lahore, 1930. Mansell, T. The Punjab Campaign, 1848-49; Carohill
Magazine, London, Vol. 85 (1902, pp. 358.) Manucci, Niccolas Storla
do Mogor or Mogul India (1653- 1708) translated
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 145 and
annotated by William Irvine. John Murray, London. 4 vols. Maps:
Map of the Northern Part of the Punjab and Cashmere. Published by
authority, 1 846. Map of the Punjab and Sikh Territory. Allen's map of
the Punjab and Sikh States, 1849. Allen & Co., London, 1849.
Mariam: A story of the Indian Mutiny of 1 857 by J. F. F. (anthome),
one of the surviors. Bengares, 1896. Mariwala, C.L. Essays on British
Policy toward Sindh up to the First Afghan War, 1839. Karachi, 1947.
Marshman, John Clark. History of India from the earliest period to
the close of Lord Dalhousie's administration. Longman, Green,
Reader & Dyer, London, 1867.3 Vols. Origin of the Sikhs, i. 1 84;
Aminchand, 278-279; progress of Ranjit Singh, his army, conquests,
foreign officers, iii. 31-33; battle of Noshera, 34; Peshawar, 35; Syed
Ahmed's anti-Sikh crusades, 35.36; Sikh mission to Lord Amherst,
36; Burnes at Lahore, 38; power of Ranjit Singh, 39; character of
the Khalsa Commonwealth, 40-41; Bentink's interview, 42-43; Ranjit
Singh's views on Sind, 114; Ranjit Singh's wars with Dost
Mohammad, 115-116 ; British and Sikh army to dethrone Dost
Mohd., 116; battle of Jamrud, Hari Singh, 117; Russian envoys
corresponds with Ranjit Singh, 129 ; Maharaja Ranjit Singh,
revolution in the Punjab, 273-274; Maharaja. Sher Singh and British
Government 275; movements in Tibbet, 276; murder of Sher Singh,
Hira Singh etc., 277; exactions from Moolraj and Gulab Singh, 279;
preparations for war, 280-281; Khalsa Army, 281 ; battles of Mudki.
285; Ferozeshah, 287; Baddowal, 292; Aliwal. 293; battle of
Sbbraon, 294-297 ; treaty, 300-308; Moolraj and Multan affairs, 309-
313 ; 339-40; Kineyree, 315 ; Suddosam, 316; Maharani Jind
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 146 Kaur,
317; Chuttar Singh, 318; S.Sher Singh,3 17; Dost Mohammad assists
Sikhs, 323 ; Ram Nagar, 326; Sucoolapore, 327; battle of
Chillianwala, 332 ; Gujerat. 343; annexation of the Punjab, 349.
Memoirs of Major General Sir Henry Havelock. Longman, Green,
Longman and Roberts, London, 1860. Ellenborough's recall
postpones Anglo — Sikh war by a year, 146; causes of the war, 146-
147; Ferozepore contonement, 149; battle ofMudki, 150;Ferozeshah,
151.157: Aliwal, 158; battle of Sobraon, 158-160 ; reasons against
annexation of the Punjab, 160-161 ; second Sikh war, 170: Outbreak
at Multan, 171-72; revolt to Sher Singh, 172-74; Ram Nagar,
engagement, 174-179; battle of Saddullahpore, 180; battle of
Chillianwala, 181-86; battle of Gujerat, 187. Second Punjab War. Cat.
Rev. Vol. 12 (Dec. 1849) p.241-87. Martens, H. The Battle of
Ferozeshah (2nd Day) 1845, from a sketch by Major G. F. White,
Coloured, acquatint, 24"X I6V2, Ackerman, London. Martin,
Montgomery. Progress & Present State of British India. Samson Low
Son & Co., London, 1862. Martin, R. Montgomery. The Despatches,
minutes and correspondence of the Marquis Wellesley K. G. during
his adminbtration in India, Allen & Co., London, 1836.37. 5 Vols.
Martineau, Alfred. Le General Perron, Generalissime des armees
descindiaetdu Grand Mogol, 1753-1834. Paris, 1931. Also See Victor
Jacquemont, Lauriston, Jean Law De. Martineau, Harriet. The History
of the British Rule in India. Smith, Elder & Co., London, 1857-8.
Sikhs, Ranjit Singh, 235-239: Shah Shujah, Sikhs and the British
307-314 : Anglo-Sikh war, 325-329; annexation of the
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 147
Punjab,329; Sikhs alarmed by the arrival of British troops at their
frontier — pledge of the Sikh army, 326; British undervalued Sikh's
valour, 326; treachery of Sikh commander, 327 ; Wellington tells
Napier "If you do not go, I must" go to the Punjab, 329; Punjab
annexed, 329. Martyrs, A concise List of Sikh. S S. Missionary
College, Amritsar. Mason, Capt. A.H. The Forties in the Punjlb — A
historical description. Calcutta, 1890. Massey, Major Charles Francis.
The Chiefs and Families of Note in the Delhi, Jalandhar Division of
the Punjab, and also of Peshawar and Derajat divisions of the
Punjab. Government of the Punjab printed at the Pioneer Press,
Allahabad, 1890. Beginning with Brief historical sketches of Patiala,
Bahawalpore. Jind, Nabha, Kapoorthala. Faridkot, Kulsia and other
smaller states, it deals with the chiefs and families of note in the
above divisions. Massey, C.F and Sir Lepel Griffin. An appendix to
Griffin's "Punjab Chiefs" and Massey's "Chiefs and Families of note in
the Punjab divisions of Delhi, jallandhar, Peshawar and Derajat".
Punjab Government Printing, Lahore, 1888. Revised pedigree Tables
of the Families mentioned In Griffin's "Punjab Chiefs" and Massey's
"Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab". Government Printing,
Lahore, 1899. Massie. James William. Continental India : Travelling
sketches and historical recollections, Illustrating the antiquity,
religion and manners of the Hindus, die extent of British conquest
and the progress of missionary operations. Tohmas Ward and
Company, London. 1840. 2 Vols. Masson, Charles. Narrative of
Various journeys in Beluchistan, Afghanistan and the Punjab;
including a residence in those countries from 1826 to 1838. Richard
Bentley. London, 1842. 3 Vols.
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 148 Vol. I.
Opinion on Burnes' mission to Cabul, viii; revenue of the Punjab, i.
26; Bahawalpore and Sikhs, 27, 30, 33 ; Mankhera, D. G. Khan, etc.,
37-43; S. Hari Singh at Dera, 46, 57; S. Amar Singh, 64-65 ; Diwan
Bhawanee Dass, 66-67 ; Ranjit Singh in Lakki, 99; Peshawar under
Sikhs — So Hari Singh — So Budh Singh, 132; the suppression of
Muslim crusades led by Syed Ahmad, 132 to 145, 164-65,291-92;
Rustam Dil Khan sends his sword to Lahore, 290 ; Multan-conquest
by Ranjit Singh, Sawan Mall, 395-98; Lahore -Shalamar — Ranjit
Singh's conquest of Lahore, 413-417; Sikhs — their religion — Sikh
prophecies — Mohammadan persecutions — the Granth Sahib, 417-
425 ; improvements under the Sikh rule — law and order —
conquests of Maharaja, 426-29 ; frontier and Hari Singh — Maharaja
Ranjit Singh's army — 430-35; Sikhs compared with other people —
the Akalis — Sikh military rules — general character of Ranjit Singh
— anxious to reduce the Dogras — Kharak Singh's intrigues —
Personal appearance of the Maharaja — The Koh-i-Noor-^t35-44;
General Allard—S. Thakar Singh son of S. Sham Singh Attariwala,
445-58. Vol. III. Jai Singh Attariwala on mission to Peshawar, joins
Dost Mohammad Khan, 21-22; Dost Mohammad Khan defeated at
Haidro, 27-29 ; Jehad against the Sikhs — Maharaja Ranjit Singh
occupies Peshawar — Jabar Khan defeated in Kashmir, 56-65;
pretentions of Syed Ahmed — Dost Mohammad Khan helps his
brothers, 77-80; fate of Diwan Sultan Singh, 13134; Sikhs under S.
Hari Singh and Prince Naunihal Singh — conquer Peshawar, 224-19;
crusade against Sikhs, 267; attitude of British Government towards
Shah Shujah and Dost Mohammad, 270; Dost Mohd. 's financial
operations for Jehad against the Sikhs — plunder of Hindus -
Moslems — his own wives — two year's Jazia, 311-314; syed
Karamat Ali's attitude towards Captain Wade — and Maharaja Ranjit
Singh, 323-24; Dost Mohd.'s war against the Sikhs and his flight
from the field, 327-48; Sikhs and Afghans, 349-80; battle of Jamrud
and death of S. Hari Singh — operations
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 149 of
Sardar Lahora Singh — correspondence between Sikhs and Afghans,
381-395; Captain Wade on Dost Mohd.'s designs against the Sikhs,
410- 12 ; opportunity for Sikhs — Afghan reconciliation,' 419, 423-
24; Captain Burnes' mission exposed, 421-429 ; object behind the
Trade treaties of the British — opening of the Indus and countries
beyond, 432; Auckland holds out h ope to the Afghans against Sikh
attacks, 434; British Government thought to be implicated in
Afghan.Sikh disputes, 438; Afghan attacks on the Sikhs 441 ;
question of Peshawar being restored to Afghans, 447449; 454-468 ;
determination of the British to take the Punjab. 471; failure of
Burnes' mission, 482; Tripartite Treaty — Lord Auckland's reluctance
to send an army to Kabul, 483-496. Narrative of a Journey to Kelat,
including an account of the insurrection at that place in 1840 and a
memoir on Eastern Beluchlstan. Richard Bentley, London, 1843.
Mathur, Ram Sahai. Raja Gajpat Singh (1738-1786): Acritical study
of his Life and Times. MS. ALP. Maude. F.C. — Memories of the
Mutiny, with which is incorporated the personal narrative of John.
Walter Sherer. Remington & Co., London, 1894. 2 Vols. Maunsell.
Col. E. B. Prince of Wales' Own the Sclnde Horse. Published privately
by the Reglmefltal Committee, 1926. Maurice, Thomas. The Modern
History of Hindostan. British Museum, London, 1803. Sikhs — their
origin and history — Emperor marches against them, 508-5 12; Sikh
irruption into Delhi, 617; Moojud — Dowlah and the Prince marches
towards the North against Sikhs — Imperial troops routed by the
Sikhs, 617-9 ; Mirza Shafi, 620.
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 150
Mawson. Records of Sir Charles Napier's Indian Command. Leapage
& Co., Calcutta, 1851. Maynard, J. Sikh Problem in the Punjab. Cant.
Rev. London, Vol. 124 (Sept. 1923) pp. 292-303. Maxwell, E LA
History of the XI King Edward's own Lancers (Probyn's Horse). A.C.
Curtis, Ltd., Guildford, 1914. MacDonald, Lt. Col. Sir John. Remarks
on Lt. Col. Evan's late work on the invasion of India, 1 830. Forms a
part of Memoranda on North West Frontier of British India. Mazahabi
Sikhs. Sketch of the Mazahabi Sikhs and suggestions for their
employment by Government. Forms Section IV of the Report on
Thuggee in the Punjab by H. Brereton, November, 1852, in
'Selections from the Public Correspondence, of the Administration for
the affairs of the Punjab.' Vol. I., Nos. I to VI. Cronlcle Press, Lahore,
1857. See Brereton, H. Meade, H. The Sepoy Revolt. 1858. Medley,
Julins George. A Year's Campaigning in India from March, 1857 to
March, 1858. W. Thacker and Co., London, 1858. Meherally, Yusuf.
ATrip to Pakistan. Padma Publications, Bombay, 1943. 1944. Mehtab
Singh. Babadom — he so-called Gurus of the Sikhs. The Khalsa,
Lahore, 15.3.1899, 22.3.1899,7.4.1899, 17.5.1899. Mehta, H. R. A.
History of the Growth & Development of Western Education in the
Punjab (1 846- 1884). Panjab Govt. Record Office, Lahore, 1929.
Mehta, Mohan Sinha. Lord Hastings and the Indian States, being a
study of the relations of the British Government in India with the
Indian States. D. B. Taraporewala Sons and Co., Bombay, 1930.
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 151 Power
and Character of Ranjit Singh, 3 ; treaty with him, 216; Nabha, 216.
Mehta, Udho Dass. The Japji Sahib: A Masterpiece of Guru Nanak,
with Hindi Text and English translation. Pub. the Author, Chief judge
(Retired), Bahawalpur State. Melvill, P. Sandys. Political Diaries of.
See Punjab Government Records, Vol. VI. Melvill, Phillip. Settlement
Report for Northern Ambala. Sections, I, III, IV. Revised Settlement
Report of 20 Villages in Ambala Tehsil and 3 1 villages in Jagadhri
Tehsil. Mennon, V. P. The Story of the Integration of the Indian
States Orient Longmans, Bombay, 1957. The Transfer of Power in
India. Orient Longmans, Bombay, 1957. Merewether, Lt. Col. J.W.B.
and Lt. Co., Sir Frederick Smith. The Indian Corps in France, with
introductions by the Right Hon'ble the Earl Curzon of Kedleston.
John Murray, London, 1918. An account of the Sikhs and their
military worth, 483-84; regiments and the representatives, 484;
heroism of the Sikhs at the first Battle of Ypres, 36-37; and part
played by various Sikh regiments and Frontier Corps, throughout.
Merk, J. N. Acht Vortrage uber das Pand — schab, etc. Berlagvon
Mannund Baschlin, Bern, 1869. Merk, W.R.H. The History of the
Punjab, Calcutta, 1889. Message of Peace and Reconciliation. STS.,
Lahore, 1926. Metcalf , Lord. Life and correspondence of Lord
Metcalf by John William Kaye. Smith Elder and Company, London,
1858. See under Kaye, J.W. Metcalf, C.T Two Native Narratives of the
Mutiny in Delhi translated from the originals. Archd. Constable &
Coy., Westminister, 1898.
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 152
Maharaja Patiala helps the British, 99, 143, 171; Kashmere, 117, 221
; Nabha, EH; Disturbances at Rawalpindi, 118; Amritsar, 118;
Jullundur, 100, 125; Sikh regiments at Meerut, 217. M'Gregor, Dr.
Report on Maharaja Ranjit Singh's health. Imperial Records
Department, Calcutta, Select Committee's proceedings. M'Gregor,
W.L. The History of the Sikhs, containing the lives of the Gurus, the
History of the Independent Sirdars or missals and the life of the
Great Founder of the Sikh Monarchy, Maharaja Ranjit Singh. James
Madden, London, 1846. 2 Vols. Lahore — Umritsar — Govind Garh, i.
1-30; Guru Nanak and his eight successors, 31-68; Guru Govind
Singh. 69-105: Banda, 105-112 ; Sikhs after Banda —
Mohammedens over — run the Punjab — Sikhs expell them and
form themselves into confedracies, 113-119; Bhangi Misal, 120-7;
Faizullahpuria and Ramgarhia, 128-137 ; Kanhya, Ahluwalia and
Sukarchakia misals, 138-150; Ranjit Singh, 150-291; death of
Maharaja, Kharak Singh and Naunihal Singh, Chand Kaur and Sher
Singh, ii. 1-9 ; reign of Sher Singh — assasinated — Dhian Singh
murdered — Maharaja Dalip Singh, 1023 ; Hira Singh killed- Suchet
Singh's death, Gulab Singh, 24-31 ; Maharani Jind Kaur — Jawahar
Singh — 32-38; first Anglo-Sikh war — battle of Mudki — conduct of
Lall Singh and Tej Singh — reasons of not attacking Ferozepore, 39-
98 ; Ferozeshah, 99-128, 363-76 ; Aliwal, 129-153; Sobraon, 154-
195, 323-348; British occupation of Lahore — treaty with the Lahore
Darbar- treaty with Gulab Singh, 196-250 ; Punjab as an
independent kingdom destroyed, 251-274; movement against
Kangra-disturbances at Lahore, 309-322, 349-362. Michaud.
Biographie Universelle, ancienne et moderne on Historic Chez
Madame G. Desplaces, Paris, 1854.
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 153
Biographical sketches of important historic personages. Milford. A
Land March from Europe to Ceylon. Military Mannual. 1844. Miller, H.
Lord Minto in India: Life an.: ! Letters of Gilbert Elliot, First Earl of
Minto from 1807 to 1814. 1 880). Millions on the Move — The
aftermath 'Jf Partition. Government of India, Delhi. Mills, H.
Woosnam. The Campaign in Tirah, 1897-1898 C.M.G. Lahore, 1898.
The Pathan Revolt in North — West India. Civil & Military Gazette
Press, Lahore, 1897. The Tirah Campaign, being the sequel to the
'Pathan Revolt in North West India.' Civil & Millitary Gazette, Press,
Lahore, 1898. Mills, James and H.H. Wilson. History of British India.
James Madden, London and Piper, Stephenson & Spen, London,
1848. Vols. 10. Based upon faulty authorities, the account of the
early rise of the Sikhs is not reliable, but the narrative of
contemporary events is not very defective. Rise of the Sikhs, Guru
andBanda, ii. 27, 301-310; vii. 72-75; Shah takes Sirhind from the, ii
290; they oppose Ahmed Durrani, ii. 332 ; conquer Lahore, ii. 335;
Multan, ii. 341 ; treachery played upon Aminchand by Clive, iii. 135-
6; jaswant Rao Holkar marches into the Sikh territory, iv. 464; Sikhs
and British, vii. 114; Amritsar disturbances, vii. 112; insurrections of
the Sikhs, iv. 115; Ranjit Singh, ix. 104; 134-138,284-285; Hariana
territories, vii. 137139; SyedAhmed, ix. 149-150, 317-319. Minas.
PA. A Short sk;:tch of the Tribes of Bhuttiana and Hariana. JASB.
Minchin, C. Memorandum on the Beloch Tribes in the Dera Ghazi
Khan. Selections from the Records of the Government of the Punjab
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 154 and its
dependencies New Series, No. 3. Lahore, 1869. Minto, the Countess
of Lord Minto in India. Life and letters of Gilbert Elliot, First Earl of
Minto from 1807-1814, while Governor — General of India, edited by
his Great Niece. Longman Green & Co, London, 1880. Maharaja
Ranjit Singh, 143-144. 180; designs of, 145; proposed British
mission to, 147; Metcalf 's embassy, 152; treaty, 156 ; death, 157.
Lord Minto's letter to the Secret Committee of Directors, London,
1808. Misra; R.P. Die Abli. Bewegogung, Dautsche Rimds Chau,
Berlin, Vol. 200, July, 1924, pp. 17-30. Akalees — The Immortal
Sikhs. Current History, Vol. 17 (March, 1923). pp 980-987. Mitchell,
J.E, Rev. T. Grahm Bailey C.H. Donald. The Ballad of Ram Singh's
two Rebellions (1848-1849), 1920. JPHS, Vol. VIII. No. 1, 1920.
Mitchell, William Forbes See Forbes. — Mitchell, William. Mitra, H. N.
Punjab Unrest, Before & After. Annual Register Office, Calcutta, 1920
Mitra, S. M. Anglo Indian Studies. Longman, Green & Coy, London,
1913. The Sikh Anand Marriage Act. 49-82. Mohammad Hosain
Khan. A Few Phases of the Afghans in Jullundur Busties. Pub. author,
Busty Nau, Jullundur. Mohan Lall. Journal of a Tour through the
Punjab, Afghanistan, Turkistan, Khorasan and part of Persia in
company with Lieut. Burnes and Dr. Gerard. Pub. Author, printed at
the Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, 1834. Impressions about King
Ranjit Singh and Sikhs.
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 155 Life of
Amir Dost Mohammed Khan of Kabul: with his Political proceedings
towards the English, Russian and Persian Governments including the
victory and disasters of the British Army in Afghanistan Longman,
Brown, Green and Longmans, London, 1846. 2 Vols. Dost
Mohammed enters into alliance with King Ranjit Singh for Kashmir, i.
84; conquest of Attock, 85-89; Dost Mohammed sends a mission to
Ranjit Singh — Mohammed Azim Khan's flight from Peshawar before
the Sikhs, 125-129 ; Syed Ahmed's Jehad against Sikhs, 146; Dost
Mohammed wages a jehad against the Sikhs — his treatment of the
Sikh envoys Faqir Aziz Din and Dr. Harlan; fearful of the advancing
army of Ranjit Singh, Dost Mohammed flies away with his Ghazis to
Kabool, 168-182; the battle of Jamrood and the death of S. Hari
Singh, 226-228; reference to the battle of Jamrood, 250-260; Dost
Mohd.'s intrigues with Persians and Russians for the recovery of
Peshawar from the Sikhs, 261 ; the tripartite treaty and assistance of
the Sikhs to establish Shah Shujah at Kabul, 367-399 ; occasional
reference to the Sikh — throughout the second Volume. Travels in
the Punjab, Afghanistan and Turkistan to Balak, Bokhara and Herat
and a visit to Great Britain, Germany. W . H . Allen & Co., London,
1846. Mohan Lall undertook these travels at first in the capacity of
Persian Secretary to Sir Alex. Burnes and later on a mission to
Cabut. He occasionally passed through the Punjab and has recorded
his impressions, which are to some extent influenced by a pre —
Muslim bias. Magnificance of Sikh Court and bravery of S. Hari
Singh, xv. Akalis — S. Sham Singh, 9; Maharaja Ranjit Singh,8; S.
Jwala Singh Pidhania, 10; Ranjit Singh rules without a counseller,
12.; Shalemar, 14; S. Mihan Singh, 21 ; Ram Nagar — Syed Ahmad
and Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 40; character of Sultan Mohammad Khan
of Peshawar, 44; S. Hari Singh, 367;
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 156 Dhyan
Singh, 368; capture of Jaunat, the Beluch lady of Mazari tribe, 388;
Diwan Sawan Mall. 389-402. On the Trade of Bahawalpore: Indian
Government Papers. Sec. III. pp. 70-78. Account of Kala Bagh on
the right bank of the Indus.JASB. 1838, pp. 25-27. A brief account of
the origin of the Daudputras and of the power and birth of Bahawal
Khan, their chief, on the banks of the Ghara and Indus.JASB,
1838.27-33, Mohan Singh, Dr. Essentials of Sikhism. The Khalsa
Review, monthly. Vol. II No.7. August. 1931. Guru Govind Singh as a
Poee. University Sikh Association, Lahore, 1932. Mohan Singh,
General. Leaves from my Diary. Free World Publications. Lahore,
1946 (Sikh Publishing House Lahore). Montagu. Edwin S. (Secretary
of State for India. 1917-22). An Indian Diary, edited by Venetia
Montagu. William Heinemann Ltd., London, 1930. Montague's
impressions of the Sikhs. 49-50. Montchoisy. L'lnde et les Hindous.
Histoire de la Begum Sombre. Paris, 1893. Montgomery R. Minute on
infanticide in the "Punjab. No. XVI of Selections from the Public
Correspondence of Administration for the affairs of the Punjab, Vol.
I. p. 391, Chronicle Press, Lahore, 1852. Moolraj. Trial of Moolraj,
formerly Nazim of Mooltan, with the proceedings of a special Military
Commission assembled at ,Mooltan for the trial of murderer of Mr.
Vans Agnew, and Lieutenant Anderson. Delhi. 1849. New edition,
edited by Professor Sita Ram Kohli. Government Printing, Lahore.
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 157
Moorcraft W., and G. Frebeck. Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of
Hindostan and the Punjab, in Lajak and Kashmir in the Peshawar.
Kabul and Kunduz and Bokhara from 1819 to 1825, John Murray,
Landor., 1837. Contains impressions of thei Punjab and Sikh
territories durirg the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Vol. i. — Sikh
territories in the Hills. 1-60, Mandi, Hoshyarpore, Amritsar. Lahore;
interviews with the Maharaja, an account of the Sikh capital and its
splendour. 60-61 ; Phula Singh Akali ; indisposition of Ranjit Singh —
Fateh Singh Ahluwalia — Sikh religious establishment — Raja Sansar
Chand — Kangra ceded to Ranjit Singh — paramount authority of
the Sikhs :on the Hills. 107- 146; political relations of Ladak with
Raniit Singh, 418; the Sikhs in Cashmere, ii. 83-106; the Sikhs in the
North Western Punjab, Jhelum, Rohtas, Rawalpindi, Hassan Abdal
(Panja Sahib), i.i. 274-344. Letter to Sir David Ochterloney, May 12,
1820. JPUH. Vol. n. pt. i. Moor-Smith GC. The Autobiography of Lt.
General Sir Harry Smith, Baronet cf Aliwal on the Sutlej. John
Murray, London, 1900-2. 2 Vols. Affairs in the Punjab — outbreak of
the first Anglo- Sikh war — battle of Moodkee,ii. 139-148; battleof
Ferozeshah, ii. 149-164;Futteygarh and Dhurmcote — Buddowal,
105-177; battles of Aliwal and Sobraon. 178-195. Morgan. Mazahabi
Sikhs. Morris H. Marquis of Dalhousie. (The Governors. General of
India series). 2 Vols. 1907. Sir Henry Lawrence, 1908. Earl of
Auckland. Morrison J.L. Lawrence of Lucknow, 1806-1857, being the
Life of Sir Henry Lawrence retold from his private and public papers.
G. Bell, London, 1934.
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 158 Period
immediately before and after the annexation of the Punjab, 151181.
187-254; the mutiny. 282-327. Mountain. Col. A. Memoirs and
Letters of, edited by his widow (The Colonel died in the battle of
1849). London, 1857. Mountbatten. Time only to Look Forward.
Speeches of Rear Admiral the Earl Mountbatten of Burma. Nicholas
Kaye, London, 1949. Mouton, Colonel. Commandant de la Cavalerie
Reguliere de L'armee Sicke, Report Sur Les Derniers Evenements du
Punjab. Impeimerie Benard et Compagnie, Passage du Caire, 2,
Paris. 1846. Account of the first Anglo-Sikh war by a French Officer
Commanding Sikh Cavalry. Muhammed Akbar. See Akbar,
Muhammad. Muhammed Amir Hasan, Raja of Mohmudebad. Idle
Hours. Pt. I. Translation of the Massir-ul-Umra. Lucknow, 1896. Muir,
Ramsay. The Making of British India, 1756-1858, described in a
series of despatches, treaties, statutes and other documents
selected and edited with introduction and notes. The University of
Manchester Press, Manchester, 1923. British relations with the Sikhs,
14-15,248,254, 307-3 14; disorders in the Punjab, 331 ; British
policy in regard to the Sikhs, 333; British occupation of the Punjab.
333-336; annexation of the Punjab, 34335 1 ; administration of the
Punjab. 349-35 1 . Muir, William (preserved by). Records of the
intelligence Department of the Government of the North West
Provinces of India during the mutiny of 1857, including
correspondence with the Supreme Goyernment, Delhi, Cawnpore
and other places, etc.. edited by William Coldstream. T.& T. Clark,
Edinburgh, 1902. 2 Vol. Agra Correspcndence (correspondence from)
during the Mutiny T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1898.
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 159 Mukh
Dayal, Lalla. Heroism of Sikh women. Martyrdom of a Sikh Youth, a
great ideal of service of Bhal Har Pal and a noble service of Bhai
Madho. Anecdotes from Sikh History, No.4. Bhai Amar Singh, Khalsa
Agency, Amritsar. N.D. Mukherji. S. Communalism in Muslim Polities
and troubles over India. Oriental Agency, Calcutta. 1947. Mukherji, T.
K. Note on Sino-Sikh Treaty of 1 842. Bengal Past and Present
LXXIH(2). 145-149. Mulkar, Lt. M.G. i.N.A. Soldier's Diary. Oriental
Agency. Calcutta, N.D. Muller C.F. History of the Sikhs. Calcutta,
1846. Mundy, Captain. Pen and Pencil Sketches-being the Journal of
a Tour in India. John Murray. London, 1832. 2 Vols. Booreah, 1. 128;
Patiala Raja — ruins of Sirhind — arms of the Sikh — war quoits, i.
129- 140; Lahore territories around Ludhiana, i. 140-141 ; Maharaja
Ranjeet Singh, i. 142; Sikh principalities — Patiala. 31929; Kythal, i.
329-335; Jheend, i. 335-339. Murray Hugh. History of British India,
with continuation comprising the Afghan war, the conquest of Sind
and Gwalior, war in the Punjab, etc., etc., continued to the year.
1856. T. Nelson and Sons, London. 1856. Rise of the Sikhs, Influence
of persecution, Guru Govind Singh — Banda. 304-6; death of Ranjit
Singh, Sher Singh, influence of Dhian Singh — no grpund for British
influence. 616-617 ; Army of observation. 681 ; Kharak Singh.
Naunihal Singh and Sher Singh, 68 1 ; ambitions of Dhian Singh-
murder of Sher Singh; Dalip Singh enthroned, 382-383; policy for
annexation of the Punjab contemplated in England, 691-2; British
provocatiors, 694-95; treachery of Lai Singh and Tej Singh, 697;
706, 718; wisdcm of the army. 697 — readiness of Sikh soldiers,
698; anxiety in England. 700; British unable to defend Ferozepore.
701; battle of Mudkee 701 ; Sikh resistence and British confusion,
704-706; battle of
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 160
Ferozeshah, 707-710; triumph of the Sikhs, 710; Aliwal, 711 ; Gulab
Singh opens negotiations, 713 ; Sobraon, S. Sham Singh, 719 ;
reason for exacting humiliating terms, 726 ; transactions with Gulab
Singh, 726-7; treaties, Multan affairs, 130-8; Bhai Maharaj Singh,
734; Chillianwala, 739-40; Gujrat. sllrrender of the Sikhs, 741-4;
annexation of the Punjab, 744-48; necessity for establishing Sikh
independence, 746. Murray, Major P. Records of the I,XXI Punjabis,
revised, with agenda, June, 1919 to September, 1921. 1922. Murtaza
Ali Khan, Nawabzada. Munir-ud-Dowlah (1695-1774): His Life and
Times. Hind Kitabs Ltd., Bombay, 1947. Muter, Mrs. (wife of Col. D.O.
Muter). My Recollections of the Sepoy Revolt (1857-58). John Long
Ltd., London, 1911. Mutinies in the East Indies — Papers and Further
Papers, presented to the Houses of Parliament by Command of Her
Majesty. London. 1 857-58. Mutiny, Selections from the Public
correspondence of the administration for the affairs of the Punjab.
Vol. I. Punjab Mutiny Report. London, 1859. Mutiny Correspondence
and Reports (Punjab Government Records). 1911 Press List of
Mutiny Papers of 1857-58. 1925. Press — List of Mutiny Papers 1857.
Govt, of India, Calcutta, 1921. Mutiny. Indian Mutiny, 1857-58.
William P. Nimmo, London, 1878 Lucknow, The Defence of, by a
member of the original Residence Garrison. Lucknow, 1 89 1 . A
Widow's Reminiscences of the Siege of Lucknow. J. Nisbet & Co.,
London, 1858. Mutiny of the Bengal Army: An Historical narrative by
one who served under Sir Charles Napier. Bosworth & Harrison,
London, 1858. 1857 Centenary Souvenir. Delhi, 1957. M. W. (M'Leod
Wylie ?) See Wylie. M'Leod.
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 161 Nabha.
Truth about Nabha. Shromanl. Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee,
Amritsar. 1924. It is brief sketch of the origin of the Nabha State, the
relations of the Phulkian States with the British Indian Government,
the career of Maharaja Ripudaman Singh and the circumstances
leading to the dethronement of the Maharaja and the agitation of
the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee in this connection.
Nabob Vizier. Importance of Cavalry to protect the Nabob Vizier's
Frontier from Allahabad to Hardwar. Extract from a letter dated
Oude, November, 1799. The Asiatic Annual Register for the year,
1804. London. 1804. Miscellaneous Tracts — The Sikhs In the Doab,
80, 84. Nahar Singh, Studies in the History of the Sikhs — The
Struggle for Breath. 1710-1753. The Model Press, lahore, 1935. Guru
Govind Singh's visit to Rawal Sar (Mandi State). ND. Nair. Durga
Parshad. Guru Govind Singh Ji. The Sikh Review, March, 1914.
Lajpat Rai. Faqir Aziz-ud-Dln. Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Foreign
Minister. Ilami Markaz. Lahore. Sir William Macnaghten's
Correspondence relating to the Tripartite Treaty. Punjab Government
Record Office, Lahore, 1942. Nanak, Disciples of Asiatic Researches,
Calcutta, XVII, (1832). pp. 232-237. Stories of Baba Nanak. STS.
Lahore, 1919. Nanda, J. Punjab uprooted. Hind Kitabs Ltd., Bombay,
April, 1948. Nand Lai Rajpal. Report on the Examination of
Documents Recently Discovered in the Fort at lahore, revised and
edited by G. L. Chopra. Lahore. 1934. Nand Singh, Bhai. The
Philosophic Aspect of Sikhism — An address delivered in a Congress
of World Religions at the Panama Exhibition. Sikh Tract Society,
Lahore, 1921. Tract No. 35.
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 162
Nankana Sahib Tract, The Hindu — Sikh case for Lahore, 1947.
Memorandum presented to the Boundary Commission. Naomal
Hotchand, Memoirs of Seth. See Bhojwani. Napier, Sir Charles
James. Defects. Civil and Military, of the Government of India, edited
by Lt. General Sir W.F.P. Napier. Charles Westerton, London, 1854.
Compilation of General Orders, 1842-7. Napier, W. F. P. The Conquest
of Sind, with some introductory passages in the Life of Major
General Sir Charles James Napier. T. & W. Boone, London, 1845. Life
and opinions of General Sir Charles James Napier, K.C.B. John
Murray, London, 1857. 4 Vols. The party of the British Government in
the Punjab-an excuse wanted for interference, ii. 450-451 ; plan of
War in the Punjab offered to Hardinge in June, 1844, iii. 308-312,
340 ; Napier prepares for march on Multan, 362-364; pre-
arrangements of keeping the British army at Lahore, 367; first
Anglo-Sikh war, 362-385,446 ; second Sikh war, iv. The History of
General Sir Charles Napier's administration of Sindh, etc. Chapman &
Hall, London, 1851. Includes occasional references to the Anglo-Sikh
relations just before and after the Anglo-Sikh wars. Napier, Sir
William and Captain A. B. Rathborne, Wellington and Napier:
comments by. A supplement to Indian improvements by Lt. General
Sir Charles James Napier. Published by Charles Westerton, London,
1854. Comments on a memorandum of the Duke of Well-ington and
other documents censuring Lt. General Sir Charles James Napier by
Sir W. Napier with a defence of Sir Charles Napier's
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 163
Government of Scinde by Captain Rathborne. Part II. deals with Lord
Dalhousie, 39-56; and III. with the Punjab and Scinde, 57-94. R.
Private Letters of. addressed to Sir Frederick Currie, Resident at
Lahore, regarding the military operations at Multan 1848-49. MS.
HMS. KCA. Napoleonic Wars in the East. Journal of Md. History, Vol.
V, iii. December, 1926. Narang, Gokal Chand. Transformation of the
Sikhs or How the Sikhs became a Political Power. Tribune Press,
Lahore, 1912. But for the author's Arya Smajic bias to occasionally
represent Sikhism as a minor sect of Hinduism, it is a scholarly
treatment of the subject. Gurus, Nanak to Govind Singh, 1-101 ;
Banda, 102-121: temporary suppression of the Sikhs, 122-127;
invasion of Nadir and Ahmed — treachery of AdinaBeg, 128-136;
Prince Tymoor defeated by the Sikhs — Lahore occupied — money
coined in the name of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, 137-148: Ahmed Shah
defeated by the Sikhs— Wadda Ghalughara — Sikhs rise and occupy
Lahore — Charhat Singh takes Lahore — money coined in the name
of the Khalsa, 149-160: the Missals, 167-184; administration under
the Missals, 185-197; Sikhism — its scriptures and features, I. to
xxiv. Revised and enlarged 2nd edition, 1945. K. S. History of the
Punjab. Uttar Chand Kapur, Delhi, 1953. Narotam Singh (Advocate,
14, Edward Road, Lahore). Petition under Sec. 16 (2) under C. L. A.
A. (1903) for declaring the All India Muslim League an'unlawful
Association.' May 10, 1947. Nash, Charles, (ed ) History of the War
in Afghanistan, from its commencement to its close, including a
general sketch of the polley and the various circumstances which
induced the British
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 164
Government to interfere in the affairs of Afghanistan from the
journal of letters of an officer of high in rank, with an introductory
description of the country and its political state previous to the war.
Thomas Brooks, London, 1843. Natesan G. A. Indian Review War
Book. Natesan Madras Part played by the Sikhs, Sikh Chiefs and
during the Great European War, 1914-1918. Ramananda to Ram
Tiratha — Lives of the Saints of Northern India including the Sikh
Gums. Natesan and Company, Madras. N. D. Nawabzada Murtaza Ali
Khan. See Murtaza Ali Khan, Nawabzada. Neachus. The Lost River in
the Indian Desert. Cat. Rev. Vol. I. 1849. Nehru, Jawahar lal. See
Jawaharlal Nehru. Neill, J. Martin Bladen. Recollections of four years'
service in the East with His Majesty's 40th Regt., comprising an
account of the taking ofKarachi, 1839; operations in Scinde, 1840-
41; and the operations of the Candahar Division of "The Avenging
army" of Afghanistan in 1841-2, under Major General Sir W. Nott.
Richard Bentley, London, 1845. Nevill Ralph. Mayfair and
Montmartre. Methuen & Co. Ltd., London, 1921. Prince Victor
Dhuleep Singh, 52-53. Neville H. R. Bijnaur : A Gazetteer being
volume XIV of the District Gazetteers of the U.P of Agra and Oudh.
Govt. Press, Allahabad, 1904. The Rohillas and Mahrattas — the
invasions of the Sikhs and their conflict with Zabita Khan and Hafiz
Rahmat Khan, 172-176; fall of the Rohillas — part taken by the Sikhs
in the suppression of the Mutiny of 1857, 187.
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 165
Bulandshahr : A Gazetteer being Volume V of the District Gazetteers
of the U. P. of Agra and Oudh. Government Press, Allahabad. Decline
of the Mughals — Ghaziuddin — Ahmad Shah Abdall — Rohillas,
148-150; the Mahrattas and the Sikhs, 150-151. Meerut; A Gazetteer
being Volume IV of the District Gazetteers of the U.P. of Agra and
Oudh. Government Press, Allahabad, 1904. Later Mughals — Rohillas
— Marathas — the Sikh incursions. 153-156 ; the Sikhs in the Doab
in 1779 and their conflict with Mirza Shafi — Begam Samru, 156.
Moradabad : A Gazetteer being Volume XVI of the District Gazetteers
of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. Government Press,
Allahabad, 1911. Invasions of the Sikhs — Mirza Shafi — the Jats,
155-159; George Thomas and Begum Samru, 159-162; Sikh pare
during the Mutiny of 1857,163. Muthra: A Gazetteer being a volume
of the District Gazetteers of the U. P. of Agra and Oudh. Government
Press. Allahabad, 1911. The Jats — Suraj Mall and his son Nawal
Singh- Mahrattas — Ahmed Shah Abdali's invasion — collapse of the
Jat power — Mirza Shaft's march against the Jats, 197-202; later
struggles, 205. Muzaffar Nagar: A Gazetteer being Volume III of the
District Gazetteers of the U.P. of Agra and Oudh. Govt. Press,
Allahabad, 1903. Sikh inroads — their influence on the land
settlements-paying black mail to Sikh Sardars — Meerut Khatauli and
Miranpur, 128-130; Sikh raid under Banda in 1710, 174; invasion in
1763 and taking Miranpur — Buddha-Dai in 1764 — Hafiz Rahmat's
efforts against
 A Selected Bibliography of the Sikhs & Sikhism 166 the
Sikhs fruitless — Nanauta and Meerut attacked, 1767 — Najibud-
Daowla defeats them, 175- 176; the Sikh exactions — Rakhi and
Kambli — the Sikh Soldier — his qualities — equipment, 176-177;
Zabita Khan pays Rs. 50,000 Nazrana in 1774-75; Sikhs help Zabita
Khan and defeat his Delhi enemies in March, 1776 — Zabita Khan
embraces Sikhism, 177-78; Zibita Khan forgets the Sikhs in his
understanding with the Emperor — Sikh attacks of 1778-81 ; Mirza
Mohammad Shafi drives them out of the Doab, 178; Jassa Singh
Ramgarhia and others invade the Doab in 1784; Ghulam Qadir
defeats the Sikhs in 1188, 179; George Thomas and the Sikhs, 180-
187; Colonel Burne and Sikhs, 187-190; later Sikh incursions, 191-
196; the British and the Mutiny, 196-207. Saharanpur: A Gazetteer
being Volume II of the District Gazetteers of the U.R of Agra and
Oudh. Government Press, Allahabad, 1909. Sikhs invade
Saharanpore under Banda in 1708; struggle with jalal Khan of
Jalalabad, 1714, 187-188; Barha Saiyids— Najib-ud-Daula— Ahmed
Shah Abdali— Jats, 181-191 ; Sikh invasions of 1763, 1767— Sikhs
and Zabita Khan — Ghulam Qadir— Malwa Sikhs' incursions into the
Doab-Marathas — Lord lake — Colonel Burne — Mr. Guthrie— Amir
Khan Pindari, 191-198; mutiny, 198-205. Newell, Major H. A.
Amritsar, the City of the Golden Temple. Author. N. D. A guide to
places of interest with description and history of Amritsar. Lahore:
Capital of the Punjab, a guide to places of interest with history and
map. The Author, Chartered Bank of India, Australia & China,
Bombay. N. D. Newman, Henry. Umra Khan and the Chitral
Campaign of 1895. Civil and Military Gazette Press, Lahore.
Newspapers. A First Collection of Akhbars, etc., (Persian). India
Office Library, London. No. 492.
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