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3 3440 00157366 -)

NUTRITIONAL
MEDICINE
“Alan R.. Gaby, M.D. |
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 Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2021 with funding from
Kahle/Austin Foundation

https://archive.org/details/nutritionalmedicO000gaby
NUTRITIONAL
MEDICINE

Alan R. Gaby, M.D.

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Fritz Perlberg Publishing

Concord, NH
www.doctorgaby.com
NUTRITIONAL MEDICINE
By Alan R. Gaby, M.D.

Copyright © 2011

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including photocopying, or
stored in a retrieval system. or transmitted in any form by any means, without written permission of the copyright owner.

WARNING/DISCLAIMER FOR NON-PRACTITIONERS: The information provided in this book is for educational
purposes only, and should not be construed as personal medical advice or instruction. No action should be taken based
solely on the contents of this book. Readers should consult appropriate health professionals on any matter relating to their
health and well-being. Readers who fail to consult appropriate health authorities assume the risk of any injuries. The
author and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions.

WARNING/DISCLAIMER FOR PRACTITIONERS AND NON-PRACTITIONERS: While extensive efforts have

been made to assure the accuracy of the information provided herein, the possibility of errors, omissions, and misinter-
pretations cannot be ruled out. The reader is therefore advised to consult, whenever possible, the cited references for
verification. Because of constant changes resulting from ongoing research and clinical experience, some of the informa-
tion presented may not be current. The author and publisher are not responsible (as a matter of product liability, negli-
gence, or otherwise) for any injury resulting from any material contained herein. The information in this book should not
be construed as specific instructions for individual patients. Practitioners should exercise appropriate judgment when
making clinical decisions. Manufacturers’ product information and package inserts should be reviewed for current infor-
mation, including contraindications. dosages. and precautions. The dosages listed in this book for various therapeutic
substances are, in general, dosages for adults, unless otherwise specified.

Note: Errata will be posted at www.doctorgaby.com. If you detect an error, please send an email to Nutrition@doctorgaby.com.

ISBN-13: 978-0-9828850-0-0
ISBN-10: 0-9828850-0-8

To purchase additional copies of this book, visit www.doctorgaby.com, or call 603-225-0134. or write to Nutritional
Medicine, 12 Spaulding Street, Concord, NH 03301.

Published by Fritz Perlberg Publishing, Concord, NH.

 Dedication

This book is dedicated to my father, Samuel D. Gaby, M.D., who

helped me find my way and facilitated my journey.
My father was an accomplished general surgeon. He taught me the
value of hard work, contemplation, and compassion; and to have
respect for the human body.
 Acknowledgments

Roger Williams, Ph.D., Linus Pauling, Ph.D., Abram Hoffer, Ph.D.,

M.D., and Carleton Fredericks, Ph.D., whose pioneering work and
writings sparked my interest in the field of nutritional medicine.

Jonathan V. Wright, M.D., who served as my mentor and shared

his vast body of knowledge.

The thousands of scientists and practitioners whose research and

clinical observations made this book possible.

My wife, Beth Gaby, N.D., who proofread the manuscript and

made many valuable suggestions, and who supported me through
the long process of creating this book.

Tamberlyn Blinsink, N.D., and Angila Jaeggli, N.D., who proof-

read the manuscript and made many valuable suggestions.

Fritz Perlberg and Bonnie Raindrop, who for more than 25 years
provided encouragement and helpful ideas that helped me bring
this work to completion.
Foreword (Bill Manahan, M.D.) el 3) Silicon 176-177
Foreword (Jonathan V. Wright, M.D.) Xiil 38 Boron 178-179
Introduction XV 5M) Molybdenum 179-180
40 Nickel 181
Part 1. FUNDAMENTALS OF NUTRITIONAL
MEDICINE Part 2C. AMINO ACIDS
Overview of nutritional medicine 1-3 41 L-Arginine 182-184
Fundamentals of diet 3-8 42 L-Glutamine 184-185
Sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup 8-10 43 L-Lysine 186-187
Food additives 10-14 44 L-Methionine 187-189
Cooking and storage of foods 14-18 45 Phenylalanine 189-191
Reactive hypoglycemia 19-23 46 Taurine 191-192
Food allergy 23-28 47 L-Tryptophan 192-195
Hypothyroidism 28-40 48 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) 195-196
WNCandidiasis (Candida-related
OmAANNDNF 49 L-Tyrosine 196-198
complex) 40-46
10 Orthomolecular medicine 46-49 Part 2D. OTHER THERAPEUTIC AGENTS
50 Acetyl-L-carnitine 198
Part 2. THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 51 N-Acetylcysteine 199-200
Introduction to therapeutic agents 51-52 52 Azelaic acid 200-201
Part 2A. VITAMINS 53 Betaine 201-202
11 Vitamin A 533-59 54 Carnitine 202-205
12 Beta-carotene 60-62 55 Coenzyme Qio 205-207
13 Thiamine 62-66 56 Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) 208-211
14 Riboflavin 66-68 57 Dietary fiber 211-214
15 Vitamin B; Goo. 58 Flavonoids 214-216
16 Folate (folic acid) 72-18 59 Selected herbal remedies 216-219
17 Pantothenic acid 78-79 60 Inositol 219-221
18 Vitamin Be 80-87 61 Inositol hexanicotinate 221
19 Biotin 87-89 62 Alpha-lipoic acid 222-223
20 Vitamin Bj> 89-96 63 Lutein and zeaxanthin 223
21 Choline 97-99 64 Lycopene 224-225
22 Vitamin C 99-108 65 Melatonin 225-226
23 Vitamin D 108-117 66 Omega-3 fatty acids 227-230
24 Vitamin E 117-125 67 Omega-6 fatty acids 230-234
25 Vitamin K 125-129 68 Pantethine 234-235
69 Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) 235-236
Part 2B. MINERALS 70. Probiotics 236-238
26 Calcium 129-134 71 S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) 238
27 Magnesium 134-140
28 Potassium 141-143 Part 3. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
29 Sodium 144-145 ie Angina pectoris 239-244
30 Iron 145-151 site. Aortic aneurysm 244-245
Sis Zine 151-158 74 Arrhythmias 245-250
32 Copper 159-162 75 Atherosclerosis and ischemic heart
33 Chromium 163-165 disease 250-274
34 Selenium 166-169 76 Cardiac arrest 274-275
35. Manganese 169-172 77 Cardiovascular risk factors:
36 Iodine 172-176 cholesterol 275-288
v1 CONTENTS

78 Cardiovascular risk factors: Flatulence and flatus 424-425

triglycerides 289-291 Gastrointestinal bleeding 425
79 Cardiovascular risk factors: Pruritus ani 425-426
homocysteine 291-295 Rectal bleeding 426-427
80 Cardiovascular risk factors: Rectal pain 427
C-reactive protein 295-298 Vomiting 427
8 oo Cardiovascular risk factors: platelet 110 Gastroparesis (delayed gastric
aggregation 298-304 emptying) 428-430
82 Other cardiovascular risk factors 304-310 111 Hemorrhoids 430-431
Lipoprotein
(a) 304-305 112 Hypochlorhydria 432-435
Fibrinogen 305-306 113 Irritable bowel syndrome 435-440
Fibrinolysis 306-308 114 Lactose intolerance 440-44]
Hemorrheology and blood viscosity 308-309 115 Non-ulcer dyspepsia 441-444
83 Congestive heart failure and dilated 116 Pancreatitis 444-448
cardiomyopathy 311-322 117 Peptic ulcer 448-458
84 Hypertension 323-335 118 Proctitis 458-460
85 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 335-336 119 Ulcerative colitis 460-467
86 Intermittent claudication 336-340 120 Other gastrointestinal conditions 468-473
87 Mitral valve prolapse 340-342 Anal fissure 468
88 Myocardial infarction 342-348 Brown bowel syndrome 468
89 Postural hypotension (idiopathic) 348 Dumping syndrome 468-469
90 Raynaud’s disease /phenomenon 349-351 Dysphagia 469
91 Stroke 351-353 Eosinophilic esophagitis 469-470
92 Thrombophlebitis and deep vein Esophageal spasm 470
thrombosis 353-357 Familial adenomatous polyposis 470-471
93 Venous insufficiency and varicose Fecal incontinence 47]
veins 357-359 Intestinal pseudo-obstruction 471-472
Rectocele 472
Part 4. PULMONARY DISEASES
Tropical sprue 472
94 Adult respiratory distress syndrome 361
95 Asthma 362-374 Part 6. LIVER DISEASES
96 Chronic obstructive pulmonary 121 Cirrhosis 475-481
disease 374-380 122 Hepatitis 481-487
97 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 380-381 123 Liver transplant 488
98 Pulmonary hypertension 381-382 124 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 488-495
99 Other pulmonary disorders 382-384 125 Primary biliary cirrhosis 495-498
Bronchiectasis 382-383
Part 7. NEUROLOGY
Cough 383
126 Akathisia 499-500
Pulmonary hemosiderosis 383
127 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 500-503
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis 383
128 Ataxia 503-507
Sarcoidosis 384
129 Carpal tunnel syndrome 508-510
Part 5. GASTROENTEROLOGY 130 Cluster headache 510-511
100 Celiac disease 385-391 131 Epilepsy 511-522
101 Colic 391-393 132 Headache (excluding cluster,
102 Constipation 393-397 migraine) 522-524
103 Crohn’s disease 397-408 Tension-type headache 522-523
104 Diarrhea, chronic 408-411 Spinal headache 523
105 Diverticular disease 411-413 Hemicrania continua 523
106 Gallstones 413-418 Idiopathic stabbing headache 523
107 Gastritis, chronic 418-419 Post-transplant headache e235
108 Gastroesophageal reflux disease 420-422 133 Huntington’s disease 524-525
109 Gastrointestinal symptoms 134 Idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell’s
(nonspecific) 422-428 palsy) 525-526
Abdominal pain 422-423 135 Infantile spasms (West syndrome) 526-527
Belching 423-424 136 Migraine 527-536
 CONTENTS Vil

137 Multiple sclerosis 536-542 167 Soft-tissue injuries 658-659

138 Narcolepsy 542-543 168 Other musculoskeletal conditions 659-665
139 Parkinson’s disease 543-549 Bursitis 659
140 Peripheral neuropathy 55.) =o99 Chondromalacia patella 659-660
141 Restless legs syndrome 553-555 Complex regional pain syndrome 660
142 Sciatica 555-556 Dupuytren’s contracture 661
143 Tardive dyskinesia 556-559 Myasthenia gravis 661-662
144 Tremor 559-560 Osgood-Schlatter disease 662
145 Trigeminal neuralgia 560-562 Osteogenesis imperfecta 662-663
146 Other neurological conditions Sova 7/3) Paget’s disease (osteitis deformans) 663-664
Blepharospasm 562 Perthe’s disease 664
Cerebral palsy 562-563
Dyslexia 563 ~—~Part 10. DERMATOLOGY
Dyspraxia (developmental coordination 169 Acne vulgaris 667-67 |
disorder) 563-564 170 Acrodermatitis enteropathica 672-673
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia 564 171 Actinic keratosis 673-674
Guillain-Barré syndrome 564 172 Alopecia 674-678
Kearns-Sayre syndrome 564-565 173 Brittle nails 678-679
Myelopathy 565-566 174 Bullous pemphigoid 679-680
Neuritis 566 175 Chilblains 680-681
Neurological allergy 566-567 176 Dermatitis herpetiformis 682-684
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 567 177 Discoid lupus erythematosus 684-685
Periodic limb movements in sleep 567-568 178 Dry skin 685-687
Peroxisomal disorders 568 179 Eczema 687-696
Rett syndrome 568-569 180 Erythropoietic protoporphyria 696-698
Spasticity 569 181 Follicular hyperkeratosis 698-699
Torticollis 569 182 Furuncles 699-701
Tourette syndrome 569-570 183 Herpes simplex 701-706
Unverricht-Lundborg disease 570 184 Herpes zoster 706-708
Wilson’s disease (hepatolenticular 185 Ichthyosis 708-709
degeneration) SOS 186 Insect repellents 709-710.

Part 8. RHEUMATOLOGY AND ef seas i ee :

CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISORDERS 189 PR ee Nae. 713-714
j me y
147 Ankylosing spondylitis 575-576 (00. Bee eee 715-716
148 Behcet’s disease SKS ‘Wiha sancine 716-718
149 Dermatomyositis 577-578 105 Pea ee 718-723
150 Fibromyalgia 578-583 fosup eee 794-126
151 Gout : . Be
583-586 eeeosacea Rigs
126=128
152 Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis 586 105 Seborhae denaatiis 728-730
153 Osteoarthritis 587-594 196 Stasis dermatitis and venous leg ulcers 730-731
ue ene es aieT-sunburn ; 732-734
155 Psoriatic arthritis —
156 Rheumatoid arthritis
fae”
597-607
198 Tinea (dermatophytosis)
105 Urticaria
734-735
735740
157 Scleroderma 607-611 200 Vitiligo 740-742
158 Sjogren’s syndrome 611-613 201 Warts 742-743
159 Systemic lupus erythematosus 613-618 202 Wrinkles and photoaging 744-745
160 Vasculitis pt 203 Other dermatological conditions 745-760
Part 9. MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS Acanthosis nigricans 745-746
161 Back pain 621-622 Cellulitis 746
162 Herniated disc 622—624 Cheilosis 746
163 Muscle cramps 624-627 Cicatricial pemphigoid 746-747
164 Muscular dystrophy 627-630 Colloid milium TAT
165 Myopathies and muscle weakness 631-636 Darier’s disease TAT
166 Osteoporosis 636-657 Diaper rash 747-148
Vili CONTENTS

Dissecting cellulitis 748 Urinary frequency and urgency 804

Epidermolysis bullosa 748-749 Urinary incontinence 804-805
Erythema elevatum diutinum 749 Urostomy 805
Erythema multiforme 749
Part 13. GYNECOLOGY
Erythema nodosum 749
218 Amenorrhea 807-808
Erythromelalgia 749-750
ON) Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Folliculitis decalvans 750
(cervical dysplasia) 808-811
Frostbite 750
220 Dysfunctional uterine bleeding 811-813
Granuloma annulare 750-751
Dig Dysmenorrhea 813-816
Gray hair 751
222 Endometriosis 816-817
Hidradenitis suppurativa Heal
223 Fibrocystic breast changes 817-820
Hyperpigmentation 751-752
224 Mastalgia 821-822
Keloids 192
229 Menopause 822-828
Kyrle’s disease WS2
226 Polycystic ovary syndrome 829-831
Lentigo maligna 752-753
Zi Premenstrual syndrome 831-837
Lichen planus 733
228 Sexual dysfunction (female) 837-838
Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus 753
229 Vaginitis 839-842
Linear IgA bullous dermatosis 753-754
230 Vulvar disorders 842-844
Necrobiosis lipoidica 754
Necrolytic migratory erythema 754 Part 14. OBSTETRICS
Neurodermatitis 754 235 Normal pregnancy 845-853
Orofacial granulomatosis 755 232 Pregnancy complications 854-871
Pemphigoid gestationis I55 255 Postpartum psychiatric illness 872-873
Perioral dermatitis (38 234 Birth defects 873-879
Pityriasis rubra pilaris 755-756
Part 15. PEDIATRICS
Poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac 756
3 Breath-holding spells 881
Porphyrias 756-757
236 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia 882-884
Prickly heat Hey
peeM| Growth retardation and short stature 884-888
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum Tey;
238 Infant feeding 888-894
Pustular dermatosis Tsl
239 Infant respiratory distress syndrome 895-896
Subcorneal pustular dermatosis AST
240 Necrotizing enterocolitis 896-897
Weber-Christian disease 757-158
241 Sudden infant death syndrome 897-899
Yellow nail syndrome 758
242 Vitamin K prophylaxis 899-900
Part 11. RENAL DISEASES 243 Other pediatric conditions 900-903
204 End-stage renal disease 761-770 Growing pains 900-901
205 Glomerulonephritis 710-771 Retinopathy of prematurity 901
206 Hemolytic-uremic syndrome Tap Reye’s syndrome 901-902
207 IgA nephropathy 771-773 Sleep terrors (night terrors) 902
208 Kidney transplant 773-775
Part 16. OPHTHALMOLOGY
209 Nephrotic syndrome 776-778
244 Cataract 905-909
Part 12. UROLOGY 245 Conjunctivitis 909-910
210 Benign prostatic hyperplasia 779-782 246 Glaucoma 910-912
211 Erectile dysfunction 783-785 247 Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and
212 Interstitial cystitis 785-787 retina 913-914
213 Kidney stones 787-794 248 Age-related macular degeneration 914-920
214 Peyronie’s disease 794-795 249 Night blindness 920-922
215 Prostatitis 7195-797 250 Optic neuropathy (toxic/nutritional) 922-923
216 Urinary tract infection 797-801 251 Retinitis pigmentosa 923-926
217 Other urological conditions 802-805 22 Sicca syndrome 926-928
Dysuria 802 Jaae) Uveitis 928-929
Enuresis (bedwetting) 802-803 254 Visual acuity 929-931
Eosinophilic cystitis 803 255 Other ophthalmological conditions 931-937
Hematuria 803 Asthenopia 931
Urethritis 803-804 Blepharitis 931-932
 CONTENTS 1X

Chalazion O32 282 Autism 1024-1028

Corneal ulcer 932-933 283 Bipolar disorder 1028-1034
Giant papillary conjunctivitis 933 284 Bulimia 1034-1035
Herpes simplex keratitis 933-934 285 Cognitive function 1035=1039
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus 934 286 Dementia/cognitive decline 1039-1045
Interstitial keratitis 934 287 Depression 1045-1061
Keratoconus 934-935 288 Dysthymia 1062-1063
Laser (photorefractive) keratectomy 935 289 Intelligence 1064-1066
Myopia 935 290 Obsessive-compulsive disorder 1066-1067
Pterygium 935-936 291 Panic attacks 1068-1070
Retinal vein occlusion 936 292 Schizophrenia 1070-1079
Vitreous opacities (floaters) 936 293 Seasonal affective disorder 1079-1080
Pare 17, ORAL DISEASES 294 A gl a i aes : Ace
eo ream saRLaNS orderline persona ity disorder
Seach aie Globus hystericus 1080
257 Burning mouth syndrome 942-943
258 Dental caries 943-947 Part 20. ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
259 Dry socket 947-948 295 Diabetes mellitus 1081-1105
260 Leukoplakia (oral) 948-950 296 Diabetic neuropathy 1106-1111
261 Periodontal disease and gingivitis 950-955 297 Graves’ disease Li1J-1116
262 Xerostomia 955-956 298 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis 1116-1117
263 Other oral diseases 956-958 299 Hypoadrenalism (adrenocortical
Geographic tongue 956 insufficiency) 1118-1120
Gingival hyperplasia 956-957 Part 21. HEMATOLOGY

S1ossilis 997 300 Anemia 1121-1127

eee ee breath) ie me 301 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
rthodontics - ;
Tooth pain (chronic) 958 302 ieee
ethemoglobinemia riper
1129-1130
Part 18. OTOLARYNGOLOGY 303 Myelodysplasia es Ne
264 Allergic rhinitis 959-963 304 Myelofibrosis OS
265 Epistaxis 963-964 305 Sickle cell disease 1132-1136
266 Hearing loss 964-969 306 Beta-thalassemia 1137-1139
DOT NG iere’ © disease 969-97] 307 Thrombocytopenia 1139-1140

268 Olfactory dysfunction 971-973 Part 22. INFECTIOUS DISEASES

269 Otitis media PAE) 308 Infectious disease: general
270 Sinusitis 2IO= 716 principles 1141-1147
271 Taste disorders 978-980 309 Acquired immunodeficiency
272 Tinnitus 980-983 syndrome (AIDS) 1147-1155
273 Vasomotor rhinitis 983-984 310 Clostridium difficile 1155-1156
274 Vertigo 984-985 311 Common cold 1157-1161
275 Other ear, nose, and throat conditions 986-988 312 Gastroenteritis and acute diarrhea 1161-1166
Atrophic rhinitis (ozena) 986 313 Influenza 1166-1168
Hoarseness, chronic 986 314 Tuberculosis 1169-1172
Motion sickness 986-987 315 Other infectious diseases iin ee)
Nasal polyps 987 Cholera 1172
Otitis externa 988 Diphtheria Leys
: Infectious mononucleosis NaS)
Part 19. PSYCHIATRY Intestinal parasites 17321194
276 Addictions and substance abuse 989-999 Lanprosy 117421175
1000-1002 Wentian 1175
277 Aggressive and violent behavior
278 Alzheimer’s disease 1003-1009 Niaaciee 1175-1176
279 Anorexia nervosa 1009-1011 ciet
280 Anxiety 1011-1015 ~=Part 23. GENETIC DISORDERS
Introduction 1179
281 Attention deficit-hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD) 1015-1024 316 Cystic fibrosis 1179-1185
 CONTENTS

317 Down syndrome 1185-1188 330 Infertility 1249-1256

318 Hemochromatosis 1188-1190 331 Insomnia 1256-1260
319 Phenylketonuria 1190-1193 332 Lymphedema 1260-1262
320 Other genetic disorders 1193-1195 333 Obesity 1262-1269
Abetalipoproteinemia 1193 334 Pain 1269-1270
Alkaptonuria 1193-1194 35D) SUeSs 1271-1272
Cystinuria 1194
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Type VI 1194 Part 25. MODALITIES
Gitelman’s syndrome 1194-1195 336 Anesthesiology 1273-1276
Maple syrup urine disease 1195 337 Radiation therapy 1276-1282
338 Surgery 1282-1292
Part 24. MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS 339 Detoxification 1292-1294
321 Anti-aging medicine 1197-1199 340 Intravenous nutrient therapy: Myers
322 Athletic performance 1199-1204 1294-1302
cocktail
323 Body odor 1204 1302-1303
341 Intravenous vitamin C
324 Burns 1205-1209
325) Cancer 1209-1231 Part 26. DRUG-NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS
326 Chronic fatigue syndrome 1232-1236 342 Drug-nutrient interactions 1305-1322
327 Critical illness 1237-1241
328 Edema (idiopathic) 1241-1243 Appendix A. Allergy elimination diet 1323-1326
329 Fatigue (excluding chronic fatigue
syndrome) 1243-1248 Index 1327-1358
When I think of witty one-liners, clever jokes and songs, replace missing vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and other
and hearty laughter, I think of Alan Gaby. When I think of nutrients.
precise science, evidence-based research, impeccable refer- This well-referenced guide details over 400 common and
ences, and a knack for speaking the truth, I think of Alan uncommon medical problems and diseases for which dietary
Gaby, M.D. This physician, teacher, scientist, researcher, modifications, nutritional supplements, and other natural
and writer is a modern Renaissance man. remedies can be helpful. These include arthritis, asthma,
I was in a small Midwestern town in 1983, practicing high blood pressure, bowel problems, cancer, ear infec-
what was starting to be called holistic medicine when I tions, erectile dysfunction, esophageal reflux, heart dis-
first read an article by Dr. Gaby. I recognized a brilliant ease, infertility, migraine headaches, prostate problems, and
mind behind that article. Dr. Gaby was concise. He was sinus infections. Most problems encountered in a family
direct. He was clever. He was funny. He referenced every- practice setting are discussed in this book along with more
thing. And he was a wordsmith who made dense, technical than 15,000 references to support or refute a nutritional
material easy to read. approach. The book allows both practitioners and patients
In the quarter century since then, as I have grown to to easily discover if there are nutritional options for treat-
know Alan, I have found him to be a composite of four of ing a particular health concern.
my heroes in medicine: Patch Adams, a mischievous clown It has taken practitioners of an older generation many
who has helped to promote a more humanistic and creative years of experimentation, seminars, books, and articles to
approach to our excessively serious healthcare system; Chris- figure out how to practice nutritional medicine. Now youn-
tiane Northrup, a visionary with the ability to eloquently ger practitioners can be spared this prolonged and haphaz-
express complex ideas and leading edge concepts; Linus ard course of learning. Dr. Gaby has done a great favor to
Pauling, a talented scientist who dared to challenge what the next generation of doctors and patients. Instead of every-
we “know” to be true and then proposed radical new ways one having to do his or her own research, he has collated
of being and of thinking; and William Osler, a brilliant the important nutritional research from the past one hun-
physician who clearly understood that the majority of heal- dred years into this superb and informative textbook. Because
ing occurs from within. I believe that Alan Gaby exempli- he has made this information so readable and so useable, I
fies the extraordinary gifts of these heroes in his life and in recommend that Nutritional Medicine be on the desk of
his work. every healthcare practitioner.
Over the years, as I have followed Dr. Gaby’s work, my I believe that Nutritional Medicine will stand as one of
respect, admiration, and gratitude have only grown. His the foundational cornerstones upon which nutrition becomes
compilations of research have continually given me scien- a primary treatment modality in the 21*' century. Oh, how
tific evidence to corroborate my clinical findings. Some- I wish this book had been available 25 years ago.
thing as simple as an elimination diet, for example, can
make a substantial difference in helping people recover May 13, 2010
from significant medical problems. Bill Manahan, M.D.
Although the food we eat is a major contributor to health Assistant Professor Emeritus, Department
problems in America, the medical system has been slow to of Family Medicine
recognize that diet can cause many diseases. Most holistic University of Minnesota Academic Health Center,
and integrative physicians whom I have met over the past Minneapolis, MN
25 years, however, report that two of the most important Past President, American Holistic Medical Association
things they do in their medical practice are to encourage Author of Eat for Health: Fast and Simple Ways of Elimi-
patients to eliminate certain foods from their diets and to nating Diseases Without Medical Assistance

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Nutritional Medicine, by Alan R. Gaby, M.D., is a land- medicine was criticized and ridiculed as unscientific
mark, a milestone in the history of 21‘' century medicine. “quackery.”
The influence of this book will at first spread slowly, But in the decades since 1968, public acceptance of ortho-
mainly among the relatively few medical and osteopathic molecular medicine has greatly increased, usually under
doctors, dentists, and nurse practitioners who practice nat- other names including “natural medicine,” “alternative med-
ural medicine and holistic dentistry. It will be embraced icine,” and “integrative medicine.” The number of “health
by naturopathic physicians, chiropractic physicians, com- food” stores has increased dramatically. Every major gro-
pounding pharmacists, and many other “allied natural health cery chain has an organic food section, as well as an array
professionals’ —acupuncturists, massage therapists, health of vitamin and mineral products. Even the most main-
spa workers, heath food store owners—as well as the stream pharmacies have dramatically increased their vita-
educated public. People will sit up and take notice of Dr. min, mineral, and herbal offerings, too, and the Internet
Gaby’s very thorough documentation, the logic of his abounds with natural products for sale.
approach, and his clear writing. As word about the immense Academic research concerning the effects of naturally
amount of reliable and very useful information in this occurring molecules has increased exponentially since 1968.
book—which covers literally hundreds of topics from mul- When Dr. Gaby and I gave our first Nutritional Therapy in
tiple areas of medicine—gets out, copies will start flying Medical Practice seminar in 1983, our book of citations to
off the shelves. the scientific literature was slightly less than 80 pages, and
Sooner or later, this book will make its way into the included nearly every research article we could find. Our
offices of practicing mainstream physicians, who will cau- 2007 seminar book of citations included 372 pages, and
tiously try Dr. Gaby’s recommendations, test his conclu- lack of space forced us to exclude many more citations
sions, and discover that they actually work in practice. than were included. In 1983, we had no protocol book (a
Younger physicians will adopt more and more of his diag- book containing summaries of recommendations for each
nostic and treatment approaches. Students in “mainstream” disease condition). In 2007, our protocol book summariz-
medical schools wiil circulate this book and question their ing diet and nutrient recommendations for 119 distinct con-
professors, some of whom will open their eyes to the very ditions filled 68 pages.
real science it contains. Research papers in nutritional medicine have been Alan
Dr. Gaby’s Nutritional Medicine firmly establishes the Gaby’s passion since he was in medical school. I first heard
scientific basis for the use of diet, vitamins, minerals, amino from him in a letter from Maryland, where he was attend-
acids, essential fatty acids, and other important natural ing medical school in the late 1970s. He was interested in
metabolites (such as coenzyme Qj and alpha-lipoic acid). applying for a four-week elective in nutritional medicine
His book is a direct descendant and major elaboration of that I was offering to medical students at that time. He sent
Linus Pauling’s concept of orthomolecular medicine— me a copy of a review article he had written on the uses of
driven by the concept of preventing and treating illness magnesium in medical practice. He also told me about how
with “the right molecules in the right concentrations.” Paul- he had been “called on the carpet” by a professor of inter-
ing introduced the beginnings of this concept in a paper nal medicine at his medical school for expressing his views
entitled “Orthomolecular psychiatry,” published in the jour- about nutritional medicine. I thought the magnesium arti-
nal Science in 1968. In it, he outlined “the treatment of cle was well researched and well written, so I accepted
mental disease by the provision of the optimum molecular him for the elective. Later, Dr. Gaby joined my medical
environment for the mind, especially the optimum concen- practice for two years before returning to practice in his
trations of substances normally present in the body.” Paul- home town of Baltimore.
ing later enlarged his concept to orthomolecular medicine, In addition to seeing clinic patients, Dr. Gaby spent more
which he defined as “the preservation of good health and time in the medical library than anyone I’ve known before
the treatment of disease by varying the concentrations in or since. In the early 1980s, well prior to online research
the human body of substances that are normally present libraries, he spent 30 hours a week for more than two years
in the body.” Even though at that time orthomolecular med- going through the entire table of contents of 50 major med-
icine was being widely practiced without being called by ical journals back to 1920, and about 200 other journals
that name (for example, treating diabetes with insulin and back to their beginnings. He photocopied, categorized, and
preventing goiter with iodine), Pauling’s orthomolecular we jointly filed every important research article concern-
Xill
X1V FOREWORD

ing diet, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, essential fatty course), and there are a surprising number of citations to
acids, and other important natural substances ever pub- studies that were published only months before the manu-
lished in these journals. Subsequently, he organized a team script went to press. This book puts everything you need to
of students from Bastyr College of Naturopathic Medicine know about nutritional medicine right at your fingertips. In
(now Bastyr University) to finish the search of the older addition, there are some 15,000 references, just in case you
literature and to copy relevant new research studies as they want to explore Dr. Gaby’s reasoning further on a point or
were published. For over 25 years Dr. Gaby and I have two. To find things quickly, Nutritional Medicine has a
continued to pay similar teams of naturopathic students to comprehensive index.
“pull” new research papers every month. In addition to I wouldn’t be surprised if, after reading Nutritional Med-
these joint efforts, both of us have separate data- and article- icine, a fair and open-minded University medical school
collecting sources, both in print and online, and we share dean might consider offering Dr. Gaby the eminently well-
the ones that seem to be the best. At last count, our joint deserved position of Professor of Nutritional Medicine, if
physical research files contained over 50,000 articles. the Dean can convince the relevant faculty committee, of
But Dr. Gaby’s skills aren’t limited to researching and course. How about it, Dartmouth University Medical School?
seeing patients; he’s also an exceptionally knowledgeable After all, Dr. Gaby lives right there in New Hampshire!
and inspirational teacher. From 1979 to 1981, and then
from 1995 through 2002, he was Professor of Nutrition at July 11, 2010
Bastyr University School of Naturopathic Medicine. I’ve Jonathan V. Wright, M.D.
spoken to many of his former students, who’ve told me he Tahoma Clinic
was the best professor they encountered in their years of Renton, Washington
naturopathic medical school. He combines all of these www.tahomaclinic.com
skills—research, teaching and excellent writing—and brings www.wrightnewsletter.com
them to us in the pages of this book. Author, Dr. Wright's Book of Nutritional Therapy (1979)
Nutritional Medicine is a comprehensive review and syn- Author, Dr.Wright’s Guide to Healing with Nutrition (1984)
thesis of published science synthesized with real-world expe- Co-author (with Dr. Gaby), Natural Medicine,
rience, both Dr. Gaby’s own and that of trusted colleagues. Optimal Wellness (2006)
Alan has always been alert for new information and break- Author, Your Stomach (2009)
ing developments (if they appear scientifically reliable, of Co-author, 5 other books, 1997-2010
 oe ee
. y>caer” ai eel +4,

NAC

In 1973, shortly after graduating from college, I became it lacks legitimacy. That assumption may be heightened fur-
interested in the possibility that dietary modifications, nutri- ther by the exaggerated claims made by some popular writ-
tional supplements, and other “natural” remedies could be ers and by some nutritional supplement manufacturers.
used as the basis for an approach to medical care that would Nutritional Medicine attempts to cut through the biases, mis-
be safer, less expensive, and sometimes more effective than interpretations, and misrepresentations of both the oppo-
the usual drugs-and-surgery approach. Pioneers such as Linus nents and proponents of this controversial field of medicine.
Pauling, Roger Williams, Abram Hoffer, and Adelle Davis Nutritional Medicine contains more than 15,000 refer-
had written about this concept. They argued that many dis- ence citations. While numerous double-blind trials have
eases could be prevented or treated by adjusting the con- been cited, also included are uncontrolled trials, case reports,
centration of molecules normally present in the body, such and anecdotal evidence. As a scientist, I am aware that
as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and hormones. Although many nutritional treatments remain unproven according to
these writers cited hundreds of references to support their standard scientific criteria. However, as a practitioner and
point of view, this concept was rejected by the conven- public-health advocate, I am interested in safe and inexpen-
tional medical community. sive treatments that show promise, even if they have not
Since completing my medical training in 1980, I have been subjected to a double-blind trial. It is noteworthy that
Spent approximately one-third of my time seeing patients a relatively large number of conventional physicians, who
(emphasizing nutritional therapies) and two-thirds collect- had no professional interest in nutritional medicine, sought
ing and analyzing tens of thousands of published studies my treatments when they or one of their family members
that relate to nutritional medicine. Based on this combina- became ill.
tion of clinical experience and literature review, I am cer- While most of the research cited in Nutritional Medicine
tain that nutritional therapy has an important role to play is from the modern era, there are a number of references to
in the practice of medicine. Depending on the clinical sit- the medical literature from the 1950s, 1940s, and even ear-
uation, dietary modifications and nutritional supplements lier. Because I have included these older references, some
can frequently be used as an adjunct or an alternative to people have criticized my writing as being “outdated.” These
conventional therapies. Of the approximately 6,000 patients critics fail to appreciate that, over the years, many effec-
I have treated, many of whom had failed to respond to (or tive therapies were ignored or inappropriately cast aside,
had experienced adverse effects from) conventional ther- and that a great deal of promising research was never fol-
apy, approximately 80% obtained relief, in many cases dra- lowed up. For example, reports from 1946 and 1956 that
matic relief, from various nutritional treatments described riboflavin can prevent migraines were ignored or rapidly
in this book. Countless other physicians have told me that forgotten. More than 40 years passed before a new gener-
their results improved substantially after they began incor- ation of researchers, apparently unaware of the earlier
porating nutritional therapies into their practice. reports, again found riboflavin to be effective. However,
Although an extensive body of literature supports the value the value of riboflavin for migraine prophylaxis still remains
of nutritional therapy, this approach remains largely unknown virtually unknown in conventional medicine, despite a 1997
to the conventional medical community. One possible expla- double-blind trial and 2 uncontrolled trials (published in
nation for this is that the pharmaceutical industry exerts a 2004 and 1994) supporting its effectiveness. Similarly,
great deal of influence over medical education. This influ- between 1943 and 1968, the effectiveness of vitamin C as
ence might take the form of sponsoring continuing-education a treatment for prickly heat was discovered 3 times and
events that focus exclusively on pharmaceutical products; forgotten twice. It was apparently forgotten a third time,
funding research designed to show that alternative treat- since vitamin C is not currently mentioned in dermatology
ments are ineffective (see, for example, the discussion of textbooks or review articles as a treatment for prickly heat.
St. John’s wort in chapter 287); providing financial support This book is the result of more than 30 years of study,
to researchers who are likely to write negative review arti- contemplation, and experience. My hope is that it will help
cles about nutritional medicine; using the media to promul- promote better health, reduce the cost of healthcare, and
gate negative information about nutritional medicine; and stimulate further research in this promising and exciting
inundating doctors with sales reps and free samples, and field of medicine.
the public with drug advertisements. In addition, for rea-
sons that are not entirely clear, there appears to be an inher-
References
ent bias in academic medicine against micronutrient 1. Goodwin JS, Tangum MR. Battling quackery: attitudes about micronutri-
supplements.! Moreover, nutritional therapy is not taught in ent supplements in American academic medicine. Arch Intern Med 1998:158:
medical school, which leads many students to assume that 2187-2191.

XV
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 FUNDAMENTALS OF NUTRITIONAL MEDICINE.

Overview of nutritional medicine

Why nutritional medicine? immunological disorders frequently play a role in the patho-
genesis of a number of chronic health conditions. Iden-
Scientific research and clinical experience have shown that tification and appropriate treatment of these disorders is
dietary modifications and administration of nutrients and important for the successful practice of nutritional medi-
other natural substances are frequently effective for pre- cine. The first disorder, reactive hypoglycemia, is charac-
venting and treating a wide range of symptoms and ill- terized by abnormalities of blood glucose regulation, as
nesses. Moreover, when properly administered, nutritional well as other accompanying metabolic and endocrine dis-
therapy has an excellent safety profile and almost never turbances. Treatment of reactive hypoglycemia includes
causes serious side effects. The nutritional approach to pre- avoiding refined sugar, other refined carbohydrates, caf-
venting and treating disease rarely subjects patients to the feine, and alcohol; eating small, frequent meals; and sup-
unpleasant trade-offs inherent in many drug treatments, such plementing with vitamins, minerals, and other natural
as statin-induced myalgia in exchange for a lower risk of substances that aid in blood glucose regulation. The sec-
having a heart attack; beta blocker-induced loss of joie de ond common disorder is hidden food allergy. In many cases,
vivre in exchange for better control of heart failure; or identifying and avoiding allergenic foods can play a key
glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in exchange for relief role in restoring health. Third, a substantial minority of
of arthritic pain. To the contrary, many of the “side effects” patients appears to have subtle hypothyroidism, despite the
reported by patients who follow a nutritional program are presence of normal laboratory tests for thyroid function.
positive, such as more energy, better mood, fewer crav- These patients benefit from treatment with low doses of
ings, better mental concentration, and less aches and pains. thyroid hormone. Fourth is a clinical syndrome that has
been called candidiasis or Candida-related complex. This
The practice of nutritional medicine syndrome is characterized by an overgrowth of, or hyper-
sensitivity to, Candida albicans. Symptoms overlap with
The practice of nutritional medicine includes several main those caused by reactive hypoglycemia, food allergy, and
components, the relative importance of which varies from hypothyroidism. Treatment includes antifungal medication
one patient to another. For most patients, nutritional ther- and dietary modifications similar to those used for reactive
apy starts with “cleaning up the diet” by emphasizing a wide hypoglycemia and food allergy.
variety of whole, unprocessed foods and minimizing intake
of refined sugars, other refined carbohydrates, trans fatty Individualizing treatment. Nutritional medicine is highly
acids, food additives, and other undesirable constituents of individualized, and effective treatment varies from one
a typical Western diet. Restricting the use of salt, caffeine, patient to another. For example, some patients with chronic
and alcohol is also important for some individuals. In addi- fatigue respond best to dietary modifications such as avoid-
tion, emphasizing cooking methods that minimize the for- ing refined sugar and eating 6 small meals per day, or
mation of potentially toxic compounds (such as cholesterol identifying and avoiding allergenic foods. In other cases,
oxides, lipid peroxides, and advanced glycation end prod- the most effective treatment for fatigue is a low dose of
ucts) may be beneficial. Nutritional therapy also includes thyroid hormone or a specific nutritional supplement, such
the use of a wide array of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, as potassium magnesium aspartate, iron (to correct iron
deficiency), or intramuscular vitamin B,> (even in the
herbs, and other naturally occurring compounds, individu-
alized according to the patient’s needs. This “natural phar- absence of vitamin B,, deficiency). Frequently, the best
macopoeia” stands alongside the conventional pharmacopoeia results are achieved with a combination of interventions.
of prescription and over-the-counter drugs. Depending on
Clinical assessment. Determining which treatments are
the clinical situation, these natural substances can be used
most likely to be effective for a particular patient requires
as an adjunct or an alternative to conventional medicine.
a proper medical and dietary history, a good physical exam-
Hypoglycemia/allergy/hypothyroidism/Candida. In my ex- ination, and a working knowledge of the nutritional-
perience, four distinct but overlapping metabolic/endocrine i, medicine literature. Laboratory tests are essential in some
2 PART 1 * FUNDAMENTALS OF NUTRITIONAL MEDICINE

circumstances (as in diagnosing iron deficiency), but may inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby allowing nutri-
be of questionable validity or even misleading in other tional supplements to be used for processes other than
situations (as in identifying hidden food allergies or subtle mounting an inflammatory response and quenching free rad-
nutritional deficiencies). In practicing nutritional medicine, icals. In addition, certain nutrients enhance the absorption
I have rarely ordered laboratory tests other than those that or tissue uptake of other nutrients. For example, vitamin C
might be ordered by a conventional medical doctor. increases iron absorption and magnesium promotes the
uptake of potassium from serum into cells. Some nutrients
inhibit the degradation of other nutrients (e.g., flavonoids
Additive and synergistic effects decrease vitamin C requirements by preventing the oxida-
A recurring theme in nutritional medicine is that combina- tion of vitamin C).>° Furthermore, certain nutrients may
tions of interventions often have additive or synergistic relieve biochemical “bottlenecks” by activating parallel path-
effects, in that they are more effective than single inter- ways. For example, the conversion of homocysteine to
ventions. For example, combinations of nutrients may be methionine proceeds largely through a folate-dependent path-
more effective than individual nutrients; the beneficial effects way, but it may also proceed through a separate pathway
of dietary modifications are often more pronounced when that requires betaine. Similarly, multiple biochemical path-
combined with appropriate nutrients, hormones, and other ways exist to detoxify xenobiotic chemicals, bacterial tox-
natural substances; and the benefits of nutrients, hor- ins, and endogenous metabolites.
mones, and other natural substances are often more pro-
Synergy and the art of nutritional medicine. Because
nounced when patients also adhere to appropriate dietary
multiple nutritional interventions are often more effective
recommendations. A corollary to these observations is that
than a single treatment, practitioners may be tempted to
nutrients, hormones, and other natural substances are some-
“throw everything but the kitchen sink” at various medical
times effective at lower doses when they are used in
problems. However, nutritional “polypharmacy” is not with-
combination with other interventions than when they are
out potential drawbacks, including high cost to the patient,
given singly.
increased time and effort involved in following complex
Clinical observations regarding the existence of additive
treatment regimens, and the possibility that ingesting numer-
and synergistic effects are supported by both clinical and
ous tablets and capsules will cause gastrointestinal or other
basic-science research. For example, anemia has been found
side effects.
in some studies to respond better to multiple nutrients than
The art of nutritional medicine includes being able to
to a single nutrient. The combination of vitamin B. and
identify which dietary modifications and supplements are
magnesium was reported to be more effective than either
most likely to be beneficial for a particular patient, and
of these treatments alone in the treatment of autism. In
which interventions are more likely to be ineffective or
addition, the homocysteine-lowering effect of folic acid was
unnecessary. As with other healthcare disciplines, master-
enhanced by the addition of vitamin B,,.' In dermatology,
ing the art of nutritional medicine requires education, con-
vitamin E has been used to increase the therapeutic effect
templation, and practice. According to one of my mentors
of vitamin A. In healthy volunteers, the combination of
in medical school, Dr. Theodore Woodward, the better trained
vitamin C and vitamin E enhanced parameters of immune
you are, the fewer tests you will need to perform and the
function to a greater extent than did either of these nutri-
fewer medications you will need to prescribe. That princi-
ents individually.” In patients with a clinical picture sug-
ple also applies to nutritional medicine.
gestive of chronic candidiasis (chapter 9), symptoms
improved to a greater extent when dietary modification was
combined with nystatin therapy than when diet or nystatin How to use this book
were used alone.
In mice with experimentally induced atherosclerosis, com- Nutritional Medicine consists of two main types of chap-
bined supplementation with vitamin E and coenzyme Qj ters: those that discuss the prevention and treatment of
was more anti-atherogenic than was either supplement alone.* specific diseases or symptoms and those that provide infor-
In isolated rat hearts subjected to ischemia and reperfu- mation about the fundamentals and “tools” of nutritional
sion, various hemodynamic and metabolic abnormalities medicine (i.e., diet, therapeutic agents, and other treat-
were prevented by simultaneous administration of carni- ment modalities). Becoming proficient in the management
tine and coenzyme Qj, but not by administration of either of specific health conditions requires a working knowl-
of these nutrients individually.* edge of the fundamentals and tools. Therefore, in addition
to reviewing disease-specific chapters of interest, the reader
Possible mechanisms. There are a number of possible is urged to study the chapters in Part 1 (Fundamentals of
mechanisms by which dietary modifications and treatment nutritional medicine) and Part 2 (Therapeutic agents), as
with natural substances could have additive or synergistic well as chapters 340-342 (Intravenous nutrient therapy
effects. For example, dietary improvements might decrease and Drug-nutrient interactions). Part 1 includes chapters
 CHAPTER | * OVERVIEW OF NUTRITIONAL MEDICINE 2

on reactive hypoglycemia, food allergy, hypothyroidism, likely to consider. These recommendations should be viewed
and candidiasis. It also includes a chapter on orthomolec- only as rough guidelines, not as established protocols.
ular medicine, which provides a rationale for the use of
nutritional supplements.
References
Disease-specific chapters. Some disease-specific chap- 1. Bronstrup A, Hages M, Prinz-Langenohl R, Pietrzik K. Effects of folic
acid and combinations of folic acid and vitamin B-12 on plasma homocys-
ters present a relatively large number of treatment options. teine concentrations in healthy, young women. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:
The choice of which treatments to use depends on several 1104-1110.
factors, including safety, magnitude of the effect, strength 2. Jeng KCG, Yang CS, Siu WY, et al. Supplementation with vitamins C and
E enhances cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in
of the evidence, cost, and characteristics of the patient. healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64:960—965S.
When possible, I have attempted to prioritize the treatment 3. Thomas SR, Leichtweis SB, Pettersson K, et al. Dietary cosupplementa-
tion with vitamin E and coenzyme Q10 inhibits atherosclerosis in apolipopro-
options and to outline those patient characteristics that might tein E gene knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:
lead to the choice of certain treatment options over others. 585-593.
At the end of some chapters I have provided a summary 4. Bertelli A, Ronca F, Ronca G, et al. L-carnitine and coenzyme Q10 pro-
tective action against ischaemia and reperfusion of working rat heart. Drugs
of recommendations, a conclusion, or a review of my clin- Exp Clin Res 1992;18:431—436.
ical approach to the condition in question. These end-of- 5. Crampton EW, Lloyd LE. Quantitative estimation of effect of rutin on
biological potency of vitamin C. Fed Proc 1950;9:355—356.
chapter sections are designed to give the reader an idea of 6. Clemetson CAB, Andersen L. Plant polyphenols as antioxidants for ascor-
my thinking processes and of which treatments I am most bic acid. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1966;136:341-376.

Fundamentals of diet

This chapter provides basic information on the principles carbohydrates, fat, vitamins, and minerals. In addition, whole
of healthful eating. It also provides selected, clinically rel- foods contain fiber and a wide range of phytochemicals
evant information on the effects of specific foods and food that may have health benefits. These include flavonoids
groups. (which enhance tissue integrity), indole-3-carbinol (which
may help prevent cancer), lignans (compounds with possi-
ble anticancer activity that are present in the fiber compo-
Whole foods
nent some plants),! oligosaccharides (which support the
Dietary recommendations should be individualized for each growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria), sterols (which lower
patient, but certain basic principles apply to most people. serum cholesterol levels), hippuric acid (an antibiotic), and
A healthful diet should include a wide variety of whole, alkylresorcinols (see below). Each new scientific discovery
unprocessed foods that are free of additives and, if possi- regarding phytochemicals reminds us of the enormous com-
ble, grown without the use of pesticides, herbicides, and plexity of whole food and of the futility of attempting to
other potentially toxic agricultural chemicals. For people duplicate their effects with “nutraceutical” pills and potions.
who do not have specific food intolerances, such a diet
generally includes liberal amounts of fresh fruits and veg- Whole grains. Whole grains contain a wide range of vita-
etables, whole grains, nuts, seeds, and legumes. For most mins and minerals, as well as fiber, essential fatty acids,
people, animal foods such as eggs, fish, chicken, beef, and and accessory food factors. Refining of whole wheat to
dairy products can be healthfully consumed in moderation. white flour depletes most of the fiber and results in sub-
It is not necessary to consume animal foods to maintain stantial losses of vitamins and minerals (as noted in
good health. In fact, compared with omnivores, vegetari- Tables 2-1 and 2-2). In addition, more than half of the
ans have a lower risk of developing a number of chronic betaine is lost in the refining of whole wheat. Betaine
diseases. However, vegetarians must carefully plan their lowers homocysteine levels and might be of value for pre-
diet, so as not to develop nutritional deficiencies (see below venting cardiovascular disease.* Whole wheat and some
under Vegetarian diet). other whole grains (but not their refined counterparts) also
A balanced, whole-foods diet provides the nutrients that contain alkylresorcinols, a class of phenolic lipids that can
are essential for life and good health, including protein, be incorporated into cell membranes.* In rats, administra-
+ PART 1 * FUNDAMENTALS OF NUTRITIONAL MEDICINE

Table 2-1. Losses of vitamins in the refining of flour® of soy isoflavones (150 mg/day) for 5 years caused endo-
Vitamin Amount lost
metrial hyperplasia in 3.9% of women, although no endo-
metrial hyperplasia was seen after 2.5 years? (chapter 225).
Thiamine 11%
Riboflavin 80% Fruits and vegetables. Fruits and vegetables are rich
Niacin 81%
sources of vitamins, potassium and other minerals, carot-
Vitamin Be 72%
Pantothenic acid 50% enoids, flavonoids, fiber, and phytochemicals. Some veg-
Folic acid 67% etables are also good sources of essential fatty acids.
Vitamin E 86%
Choline 30%
Consumption of abundant amounts of fruits and vegetables
may be useful for preventing or treating cardiovascular dis-
ease, stroke, some cancers, hypertension, osteoporosis, and
other diseases.
Table 2-2. Losses of minerals in the refining of flour® With regard to specific fruits and vegetables, crucifer-
ous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cab-
Mineral Amount lost
bage, kale, and cauliflower contain isothiocyanates and
Magnesium 85% indole-3-carbinol, which have demonstrated anticancer
Potassium 771% effects. In addition, indole-3-carbinol has been reported to
Calcium 60%
Iron 16%
be an effective treatment for cervical dysplasia. Onions
Zinc 78% may inhibit platelet aggregation, increase fibrinolytic activ-
Copper 68% ity, and lower blood pressure. Each of these effects would
Manganese 86%
Chromium 40%
be expected to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Selenium 16% Administration of tomato extracts has been shown to inhibit
Molybdenum 48% platelet aggregation and to lower blood pressure. In addi-
tion, tomatoes are a major food source of lycopene, which
may help prevent prostate cancer. Spinach, kale, and other
dark green leafy vegetables are good sources of lutein, a
tion of alkylresorcinols increased tissue concentrations of carotenoid that may help prevent age-related macular degen-
gamma-tocopherol,> a naturally occurring form of vitamin eration. However, spinach is also high in oxalate, and may
E that appears to have cardioprotective effects. In observa- therefore be contraindicated in people with calcium oxa-
tional studies, consumption of whole grains (as compared late kidney stones. Blueberries are a good source of antho-
with refined grains) has been associated with reduced risk cyanosides, which enhance capillary integrity and play a
of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes, and increased role in visual function. Cranberries contain compounds
longevity.°’’ For these reasons, whole grains are strongly that inhibit the binding of pathogenic Escherichia coli to
preferable to refined grains. uroepithelial cells. Cranberry juice and cranberry extracts
Beans and other legumes. Consumption of beans and other have been found to be effective for preventing urinary
legumes (e.g., lentils) has been reported to improve blood tract infections. Olives are rich in cardioprotective mono-
glucose regulation and to lower serum cholesterol levels. unsaturated fatty acids. Olives and extra virgin olive oil
Beans form a complete protein when combined with grains (but not refined olive oil) also contain a number of phe-
in a 1:3 ratio (dry weight). nolic antioxidants (oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, vanillic acid,
Soy products, in addition to having the beneficial effects and verbascoside), which may have anti-inflammatory and
mentioned above, have been shown in some, but not all, cardioprotective effects.
studies to improve menopausal hot flashes and other Nuts. Nuts are a good source of protein, essential fatty
menopause-related symptoms (chapter 225). Soy foods have acids, magnesium, and fiber. Consumption of various types
also demonstrated an antihypertensive effect. In addition, of nuts has been shown to lower serum cholesterol levels.
soy may help prevent osteoporosis and some types of can- In observational studies, eating nuts was associated with a
cer, although the evidence is conflicting. Some of the effects lower incidence of cardiovascular disease. Since the poly-
of soy appear to be due to its content of isoflavones, which
unsaturated fatty acids in nuts can become oxidized to form
have both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects.
potentially toxic lipid peroxides, nuts should be stored in
On the negative side, soy is a relatively common aller-
an airtight container in the refrigerator. Nuts are best con-
gen. In addition, some practitioners have observed that pro- sumed raw and unsalted.
cessed soy can be difficult to digest, resulting in various
gastrointestinal symptoms. Soy products (particularly iso- Fish. Fish is a good source of protein, omega-3 fatty acids,
lated soy protein) have been shown to inhibit iron absorp- and other nutrients. Consumption of fish or fish oil has
tion, and soy appears to inhibit the absorption of levothyroxine been found to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular dis-
as well. In one study, treatment with a relatively high dose ease. Fish oil has an anti-inflammatory effect and has been
 CHAPTER 2 * FUNDAMENTALS OF DIET 5

shown to be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of widely appreciated that high sugar intake or sensitivity to
a wide range of illnesses. Fish are at the top of the food refined sugar is in some cases a major contributing factor
chain and contain mercury and other toxins. However, the to a diverse array of symptoms and conditions, including
bulk of the evidence suggests that the benefits of moderate fatigue, anxiety, depression, migraines, tension headaches,
fish consumption (such as 2-3 servings a week) outweigh premenstrual syndrome, and candidiasis. Excessive sugar
the risks. consumption may also play a role in the pathogenesis of a
Meat and poultry. Meat and poultry contain substantial number of chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, non-
amounts of protein and heme iron (particularly red meat), alcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertension, and cardiovas-
as well as B vitamins, minerals, and carnitine. However, cular disease. The deleterious effects of refined sugar are
these foods are also high in cholesterol and saturated fat discussed further in the chapters on sucrose/high-fructose
and, being at the top of the food chain, tend to accumulate corn syrup (chapter 3) and reactive hypoglycemia (chapter 6).
pesticides and other toxic substances. Cooking meat and For many patients, eliminating or greatly reducing intake
of refined sugar is crucial for restoring health. The extent
poultry at high temperatures results in the production of
to which sugar intake must be restricted is assessed on an
carcinogens and advanced glycation end products (which
may promote the development of cardiovascular disease
individual basis.
and other diseases). The available evidence suggests that
meat and poultry should be used in moderation and cooked Other refined carbohydrates
at low temperatures, preferably in the presence of moisture
Refined grains should, whenever possible, be replaced by
(chapter 5). Meat from animals raised organically, without
whole grains (e.g., whole grain bread instead of white bread
the use of antibiotics and hormones, is preferable.
and brown rice instead of white rice). Refining of grains
Eggs. Eggs are a good source of high-quality protein, lutein, removes the nutrient-rich germ portion and the nutrient-
choline, and other nutrients. Although eggs are high in cho- and fiber-rich bran portion of the grain. Refined grains,
lesterol, egg consumption has little or no effect on serum which comprise approximately 30% of the calories in the
cholesterol levels in most people. In observational studies, American diet, contain substantially lower amounts of vita-
eating eggs was associated with an increased risk of heart mins, minerals, and fiber than do their unrefined counter-
disease in diabetics, but not in nondiabetics. Eggs should parts. In addition, the carbohydrates in refined grains are
be cooked in such a way as to minimize the formation of absorbed relatively rapidly and may therefore lead to less-
angiotoxic cholesterol oxides (i.e., boiling or poaching as than-optimal blood glucose control.
opposed to scrambling or frying).
Milk and dairy products. Cow’s milk is a good source of Caffeine
protein, calcium, and vitamin D. However, cow’s milk is
also one of the most common food allergens and, as such, Most adults ingest caffeine every day, primarily in coffee,
is a frequent etiological or triggering factor in a wide range tea, or cola drinks. Caffeine is often used to increase energy
of illnesses. In addition, cow’s milk consumption may play and alertness. In addition, caffeine is present as an adju-
a role in the pathogenesis of type | diabetes. vant in some analgesics, because it increases their potency
against various types of pain.!!
Because caffeine consumption is so widespread, there is
Refined sugars a tendency to overlook the fact that it is an addictive!* and
In addition to emphasizing the use of health-promoting foods, potentially toxic drug. While the research has not always
it is important for patients to restrict their intake of foods been consistent, caffeine consumption has been implicated
that cause symptoms and promote illness. At the top of the as a definite or possible contributing factor to reactive hypo-
list of undesirable foods is refined sugar, which is most glycemia, anxiety, panic attacks, insomnia, hypertension,
commonly consumed as sucrose and high-fructose corn fibrocystic breast changes, impaired fertility, headaches, car-
syrup. Nearly 20% of the calories in a typical American diac arrhythmias, gastroesophageal reflex disease, and other
diet are derived from added sugars (not including the sug- disorders.
ars that occur naturally in fruit, milk, and other foods). Sensitivity to caffeine differs substantially among differ-
This translates, according to one estimate, to an average of ent people. For example, individuals with panic disorder
about 40 teaspoons of added sugar per person per dayee and generalized anxiety disorder are especially sensitive to
and many people consume much more than that. Since the anxiety-inducing effects of caffeine.'*!4 Many people
refined sugar contains virtually no vitamins, minerals, or do not appear to suffer adverse effects from caffeine, and
other micronutrients, sugar consumption decreases overall some observational studies have found that caffeine con-
micronutrient intake by an average of almost 20%. sumption is associated with a reduced incidence of certain
It is generally agreed that excessive sugar consumption chronic diseases, including gallbladder disease, Parkinson’s
contributes to obesity and tooth decay. However, it is not disease, and type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, caffeine toxic-
6 PART 1 * FUNDAMENTALS OF NUTRITIONAL MEDICINE

ity or intolerance should be included in the differential agricultural chemicals have been detected in a wide range
diagnosis of the various conditions listed above. of foods. Chemicals such as bisphenol A, phthalates, and
tin leach into foods and beverages from storage containers,
Alcohol and traces of antibiotics may be present in the meat and
milk of farm animals treated with antibiotics.
Excessive alcohol intake can contribute to a number of Potential consequences of widespread exposure to a mul-
disorders, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, cardiomyopathy, titude of man-made chemicals include allergic reactions,
depression, dementia, and nutritional deficiencies. It is widely disrupted cellular metabolism, overwhelmed detoxification
believed that moderate alcohol consumption (such as 1-2 mechanisms, and impaired immune function. Exposure to
drinks per day) is not harmful for most people, and may various chemicals has been implicated as a contributing
even reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. factor to certain disorders, including attention deficit-
The purported cardioprotective effect of alcohol is based hyperactivity disorder, chronic urticaria, and diabetes. While
primarily on observational studies, and is open to debate it is possible in some cases to identify specific symptom-
(chapter 75). evoking chemicals by means of elimination-and-rechallenge
A substantial minority of patients appears to be particu- testing, identifying all offending chemicals can be a daunt-
larly sensitive to the deleterious effects of alcohol. These ing, if not impossible, task. Therefore, a reasonable strat-
patients are often the same ones who experience adverse egy would be to avoid as many additives and contaminants
effects from eating refined sugar. In these patients, consump- as possible. Patients who “clean up” their diet often observe
tion of moderate or even small amounts of alcohol may evoke various improvements in their health. The possible health
various physical and mental symptoms, trigger reactive hypo- effects of specific food additives and contaminants are dis-
glycemia, or aggravate conditions such as hypertension, gas- cussed further in chapter 4.
troesophageal reflux, psoriasis, or rosacea. The importance
of restricting alcohol intake is assessed on an individual basis.
Vegetarian diet
Fat Vegetarian diets are classified according to whether they con-
tain no animal products (vegan) or whether they include dairy
The role of dietary fat in the causation of cardiovascular
products and/or eggs (lacto-vegetarian, ovo-vegetarian, or
disease is discussed in chapter 75. The available evidence
lacto-ovo-vegetarian). Compared with omnivores, vegetar-
suggests that people should minimize their consumption of
ians have a lower incidence of a number of chronic dis-
trans fatty acids. People should also avoid using polyun-
eases, including cardiovascular disease, hypertension,
saturated fatty acids for frying or high-temperature cook-
gallbladder disease, kidney stones, diabetes, obesity, consti-
ing, in order to minimize the formation of potentially toxic
pation, and some cancers. Vegetarian diets also contain lower
lipid peroxides. As noted in chapter 75, saturated fats may
amounts of pesticides and other toxic chemicals than do
not be as harmful as is commonly believed, although some
omnivorous diets, since these chemicals tend to bioaccumu-
foods that are high in saturated fat may be atherogenic for
late in animal tissues. However, vegetarian diets may be low
reasons largely unrelated to their saturated fat content.
in a number of micronutrients, including vitamin B,>, iron,
vitamin D, zinc, iodine, riboflavin, calcium, and selenium.
Salt (sodium chloride) In addition, the protein in most plant foods is incom-
High salt intake can exacerbate hypertension, edema, and plete, in that it contains insufficient amounts of one or
congestive heart failure, and may be a risk factor for myo- more essential amino acids. Failure to provide adequate
cardial hypertrophy (independent of its effect on blood pres- amounts of any of the 8 essential amino acids limits the
sure) and kidney stones. By contrast, inadequate salt intake degree to which dietary protein can be utilized. This limi-
may lead to fatigue, postural hypotension, and insulin resis- tation can be overcome by proper food combining. For
tance. I advise most patients to use salt in moderation; i.e., example, grains are relatively deficient in lysine but con-
to avoid high-sodium foods and not to add large amounts tain abundant amounts of methionine, whereas beans are
of salt to food during cooking or at the table. More vigor- relatively deficient in methionine but contain abundant
ous sodium restriction is warranted for some patients, such amounts of lysine. When grains and beans are eaten together
as those with congestive heart failure. (usually in a 3:1 ratio, dry weight), these foods comple-
ment each other to form protein of similar biological value
to that of animal protein. It has been suggested that com-
Food additives and other contaminants
plementary proteins do not have to be eaten at the same
Hundreds of different chemicals are added to modern foods, meal in order to achieve the benefits of food combining.
including coloring and flavoring agents, preservatives, emul- However, since amino acids that are not utilized are catab-
sifiers, stabilizers, and thickeners. In addition, pesticides, olized (presumably in increasing amounts the longer they
herbicides, fungicides, plant growth regulators, and other remain unutilized), it would seem that combining comple-
 CHAPTER 2 * FUNDAMENTALS OF DIET 7

mentary foods at the same meal would produce more effi- fewer gastrointestinal symptoms. Chewing food well also
cient protein utilization than would eating these foods at stimulates the production of saliva, which contains amy-
separate meals. lase (a digestive enzyme), substances that protect the gas-
Individuals interested in following a vegetarian diet may tric and esophageal mucosa (i.e., epithelial growth factor,
benefit from consulting a dietitian or nutritionist, in order mucin, transforming growth factor alpha, buffering agents,
to ensure that their diet is properly balanced and that they and prostaglandin E>),'° and compounds that help prevent
are receiving appropriate nutritional supplements. tooth decay (i.e., buffering agents, antibacterial com-
pounds, and calcium phosphate-binding proteins). There is
Food allergy truth in Horace Fletcher’s statement that “Nature will cas-
tigate those who don’t masticate.”
In my experience and that of numerous other practitioners,
hidden food allergy is one of the most common causes of a Eating breakfast. Several studies have demonstrated the
wide range of symptoms and conditions encountered in a importance of eating breakfast. In an observational study,
general medical practice. According to one estimate, as much food consumed in the morning, as compared with food
as 60% of the population suffers from undetected food aller- consumed later in the day, was associated with lower total
gy.'> In many cases, successful resolution of chronic health daily energy intake, suggesting that food eaten at breakfast
problems that have failed to respond to conventional ther- is particularly satiating.!’ In addition, eating breakfast has
apy depends largely on identifying and avoiding allergenic been associated with significant decreases in serum total-
foods. The failure of the conventional medical community and LDL-cholesterol levels, increased insulin sensitivity,'®
to acknowledge the importance (or even the existence) of possible improvement in performance on cognitive tasks,!?7°
hidden food allergy is, in my opinion, responsible for mil- and a lower incidence of gallstones.7!
lions of unsatisfactory clinical outcomes. The evaluation and Eating regularly. In a randomized controlled trial, an irreg-
management of hidden food allergy is discussed in chapter 7. ular meal pattern, as compared with eating regularly, resulted
in insulin resistance and higher total- and LDL-cholesterol
Water levels. Thus, eating regularly and not skipping meals may
Chlorine is added to municipal water supplies to kill micro-
confer health benefits.??
organisms. As discussed elsewhere in this book, chlorine A note on food addiction. While addiction to alcohol and
may be atherogenic and carcinogenic. Chlorine can be caffeine are widely recognized, it is not well appreciated
removed from tap water by a filter or by boiling or adding that many people are addicted to refined sugar and to foods
a pinch of vitamin C crystals to the water. Alternatives to to which they are allergic. Addiction to sugar and aller-
chlorination include ultraviolet irradiation and ozonation. genic foods is discussed in the chapter on obesity (chap-
Mountain spring water bottled in glass or hard plastic ter 333). I have found that counseling patients about the
may be an ideal choice for drinking water. Such water is addictive nature of refined sugar and allergenic foods; about
often rich in minerals and has generally fewer contami- the possibility that they will develop transient withdrawal
nants than water from underground springs and municipal symptoms (usually lasting 2—3 days); and about my avail-
water (which often contains aluminum). Water filtered by ability day or night should any untoward reactions occur
reverse osmosis is not recommended, because this process increases their success rate at withdrawing from these sub-
removes minerals, including ultra-trace minerals such as stances. Only rarely has anyone telephoned (and never in
rubidium, lithium, cobalt, and cesium, which are not included the middle of the night) regarding withdrawal symptoms.
in multimineral preparations, but which may turn out to
have important biological functions. References
1. Horwitz C, Walker ARP. Lignans—additional benefits from fiber? Nutr
Temperature of foods and beverages Cancer 1984;6:73-76.
2. Zeisel SH, Mar MH, Howe JC, Holden JM. Concentrations of choline-
containing compounds and betaine in common foods. J Nutr 2003;133:1302—1307.
Evidence from observational studies suggests that consump- 3. Vos E. Whole grains and coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr
tion of very hot foods and beverages increases the risk of 2000;71:1009.
developing esophageal and gastric cancer. 4. Linko AM, Adlercreutz H. Whole-grain rye and wheat alkylresorcinols are
incorporated into human erythrocyte membranes. Br J Nutr 2005;93:11-13.
5. Ross AB, Chen Y, Frank J, et al. Cereal alkylresorcinols elevate gamma-
Dietary behavioral factors tocopherol levels in rats and inhibit gamma-tocopherol metabolism in vitro. J
Nutr 2004;134:506—5 10.
6. Liu S, Sesso HD, Manson JE, et al. Is intake of breakfast cereals related to
Mastication. In our zeal to provide the most advanced, total and cause-specific mortality in men? Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:594-599.
sophisticated recommendations we sometimes forget to 7. Jacobs DR Jr, Meyer KA, Kushi LH, Folsom AR. Is whole grain intake
associated with reduced total and cause-specific death rates in older women?
emphasize basic factors such as the importance of chewing The Lowa Women’s Health Study. Am J Public Health 1999;89:322-329,
food thoroughly. Mastication breaks food down into smaller 8. Schroeder HA. Losses of vitamins and trace minerals resulting from pro-
particle sizes, leading to better digestion and in many cases cessing and preservation of foods. Am J Clin Nutr 1971;24:562-573.
8 PART 1 * FUNDAMENTALS OF NUTRITIONAL MEDICINE

9, Unfer V, Casini ML, Costabile L, et al. Endometrial effects of long-term 16. Sarosiek J, Scheurich CJ, Marcinkiewicz M, McCallum RW. Enhance-
treatment with phytoestrogens: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled ment of salivary esophagoprotection: rationale for a physiological approach
study. Fertil Steril 2004;82:145-148. to gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 1996;1 10:675—681.
10. Elliott SS, Keim NL, Stern JS, et al. Fructose, weight gain, and the 17. De Castro JM. The time of day of food intake influences overall intake in
insulin resistance syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:91 1-922. humans. J Nutr 2004;134:104-111.
11. Laska EM, Sunshine A, Mueller F, et al. Caffeine as an analgesic adju- 18. Farshchi HR, Taylor MA, Macdonald IA. Deleterious effects of omitting
vant. JAMA 1984;251:1711-1718. breakfast on insulin sensitivity and fasting lipid profiles in healthy lean women.
12. Strain EC, Mumford GK, Silverman K, Griffiths RR. Caffeine depen- Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:388-396.
dence syndrome. Evidence from case histories and experimental evaluations. 19. Pollitt E, Leibel RL, Greenfield D. Brief fasting, stress, and cognition in
JAMA 1994;272:1043-1048. children. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:1526—1533.
13. Boulenger JP, Uhde TW, Wolff EA III, Post RM. Increased sensitivity to 20. Simeon D, Grantham-McGregor S. Cognitive function, undernutrition,
caffeine in patients with panic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41: and missed breakfast. Lancet 1987;2:737-738.
1067-1071. 21. Capron JP, Delamarre J, Herve MA, et al. Meal frequency and duration
14. Bruce M, Scott N, Shine P, Lader M. Anxiogenic effects of caffeine in of overnight fast: a role in gall-stone formation? Br Med J 1981;283:1435.
patients with anxiety disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:867—-869. 22. Farshchi HR, Taylor MA, Macdonald IA. Regular meal frequency creates
15. Breneman JC. Basics of Food Allergy. Springfield, IL, Charles C. Thomas, more appropriate insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles compared with irregular
1978:8. meal frequency in healthy lean women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004;58:1071-1077.

Sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup

This chapter provides a brief overview of the health effects Consumption patterns. Historically, sucrose and other
of the two most prevalent refined sugars in the Western refined sugars were consumed only in small quantities. For
diet: sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Addi- example, estimated annual per capita sucrose consumption
tional information about the effects of these sugars is pro- was 6-8 pounds in the 1750s. This increased to about 25
vided in chapters related to specific disease conditions. pounds in the 1850s and to 120 pounds in the 1950s.! Over
Sucrose (commonly called table sugar) is a disaccharide the past few decades, a significant amount of the sucrose
derived from sugarcane and sugar beets. It consists of one in the Western diet has been replaced by HECS. As of
molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose. HFCS 1997, mean annual per capita sucrose consumption had
contains fructose (55% by weight; 56.7% of total calories) decreased to 67 pounds, but mean total intake of these
and glucose (42% by weight; 43.3% of total calories) in refined sugars combined (sucrose plus HFCS) had increased
their monosaccharide forms. Pure fructose is also used in to 129 pounds, or about 40 teaspoons of added sugar per
some foods, but to a much lesser extent than sucrose and day. That level of intake corresponds to an average of
HFCS. These substances are collectively referred to in this 17-18% to more than 20% of total calories, depending on
chapter as refined sugars or added sugars, to distinguish the method of calculation. Many people consume refined
them from the relatively small amounts of fructose and sugar in amounts well above the average.
glucose present naturally in various fruits and vegetables.
Empty calories. Refined sugar contains virtually no vita-
Excessive consumption of sucrose and HFCS appears to
mins, minerals, or other micronutrients. Therefore, consump-
be an important contributing factor to many of the chronic
tion of refined sugar at the current level decreases overall
health problems that are prevalent in Western society. As
micronutrient intake by an average of at least 17-18%, and
discussed throughout this book, excessive intake of refined
by substantially more in some individuals. In addition, refined
sugar may promote or exacerbate obesity, type 2 diabetes,
sugars are energy-dense (i.e., they provide a large number
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertension, hypertriglyc-
of calories in a small volume) and contain no fiber. Because
eridemia, cardiovascular disease, kidney stones, chronic
it takes a relatively large number of calories from energy-
diarrhea/irritable bowel syndrome, gallbladder disease, tooth
dense foods to produce a feeling of fullness, excessive intake
decay, fatigue, anxiety, depression, attention deficit-
of sweets can lead to overeating and obesity.
hyperactivity disorder, migraines, tension headaches, pre-
menstrual syndrome, candidiasis, and other conditions. Dysglycemia and dysinsulinism. Refined sugar is absorbed
There are many similarities, but also some differences, rapidly into the bloodstream; a phenomenon the human
in the metabolic effects of sucrose and HFCS. Therefore, body was not apparently programmed to handle efficiently.
in this chapter these sugars will be discussed both collec- An abrupt rise in blood glucose levels may trigger the pan-
tively and separately. creas to release an excessive amount of insulin, which can
 CHAPTER 3 * SUCROSE AND HIGH-FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP 2

lead to reactive hypoglycemia (chapter 6) and a compen- compared with fructose) is probably related to the fact that
satory increase in the levels of blood sugar-raising com- the fructose portion of sucrose is not available for absorp-
pounds such as epinephrine and cortisol.* These and other tion until sucrose is hydrolyzed by intestinal brush border
disruptions of homeostatic mechanisms may contribute to enzymes. The fructose portion of sucrose is, therefore, pre-
the development of some of the symptoms and chronic sumably absorbed more slowly than fructose ingested as the
diseases listed above. monosaccharide.
There appears to be no evolutionary precedent for the
Other metabolic effects. Consumption of large amounts substantial increase in plasma fructose concentrations that
of sucrose may cause adverse changes in various cardio- results from eating high-fructose (and, to a somewhat lesser
vascular disease risk factors, including an increase in serum extent, high-sucrose) diets. Fructose is a powerful reduc-
levels of triglycerides, insulin, and uric acid; a rise in blood ing sugar, and therefore promotes the formation of advanced
pressure; an increase in platelet adhesiveness; and a decrease glycation end products, which may contribute to the aging
in HDL-cholesterol levels.4+° Approximately one-third of process and to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease
the population is susceptible to these adverse effects of and diabetic complications. In rats, ingestion of fructose
sucrose, and sucrose sensitivity appears to be clustered in or sucrose (but not glucose) increased tissue concentra-
people who have, or are at increased risk of developing, tions of advanced glycation end products.'* In addition,
cardiovascular disease.° Fructose consumption has been hyperfructosemia may deplete hepatic adenosine triphos-
reported to increase triglyceride and uric acid levels and to phate (ATP) levels (see chapter 124), with potential dele-
promote insulin resistance.’ terious consequence both for liver health and general
metabolism.
Immunological effects. Ingestion of 100 g (25 teaspoons)
of sucrose, glucose, or fructose by healthy volunteers caused Sucrose vs. HFCS. While excessive consumption of all
a transient decrease in the capacity of their neutrophils to types of refined sugar should be discouraged, a case can be
engulf bacteria.*? Ingestion of 75 g of glucose by healthy made that HFCS is somewhat more harmful than sucrose.
volunteers also transiently decreased measures of cell- One possible disadvantage of HFCS relative to sucrose is
mediated immune function.'? These findings raise the pos- the higher ratio of fructose to glucose in the former. This
sibility that limiting consumption of refined sugar would higher ratio would be expected to produce higher serum
be useful for preventing or treating infections. fructose concentrations, with potential deleterious conse-
quences as noted above. In addition, the monosaccharides
Gastrointestinal effects. Fructose malabsorption appears in HFCS are presumably absorbed more rapidly than the
to be a common, though underappreciated, cause of diar- sugars in sucrose, which must be hydrolyzed by intestinal
rhea and other symptoms often attributed to irritable bowel sucrase before being absorbed. More rapid absorption of
syndrome. The amount of fructose that can be absorbed as the glucose and fructose in HFCS might produce higher
a bolus varies widely among healthy volunteers, from 5 g peak serum concentrations of both of these sugars, adversely
to more than 50 g.'! Glucose enhances fructose absorption, affecting glycemic control and potentially disrupting other
and malabsorption of fructose typically occurs only if more homeostatic mechanisms.
fructose than glucose is present.!? Thus, gastrointestinal Of note, rats given fructose in their drinking water
symptoms may be more likely to occur with HFCS (which (250 g/L) showed signs of accelerated aging, whereas no
has a fructose-to-glucose ratio of 1.31 to 1, than with sucrose such effect was seen when the same amount of sucrose was
(which has a | to | ratio). However, sucrose consumption added to the drinking water.'> In addition, increases in the
has also been reported to cause chronic diarrhea, possibly prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver
through a mechanism unrelated to fructose malabsorption. disease over the past few decades have coincided with the
The effects of refined sugars on gastrointestinal symptoms partial replacement of sucrose with HFCS in the Western
are discussed further in chapters 104 and 113. diet.

Hyperfructosemia? Serum fructose concentrations increase References

in a dose-dependent manner after ingestion of sucrose or 1. Yudkin J. Evolutionary and historical changes in dietary carbohydrates.
Am J Clin Nutr 1967;20:108-115.
fructose. A 20-ounce soft drink, which contains 33 g of fruc- 2. Duffey KJ, Popkin BM. High-fructose corn syrup: is this what’s for din-
tose, would be expected to increase the fasting serum fruc- ner? Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88(suppl):1722S-1732S.
tose concentration by approximately 4-fold. In healthy 3. Yudkin J. Dietary factors in arteriosclerosis: sucrose. Lipids 1978;13:370-—372.
4. Szanto S, Yudkin J. The effect of dietary sucrose on blood lipids, serum
volunteers, peak serum fructose levels were 36—41% lower insulin, platelet adhesiveness and body weight in human volunteers. Postgrad
after consumption of sucrose (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg of body Med J 1969;45:602—607.
weight) than after consumption of equivalent amounts of 5. Israel KD, Michaelis OE IV, Reiser S, Keeney M. Serum uric acid, inor-
ganic phosphorus, and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and blood pressure
fructose (0.25 and 0.5 g/kg, respectively).'’ The blunted in carbohydrate-sensitive adults consuming three different levels of sucrose.
rise in serum fructose levels after ingestion of sucrose (as Ann Nutr Metab 1983;27:425—435.
10 PART 1 * FUNDAMENTALS OF NUTRITIONAL MEDICINE

6. Yudkin J, Szanto S, Kakkar VV. Sugar intake, serum insulin and platelet 11. Rumessen JJ, Gudmand-Hoyer E. Absorption capacity of fructose in healthy
adhesiveness in men with and without peripheral vascular disease. Postgrad adults. Comparison with sucrose and its constituent monosaccharides. Gut
Med J 1969;45:608—611. 1986;27:1161-1168.
7. Gaby AR. Adverse effects of dietary fructose. Altern Med Rev 2005;10: 12. Ament ME. Malabsorption of apple juice and pear nectar in infants and
294-306. children: clinical implications. J Am Coll Nutr 1996;15:26S-29S.
8. Sanchez A, Reeser JL, Lau HS, et al. Role of sugars in human neutro- 13. Macdonald I, Keyser A, Pacy D. Some effects, in man, of varying the
philic phagocytosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1973;26:1180-1184. load of glucose, sucrose, fructose, or sorbitol on various metabolites in blood.
9. Ringsdorf WM Jr, Cheraskin E, Ramsay RR Jr. Sucrose, neutrophilic phago- Am J Clin Nutr 1978;31:1305-1311.
cytosis and resistance to disease. Dent Survey 1976;52(12):46—48. 14. Werman MJ, Levy B. The chronic effect of dietary fructose intake on
10. Bernstein J, Alpert S, Nauss, KM, Suskind R. Depression of lympho- glycation and collagen cross-linking in rats. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:219.
cyte transformation following oral glucose ingestion. Am J Clin Nutr 1977; 15. Levi B, Werman MJ. Long-term fructose consumption accelerates glyca-
30:613. tion and several age-related variables in male rats. J Nutr 1998;128:1442-1449.

y Food additives

Approximately 2,700 different chemicals are added inten- Aspartame

tionally to food, in addition to unintentional additives such
as penicillin in milk. Categories of food additives include Aspartame is a dipeptide consisting of the methyl ester of
bleaching, buffering, coloring, flavoring, and anti-caking phenylalanine and aspartic acid. Aspartame has the same
agents; preservatives; surface active agents; stabilizers; thick- energy content as regular sugar (4 kcal/g), but because it
eners; sweeteners; antioxidants; and nutrients (vitamins and is 180-200 times sweeter than sugar, much smaller amounts
minerals)! are needed. Consequently, aspartame is popular among peo-
Many of these compounds, even in small amounts, can ple trying to minimize their caloric intake. It is used in a
produce adverse effects in sensitive individuals.” In addi- wide range of foods including soft drinks, chewing gum,
tion, additives that have appeared to be safe when admin- desserts, and cereals, and as a dining table sweetener.
istered singly to experimental animals might cause adverse In animal studies, administration of aspartame in amounts
effects when ingested in combination with other additives. that might be consumed by an 8-year-old child on a hot
Moreover, assurances regarding the safety of individual addi- afternoon almost doubled brain phenylalanine levels. These
tives may in some cases be based on a false assumption. It levels were doubled again when carbohydrates were admin-
is generally believed that the toxic effects of chemicals istered concurrently with aspartame. In addition, aspar-
increase with increasing doses. Consequently, scientists have tame inhibited the increase in brain serotonin levels that
often disregarded studies that demonstrated toxicity at low normally follows a carbohydrate meal.* While the clinical
doses but not at higher doses. However, the demonstration implications of these changes are not clear, they have the
of toxic effects only at low doses may be explainable by potential to cause a wide range of symptoms. Aspartame is
the fact that some chemicals are catalysts at low concen- contraindicated for people with phenylketonuria (PKU),
trations and inhibitors at high concentrations. At least 15 because of their inability to metabolize phenylalanine nor-
food additives, including azo dyes and metal-complexing mally.° The 4 million or so Americans who are heterozy-
agents, have been found to have toxicity peaks at low doses, gous for PKU may also be especially sensitive to the effects
in most cases at the lowest dose tested.* of aspartame. In addition, maternal aspartame ingestion could
In some instances, it is possible to identify symptom- potentially impair brain development in fetuses of women
evoking food additives and to obtain clinical improvement who are heterozygous for PKU. For that reason, some inves-
by removing them from the diet. In other cases, patients tigators have recommended that pregnant women not con-
are not able to identify all of the offending substances, but sume aspartame.® Even among children with normal
they clearly feel better when they make a conscientious phenylalanine metabolism, it is possible that repeated epi-
effort to avoid all food additives. Considering the uncer- sodes of hyperphenylalaninemia would adversely affect brain
tain long-term safety of many food additives, a prudent development, as it does in children with PKU. Studies in
approach would be to minimize intake of all additives, with rats indicate that aspartame is carcinogenic when con-
the possible exception of vitamins and minerals. This chap- sumed at a daily dose of 20 mg/kg of body weight,’ which
ter reviews the effects of certain common food additives is equivalent to 6 cans of a diet soft drink per day for a
and classes of additives. 120-pound woman.*
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
ring will indicate the person from whose head hair has been taken,
or, if requested, any other member of the company. Dactyls ; A class
of sorcerers and scientific physicians who had their origin in Phrygia.
Their number is given differently by different authorities. Some say it
equals the
 Dactyls 113 Danaans number of fingers on the hands —
five male and five female. Pausanias says five, Perecydes fifty-two,
twenty right and thirty-two left ; while Orpheus the Argonaut
mentions a large number. The dactyls were magicians, exorcists,
conjurors, soothsayers. Plutarch says that they made their
appearance in Italy as sorcerers ; while their magical practices and
mysteries threw the inhabitants of Samothrace into consternation.
They were credited with the discovery of minerals and the notes of
the musical scale ; also with the discovery and use of the Ephesian
mines They introduced fire into Crete, musical instruments into
Greece. They were good runners and dancers, skilled in science and
learning, and from them came the first 'wise men. They are said by
some to have been the magnetic powers and spirits, whose head
was Hercules. Daeraonologie : by King James VI. and I. : It is
customary nowadays to sneer at the writings of this royal author,
ar.d as Horace Walpole remarks, his majesty really has more critics
than readers ; while it should be borne in mind that in his own day
the king's books were greatly admired, winning the encomiums of
Bacon, Izaak Walton, and numerous equally eminent men of letters.
In general, however, it was Basilicon Doron which elicited their
homage, and compared to this last the king's study of demonology is
but a mediocre performance. Published in 1597, it is couched " in
forme of ane dialogue," the speakers being Philomathes and
Epistemon ; and the former, being very incredulous as regards all
kinds of magic, asks Epistemon to enlighten him. Thereupon many
famous acts of witchcraft are adduced, but, when Philomathes
requests to be told precisely why the black art should be considered
iniquitous, his interlocutor fails conspicuously to give a satisfactory
answer. He merely inveighs against the practice in question, and
accordingly there is something distinctly trite in the subsequent
pages, wherein Epistemon is represented as being converted to the
other speaker's point of view, and declaring loudly that all sorcerers
and the like " ought to be put to death according to the Law of God,
the civill and imperiall Law, and municipall Law of all Christian
Nations." Daiver-Logum : The dwelling place of the daivers (q.v.) a
species of Hindoo genii. Besides the daivers, who number three
hundred and thirty millions, there dwell in the DaiverLogum those
heroes and prophets who are not yet fit for the paradise of Shiva or
of Vishnu. Daivers and Daivergoel : Hindoo genii inhabiting the
DaiverLogum, a world of their own. They are, it seems, related to
the Persian divs, from which it is suggested that the word " devil " is
derived. They possess material bodies as well as spiritual, and have
many human attributes, both good and evil. Their king is called
Daivuntren, or Indiren, his wife Inderannee, and his son Seedcra-
hudderen. The latter records the actions of human beings, by which
they must at last be judged. In Daivuntren's immense court of
audience there is room not only for the daivers themselves, but for a
multitude of attendants, or companions. These are the kuinarer, the
musicians of Daiver-Logum ; Dumbarim, Nardir, the drummers ;
Kimprusher, winged beings of great beauty, who wait on the daivers
; Kundagaindoorer, similar beings, the messengers of Vishnu ;
Paunner, the jugglers ; Viddiaser, the bards ; Tsettee, those beings
who attend them in their aerial flights ; Kannanader, or Dordanks,
the messengers who lead devotees of Shiva and Vishnu to paradise,
and the wicked to hell. There is yet another class of daivergoel, or
genii, which comprises the eight keepers of the eight sides of the
world, known by their general name of Aushtatiken-Pauligaur. These
are Indiren, or Daivuntren, their king ; AugneBangauven, god of fire
; Eemen, king of death and hell ; Nerudee, the earth-element
personified as a giant ; Vaivoo, god of the air and winds ; Varooner,
god of the clouds and rain ; Gooberen, god of riches ; and
Essaunien, Shiva himself, in one of his 1,008 incarnations. Dalan : A
druid who figures in the medieval Irish legend of Conary Mor (q.v.).
Dalton, Thomas : The history of this alchemist is veiled in obscurity,
but he appears to have lived about the middle of the fifteenth
century ; and, as he is mentioned in the Ordinall of A Ichimy by
Thomas Norton, it is likely that he was a pupil or at least a friend of
the latter. Dalton was a churchman, resident at an abbey in
Gloucester ; and it is reported that, on one occasion, he was brought
before the king, Edward IV., in whose presence he was charged with
the surreptitious practice of magic, in those days a capital crime. His
accuser was one Debois, to whom the unfortunate alchemist had at
one time been chaplain, and this Debois affirmed upon oath that he
had seen the accused create a thousand pounds of pure gold within
the space of a single day. Thereupon Dalton reminded his accuser
that he had sworn never to reveal this or any kindred facts. Debois
acknowledged his perfidy herein, yet added that he was acting for
the good of the commonwealth. The alchemist then addressed the
king himself, telling him that he had been given the powder of
projection by a certain Canon of Litchfield, and that since then he
had been in so constant a state of trepidation that he had ultimately
destroyed the precious article. Edward accordingly granted him his
freedom, at the same time giving him money sufficient for his
journey home ; but on his way there he was seized by a certain
Thomas Herbert, who had heard of the accusation brought against
the churchman, and was naturally inquisitive. Herbert carried his
victim to the castle of Gloucester, and, incarcerating him in a cell
there, tried every means to make him disclose the secret at issue. All
was in vain, however, and at length Dalton was condemned to death
by his persecutor, and brought ■out to be beheaded in the courtyard
of the castle. He placed his head on the block, and,- crying out to
God to receive his soul, he called upon the executioner to strike
speedily ; but now a strange scene was enacted, for hardly was the
axe raised ere Herbert sprang forward to avert it, at the same time
declaring that he dared not shed innocent blood. In short, the
projected execution was no more than a dastardly ruse, the
persecutor imagining that the alchemist would confess all when his
life was at stake ; and, as the plan had failed, Dalton was allowed to
go free. So he returned to his abbey in Gloucestershire, and there he
lived quietly and unmolested for the rest of his days. Damear : A
mystical city. {See Rosiciucians.) Damian, John : Alchemist, Abbot of
Tungland. (See Scotland.) Danaans, The : The people of the goddess
Dana, often mentioned in Irish medieval romance. They were one of
the three Nemedian families who survived the Fomorian victory, and
returned to Ireland at a later period. By some it was said that they
came " out of heaven," and by others that they sprang from four
cities, in which they learned science and craftsmanship, and from
each of which they brought away a rhagical treasure. From Falias
they brought the Stone of Destiny (Lia Fail) (q.v.) ; from Gorias an
invincible sword ; from Finias a magical spear ; and from Murias the
Cauldron of the Dagda. They were believed to have been wafted to
Ireland on a magic cloud, carrying their treasures with them. After a
victorious battle they took possession of the whole of Ireland, except
Connacht which was given to the vanquished. The Danaans were the
representatives of power and beauty, of science and poetry, to the
writer of the myth ; to the common people they were gods of earth.
In their battles they were subject to death, but it was by magical
powers that they conquered their mortal foes.
 D'Ancre 114 Dee, John D'Ancre, Marechale : (See France.)
Dandis : (See India.) Daphnomaney : Divination by moans of the
laurel. A branch is thrown in the fire, if it crackles in burning it is a
happy sign, but if it burns without doing so, the prognostication is
false. Dark, The : A druid of Irish medieval legend, who turned Saba
into a fawn because she did not return his love. Darkness of the
Sages : (See Philosopher's Stone.) D'Ars, Cure : ( See France.)
Davenport Brothers (Ian and William) : Two American mediums who
gave seances for physical phenomena in America and Britain during
the decade 1860-70. They seem to have attained to a considerable
measure of fame, and to have won a great many people to the belief
that their performances were genuine spirit manifestations. On their
coming to England in 1864 they were accompanied by a chaplain,
the Rev. J. B. Ferguson, who helped to inspire confidence in their
good faith. The usual plan of their seances was as follows : The
Brothers Davenport took their seats vis-a-vis in a small walnut
cabinet " made very like a wardrobe or clothes-press." Any two
gentlemen from among the audience were requested to bind them
firmly to their benches, so as to preclude any possibility of their
freeing their hands. Musical instruments were then placed in the
cabinet, apparently out of reach of the medium, and the lights were
lowered. Soon the musical instruments began to play within the
cabinet, dim " spirit hands " were seen in front of it. At the
conclusion of the seance, however, the mediums were found tied as
securely as ever. They met with a check, however, on their provincial
tour, for at Liverpool there were two men among the audience who
possessed -the secret of a special knot. The " Tom Fool's knot," as it
was called, baffled the spirits, and the mediums were mobbed. Later
in a seance given before a committee of the Anthropological Society,
they shirked nearly all the conditions, and succeeded in
accomplishing nothing which could not be done by a skilful conjurer.
Tolmagne, Anderson, and other conjurers emulated their feats, and
Maskelyne and Cooke so successfully that mediums had no resource
butfto class themas "fellow-adepts." Davey, S. T. : A member of the
Society for Psychical Research who in 1886 gave imitations of the
slate-writing performances of Eglinton and Slade, with a view to
exposing their fraudulent methods. By simple conjuring he
succeeded in emulating all their feats. (See Slate-writing,
Spiritualism.) Davies, Lady : Eleanor Tuchet, daughter of George,
Lord Audley, married Sir John Davies, an eminent lawyer in the time
of James the First, and author of a poem of considerable merit on
the Immortality of the Soul. This lady was a person of many talents ;
but what she seems most to have valued herself upon, was her gift
of prophecy ; and she accordingly printed a book of Strange and
Wonderful Predictions. She professed to receive her prophecies from
a spirit, who communicated to her audibly things about to come to
pass, though the voice could be heard by no other person. Sir John
Davies was nominated lord chief justice of the king's bench in 1626.
Before he was inducted into the office, lady Eleanor, sitting with him
on Sunday at dinner, suddenly burst into a passion of tears. Sir John
asked her what made her weep. To which she replied " These are
your funeral tears." Sir John turned off the prediction with a merry
answer. But in a very few days he was seized with an apoplexy, of
which he presently died. She also predicted the death of the duke of
Buckingham in the same year. For this assumption of the gift of
prophecy, she was cited before the high-commission-court and
examined in 1634. Davis, Andrew Jackson : Known as the "
Poughkeepsie Seer " from his residence in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., was a
prophet, clairvoyant, and mystic philosopher, who commenced his
mission to the world about 1844, some time before the Rochester
Rappings had inaugurated the movement known as " modern
spiritualism." In 1847 he published a volume of trance discourses,
The Principles of Nature, Her Divine Revelations, and A Voice to
Mankind. In the same year he issued the first number of the Univer
cesium, a periodical devoted to clairvoyance and trance phenomena
generally, which continued till 1849. Not until 1850, however, did
Davis and his followers identify themselves with the spiritualists. In
his Revelations the Poughkeepsie Seer propounds his Harmonial
Philosophy, afterwards to be elaborated in many volumes. His
mission, revealed to him by Galen and Swedenborg, was the
prophesying of a new dispensation, preceded by a social revolution.
He was associated, throughout his career, with many prominent
spiritualists. Death-Coach : There is a widespread superstitious belief
that death goes round in a coach picking up souls. The form of the
belief varies, of course, with the locality. In some parts of England
and Wales the death-coach passes silently at midnight, without
sound of hoof or wheels. Both coach and horse are black, and a
black hound runs in front. In some localities the horses and
coachman are headless, which doubtless adds to the effectiveness of
the apparition. The Breton peasant hears the approach at . midnight
of a cart with a creaking axle. It is the Ankon death — ■ and when
the cart stops before a dwelling someone within must die. Death-
watch : The ticking of the death-watch — a small insect found in
decaying wood — is thought by the superstitious to presage death.
Decern Viri : (See Sibylline Books.) Deetera : A figure of Irish
medieval romance. She was the daughter of Cathbad the Druid, and
mother of Cuchulain (q.v.). She and fifty other maidens disappeared
from the court of Conor mac Nessa. Three years later, while pursuing
a flock of birds which were spoiling the crops, the king and courtiers
came upon a magnificent palace inhabited by a youth of noble mien
and a beautiful woman and fifty maidens. These wer? recognised as
Deetera and her companions, and the youth as Lugh, the sun-god.
Conor summoned Deetera to him, but she sent him instead her new-
born son, Cuchulain. Dee, John : Born in London 1527, this
remarkable mathematician and astrologer is supposed to have been
descended from a noble old Walsh House, the Dees of Nant y Groes
in Radnorshire ; while he himself affirmed that among his direct
ancestors was Roderick the Great, Prince of Wales. Dee's father
appears to have been a gentleman server at the court of Henry VIII.,
and, being consequently in tolerably affluent circumstances, he was
able to give his son a good education. So at the age of fifteen John
proceeded to Cambridge, and after two years there he took his
degree as Bachelor of Arts ; while a little later on his becoming
intensely interested in astronomy and the like, he decided to leave
England and go and study abroad. In 1547, accordingly, he went to
the Low Countries, where he consorted with numerous scholars, and
whence he eventually brought home the first astronomer's staff of
brass, and also two gloves constructed by Gerard Mercetor ; but Dee
was not destined to remain in his native land for long, and in 1548
he lived for some time at Louvain, and in 1550 he spent several
months in Paris, lecturing there on the principles of geometry. He
was offered, indeed, a permanent post at the Sorbonne ; but he
declined this, and in 1 55 1 he returned to England, where, having
been recom 
 Dee, John 115 Dee, John mended to Edward VI., he was
granted the rectory of Upton-upon-Severn, Worcestershire. The
astrologer was now in a delightful and enviable position, having a
comfortable home and assured income, and being able to devote
himself exclusively to the studies he loved. But hardly had he begun
to enjoy these benefits ere an ugly cloud darkened his horizon, for,
on the accession of Queen Mary in 1553, he was accused of trying
to' take the new sovereign's life by thaumaturgic means, and was
imprisoned at Hampton Court. He gained his liberty soon afterwards,
but he felt very conscious that many people looked on him askance
on account of his scientific predilections ; and, in a preface which he
wrote for an English translation of Euclid, he complains bitterly of
being regarded as "_a companion of the helhounds, a caller and a
conjuror of wicked and damned spirits." However, during the reign of
Queen Elizabeth his fortunes began to improve again ; and after
making another long tour abroad, going on this occasion so far afield
as St. Helena, he took a house at Mortlake on the Thames, and
while staying there he rapidly became famous for his intimate
knowledge of astronomy. In 1572 on the advent of a new star,
people flocked to hear Dee descant on the subject ; while five years
later, on the appearance of a mysterious comet, the scholar was
again vouchsafed ample opportunity of displaying his learning,
Elizabeth herself being among those who came to ask him what this
addition to the stellar bodies might portend. The most romantic
circumstances in Dee's life, however, are those which deal with his
experiments in crystallomancy. Living in comparative solitude —
practising astrology for bread, but studying alchemy for pleasure —
brooding over Talmudic mysteries and Rosicrucian theories —
immersed in constant contemplation of wonders which he longed to
penetrate — and dazzled by visions of the elixir of life and the
Philosopher's Stone, Dee soon attained to such a condition of mystic
exaltation that his visions became to him as realities, and he
persuaded himself that he was the favoured of the Invisible. In his
Diary he records that he first saw in his crystal-globe — that is, saw
spirits — on the 25th of May, 158 1. In another year he had attained
to a higher level, and one day, in November, 1582, while on his
knees and fervently praying, he became aware of a sudden glory
which filled the west window of his laboratory, and in whose midst
shone the bright angel Uriel. It was impossible for Dee to speak. His
tongue was frozen with awe. But Uriel smiled benignly upon him,
gave him a convex piece of crystal, and told him that when he
wished to communicate with the beings of another world he had but
to examine it intently, and they would immediately appear and
reveal the mysteries of the future. Then the angel vanished. Dee,
however, found from experience that it was needful to concentrate
all one's faculties upon the crystal before the spirits would obey him.
In other words, it was necessary to stimulate the imagination to the
highest pitch, until the soul became a willing agent in its self-
deception. Bring the will to bear upon the imagination, and it is
possible to realize a spirit in every shadowy corner — to hear the
song of the spirits in the low crooning of the evening wind — to read
in the starry heavens the omens and portents of the future. One
may become with marvellous ease the deceiver of one-self, — the
dupe of one's own delusions,— and brood upon a particular subject
until one passes the mysterious border between sanity and madness
— passes from imagination into mania. Dee could never remember
what the spirits said in their frequent conversations with him. When
the excitement was over, he forgot the fancies with which he had
been beguiled. He resolved, therefore, to discover some
fellowworker, or neophyte, who should converse with the spirits
while he himself, in another part of the room, sat and recorded the
interesting dialogue. He found the assistant he sought in one
Edward Kelly,, who unhappily possessed just the requisite boldness
and cunning for making a dupe of the amiable and credulous
enthusiast. Edward Kelly was a native of Lancashire, born, according
to Dee's own statement, in 1555. We know nothing of his early
years, but after having been convicted at Lancaster of coining — -for
which offence he lost his ears — he removed to Worcester, and
established himself as a druggist. Sensual, ambitious, and luxurious,
he longed for wealth, and despairing of securing it by honest
industry, began to grope after the Philosopher's Stone, and to
employ what magical secrets he picked up in imposing upon the
ignorant and profligate. Dee sought knowledge for the love of it ;
Kelly as a means to gratify his earthly passions. He concealed the
loss of his ears by a black skull-cap, and being gifted with a good
figure and tolerably handsome countenance, looked the very
incarnation of mysterious wisdom, Before his acquaintance with Dee
began, he had obtained some repute as a necromancer and
alchymist, who could make the dead utter the secrets of the future.
One night he took a wealthy dupe with some of his servants, into
the park of Walton le Dale, near Preston in Lancashire, and there
alarmed him with the most terrific incantations. He then inquired of
one of the servants whose corpse had been last buried in the
neighbouring churchyard, and being told that a poor man had been
interred there within a very few hours, exhumed the body, and
pretended to draw from it oracular utterances. Dee appears to have
had a skryer, or seer before his introduction to Kelly, who was named
Barnabas Saul. He records in his Diary on the 9th of October, 1581,
that the unfortunate medium was strangely troubled by a "' spiritual
creature " about midnight. On the 2nd of December he willed his
skryer to look into the " great crystalline globe " for the apparition of
the holy angel Anael. Saul looked and saw. But his invention appears
to have become exhausted by the following March, when he
confessed that he neither saw nor heard any spiritual creature any
more ; whereat the enthusiastic Dee grew strangely dissatisfied, and
soon dismissed the unsatisfactory and unimaginative medium. Then
came Edward Kelly (who appears to have been also called Talbot),
and the conferences with the spirits rapidly increased in importance
as well as curiosity. A clever rogue was Kelly. Gifted with a fertile
fancy and prolific invention, he never gazed into the " great
crystalline globe " without making some wondrous discoveries, and
by his pretended enthusiasm gained the entire confidence of the
credulous Dee. The mathematician, despite his learning and his
profound intellect, became the easy tool of the plastic, subtle Skryer.
The latter would sometimes pretend that he doubted the innocent
character of the work upon which he was engaged ; would affect a
holy horror of the unholy'; and profess that the spirits of the crystal
were not always •' spirits of health," but — perish the thought !^— "
goblins damn'd ;" demons whose task it was to compass their
destruction. The conferences held between Kelly and the spirits were
meanwhile, carefully recorded by Dr. Dee ; and whoever has
stomach for the perusal of a great deal of absurdity and not a little
blasphemy, may consult the folio published in 1659 by the learned
Meric Casaubon, and entitled " A True and Faithful Relation of what
passed between Dr. John Dee and some Spirits ; tending, had it
succeeded, to. a General Alteration of most States and Kingdoms in
the World." Two such shining lights could not hide themselves under
a bushel, and their reputation extended from Mortlake
 Dee, John 116 Dee, John even to the Continent. Dee now
declared himself possessed of the elixir vitae, which he had found he
said, among the ruins of Glastonbury Abbey ; so that the curious
were drawn to his house by a double attraction. Gold flowed into his
coffers in an exhaustless stream, but his experiments in the
transmutation of metals absorbed a great portion of his substance.
At this time the court of England was visited by a Polish nobleman
named Albert Laski, Count Palatine of Siradz, who was desirous to
see the magnificence of the famous " Gloriana." Elizabeth received
him with the flattering welcome she always accorded to
distinguished strangers, and placed him in charge of the splendid
Leicester. He visited all the England of the sixteenth century worth
showing, and especially her two Universities, but was sorely
disappointed at not finding the famous Dr. Dee at Oxford. " I would
not have come hither," he said to the Earl, " had I wot that Dee was
not here." Leicester undertook to introduce him to the learned
philosopher on their return to London, and so soothed his
discontent. A few days afterwards the Pole and Leicester were
waiting in the ante-chamber at Whitehall for an audience of the.
Queen, when Dr. Dee arrived. Leicester embraced the opportunity,
and introduced him to Albert Laski. The interview between two
genial spirits was interesting, and led to frequent visits from Laski to
Dee's house at Mortlake. Kelly soon perceived what a Pactolus this
Pole would prove, and as he was imbued with all the extravagant
superstitions of the age relative to the elixir and the Philosopher's
Stone, it was easy enough to play upon his imagination, and
entangle him in the meshes of an inextricable deception. Dee, in
want of money to prosecute his splendid chimeras, and influenced
by Kelly's artful suggestions, lent himself in some measure to the
fraud, and speedily the " great crystalling globe " began to reveal
hints and predictions which inflamed the ardent fancy of the " noble
Polonian." But Kelly imposed upon Dee as well as upon Laski. He
appears to have formed some wild but magnificent projects for the
reconstruction of Europe, to be effected through the agency of the
Pole, and thenceforth the spirits could converse upon nothing but
hazy politics. On a careful perusal of Dee's Diary, it is impossible to
come to any other conclusion than that he was imposed upon by
Kelly, and accepted his revelations as the actual utterances of the
spirits ; and it seems probable that the clever, plastic, slippery Kelly
not only knew something of the optical delusions then practised by
the pretended necromancers, but possessed considerable
ventriloquial powers, which largely assisted in his nefarious
deceptions. . Kelly had undoubtedly conceived some extravagant
notions of a vast European monarchy, in which Laski was to play the
part of a Roi faineant and he himself of a Maire du Palais. To this
point all the spiritual revelations now tended, and they were
managed, it must be owned, with consummate skill. Laski was
proved, by the agency of Madinie, to be descended from the Anglo-
Norman family of the Lacies. Then an angel named Murifre, who was
clothed like a husbandman, pointed out Laski as destined to effect
the regeneration of the world. But it did not answer Kelly's purposes
to bring matters too suddenly to a conclusion, and with the view of
showing the extreme value of his services, he renewed his
complaints upon the wickedness of dealing with spirits, and his fear
of the perilous enterprises they might enjoin. He threatened,
moreover, to abandon his task, a threat which completely perturbed
the equanimity of Dr. Dee. Where indeed, could he hope to meet
with another skryer of such infinite ability ? Once when Kelly
expressed his desire of riding from Mortlake to Islington on some
pretended business, the doctor grew afraid that it was only an
excuse to cover his absolute evasion. " Whereupon," says the doctor,
" I asked him why he so hasted to ride thither, and I said if it were
to ride to Mr. Harry Lee I would go thither, and to be acquainted with
him, seeing now I had so good leisure, being eased of the book
writing. Then he said that one told him the other day that the duke
(Laski) did but flatter him, and told him other things both against the
duke and me. I answered for the duke and myself, and also said that
if the forty pounds annuity which Mr. Lee did offer him was the chief
cause of his mind setting that way (contrary to many of his former
promises to me), that then I would assure him of fifty pounds yearly,
and would do my best, by following of my suit, to bring it to pass as
soon as I possibly could ; and thereupon did make him promise
upon the Bible. " Then Edward Kelly again upon the same Bible did
swear unto me constant friendship, and never to forsake me ; and
moreover said that unless this had so fallen about he would have
gone beyond the seas, taking ship at Newcastle within eight days
next. " And so we plight our faith each to the other, taking each
other by the hand, upon these points of brotherly and friendly
fidelity during life, which covenant I beseech God to turn to his
honour, glory, and service, and the comfort of our brethren (his
children) here on earth." Kelly now returned to his crystal and his
visions, and Laski was soon persuaded that he was destined by the
spirits to achieve great victories over the Saracens, and win enduring
glory. But for this purpose it was needful he should return to Poland,
and to Poland the poor dupe went, taking with him the learned Dr.
Dee, the invaluable Edward Kelly, and their wives and families. The
spirits continued to respond to their inquiries even while at sea, and
so they landed at the Brill on the 30th of July 1583, and traversed
Holland and Friesland to the opulent free town of Lubeck. There
they lived sumptuously for a few weeks, and with recruited strength
set out for Poland. On Christmas Day they arrived at Stettin, where
they remained till the middle of January 1584. They gained Lasco,
the Pole's principal estate, early in February. Immediately the grand
work commenced for the transmutation of iron into gold, boundless
wealth being obviously needful for so grand an enterprise as the
regeneration of Europe. Laski liberally supplied them with means,
but the alchymists always failed on the very threshold of success.
Day by day the prince's trees melted away in the deceptive crucible ;
he mortgaged his estates, he sold them, but the hungry furnace
continued to cry for " More ! more ! " It soon became apparent to
the philosopher's that Laski's fortune was nearly exhausted. Madinie,
Uriel, and their comrades made the same discovery at the same
time, and, moreover, began to doubt whether Laski, after all, was
the great regenerator intended to revolutionize Europe. The whole
party lived at Cracow from March 1584 until the end of July, and
made daily appeals to the spirits in reference to the Polish prince.
They grew more and more discouraging in their replies, and as Laski
began slowly to awake to the conviction that he had been a
monstrous dupe, in order to rid himself of the burthen, he proposed
to furnish them with sufficient funds for a journey to Prague, and
letters of introduction to the Emperor Rudolph. At this very moment
the spirits discovered that it was necessary Dee should bear a divine
message to the Emperor, and Laski's proposal was gladly accepted.
At Prague the two philosophers were well received by the Emperor.
They found him very willing to believe in the existence of the famous
stone, very courteous to Dee as a man of European celebrity, but
very suspicious of the astute and plausible Kelly. They remained
some
 Dee, John 117 Dee, John months at Prague, living upon the
funds which Laski had supplied, and cherishing hopes of being
attached to the imperial service. At last the Papal Nuncio complained
to the countenance afforded to heretical magicians, and the Emperor
ordered them to quit his dominions within four-and-twenty hours.
They precipitately complied, and by so doing escaped a prison or the
stake, to which the Nuncio had received orders from Rome to
consign them (May 1586). They now proceeded to Erfurdt, and from
thence to Cassel, but meeting with a cold reception, made their way
once more to Cracow. Here they earned a scanty living by telling
fortunes and casting nativities ; enduring the pangs of penury with
an almost heroic composure, for they, the pretended possessors of
the Philosopher's Stone, durst not reveal their indigence to the
world, if they would not expose themselves to universal ridicule.
After a while, they found a new dupe in Stephen, king of Poland, to
whom Kelly's spirits predicted that the Emperor Rudolph would
shortly be assassinated, and that the Germans would elect him to
the Imperial throne. But he in his turn grew weary of the ceaseless
demands for pecuniary supplies. Then arose a new disciple in the
person of Count Rosenberg, a nobleman of large estates at Trebona,
in Bohemia. At his castle they remained for upwards of two years,
eagerly pursuing their alchemical studies, but never approaching any
nearer to the desired result. Dee's enthusiasm and credulity had
degraded him into the tool and slave of Kelly ; but the latter was,
nevertheless very wroth at the superior respect which Dee, as really
a man of surprising scholarship and considerable ability, enjoyed.
Frequent quarrels broke out between them, aggravated by the
criminal passion which Kelly had conceived for the doctor's young
and handsome wife, and which he had determined to gratify. He
matured at length an artful plan to obtain the fulfilment of his
wishes. Knowing Dee's entire dependence upon hi'm as a skryer, he
suddenly announced his intention of resigning that honoured and
honourable office, and only consented to remain on the doctor's
urgent entreaties. That day (April 18, 1587) they consulted the
spirits. Kelly professed to be shocked at the revelation they made,
and refused to repeat it. Dee's curiosity was aroused, and he insisted
upon hearing it, but was exceedingly discomposed when he found
that the spirits enjoined the two philosophers to have their wives in
common. Kelly expressed his own abhorrence of the doctrine, and
when the spirits repeated it, with a mixture of socialistic
extravagance to the effect that sin was only relative, and could not
be sinful if ordered by God, protested they must be spirits of evil,
not of good, — once more resigned his post as skryer, — and left the
Castle. Dee now attempted to convert his son Arthur into a medium,
but the lad had neither the invention, the faith, nor the deceptive
powers for such an office, and the philosopher, deprived of those
conferences with the other world which he had so long enjoyed,
began to lament the absence of his old confederate. At this juncture
Kelly suddenly returned. Again he consulted the crystal, and again
was ordered to practise the socialistic rule of all things in common.
Dee was too delighted at his return to oppose any longer the will of
the spirits. The two wives resisted the arrangement for some time,
but finally yielded to what was represented to be the will of Heaven,
and Dee notes in his Diary that " on Sunday the 3rd of May, anno
1587 (by the new account), I, John Dee, Edward Kelly, and our two
wives covenanted with God, and subscribed the same for
indissoluble and inviolable unities, charity, and friendship keeping,
between us four, and all things between us to be common, as God
by sundry means willed us to do." The alchymists now resumed their
pursuits with eagerness ; but discord soon crept into this happy
family of four. The wives, never very well content with the socialistic
theory, quarrelled violently ; the husbands began to be pinched for
want of means ; and Dee turned his eyes towards England as a
pleasanter asylum than the castle of Trebona was likely to prove for
his old age. He obtained permission from Queen Elizabeth to return,
and separated finally from Kelly. The latter, who had been knighted
at Prague, took with him an elixir found at Glastonbury Abbey, and
ventured to proceed to the Bohemian capital. He was immediately
arrested by order of the Emperor, and flung into prison. Obtaining
his release after some months ' imprisonment, he wandered over
Germany, telling fortunes, and angling for dupes with the customary
magical baits, but never getting a whit nearer that enjoyment of
boundless resources which the possession of the Philosopher's Stone
should have ensured him. Arrested a second time as a heretic and a
sorcerer, and apprehending perpetual imprisonment, he
endeavoured to escape, but fell from the dungeon-wall, and broke
two of his ribs and both of his legs. He expired of the injuries he had
received in February 1593. Dr. Dee set out from Trebona with a
splendid train, the expenses of his journey apparently being
defrayed by the generous Bohemian noble. Three waggons carried
his baggage ; three coaches conveyed himself, his family, and
servants. A guard of twenty-four soldiers escorted him ; each
carriage was drawn by four horses. In England he was well received
by the Queen, as far as courteous phrases went, and settling himself
at Mortlake, he resumed his chemical studies, and his pursuit of the
Philosopher's Stone. But nothing prospered with the unfortunate
enthusiast. He employed two shryers — at first a rogue, named
Bartholomew, and afterwards a charlatan named Heckman — but
neither could discover anything satisfactory in the " great crystalline
globe." He grew poorer and poorer ; he sank into absolute indigence
; he wearied the Queen with ceaseless importunities ; and at length
obtained a small appointment as Chancellor of St. Paul's Cathedral,
which in 1595 he exchanged for the wardenship of Manchester
College. He performed the duties of this position until age and a
failing intellect compelled him to resign it about 1602 or 1603. He
then retired to his old house at Mortlake, where he practised as a
common fortune-teller, gaining little in return but the unenviable
reputation of a wizard, " a conjuror, a caller, or invocator of devils."
On the 5th of June 1604, he presented a petition to James the First,
imploring his protection against such injurious calumnies, and
declaring that none of all the great number of " the very strange and
frivolous fables or histories reported and told of him (as to have
been of his doing) were true." Dee is an exceptionally interesting
figure, and he must have been a man of rare intellectual activity. He
made calculations to facilitate the adoption in England of the
Gregorian calendar ; and he virtually anticipated the Historical
Manuscripts Commission, addressing to the crown a petition wherein
he wrote on the desirability of carefully preserving the old,
unpublished records of England's past, many of which documents
were at this period domiciled in the archives of monasteries.
Moreover he was a voluminous writer on science, and, though lack
of space makes it impossible to give a full list of his works here, it
certainly behoves to mention the following : Monas Hieroglyphica
1564, De Trigono 1565, Testamentum Johannis Dee Philosophi
Summi ad Johannem Guryun Transmissum 1568, An Account of the
Manner in which a certayn Copper-smith in the Land of Moores, and
a certayn Moore transmuted Copper to Gold, 1 576.
 Deitton 118 Demonology Deitton : An astrological book of
Indian origin in use in Burma, the same as the Dittharana (q. v.)
(See Burma.) De la Motte, Madame : (See Cagliostro.) Deleuze, Billot
: [See France.) Deleuze, Jean Philippe Francois : French naturalist
and adept in animal magnetism. He was born at Sisteron, in 1753,
and died in 1835. It is by his advocacy of animal magnetism that he
is principally remembered, and his works on this subject include :
Histoire Critique du Magnetisme, (1813-1819) ; Insruction Pratique
sur le Magnetisms Animate, (1819 and 1836) ; Defense du
Magnetisme, (1819) ; Memoire sur la Faculte de Prevision, (1836).
He believed in rapport between patient and magnetiser, indiagnosis
of disease by clairyovants, and other supernormal phenomena. (See
Hypnotism.) Delirium : (See Visions.) De Lisle : (circa. 1710). French
Alchemist. A considerable amount of matter concerning this French
alchemist is contained in Langlet de Fresnoy's invaluable book,
Histoire de la Philosophie Hermelique, while Figuier writes at some
length on the subject ; but neither of these writers furnishes ds
Lisle's Christian name, and neither gives the exact date of his birth.
The place where the event occurred is likewise unknown, although it
is commonly held that the alchemist was a Provencal ; while his
position in the social hierarchy is likewise a matter of conjecture, the
tradition that he sprang from humble peasant stock being practically
vitiated by the particule in his name. True that this is usually spelt
Delisle, but one may be fairly certain that that is a mere perversion,
and that originally the two syllables were written separately. De Lisle
is known to have been active during the first decade of the
eighteenth century, so it may be assumed that he was born towards
the close of le grand siecle ; while it would seem that, at an early
age, he entered the service of a scientist whose name is unrecorded,
but who is supposed to have been a pupil of Lascaris. This nameless
scientist, it appears, got into trouble of some sort, the likelihood
being that he was persecuted on account of his hermetic
predilections ; and accordingly he left Provence and set out for
Switzerland, taking with him his young henchman, de Lisle. En route
the latter murdered his patron and employer, thereafter
appropriating all his alchemistic property, notably some . precious
transmuting powder ; and then, about the year 1708, he returned to
his native France, where he soon attracted attention by changing
masses of lead and iron into silver and gold. Noble and influential
people now began to court his society and his scientific services, and
betimes he found himself safely and comfortably housed in the
castle of La Palud, where he received many visitors from day to day,
demonstrating his skill before them. Anon, however, he grew weary
of this life ; and, having contracted a liaison with a Madame Alnys,
he commenced wandering with her from place to place, a son being
eventually born to the pair. At this time Madame Alnys' husband was
still living, but that did not prevent de Lisle from continuing to elicit
patronage and favour from the rich and great, and in 1710, at the
Chateau de St. Auban, he performed a curious experiment in the
prer.ence of one St. Maurice, then president of the royal mint. Going
into the grounds of the chateau one evening, de Lisle showed St.
Maurice a basket sunk in the ground, and bade him bring it into the
salle- d-manger where it was duly opened, its contents transpiring to
be merely some earth of a blackish hue. No very precious material !
thought St. Maurice, accustomed to handling ingots and nuggets ;
but de Lisle, after distilling a yellow liquid from the earth, projected
this on hot quicksilver, and speedily produced in fusion three ounces
of gold, while subsequently he succeeded in concocting a tolerable
quantity of silver. Some of the gold was afterwards sent to Paris,
where it was put through a refining process, and three medals were
struck from it, one of which, bearing the inscription Aurum Arte
Factum, was deposited in the cabinet of his most Christian majesty.
Thereupon de Lisle was invited to come to Paris himself, and visit the
court ; but he declined the offer, giving as his reason that the
southern climate he chiefly lived in was necessary to the success of
his experiments, the preparations he worked with being purely
vegetable. The probability is that, having been signally triumphant in
duping his clientile so far, he felt the advisability of refraining from
endeavours . which might prove futile, and vitiate his reputation. We
hear nothing of de Lisle later than 1760, so presumably he died
about that time ; but his son by Madame Alnys seems to have
inherited some part of his father's predilections, together with a fair
quota of his skill. Wandering for many years through Italy and
Germany, he affected transmutations successfully before various
petty nobles ; while at Vienna he succeeded in bringing himself
under the notice of the Due de Richelieu, who was acting then as
French ambassador to the Viennese court, and Richelieu afterwards
assured the Abbe Langlet that he not only saw the operation of gold-
making performed, but did it himself by carrying out instructions
given him by Alnys. The latter gradually acquired great wealth, but,
falling under suspicion, he was imprisoned for a space at Marseilles,
whence he ultimately escaped to Brussels. Here he continued, not
altogether unsuccessfully, to engage in alchemy ; while here too he
became acquainted with Percell, the brother of Langlet du Fresnoy,
to whom he is supposed to have confided some valuable scientific
secrets. Eventually, however, the mysterious death of one Grefier,
known to have been working in Alnys' laboratory, made the Brussels
authorities suspicious about the latter's character, so he left the town
stealthily, never to be heard of again. Demonius ; A stone so called
from the supposed demoniacal rainbow that appears in it.
Demonoeracy : The government of demons ; the immediate
influence of evil spirits ; the religion of certain peoples of America,
Africa, and Asia, who worship devils. Demonography : The history
and description of demons and all that concerns them. Authors who
write upon this subject — such as Wierus, Delancre, Leloyer — are
sometimes called demonographers. Demonology : That branch of
magic which deals with malevolent spirits. In religious science it has
come to indicate knowledge regarding supernatural beings who are
not deities. But, it is in regard to its magical significance only that it
falls to be dealt with here. The Greek term Daimon, originally
indicated " genius " or "* spirit," but in England it has come to mean
a being actively malevolent. Ancient Demonology will be found dealt
with in the articles Egypt, Semites, Genius and Devil-Worship, and
savage demonology under the heads of the various countries and
races where it had its origin. According to Michael Psellus, demons
are divided into six great bodies. First, the demons of fire. Second,
those of the air. Third, those of the earth. The fourth inhabit the
waters and rivers, and cause tempests and floods ; the fifth axe
subterranean, who prepare earthquakes and excite volcanic
eruptions. The sixth, are shadows, something of the nature of
ghosts. St. Augustine comprehends all demons under the last
category. This classification of Psellus is not unlike that system of the
middle ages, which divided all spirits into those belonging to the four
elements, fire, air, earth, and water, or salamanders, sylphs, undines,
and gnomes. The medieval idea of demons was, of course, in a
direct
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