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Programming
in Ada 2012
Programming
in Ada 2012
JOHN BARNES
University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of

education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107424814

© John Barnes 2014

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2014

Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc

Typeset By John Barnes Informatics

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data

ISBN 978-1-107-42481-4 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy

of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
To Barbara
 Contents

Foreword xv
Preface xix

Part 1 An Overview 1
1 Introduction 3
1.1 Standard development 3
1.2 Software engineering 4
1.3 Evolution and abstraction 6
1.4 Structure and objectives of this book 8
1.5 References 10
2 Simple Concepts 11
2.1 Key goals 11
2.2 Overall structure 12
2.3 The scalar type model 17
2.4 Arrays and records 19
2.5 Access types 22
2.6 Errors and exceptions 23
2.7 Terminology 26
3 Abstraction 27
3.1 Packages and private types 27
3.2 Objects and inheritance 30
3.3 Classes and polymorphism 34
3.4 Genericity 40
3.5 Object oriented terminology 41
3.6 Tasking 43
4 Programs and Libraries 47
4.1 The hierarchical library 47
4.2 Input–output 49

vii
viii Contents

4.3 Numeric library 52

4.4 Running a program 54
Program 1 Magic Moments 59

Part 2 Algorithmic Aspects 63

5 Lexical Style 65
5.1 Syntax notation 65
5.2 Lexical elements 66
5.3 Identifiers 67
5.4 Numbers 68
5.5 Comments 71
5.6 Pragmas and aspects 71
6 Scalar Types 73
6.1 Object declarations and assignments 73
6.2 Blocks and scopes 75
6.3 Types 77
6.4 Subtypes 79
6.5 Simple numeric types 81
6.6 Enumeration types 87
6.7 The type Boolean 90
6.8 Categories of types 93
6.9 Expression summary 95
7 Control Structures 101
7.1 If statements 101
7.2 Case statements 105
7.3 Loop statements 108
7.4 Goto statements and labels 114
7.5 Statement classification 111
8 Arrays and Records 117
8.1 Arrays 117
8.2 Array types 122
8.3 Array aggregates 127
8.4 Characters and strings 132
8.5 Arrays of arrays and slices 135
8.6 One-dimensional array operations 138
8.7 Records 143
9 Expression structures 149
9.1 Membership tests 149
9.2 If expressions 151
9.3 Case expressions 155
 Contents ix

9.4 Quantified expressions 157

10 Subprograms 161
10.1 Functions 161
10.2 Operators 169
10.3 Procedures 171
10.4 Aliasing 177
10.5 Named and default parameters 179
10.6 Overloading 181
10.7 Declarations, scopes and visibility 182
11 Access Types 189
11.1 Flexibility versus integrity 189
11.2 Access types and allocators 191
11.3 Null exclusion and constraints 198
11.4 Aliased objects 200
11.5 Accessibility 204
11.6 Access parameters 206
11.7 Anonymous access types 210
11.8 Access to subprograms 214
11.9 Storage pools 220
Program 2 Sylvan Sorter 223

Part 3 The Big Picture 227

12 Packages and Private Types 229
12.1 Packages 229
12.2 Private types 234
12.3 Primitive operations and derived types 241
12.4 Equality 247
12.5 Limited types 251
12.6 Resource management 257
13 Overall Structure 263
13.1 Library units 263
13.2 Subunits 266
13.3 Child library units 268
13.4 Private child units 272
13.5 Mutually dependent units 279
13.6 Scope, visibility and accessibility 283
13.7 Renaming 287
13.8 Programs, partitions and elaboration 292
Program 3 Rational Reckoner 297
x Contents

14 Object Oriented Programming 301

14.1 Type extension 301
14.2 Polymorphism 307
14.3 Abstract types and interfaces 315
14.4 Primitive operations and tags 318
14.5 Views and redispatching 328
14.6 Private types and extensions 334
14.7 Controlled types 342
14.8 Multiple inheritance 347
14.9 Multiple implementations 353
15 Exceptions 361
15.1 Handling exceptions 361
15.2 Declaring and raising exceptions 364
15.3 Checking and exceptions 370
15.4 Exception occurrences 372
15.5 Exception pragmas and aspects 376
15.6 Scope of exceptions 381
16 Contracts 385
16.1 Aspect specifictions 385
16.2 Preconditions and postconditions 388
16.3 Type invariants 399
16.4 Subtype predicates 405
16.5 Messages 413
17 Numeric Types 417
17.1 Signed integer types 417
17.2 Modular types 423
17.3 Real types 425
17.4 Floating point types 427
17.5 Fixed point types 430
17.6 Decimal types 436
18 Parameterized Types 439
18.1 Discriminated record types 439
18.2 Default discriminants 443
18.3 Variant parts 449
18.4 Discriminants and derived types 453
18.5 Access types and discriminants 456
18.6 Private types and discriminants 463
18.7 Access discriminants 465
19 Generics 469
19.1 Declarations and instantiations 469
19.2 Type parameters 475
 Contents xi

19.3 Subprogram parameters 485

19.4 Package parameters 492
19.5 Generic library units 498
20 Tasking 501
20.1 Parallelism 501
20.2 The rendezvous 503
20.3 Timing and scheduling 508
20.4 Protected objects 513
20.5 Simple select statements 521
20.6 Timed and conditional calls 524
20.7 Concurrent types and activation 527
20.8 Termination, exceptions and ATC 534
20.9 Signalling and scheduling 540
20.10 Summary of structure 546
21 Object Oriented Techniques 551
21.1 Extension and composition 551
21.2 Using interfaces 554
21.3 Mixin inheritance 560
21.4 Linked structures 562
21.5 Iterators 565
21.6 Generalized iteration 570
21.7 Object factories 577
21.8 Controlling abstraction 581
22 Tasking Techniques 587
22.1 Dynamic tasks 587
22.2 Multiprocessors 590
22.3 Synchronized interfaces 598
22.4 Discriminants 609
22.5 Task termination 614
22.6 Clocks and timers 617
22.7 The Ravenscar profile 626
Program 4 Super Sieve 627

Part 4 Completing the Story 631

23 Predefined Library 633
23.1 The package Standard 633
23.2 The package Ada 637
23.3 Characters and strings 640
23.4 Numerics 659
23.5 Input and output 663
23.6 Text input–output 669
xii Contents

23.7 Streams 678

23.8 Environment commands 684

Program 5 Wild Words 695

24 Container Library 699
24.1 Organization of library 699
24.2 Doubly linked lists 701
24.3 Vectors 709
24.4 Maps 713
24.5 Sets 725
24.6 Trees 737
24.7 Holder 747
24.8 Queues 749
24.9 Bounded containers 757
24.10 Indefinite containers 761
24.11 Sorting 767
24.12 Summary table 769

25 Interfacing 781
25.1 Representations 781
25.2 Unchecked programming 785
25.3 The package System 788
25.4 Storage pools and subpools 790
25.5 Other languages 797

Program 6 Playing Pools 803

26 The Specialized Annexes 807
26.1 Systems Programming 807
26.2 Real-Time Systems 809
26.3 Distributed Systems 813
26.4 Information Systems 815
26.5 Numerics 815
26.6 High Integrity Systems 820

27 Finale 823
27.1 Names and expressions 823
27.2 Type equivalence 827
27.3 Overall program structure 830
27.4 Portability 834
27.5 Penultimate thoughts 836
27.6 SPARK 839
 Contents xiii

Appendices 851
A1 Reserved Words, etc. 851
A1.1 Reserved words 851
A1.2 Predefined attributes 852
A1.3 Predefined aspects 859
A1.4 Predefined pragmas 862
A1.5 Predefined restrictions 864
A2 Glossary 867
A3 Syntax 873
A3.1 Syntax rules 873
A3.2 Syntax index 891

Answers to Exercises 901

Bibliography 929
Index 931
 Foreword

P rogramming Languages and Software practice are always engaged in a game of

leapfrog: a forward looking programming language introduces new ways of
thinking about software development, and its constructs shape the way
programmers think about their craft; creative programmers invent new idioms and
patterns to tackle ever more complex programming tasks, and these idioms become
incorporated in the next generation of programming languages.
The latest version of Ada, whose description we owe once again to the
inimitable expository talents of John Barnes, has exemplified this dynamic
repeatedly over the last 30 years.

• Ada 83 showed programmers how programming in the large should be

organized (packages, strong typing, privacy) and convinced them that indices
out of range were not a common pitfall of programming but elementary errors
that could be controlled with proper declarations and constraint checking. Ada
83 also put concurrent programming in a mainstream programming language.
• Ada 95 benefited from a decade-long development in object-oriented
programming techniques, and successfully grafted the ideas of polymorphism
and dynamic dispatching onto a strongly-typed language with concurrency. It
enhanced programming-in-the large capabilities with child units and their
generic incarnations.
• Ada 2005 showed how data-based synchronization (protected types) and
concurrency (task types) could be unified through a novel use of interface
inheritance, and adopted a conservative model of multiple inheritance of
interfaces that has proved more robust than the more unrestricted models of MI.
Ada 2005 also introduced into the language an extensive container library,
following here the example of other established languages and many earlier
experimental high-level languages that showed the usefulness of reasoning over
data aggregates.

And now – Ada 2012, the latest version of the language whose description you are
holding, reflects both aspects of this dialectic process: it introduces new ways of
thinking about program construction, and it reflects developments in software
practice that hark back to the earlier days of our profession but that have seldom, if
ever, found their way into well-established programming languages.

xv
xvi Foreword

The general rubric for these new/old ideas is Programming by Contract. The term
became well-known through the pioneering work of Bertrand Meyer and the design
of Eiffel, but it probably found more significant use in the SPARK community, in the
design of critical software for applications that require a real measure of formal
verification for their deployment.
Ada 2012 offers the programmer a wealth of new tools for specifying the intent
of a program: preconditions, postconditions, type invariants, subtype predicates. All
of these allow the software architect to present more clearly the intent of a piece of
software, and they allow the compiler and/or the run-time system to verify that the
software behaves as intended. The use of pre- and postconditions was proposed a
generation ago by E. DIkjstra and C.A.R .Hoare, but their pioneering efforts were
not widely adopted by the software community, among other things because good
language support for these mechanisms was lacking. Their introduction in a
language whose user community is particularly concerned with mission-critical
software reflects the fact that concerns about safety and security are more urgent
than ever. We can expect that these techniques will be adopted early and
enthusiastically by the aerospace and automotive software development
community, as they have been in the small and dedicated SPARK community.
Preconditions, postconditions, type invariants and type predicates are logical
assertions about the behavior of a given construct. When these assertions involve
data aggregates (vectors, sets, and other container types) it is particularly
convenient to use notations from first-order logic, namely quantified expressions.
An important syntactic innovation of Ada 2012 is the introduction of quantified
expressions both in their universal form (all elements of this set are French Cheeses)
and their existential form (some element of this vector is purple). As a result, the
language includes the new keyword some. These quantified expressions are of
course implicit loops over data aggregates, and in parallel with their introduction,
Ada 2012 has extended considerably the syntax of iterators over containers. A
generalized notion of indexing now allows the programmer to define their own
iterable constructs, as well as mapping between arbitrary types.
Contracts, quantified expressions, and generalized indexing may appear to be
miscellaneous additions to an already large language; in fact they are elegantly
unified under the umbrella of a new construct: the Aspect Specification, which also
generalizes and unifies the earlier notions of attributes and pragmas. The coherence
of the language has thus been enhanced as well.
Programming languages must also respond to developments in Computer
Hardware. The most significant development of the last decade has been the
appearance of multicore architectures, which provide abundant parallelism on a
single chip. Making efficient use of the computer power now available on a single
processor has been the goal of much development in language design. Ada 2012
provides tools for describing multicore architectures, and for mapping computing
activities onto specific cores or sets of them.These are novel capabilities for a
general-purpose programming language, and we can expect them to have a
profound impact on the practice of parallel programming.
This thumbnail description of the high points of the new version of the language
is intended to whet your appetite for the pages that follow. Once again, John Barnes
has provided a wonderfully lucid, learned, and insightful description of the latest
version of Ada. He has been the tireless explicator of the design and evolution of
the language over more than three decades, and the Ada community has acquired its
 Foreword xvii

understanding and love of the language from his prose. A programming language is
a tool for thought, and most Ada users have learned how to think about programs
from John Barnes’s books. I can only hope that the widest possible audience will
learn to think straight from the exciting descriptions that follow.
The design of Ada 2012 is once again the result of the collective effort of the
Ada Rapporteur group, an extremely talented group of language designers who
combine deep industrial experience with an equally deep knowledge of
programming language semantics and theoretical computer science. The ARG, of
which John Barnes has been an invaluable member from the inception of Ada, has
once again created a modern and elegant programming language that addresses the
needs of a new generation of software designers. It has been an enormous privilege
to work with them. I trust the reader will enjoy the result of their work for years to
come. Happy Programming!

Ed Schonberg
AdaCore
Chairman, Ada Rapporteur Group
New York, March 2014
 Preface

elcome to Programming in Ada 2012 which has been triggered by the recent
W ISO standardization of Ada 2012.
The original language, devised in the 1980s, is known as Ada 83 and was
followed by Ada 95, Ada 2005, and now Ada 2012. Ada has gained a reputation as
being the language of choice when software needs to be correct. And as software
pervades into more areas of society so that ever more software is safety critical or
security critical, it is clear that the future for Ada is bright. One observes, for
example, the growth in use of SPARK, the Ada based high integrity language widely
used in areas such as avionics and signalling.
Ada 83 was a relatively simple but highly reliable language with emphasis on
abstraction and information hiding. It was also notable for being perhaps the first
practical language to include multitasking within the language itself.
Ada 95 added extra flexibility to the strongly typed and secure foundation
provided by the Software Engineering approach of Ada 83. In particular it added the
full dynamic features of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) and in fact was the
first such language to become an ISO standard. Ada 95 also made important
structural enhancements to visibility control by the addition of child units, it greatly
improved multitasking by the addition of protected types, and added important basic
material to the standard library.
Ada 2005 then made improvements in two key areas. It added more flexibility
in the OOP area by the addition of multiple inheritance via interfaces and it added
more facilities in the real-time area concerning scheduling algorithms, timing and
other matters of great importance for embedded systems. It also added further
facilities to the standard library such as the ability to manipulate containers.
Ada 2012 makes further important enhancements. These include features for
contracts such as pre- and postconditions, tasking facilities to recognize multicore
architectures, and major additions and improvements to the container library.
In more detail, the changes include

• Contracts – pre- and postconditions, type invariants, and subtype predicates

are perhaps the most dramatic new features. The introduction of these features
prompted a rethink regarding the specification of various properties of entities
in general. As a consequence the use of pragmas has largely been replaced by
the elegant new syntax of aspect specifications which enables the properties
to be given with the declaration of the entities concerned.

xix
xx Preface

• Expressions – the introduction of the contract material showed a need for more
flexible expressions. Accordingly, Ada now includes conditional expressions,
case expressions, quantified expressions and more flexible forms of
membership tests. A new form of function is also introduced in which the body
is essentially given by a single expression.
• Structure and visibility – perhaps the most startling change in this area is
allowing functions to have parameters of all modes. This removes the need for
a number of obscure techniques (dirty tricks really) which had been used.
Other important improvements concern incomplete types.
• Tasking – Ada 2012 has new features describing the allocation of tasks to
individual processors and sets of processors; these additions were prompted
by the rapid growth in the use of multicore architectures.
• Generally – new flexible forms of iterators and dereferencing are introduced
mainly for use with containers. Better control of storage pools is permitted by
the introduction of subpools.
• Predefined library – some improvements are made concerning directories
and a feature is added for the identification of locale. However, the most
important improvement is the addition of many new forms of containers.
These include multiway trees and task-safe queues. There are also bounded
forms of all containers which are important for high integrity systems where
dynamic storage management is often not permitted.

This book follows the tradition of its predecessors. It presents an overall

description of Ada 2012 as a language. Some knowledge of the principles of
programming is assumed but an acquaintance with specific other languages is by no
means necessary.
The book comprises 27 chapters grouped into four parts as follows

• Chapters 1 to 4 provide an overview which should give the reader an

understanding of the overall scope of the language as well as the ability to run
significant programs as examples – this is particularly for newcomers to Ada.
• Chapters 5 to 11 cover the small-scale aspects such as the lexical details, scalar,
array and simple record types, control and expression structures, subprograms
and access types.
• Chapters 12 to 22 discuss the large-scale aspects including packages and private
types, contracts, separate compilation, abstraction, OOP and tasking as well as
exceptions and the details of numerics.
• Chapters 23 to 27 complete the story by discussing the predefined library,
interfacing to the outside world and the specialized annexes; there is then a
finale concluding with some ruminations over correctness and a brief
introduction to SPARK.

The finale includes, as in its predecessors, with the fantasy customer in the shop
trying to buy reusable software components and whose dream now seems as far
away or indeed as near at hand as it did many years ago when I first toiled at this
book. The discussion continues to take a galactic view of life and perhaps echoes
the cool cover of the book which depicts the Ice Comet.
 Preface xxi

Those familiar with Programming in Ada 2005 might find the following
summary of key changes helpful

• The number of chapters has grown from 25 to 27. The new chapter 8 covers the
new forms of expressions such as if expressions, case expressions, and
quantified expressions. The new chapter 16 discusses the material on contracts.
The chapter on containers (now chapter 24) has grown because of the
introduction of containers for multiway trees, single indefinite objects, and
various forms of queues. A number of existing chapters have additional sections
such as that on aliasing.
• The revisions to produce Ada 2012 have impacted to a greater or lesser extent
on many aspects of the language. Most chapters conclude with a checklist
summarizing important points to remember and listing the main additions in
Ada 2012.
• As a consequence the book is now some 120 pages longer. It would have been
even longer had I not decided that it was unnecessary to include the answer to
every exercise. Accordingly, the printed answers cover just the introductory
chapters (for the benefit of those entirely new to Ada) and those exercises that
are referred to elsewhere in the book. But all the answers are on the associated
website.

The website also includes the six sample programs both in text form and as
executable programs, some material from earlier versions of this book which now
seem of lesser importance but which I nevertheless was reluctant to lose completely.
More details of the website will be found below.
And now I must thank all those who have helped with this new book. The
reviewers included Janet Barnes, Alan Burns, Rod Chapman, Jeff Cousins, Bob
Duff, Stuart Matthews, Ed Schonberg, Tucker Taft, and Andy Wellings. Their much
valued comments enabled me to improve the presentation and to eliminate a number
of errors. Some of the new material is based on parts of the Ada 2012 Rationale and
I must express my special gratitude to Randy Brukardt for his painstaking help in
reviewing that document.
Finally, many thanks to my wife Barbara for help in typesetting and proof-
reading and to friends at Cambridge University Press for their continued guidance
and help.

John Barnes
Caversham, England
March 2014

Notes on the website

The website is www.cambridge.org/barnes. It contains three main things: the full
answers to all the exercises, some obscure or obsolete material on exceptions,
discriminants, and iterators which were in previous versions of the book, and
additional material on the six sample programs.
I do hope that readers will find the sample programs on the website of interest.
I am aware that they are a bit intricate. But this seems almost inevitable in order to
xxii Preface

illustrate a broad range of features of Ada in a reasonably concise manner.

However, in most cases they build on examples in preceding chapters and so should
not be difficult to follow.
Each example commences with some remarks about its purpose and overall
structure. This is followed by the text of the program and then some notes on
specific details. A desire to keep the program text short means that comments are at
a minimum. However, the corresponding source text on the website includes much
additional commentary. The website also includes further discussion and
explanation and suggestions for enhancement. In general the programs use only
those features of the language explained in detail by that point in the book.
The first program, Magic Moments, illustrates type extension and dispatching.
It shows how the existence of common components and common operations enable
dispatching to compute various geometrical properties almost by magic.
The Sylvan Sorter is an exercise in access types and basic algorithmic
techniques including recursion.
The Rational Reckoner provides two examples of abstract data types – the
rational numbers themselves and the stack which is the basis of the calculator part
of the program.
The Super Sieve illustrates multitasking and communication between tasks both
directly through entry calls and indirectly through protected objects. For added
interest it is made generic so that more general primes than the familiar integers
may be found. This provides the opportunity to use a discriminated record type and
a modular type to represent binary polynomials.
The program Wild Words is probably the hardest to follow because it is not
based on any particular example described in the preceding chapters. It illustrates
many of the facilities of the character and string handling packages as well as the
generation of random numbers.
The final program, Playing Pools, shows how users might write their own
storage allocation package for the control of storage pools. The example shown
enables the user to monitor the state of the pool and it is exercised by running the
familiar Tower of Hanoi program which moves a tower of discs between three
poles. Variety is provided by implementing the stack structures representing the
three poles (and defined by an interface) in two different ways and dispatching to
the particular implementation. The website includes an extended version which uses
three different ways.
Information on many aspects of Ada such as vendors, standards, books and so
on can be obtained from the websites listed in the Bibliography.
Part 1

An Overview

Chapter 1 Introduction 3
Chapter 2 Simple Concepts 11
Chapter 3 Abstraction 27
Chapter 4 Programs and Libraries 47
Program 1 Magic Moments 59

T
his first part covers the background to the Ada language and an
overview of most of its features. Enough material is presented
here to enable a programmer to write complete simple
programs.
Chapter 1 contains a short historical account of the origins and
development of various versions of Ada from Ada 83 through Ada 95
and Ada 2005 and leading to Ada 2012 which is the topic of this book.
There is also a general discussion of how the evolution of abstraction
has been an important key to the development of programming
languages in general.
Broadly speaking, the other three chapters in this part provide an
overview of the material in the corresponding other parts of the book.
Thus Chapter 2 describes the simple concepts familiar from languages
such as C and Pascal and which form the subject of the seven chapters
which comprise Part 2. Similarly Chapter 3 covers the important topic
of abstraction which is the main theme of Part 3. And then Chapter 4
rounds off the overview by showing how a complete program is put
together and corresponds to Part 4 which covers material such as the
predefined library.

1
 Chapter 3 includes a discussion of the popular topic of object
oriented programming and illustrates the key concepts of classes as
groups of related types, of type extension and inheritance as well as
static polymorphism (genericity) and dynamic polymorphism leading
to dynamic binding. It also includes a brief comparison between the
terminology used by Ada and that used by some other languages. This
chapter concludes with an introduction to tasking which is a very
important aspect of Ada and is a topic not addressed by most
programming languages at all.
This part concludes with the first of a number of complete programs
designed to give the reader a better understanding of the way the
various components of the language fit together. This particular
program illustrates a number of aspects of type extension and
polymorphism.
Those not familiar with Ada will find that this part will give them
a fair idea of Ada’s capabilities and lays the foundation for
understanding the details presented in the remainder of the book.

2
 1 Introduction

1.1 Standard development 1.4 Structure and objectives

1.2 Software engineering of this book
1.3 Evolution and abstraction 1.5 References

A da 2012 is a comprehensive high level programming language especially suited

for the professional development of large or critical programs for which
correctness and robustness are major considerations. In this introductory chapter we
briefly trace the development of Ada 2012 (and its predecessors Ada 83, Ada 95,
and Ada 2005), its place in the overall language scene and the general structure of
the remainder of this book.

1.1 Standard development

A da 2012 is a direct descendant of Ada 83 which was originally sponsored by the

US Department of Defense for use in the so-called embedded system
application area. (An embedded system is one in which the computer is an integral
part of a larger system such as a chemical plant, missile or dishwasher.)
The story of Ada goes back to about 1974 when the United States Department
of Defense realized that it was spending far too much on software, especially in the
embedded systems area. To cut a long story short the DoD sponsored the new
language through a number of phases of definition of requirements, competitive and
parallel development and evaluation which culminated in the issue of the ANSI
standard for Ada in 19831. The team that developed Ada was based at CII
Honeywell Bull in France under the leadership of Jean D Ichbiah.
The language was named after Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace
(1815–52). Ada, the daughter of the poet Lord Byron, was the assistant and patron
of Charles Babbage and worked on his mechanical analytical engine. In a very real
sense she was therefore the world’s first programmer.
Ada 83 became ISO standard 8652 in 1987 and, following normal ISO practice,
work leading to a revised standard commenced in 1988. The DoD, as the agent of
ANSI, the original proposers of the standard to ISO, established the Ada project in

3
4 Introduction

1988 under the management of Christine M Anderson. The revised language design
was contracted to Intermetrics Inc. under the technical leadership of S Tucker Taft.
The revised ISO standard was published on 15 February 1995 and so became Ada
952.
The maintenance of the language is performed by the Ada Rapporteur Group
(ARG) of ISO/IEC committee SC22/WG9. The ARG under the leadership of Erhard
Plödereder identified the need for some corrections and these were published as a
Corrigendum on 1 June 20013.
Experience with Ada 95 and other modern languages such as Java indicated that
further improvements would be very useful. The changes needed were not so large
as the step from Ada 83 to Ada 95 and so an Amendment was deemed appropriate
rather than a Revised standard. The ARG then developed the Amended language
known as Ada 2005 under the leadership of Pascal Leroy4.
Further experience with Ada 2005 showed that additions especially in the area
of contracts and multiprocessor support would be appropriate. Moreover, it was
decided that this time a consolidated Edition should be produced. This was
accordingly done under the leadership of Ed Schonberg with the editor being Randy
Brukardt and resulted in the version known as Ada 2012 which is the subject of this
book. Ada 2012 became an ISO standard towards the end of 20125.

1.2 Software engineering

I t should not be thought that Ada is just another programming language. Ada is
about Software Engineering, and by analogy with other branches of engineering
it can be seen that there are two main problems with the development of software:
the need to reuse software components as much as possible and the need to establish
disciplined ways of working.
As a language, Ada (and hereafter by Ada we generally mean Ada 2012) largely
solves the problem of writing reusable software components – or at least through its
excellent ability to prescribe interfaces, it provides an enabling technology in which
reusable software can be written.
The establishment of a disciplined way of working seems to be a Holy Grail
which continues to be sought. One of the problems is that development
environments change so rapidly that the stability necessary to establish discipline
can be elusive.
But Ada is stable and encourages a style of programming which is conducive to
disciplined thought. Experience with Ada shows that a well designed language can
reduce the cost of both the initial development of software and its later
maintenance.
The main reason for this is simply reliability. The strong typing and related
features ensure that programs contain few surprises; most errors are detected at
compile time and of those that remain many are detected by run-time constraints.
Moreover, the compile-time checking extends across compilation unit boundaries.
This aspect of Ada considerably reduces the costs and risks of program
development compared for example with C and its derivatives such as C++.
Moreover an Ada compilation system includes the facilities found in separate tools
such as ‘lint’ and ‘make’ for C. Even if Ada is seen as just another programming
1.2 Software engineering 5

language, it reaches parts of the software development process that other languages
do not reach.
Ada 95 added extra flexibility to the inherent reliability of Ada 83. That is, it
kept the Software Engineering but allowed more flexibility. The features of Ada 95
which contributed to this more flexible feel are the extended or tagged types, the
hierarchical library facility and the greater ability to manipulate pointers or
references. Another innovation in Ada 95 was the introduction of protected types to
the tasking model.
As a consequence, Ada 95 incorporated the benefits of object oriented
languages without incurring the pervasive overheads of languages such as Smalltalk
or the insecurity brought by the weak C foundation in the case of C++. Ada 95
remained a very strongly typed language but provided the benefits of the object
oriented paradigm.
Ada 2005 added yet further improvements to the object model by adding
interfaces in the style of Java and providing constructor functions and also
extending the object model to incorporate tasking. Experience has shown that a
standard library is important and accordingly Ada 2005 had a much larger library
including predefined facilities for containers.
Ada has always been renowned as the flagship language for multitasking
applications. (Multitasking is often known as multithreading.) This position was
strengthened by the addition of further standard paradigms for scheduling and
timing and the incorporation of the Ravenscar profile into Ada 2005. The Ravenscar
profile enables the development of real-time programs with predictable behaviour.
Further improvements which have resulted in Ada 2012 are in three main areas.
First there is the introduction of material for ‘programming by contract’ such as pre-
and postconditions somewhat on the lines of those found in Eiffel. There are also
additions to the tasking model including facilities for mapping tasks onto
multiprocessors. Other important extensions are additional facilities in the container
library enabling further structures (such as trees and queues) to be addressed; other
improvements also simplify many operations on the existing container structures.
Two kinds of application stand out where Ada is particularly relevant. The very
large and the very critical.
Very large applications, which inevitably have a long lifetime, require the
cooperative effort of large teams. The information hiding properties of Ada and
especially the way in which integrity is maintained across compilation unit
boundaries are invaluable in enabling such developments to progress smoothly.
Furthermore, if and when the requirements change and the program has to be
modified, the structure and especially the readability of Ada enable rapid
understanding of the original program even if it is modified by a different team.
Very critical applications are those that just have to be correct otherwise people
or the environment get damaged. Obvious examples occur in avionics, railway
signalling, process control and medical applications. Such programs may not be
large but have to be very well understood and often mathematically proven to be
correct. The full flexibility of Ada is not appropriate in this case but the intrinsic
reliability of the strongly typed kernel of the language is exactly what is required.
Indeed many certification agencies dictate the properties of acceptable languages
and whereas they do not always explicitly demand a subset of Ada, nevertheless the
properties are not provided by any other practically available language. The SPARK
language which is based around a kernel subset of Ada illustrates how special tools
6 Introduction

can provide extra support for developing high integrity systems. A SPARK program
includes additional information regarding data flow, state and proof. In the original
versions of SPARK this was done in the form of Ada comments. However, in SPARK
2014 this information is presented using new features of Ada including pre- and
postconditions and additional assertions. This information is processed by the
SPARK tools and can be used to show that a program meets certain criteria such as
not raising any predefined exceptions. Much progress has been made in the area of
proof in recent years. A brief introduction to SPARK will be found in the very last
section of this book.

1.3 Evolution and abstraction

he evolution of programming languages has apparently occurred in a rather ad
T hoc fashion but with hindsight it is now possible to see a number of major
advances. Each advance seems to be associated with the introduction of a level of
abstraction which removes unnecessary and harmful detail from the program.
The first advance occurred in the early 1950s with high level languages such as
Fortran and Autocode which introduced ‘expression abstraction’. It thus became
possible to write statements such as

X = A + B(I)

so that the use of the machine registers to evaluate the expression was completely
hidden from the programmer. In these early languages the expression abstraction
was not perfect since there were somewhat arbitrary constraints on the complexity
of expressions; subscripts had to take a particularly simple form for instance. Later
languages such as Algol 60 removed such constraints and completed the
abstraction.
The second advance concerned ‘control abstraction’. The prime example was
Algol 60 which took a remarkable step forward; no language since then has made
such an impact on later developments. The point about control abstraction is that the
flow of control is structured and individual control points do not have to be named
or numbered. Thus we write

if X = Y then P := Q else A := B

and the compiler generates the gotos and labels which would have to be explicitly
used in early versions of languages such as Fortran. The imperfection of early
expression abstraction was repeated with control abstraction. In this case the
obvious flaw was the horrid Algol 60 switch which has now been replaced by the
case statement of later languages.
The third advance was ‘data abstraction’. This means separating the details of
the representation of data from the abstract operations defined upon the data.
Older languages take a very simple view of data types. In all cases the data is
directly described in numerical terms. Thus if the data to be manipulated is not
really numerical (it could be traffic light colours) then some mapping of the abstract
type must be made by the programmer into a numerical type (usually integer). This
mapping is purely in the mind of the programmer and does not appear in the written
program except perhaps as a comment.
1.3 Evolution and abstraction 7

Pascal introduced a certain amount of data abstraction as instanced by the

enumeration type. Enumeration types allow us to talk about the traffic light colours
in their own terms without our having to know how they are represented in the
computer. Moreover, they prevent us from making an important class of
programming errors – accidentally mixing traffic lights with other abstract types
such as the names of fish. When all such types are described in the program as
numerical types, such errors can occur.
Another form of data abstraction concerns visibility. It has long been
recognized that the traditional block structure of Algol and Pascal is not adequate.
For example, it is not possible in Pascal to write two procedures to operate on some
common data and make the procedures accessible without also making the data
directly accessible. Many languages have provided control of visibility through
separate compilation; this technique is adequate for medium-sized systems, but
since the separate compilation facility usually depends upon some external system,
total control of visibility is not gained. The module of Modula is an example of an
appropriate construction.
Ada was probably the first practical language to bring together these various
forms of data abstraction.
Another language which made an important contribution to the development of
data abstraction is Simula 67 with its concept of class. This leads us into the
paradigm now known as object oriented programming. There seems to be no precise
definition of OOP, but its essence is a flexible form of data abstraction providing
the ability to define new data abstractions in terms of old ones and allowing
dynamic selection of types.
All types in Ada 83 were static and thus Ada 83 was not classed as a truly object
oriented language but as an object based language. However, Ada 95, Ada 2005,
and Ada 2012 include the essential functionality associated with OOP such as type
extension and dynamic polymorphism.
We are, as ever, probably too close to the current scene to achieve a proper
perspective. Data abstraction in Ada 83 seems to have been not quite perfect, just
as Fortran expression abstraction and Algol 60 control abstraction were imperfect
in their day. It remains to be seen just how well Ada now provides what we might
call ‘object abstraction’. Indeed it might well be that inheritance and other aspects
of OOP turn out to be unsatisfactory by obscuring the details of types although not
hiding them completely; this could be argued to be an abstraction leak making the
problems of program maintenance even harder.
A brief survey of how Ada relates to other languages would not be complete
without mention of C and C++. These have a completely different evolutionary trail
to the classic Algol–Pascal–Ada route.
The origin of C can be traced back to the CPL language devised by Strachey,
Barron and others in the early 1960s. This was intended to be used on major new
hardware at Cambridge and London universities but proved hard to implement.
From it emerged the simple system programming language BCPL and from that B
and then C. The essence of BCPL was the array and pointer model which abandoned
any hope of strong typing and (with hindsight) a proper mathematical model of the
mapping of the program onto a computing engine. Even the use of := for assignment
was lost in this evolution which reverted to the confusing use of = as in Fortran.
Having hijacked = for assignment, C uses == for equality thereby conflicting with
several hundred years of mathematical usage. About the only feature of the elegant
8 Introduction

CPL remaining in C is the unfortunate braces {} and the associated compound

statement structure which was abandoned by many other languages in favour of the
more reliable bracketed form originally proposed by Algol 68. It is again tragic to
observe that Java has used the familiar but awful C style. The very practical
problems with the C notation are briefly discussed in Chapter 2.
Of course there is a need for a low level systems language with functionality
like C. It is, however, unfortunate that the interesting structural ideas in C++ have
been grafted onto the fragile C foundation. As a consequence although C++ has
many important capabilities for data abstraction, including inheritance and
polymorphism, it is all too easy to break these abstractions and create programs that
violently misbehave or are exceedingly hard to understand and maintain. Java is
free from most of these flaws but persists with anarchic syntax.
The designers of Ada 95 incorporated the positive dynamic facilities of the kind
found in C++ onto the firm foundation provided by Ada 83. The designers of Ada
2005 and Ada 2012 have added further appropriate good ideas from Java. But the
most important step taken by Ada 2012 is to include facilities for ‘programming by
contract’ which in a sense is the ultimate form of abstraction.
Ada thus continues to advance along the evolution of abstraction. It
incorporates full object abstraction in a way that is highly reliable without incurring
excessive run-time costs.

1.4 Structure and objectives of this book

L earning a programming language is a bit like learning to drive a car. Certain key
things have to be learnt before any real progress is possible. Although we need
not know how to use the cruise control, nevertheless we must at least be able to start
the engine, select gears, steer and brake. So it is with programming languages. We
do not need to know all about Ada before we can write useful programs but quite a
lot must be learnt. Moreover, many virtues of Ada become apparent only when
writing large programs just as many virtues of a Rolls-Royce are not apparent if we
only use it to drive to the local store.
This book is not an introduction to programming but an overall description of
programming in Ada. It is assumed that the reader will have significant experience
of programming in some other language such as Pascal, C or Java (or earlier
versions of Ada). But a specific knowledge of any particular language is not
assumed.
It should also be noted that this book strives to remain neutral regarding
methods of program design and should therefore prove useful whatever techniques
are used.
This book is primarily about programming in Ada 2012, but in order to aid
transition from earlier versions of Ada, most chapters contain a summary of where
Ada 2012 differs from Ada 95 and Ada 2005 in the area concerned.
This book is in four main parts. The first part, Chapters 1 to 4, is an extensive
overview of most of the language and covers enough material to enable a wide
variety of programs to be written; it also lays the foundation for understanding the
rest of the material.
The second part, Chapters 5 to 11, covers the traditional algorithmic parts of the
language and roughly corresponds to the domain addressed by Pascal or C although
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
above the air, Hiwp Eccl. imepans, és, gen. éos, (anut) blowing hard,
dedda Il. 11. 297brepaeréw, to despise utterly, Aquila V. T.
Drepabhéw, = ieparyoviopat, Achmes Onir. 10, Eccl. tmepatBéopat,
Dep. (cf. aidéopat) to feel much shame before, to stand in too great
awe of, c. acc., Ap. Rh. 3. 978. re imepaipda, to have over-much
blood, Xen. Eq. 4, 2 (vulg. bmepenoy). trepalpwots, ews, 4,
overfulness of blood, Poll. 1.209. trepawversds, dv, fo be praised
exceedingly, LXx (Cant. Trium Puer. 29)., tmepawviw, to praise
exceedingly, Eccl. , tmepardAtos, ov, hyper-Aeolian, in Music, vy.
Bockh. Metr, Pind. p. 230. imepatpa, to lift ot raise up over, eis Tov
Ew Témov Tiy TOD rvidxov xepadny Plat. Phaedr. 248 A; tiv dppdy
bmép rods xporadous Luc. Lae =e ee ae al ie ho 1609 im. 10
pOéypa to raise it very high, Luc. Ner. 9:—Med. to lift oneself or rise
above, mavrav Walz Rhett. 1. 632: absol. to be lifted up, 2 Ep. Cor,
12. 7: to rise, mt Oedv 2 Thess. 2. 4. II. intr. 1. c. acc, to climb or
get over, pass over, cross, like Lat. transcendere, trajicere, tecxia bm.
Xen. Eq. Mag. 8, 3; “AAmets Polyb. 2. 23, 1, cf. I, 47; 2 ;—so, im, 70
méAayos to pass over, Id, 1. 28, 1; bm. riv dxpay to double the
cape, Id. 1. 54, 7; wapyavres rov Waxuvoy im, [7d réAayos] eis .. Ib.
25, 8 :—as military term, fo outflank, rwd Id. 1. 50, 6., 3- 73> 7, etc.
:—without a sense of motion, to rise above, Td vdwp Theophr. H. P.
4. 8, 10; 7d wéyebos roi Sévdpou Id. C. P. 5. 14, 9- 2. to transcend,
excel, outdo, Twa Ti one in a thing, Dem. 301. 25., 798. 8: to
conquer, Twa Id. 1395- 23. 3. to overshoot, &0 beyond, exceed, ot
itepapas 006’ iroxapas xarpdv Aesch. Ag. 786 ; bm, Tov wpicpévov
Kaipdy Polyb. 9. 14, 115 Thy ovvpbaay ld. 27. 16, 2; bm. ris obctas
7d pé-yeOos 6 Tay Texva GpOpds Arist. Pol. 2. 7, 55 muyaviatoy 7
puxpdv tepaipoy a little more, Theophr. H. P. 4. 6, 8. III. c. gen. to
pass heyond, double a cape, rod dxpwrnptov Philostr. 115: to rise
above, ris ys Id. 746, etc. 2. to transcend, exceed, pHO btepalpovra
trav elOicpéevay Gyno (y.1. Tov €t0. dyKov) Har’ éddctrovra Plat.
Legg. 717 D, cf. Dio C. 75. 13, etc.; im, Twds TO Heyé0e Diod. 20.
91, etc.: to overcome, réxvy Tod fodlov Philostr. 308. IV. to overflow,
rad dyyeia Arist. Mirab. 67 ; and absol., of a river, bm. eis ra xwpia
Dem. 1274. 20. 2. im. imép 7 to project beyond .., Arr. Tact. 12, 3. to
exceed, év Tun or Twi Dio C. 37. 8, Philostr. ; 7d depaipoy the
excess, Polyb. 16. 12, 9. trepaicros, ov, excessive, immoderate, A. B.
359, E. M. Pokey ical ov, exceeding foul or ugly, Xen. Cyr, 2, 2, 28,
Plut. 2. 32 A. Umeparoxtvopat, Pass. to feel much ashamed, im. pi)
.. Aeschin. 75. 9; éni tive Id, 5. 21: c. part. to be ashamed at doing
a thing, Dromo Waar. I. ; imepaiwpéw, to hang up over :—Pass. to
hang or be suspended over, project over, twos Hdt. 4. 103, Hipp. Art.
795 ; brép twos Id. Fract. 777: 2. in nautical language,
bmepacwpnOjvat c. gen. loci, to lie off a place, that vnvot
imepampnbévres Padrnpod Hdt. 6. 116. 3 to hold up, raise, tiv
Kepadny Aretae. Cur. M. Diut. 1. 3 :—Pass. of the overlapping ends
of a bone, dreparwpetrar Kepadrr ToD pnpod drép THs xorvAns is
lifted or drawn over, Hipp. Art. 833 ; bt. drtp dpyxains €dpys Id,
Fract. 761: Littré gives the Act. in same sense, Art. 834 (4. 302) ;
and so'in the Subst. dmeparapyats, ews, 6, af ef i. éuBodat Hipp.
Art. 795, cf. 851 B. trepaxpdte, 40 surpass in vigour or bloom, c.
acc., Myro ap, Ath, 657 D. II. to be past the bloom of youth,
Epiphan. : trrépaxpos, ov, beyond the bloom of youth, 1 Ep. Cor. 7.
36 ; 70 im. Eust. Opusc. 203-53 :—neut. pl. as Ady., Id. Od. 1915.
20. Umepdxovrife, fut. Att. «, to overshoot, i. e. 0 outdo, Nuctay rais
unxavais Ar. Av. 363; but, diaxociaot Bovaly imepndvrica I overshot
him, with my 200 kine, Id. Eq. 659, cf. Diphil. MoAump. 1. 5; also,
dm. tia Kéntoyv to outdo one in stealing, Ar. Pl. 666. tmepakotw, pf.
-axjoa, to hear exceedingly well, A, B. 69. imepaxptpns, és,
exceedingly exact, Luc. Hermot. 54. imepaxpile, to mount and climb
over, c. acc., TeLxn Xen. Eq. Mag. 6, 5. II. to project, beetle over, c.
gen., d6pov Eur. Supp. 988. ‘mepdkpios, ov, (dpa) over or upon the
heights, oi ‘Cnepaxpior=ot Acaxpiot, the highlanders or poor
inhabitants of the Attic uplands, opp. to the richer classes of the
plains and coasts (v. med:axds, mapados 11), Hdt. 1. 59, Dion. H. 1.
13, cf. Dind. Schol. Dem. p. 623. 2. 7a im. the heights above the
plain, the uplands, Hat. 6. 20. imépaxpos, ov, over or on the top,
Adpor Acl.N. A. 14. 16. II. Ady., imepdxpws Cy to carry everything fo
excess, Dem. 1415.1. DrepdAyewwos, ov, in excessive anguish,
Aristid. 1. 305. imepadyéw, 0 feel pain for or because of, dmarns
Soph. Ant. 630, cf. Eur. Alc, 885, Hipp. 260, Ar. Av. 466. 2. to grieve
exceedingly, mit at a thing, Hat. 2. 129, Arist. Rhet. 2. 3, 17; éwi re
Luc. Asin. 38: —absol., Eur. Med. 118; iwepadyeiv dd-yoovr:
mapéyra Arist. Rhet. 2. 6, 8; im. ppovrida in mind, Eur. Heracl. 619.
tmepaAdyns, és, gen. éos, exceeding grievous, rdv bm. xédov Soph.
El. 176. 2. suffering excessively, Polyb. 3. 79, 12. dmepadnOas, Adv.
in very truth, Eccl. Srepadkys, és, gen. €os, exceeding strong, Plut.
Pomp. 65. 3 drepdAAopat, Dep. to spring or leap over, or beyond, c.
gen., abAijs bmepddpevos (sync. aor. 2 part.) Il. 5. 138; also c. acc,,
moAAas orixas imepaAro (sync. aor. 2) 20. 327; so in Att. Prose,
Xen. An. 7. 4, 17, Eq. 8, 43 mAolwy torods r., of dolphins, Arist. H. A.
9. 48, 43 im, iy ody Thy éavroy Plut. 2. 1071 B. II. metaph. ¢o leap
to a high place, Lxx (Sirach. 38. 33). ; 9 tmépaddos, ov, above
others, exceeding great, Pind. N. 3.57irépadpa, 76, a leap over,
Artem. 1. 55. trepdAmevos, ov, over the Alps, Lat. transalpinus,
Strab. 193, 212, al. inépadors, ews, 9, a leaping beyond, Byz.
trrepapelBw, to pass over, Tov od5év Sozomen. ; a tmepaptréxw, to
cover all in its embrace, 6 imepapmexav odpaves Timoth. 3 Bgk.
Srepapd réw, to dispute about a thing, Poll. 5. 165. tmepavaBaivw,
fo pass over, cross, Tas “AAmes Zosim. It, metaph. #o ¢ranscend, c.
acc., Eust. 18. 26; c. gen., Clem. Al. 455 :— absol. to be excellent,
xpurhptdy te irepavaBeBnkds Sext. Emp. M. 7. 445imepavaBAvla, to
spout up over, c. gen., Theophyl. Simoc. trepavdyo, to lift up above,
Eavrdy Tis cuvnPeias Io. Chrys. Amor, 543 79 oxddos im, épparwv
over the rocks, cited from Philostr. ig trepavarSevopat, Pass. fo be
surpassed in impudence, Ar. Eq. 1206
 1610 (Steph.) ; Dind. suggests irepavardioOjoerat, citing A.
B. 80: dvadiGeoOar* Apioropdyns ‘Inmedorv. : Smepavatcxuvros, ov,
exceeding impudent, Dem. 1071. 27. Sepavdceat, Pass. fo lie above
another at table, Diog. L.7. 17. mepavatAnpdy, to fill up beyond
measure, Eccl, Srepavaptdw, to hang up over, Theod. Prodr,
Smepdvapxos, ov, altogether without beginning, Eccl. Smepavaorns,
ov, 6,=peravdorns, Phot., Hesych, ‘mepavatelvopat, Pass, to exert
oneself excessively, Luc. pro Imag, 13. Drepavariepar, Pass. to be set
upon, rit Joseph. A. J. 3. 7; 7Drepdverpt, (ely ibo) to go up over, Tas
dpopas Byz. Smepavépxopat, to go beyond, tivds rit Iobius in Phot.
Bibl. 202. imepavéxw, to rise up over, Tivds Eust. 1020. 27, etc.: to
excel, Procl. Smepav8éw, to bloom over the surface, Philes de An. p.
58. x, to bloom exceedingly, Poll. 3. '71, Greg. Nyss. DrepavbiLopar,
Pass. to bloom exceedingly, glow with colour, Greg. Nyss.
imepdvOpwros, ov, superhuman, Dion. H. 11. 35, Luc. Catapl. 16 :—
also drepavOpmmivos, 7, ov, Eccl. imepavdpve, fo set up above,
Eccl. Drepaviorapat, Pass., with aor. 2 and pf, act. to stand up or
project over, c. gen,, Dion, H. 1. 15., 9. 68; absol., Id. 3. 68, Luc.
Icarom. 12: —metaph., 7d rijs ywepns bwepaveorykds elation,
Philostr. 730; tads brepaveotnnws strutting, conceited, 1d. 724. 2. to
excel, Eccl. imepavioxw, =inepavexw, Kopupn imepavicxovea
Joseph, B. J. 7. 6, 1, Eust. 2. to exceed, rt Cyril. trepavtAdopat, Pass.
to be very leaky, im. GAup to be water-logged, Luc. Merc. Cond. 2:
metaph., im. ebrvxiars Eust. Opusc. 339. 82. inrépavraAos, ov,
properly of a ship, quite full of water (dv Tos), waterlogged, Anth. P.
5. 204, Plut. Lucull. 13, Poll. 1. 92, etc. ; metaph., of the ship of the
state, Dio C. 52. 16. 2. of persons, poprt’ eéppup’ ir. yevopevos
Diphil. Zwy. 2. 12: metaph. overcharged, Luc. Tim. 18 ; imépayrdos.
cuppopa Eur. Hipp. 767; rats povricw Plut. Mar. 45. II. overflowing,
ovroOqxn Themist. 221 B; #8pis Luc. Tim. 4, ubi v. Hemst.
Dmepdve [a], Adv. over, above, olxeiv Luc. D. Deor. 4. 2, etc. :—
mostly c. gen., dr. ToUTav [Tov popie] oxiferat [7 Prey] Arist. H. A. 3.
3,175 dveot.. 7d EAaov im. Tod H5aTos Id, Plant. 2. 2,10; bm.
yiyverOat Tivos to get the upper hand of, Teles ap. Stob. 524. 51,
Plut. 2. 10 B; mocety or raeiabai Twa br. TwWds Ib. 98 E,6C; ravrav
br, roreiv to act more nobly than all others, Diog, L. 7.128. 2. of bm.
wAcovacpol excessive repetitions, Polyb. 12. 24, I. Dmepavabev,
Adv. from above, Hesych., etc. Aesop. Smepavup, opos, 6, Dor. for
imephywp. dnepdtios, a, ov, more than worthy, Byz. Omepitraraopar,
Pass. to be deceived excessively, Anth. P. 9. 761. dmepatrerpos, ov,
infinite and more, Byz. DmepamAdopar, Pass. to be spread out over,
lambl. Myst. 7. 2, Procl. Smeparrodéxopat, Dep. to accept eagerly,
Origen. DrepaTrodiSwpt, to pay over and above, C. I. 2058 A. 17,
Philostr. 533. DreparodvacKw, to die for, riwés Xen. Cyn. 1,14; brép
Tivos Plat. Symp. 208 D; absol., Ib. 179 B, 180, etc.
Drepatroxpivopat [7], Med. to answer for one, defend him, Tivos Ar.
Vesp. 951, Thesm. 186. SmepatroAatw, to enjoy exceedingly, rwds
Basil. tmepaméAAup., to destroy and more than destroy, Schol. Eur.
Alc. 1082. II. Pass. to die for, tivos Schol. Pind. O. 6. 29.
dmeparroAoyéopar, Dep., with fut. and aor. med.:—to speak for any
one, defend him, twos Hdt. 6.136, Xen. Hell. 1.7, 16; ia. rs imopias
Antipho 119. 26. ineparérions, ews, },=trepexriois, Hesych.
ireparroparicés, 4, dv, denying doubly, imepaoparicdy éariv
amopatixdv dmroparikod Diog. L. 7. 69 ; al. -amopaytinos.
trepatroxpdw, to be more than enough, Poll. 1. 236.,6. 149. Adv.
part. pres. act. —xpwvrws, more than enough, Id. 9. 154.
Smrepiptokw, fut. dpéow, to please above measure, App. Civ. 2.1.
*DwepapOpos, ov, supernumerary, Procop. IL. beyond number ot
numeration, Eccl, Smepdppytos, ov, ineffable and more, Eccl.
trepappwdéw, Ion. for iwepoppwdéw, to be exceeding afraid, Tj
‘EAAGE for Hellas, Hdt. 8. 72. Srépapots, ews, 7), exaltation, LXX
(Ezek. 47. 11). imepapxatos, a, ov, very old, Schol. Il. 3.144.
epdpxvos, ov, before all beginning, Eccl. irepacGevijs, és, exceeding
weak, Arist. Pol. 4. 11, 5. JrepacOpaive, to gasp exceedingly, Arr,
Cyn. 14. 3. SrépacOpos, ov, panting exceedingly, Xen. Cyn. 10, 20,
Poll. 5. 80, 84. drepacpevifw, to take exceeding great pleasure in,
Twi Plut. 2. 1094 C. irmepaomafopat, Dep. to be exceeding fond of,
ra Xen. Symp. 4, 38, Plut. 2. 229 E. 5 Sanpawrdltie. to cover with a
shield, twa Polyb, 6. 39, 6, Diod. 17. 99, Dion. H., Plut., etc. ; rwds
Arr. An. 6. 28, 6, Lxx (Gen. 15. 1, al.). Srepaomopos, 6, a covering
with a shield, protection, LXX (Ps. 17. 35; al.) :—so trepdomuots,
ews, 7, Eccl. drepaomoris, of, 6, one who holds a shield over, a
protector, champion, LXx (Ps. 17. 2, 30, al.) :—so trepaomerip, fpos,
6, Eccl.; fem. Omepaoniorpia, 7), Joseph. Macc. 15. imepdoreros, ov,
exceedingly polished or witty, Ath. 250E. Dmepactpanrw, to flask
exceedingly, upara Arr, Cyn. 4, 5. II. c. gen. above, irepavalaxuytos
—umepBaddw. imepacxdddAo, to be exceeding angry, Aristid. 1.
555. trepacynpovéw, fo behave with great indecency, Plut. 2. 45 F.
treparwparos, ov, all incorporeal, Eccl. trepatptd6w, to turn all into
vapour, Theod. Prodr. imepdromos, ov, beyond measure absurd,
Dem. 213. 25; cf. braroros. imrepdrpemros, ov, all inflexible, Dion.
Areop. imepattixily, to imitate the Attic dialect to excess, Philostr. 21
:—Pass., ai dmepnrriucopévat A€éfers Phot. Bibl. 35. 8:—
tmeparrixicpds, 6, extravagant imitation of this dialect, Ib. 65. 1.
dreparrtikés, 7, dv, excessively Attic, carrying imitation of the Attic
dialect to excess, Luc. Lexiph: 25. Adv. —#@s, Id. Demon. 26.
irepavydta, to eclipse by superior light, Eust. 729. 22, Byz.
dmepavyéa, to shine exceedingly, be very brilliant, Eust. Dion. p.
189. tmepavyns, és, gen. €0s, shining exceedingly, Luc. V. H. 1. 29.
imepadiidos, ov, purely immaterial : Adv. —Aws, Philo 1. 103.
dmepavtdve and -avéw, to increase above measure :—Pass. to be so
increased, Galen.: to become overpowerful, Andoc. 32. 23, Dio C.
79. 15. 2. in Pass, also to grow above, iwepavfovrar Tay dumrédwv
Schol. Ar. Vesp. 1282. II. intr. in Act., to increase or abound
exceedingly, Callisth. ap. Stob. t. 100. 14, 2 Ep. Thess. 1. 3.
dmepavtnpa, 76, overgrowth, redundant growth, Galen. 3. 671.
trepavinots, ews, 7), over-growth, Favorin. imepavxew, to be
overproud, Thuc. 4. 19, Dio C. 57. 12, etc. imepauyis, és, gen. €os,
=sq., Tryph. 671. trépauxos, ov, (adx7) over-boastful, overproud,
mAnyas Tov tmepat wv Soph. Ant. 1351, cf. Xen, Ages. 11, 11;
baépavxa Batew Aesch. Theb. 483; 7a im. Dion. H. 8. 50.
imepddavos, ov, Dor. for drephpavos, Pind. trepadplfo, to froth over,
of a cup full of sparkling wine, Eubul. Ku£, 1, Aristopho @:Awy, 1.
trepayxOns, és, overburdened, Theocr. 11.37, Nic. Th. 342, etc.
irepdxPopat, Pass. to be exceedingly grieved at .. , c. dat., Tf)
McAjrou Gdrdwoee brepaxbecbevrav Hat. 6. 214 ; ynW ois
éxOaipers brepax Geo Soph. El. 177 (lyr.). imepBaOpros, ov,
stepping over the threshold: metaph. going beyond bounds,
transgressing, Ammon. ad Arist., Byz. imepBaivo, fut. —Byoouar:
aor. 2 bmepeBnv, Ep. inépBny, Ep. 3 pl. inépBaoay Il. 12.469. To
step over, mount, scale, c. acc., im. TEtxos Il. 1. c.; obdéy Od. 8. 80,
etc.; rein Eur. Bacch. 654, Thuc., etc. ; yeioa Tevrxéwv Eur. Phoen.
1187; tagpous Id. Rhes, 111 ; i. Séuous to step over the threshold of
the house, Id. Med. 382, Ion 514; t7. rads ovpousso cross the
boundaries, Hdt. 6. 108; 7d otpea, Aipoy Id. 4. 25, Thuc. 2. 96; im.
réyos ds robs yeirovas Dem. 609. 15; (the usage c, gen. is more
than dub. ; in Hdt. 3. 54, the best Mss. give émeSycar ; in Eur. Supp.
1049 Kirchhof restored tmexBao’; in Ion 220 Herm. supplied BaAdy)
:—absol., im. els THY Tav OnBaiow Xen. Hell. 5. 4, 59; els 70
énéxewa om, (sc. Tay Sova) Plat. Rep. 587 C:—of rivers, to go over
their banks, overflow, és Thy xwpyy, és Tas dpotpas Hat. 2. 13. 14;
absol., ei e0€Aee bmepBivar 6 worapds Ib. 99. 2. to overstep,
transgress, O¢utv Kat dinay Pind. Fr. 4; véduovs rods Ne ctov Hat. 3.
83, cf. Soph. Ant. 449, 481, 663; Tas micres «al Tovs épkous Dem.
153. 43 Tov TaY dvayxaiwy Spor Plat. Rep. 373 D:—and absol. to»
¢ransgress, trespass, sin, re Kév tts irepBHD (Ep. subj. aor.) kat
dpdpry ll. 9. 501; bm. xal duapravew Plat. Rep. 366 A; cf.
bmepBasia. 3. to pass over, pass by, Lat. praetermitio, rods
mpocexéas Hdt. 3. 89: hence ¢o leave out, omit, Plat. Rep. 528 D,
al.; dm. re T® Adyw Dem. 51. 7; Om. 7d cages eizety Id. 1398. fin.
:—fo pass over the next heir, in a will, Isae. 43. 34:—t7. Tijs ovcias
to omit part of it, Arist. An, Post, 2. 5, 2. II. to go beyond, mA€ov
irepBas o' ern being more than 70 years old, Plat. Legg. 755 A; im.
TovTo to go beyond this, in their demands, Polyb. 2. 15, 6:—absol.,
dies iwepBaivovres supernumerary days in the calendar, Macrob. Sat.
I. 13. 2. to surpass, outdo, mao .. mavras avOpwmous bm. dperH
Plat. Tim. 24 D; bm. A ywaow capnvela i dyvoav doagelg Id. Rep.
478 C; absol., Theogn. IOI5. III. to stand over, shield, protect, c.
dat., Opp. H. I. 710. : B. Causal in aor. 1, to put over, iwepBnoarw
énl ras Sefids TAEvpas Tv Khun, as a direction to one mounting a
horse, Xen. Eq. 7, 2. imepBaxxevw, to express in over-Bacchic style,
i. e. exaggerate grossly, Philostr. 613. SmepBadAovrws, v. sq. IT. 5.
drepBddda, fut. Badd, Ion. -Badkéw: Ep. aor. 2 iepeBador Il. 23.
637% To throw over ot beyond a mark, to overshoot, iwépBare
o7para ravrowv Il, 23.843; Téocov mavTos ayavos (sc. chpara)
bwépBare Ib. 847; doupi i. bvdAHa beat him in throwing with it, Ib.
637. 2. bre péAdor dxpor [Adpov] imepBaréery to force the stone
over the top, Od. 11. 597. 8. intr. to run beyond, overrun the scent,
of hounds, Xen, Cyn. 6, 20. 4. to outstrip or pass, in racing, Twas
Soph. El. 716. II. in various metaph. senses ; 1, to overshoot, outdo,
excel, surpass, prevail over, overpower, débouKa pr) mply mévois
imepBaan pe yipas Eur. Fr. 462. 5; c. gen., Pind. Fr. 133 ; Bpovrijs
tmepBaddovra xtimoy Aesch. Pr. 923, ubi v, Herm. (927) :—dm. tid
run to outdo one in a thing, Eur, Hipp. 924, Ar. Pl. 109; & ri Plat.
Legg. 734. B: v. infr. B, and cf, bwepaxovricw. 2. to go beyond,
exceed, pnt’ dp’ SmepBadAow Bods bmAny pyr’ drodelrov Hes. Op.
491 ; bm. méot0s pérpov Theogn. 479; Tv Tod merpiou vow Plat.
Polit. 283E; bm. ra teavaé Xen. Hiero 4, 8 ;—of Time, im. éxardy
érea to exceed 100 years, in age, Hdt. 3. 23; bm. ras rpets Hpepas
to delay longer than... , Hipp. V.C. 907; im. 7rév xpévov to exceed
the time, i. e. be too late, Xen. Hell. @ 5:32 215 ir, tov Kaipév to
exceed all reasonable bounds, Dem, 660. fin, ;—
 vmepBapew ‘of number, #5ovat bz. Avmas Plat. Legg. 734
B, ef. Prot. 356 B:—c. dat, modi, ¢o exceed one in... réAup Kab
Hiapia Xen. Hell. 7. 3, 6; dpdryre Dem. 317. 255 so, im. mpds
dperny Plat. Legg. 945 C. b. c, gen. pro acc., dpa Avmp in. 7) ddikeiv
rod dbicetoPar; Id. Gorg. 475 B, cf, Legg. 734 A ; i. rijs cunperpias
Arist. Pol. 3- 13, 21, cf. H. A. 2.11, Io. 3. absol. to exceed all bounds,
Aesch. Pers. 291, Eur. Bacch, 785, Alc. 1077, Thuc. 7. 67, Plat.
Theaet, 180 A; ody brepBarav keeping within bounds, Pind. N. 7. 97;
af péca: ees mpos pev Tas édAeies brepBddAovor compared with
their defects are in excess, Arist. Eth. N. 2.8, 2; c. dat. modi, ém.7H
poxénpia Ar. Pl. 109; 77 ddvvapyla Tod dofdoa Plat. Theaet. 192 C,
cf. Xen. Mem. 4:3, 73 dvolg Dem. 93+ 24 _b. often in part.
dvepBdddAww, ovca, ov, exceeding, excessive, Bpovrijs bm. xrvmos
Aesch. Pr. 923; im. Sardvn Xen. Hiero 11, 2; Hoorn, éravo. Plat. Rep.
402 E, Phaedr. 240 E; Oeduara rats danavais dm, Isocr. 49 D, cf.
Legg. 899 A:—ol dmepBéAAovres, opp. to of karadeéorepo, Isocr.
191 D; 1d bmepBaddovra an over-high estate, Eur. Med. 127; 74 im.
Exarépwoe extremes, Plat. Rep. 619 A; 70 im, abray such part of
them as is extraordinary, Thuc. 2. 35. 4. to overbid or to outbid at an
auction, ddAmAous Lys. 165. 1 :—absol. to go on further and further,
in making offers, mpoéBawe Tots xphuaor tmepBéddwv he went on
bidding more and more, Hat. 5. 513; ye rooadra tmepBaddrwy Thuc.
8. 56, cf, Andoc. 17. 26; v. B, I. 3. 5. Ady. . ~AovTms, exceedingly,
Plat. Rep. 492 B, al.; opp. to perplws, Isocr. 8 B. III. ¢o pass over,
cross mountains, rivers, and the like, Lat. trajicere, mpva Aesch. Ag.
307 ; kopupds Id. Pr. 722; “yfjs bpous Eur. Or. 443 3 Tds “AAmeis els
Thy “IraAlay Strab. 294; c. gen., Opvykod toys én, wodi Eur. Ion
1321 (where Dobree suggested Opryrods Tovdd). b. of ships, 2o
double a headland, #m. Madény Hat. 7. 168 ; riv dxpay Thuc. 8.
104. ce. absol. éo cross over, és Thy ave Maxedoviny Hdt. 8. 137, cf.
Xen. An. 4. 6, 10; mpds rods @paxas Ib. 7. 5, L; kara Addous twas
Ib. 6. 5, 7. 2. of water, to run over, beat over, c. gen., imepBdddAe
Se Oddacoa duporépav Tolxwv Theogn. 673 B:—of rivers, to
overflow, Tas dpovpas Hdt. 2. 111; absol., of a kettle, to boil over,
Id. 1.59; of the sea, Av 8 imepBadg .. wévros Eur. “Tro. 686. 3. of
the Sun, fo be at its height, or to be at its utmost heat, Hat. 4. 184.
—Note, the case that follows is almost always the acc.; the gen.
occurs in a few exceptional instances, v. supr. II. 2. b, TI. I and 2, B.
Med., with pf. pass.,=A. 11, fo outdo, overcome, conquer, Ta Hat. 5.
124., 8. 24, Ar. Eq. 758, Nub. 1035 ; im. tiva way Eur. Or. 691 ;
pirzrpors i. twa Soph. Tr. 584, cf. Ar. Eq. 414 ;—absol. ¢o be
conqueror, zo conquer, Hdt, 6.9., 7. 168. 2. to exceed, surpass, Twa
Dem. 451. 2, etc.; mavras TO tei, TH peydded Hdt. 2.175, cf. 110;
Twa dvaidela Ar. Eq. 409 ; Oaeias Ib. 890; eis rt Plat. Criti. 115 D; éy
ri Strab. 2. b. absol. to exceed, 560t xpnyuarwy Hdt. 1. 61; dperp 9.
713 dwepBadAdpevos 7AHGet with overpowering numbers, Id. 3. 21
:—in part. pf. pass. bwepBeBAnuévn yun an excellent, surpassing
woman, Eur. Alc. 1533 vows dmepBeBA. Plat. Rep. 558 B; rapis rhs
pev bmepBeBa.., ris be €Arewovons Id. Legg. 719 D; and c. gen.,
yoyypot TOV Tap’ Huy imepBeBA. ward 7d peyegos Strab. 145. 3. to
overbid, outbid ‘(supr. A. IL. 4), Twa xphyacw Plat. Phaedr. 232 C, cf.
Xen. Cyr. 5. 3, 2. II. to put off, postpone, tiv dndioow Hdt. 4. 9; TH
oupBorjy Id. 9.45 ;—but, hv drepBadrovra Kelvnv Thy hyepav ..
TupBoddy pr} woedpevor if they let that day pass without fighting,
Ib. 51 :— absol. to delay, linger, Id. 3. 71, 76., 7. 206, Hipp. Art.
811; eicadés imepBadéoGar Plat. Phaedr. 254 D, cf. Arist. Rhet. Al. 1,
1., 31, 8. trepBapéw, to overweigh, outweigh, Suid.,E. M. trepBapns,
€s, exceeding heavy, 7a TUxav.. Tav dmepBapea Tnscr. Acol, in C. I.
3524. 15 ;—but dmépBupus, v, as in Hipp. Art. 811 is preferred by
Lob. Phryn. 539 :—in Aesch. Ag. 1175, brepBapis (sic) is by oa the
metre ; Paley gives UmepOev Bapus. pBacia, Ion. -{n, 7, a passing
over, given as equiv. to Mdcxa, Joseph. A. J. 2. 14, 6: but commonly,
II. metaph. a ¢ransgression of law, trespass, imepBacin Ards Opera
SnAHoacbat li. 3. 107 ; tigacOat pynoripas im. Gdeyevas Od. 3. 206;
redy, Zed, SUvacw Tis dvipay im. katdoyot; Soph. Ant. 605: also in
pl., Il. 23. 589, Od. 22. 168, Hes. Op. 826 :—cf. imépBacts.
trépBaiors, ews, 9, a passing over, Clem. Al. 854:—a pass over
mountains, Strab. 209: passage over a river or bay, Id. 759. 2. an
overstepping, of a joint dislocated, Hipp. Art. 839. IL. metaph.
transgression, Theogn. 1247. III. act.=trepBiBaors (nisi hoc legend.),
Polyb. 4. 19, 8. e Jmepparéor, verb. Adj. one must pass over, c. acc.,
Plut. 2. 709 D. tmepBaripros, ov, of or for passing over, iwepBarnpia
Ovetv (sc. tepd), Polyaen. I. 10, 1; cf. duaBarhpia. : . trrepBaricds,
4, dv, delighting in hyperbata, of Thucydides, Marcellin. V. Thue. 50:
Adv. —«@s, Eust. 1179. 16. \ - trépBarov, 76, the figure hyperbaton,
i. e. a transposition of words or clauses in a sentence, Apoll. de
Constr. 306, Quintil. Inst. 8. 6, 65; cf. drepBards I. 2. 5 . dmepBarés,
7, dv, later ds, dv (v. infr.), verb. Adj. of imepBaivar, to be passed or
crossed, scaleable, of a wall, Thuc. 3. 25. 2. transposed, of words,
imepBarov Sef Ocivat .. TO ‘ dhabéws’ Plat. Prot. 343E5 ouvects
imepBarh Arist, Rhet. Al. 26, 1 and 3; vonoes bmepBarot thoughts
expressed in inverted phrases, Dion, H. de Thuc. 52 :—so Adv. ~Tes,
in inverted order, Arist. Rhet. Al. 31, 5, Strab. 342, 370; so, d:°
bmepBarod Dion, H. de Thuc. 31; cf. dépBarov. 3. passed over
slightly :—Ady. —r@s, cursorily, Hipp. 7. 31- II. act. going beyond,
avd’ tmepBarwrepa going far beyond these, Aesch. Ag. 428 ;
extraordinary, évunvia Arist. Divin, per Somn. 1, 12. VS 2 SS eee TE
e , r — vrepBory. 1611 eng ws, Ady. of irephadAw, beyond all
measure, immoderately, Arist. Eth. N, 3. 10, 4. “‘LmepBeperatos, b,
the last month of the Macedonian year, answering to parts of
September and October (Tisr#), Joseph. A. J. 8. 4, 1, Galen. etc.; v,
Clinton F, H. 3. 362 sq. :—proverb. of those who exceed their term,
Paroemiogr. IL “YmepBéperos, 6, a name of a Cretan month,
answering to parts of June and July, Ideler Chron. 1. 426. trepBin, v.
sub iwepBaivw. trepBidlopat, Dep. zo press exceeding heavily, of the
plague, Thuc, 2. 52, Philo 2. 328. trepBiBalo, Causal of irepBatvw, to
carry over, transport, c. dupl. acc,, Polyb, 8. 36, 9, Luc. V. H, 2. 42.
II. to transpose the letters or accent of a word, Plut. V. Hom. 9,
Apoll. de Constr. 66, etc. ; —hence tirrep éov, one must transpose,
Schol. Pind, O. 6. 40; and Ady. dmepBiBaoruxds, by way of
transposition, Eust. 980. 44. tmepBiBaors, ews, }, a carrying over, v.
bmépBacis TI, imepBly, 4, overbearing might, arrogance, Suid.
tmépBios, ov, (Bia) of overwhelming strength or might, Hpaxdfjs
Pind, O. Io (11). 20. II. mostly in bad sense, overweening, lawless,
wanton, olos xetvov Ovpds bm. Il. 18. 262; imépBioy UBpw exovres
Od. I. 368 :—also neut. dwépBiov as Adv., Il. 17. 19, Od. 12. 379.,
14.92, 953 —the regul. Adv. —Biws only in Gramm. (The Lat. super-
bus may be compared, but v. Curt. no, 639.) trepBidw, to outlive
another, twds Polyb. 23. 18, 3. tmepBAacrdve, to shoot over-
luxuriantly, Theophr. C. P. 1. 20, 6. imepBhaor i , és, gen. éos,
shooting over-luxuriantly, Theophr. C. P. I. 20, 6. bis pinos to
overlook, neglect, Phot., Byz. trepBAnSyv, Adv. above measure,
Orph, Arg. 255. imépBrnpa, 76, a portion of a plane projecting
beyond a given line, Archimed, trepPArvlo, fut. vow, to boil over,
overflow, Q. Sm. 5. 324; c. acc., préBes im. alya Id. 11. 192. II.
metaph. ¢o overstep, transgress, c. acc., Clem, Al. 167. tmépBhiors,
ews, 4, a boiling over, pOepay Suid. s. v. Kaddtoévns. II.
exuberance, Phot. tmepBodw, to outroar, Thy Oadarray Aristid, 2.
105. dmepBoddbyv [a], Adv. immoderately, excessively, Theogn.
484. tmepBodatos, 6, the highest tetrachord in the two-octave scale,
Pherecr. Xetp. 1. 24, cf. Plut. 2. 1029 A; so, SmepBodala, 4, Philo 1,
111: cf. Béckh de Metr. Pind. pp. 206 sq., Chappell Hist. of Mus.
p.97. tmepBody, 7), (dmepBddAw) a throwing beyond others, dicxwy
imepBodats Philostr. 842; and in intr. sense, the altitude of a star,
Arist. Meteor. 1. 6, 2. 2. an overshooting, superiority, greater force or
power, xepdv imepBodais Eur. Fr. 437; orparias Thue. 6. 31. 3.
excess, over-great degree of a thing, opp. to éAAequs or évdera,
Plat. Prot. 356A, 357 A,B; bm. hood) .., TO woo@ nal TS a@ Arist. P.
A. 3. 5, 15; tmepBodry rhs émbvylas éxew Andoc. 27. 34, etc.:—
hence in various phrases, xpyudrwy imepBodg .. mpiacOat at an
extravagant price, Eur, Med. 232; érépepoy tiv br. Tod Kawodc@a
pushed on their extravagance in revolutionizing, Thuc, 3. 82; od«
éxet drepBodny it can go no further, Dem. 553. 12, cf. 786. 26; &
wndt mOavds ras bm. Exe Menand. ‘Hp. 3; so, ovdeulay or undeulay
br. Actrew Isocr. 42 B, 63 D, Dem. 35.18; ovSeulay bm. drodcirew
rijs dpovolas Inscrr. Boeot. p. 117 Keil; ef 71s im. rodrov if there’s
aught beyond (worse than) this, Dem. 362. 5, cf. Isocr. 90 D ;—radr’
obx tr.; is not this the extreme, the last degree? Dem. 825. 21 :—
tmepBodty moeicbar to go to all extremities, to put an extreme case,
Id. 447.25; Tocavryy im. roveiobar Gore ..to go so far that .., Id. 2gt.
24; foll. by a gen., bm. morefoOae éxeivo Tis abrod Bdedvplas to
carry his own rascality beyond theirs, Id. 609. 8, cf. 687. 21, Andoc,
32. 5, Lys. 143. 20; bm. moreiv Tis Tihs to raise the price, Arist. Pol.
1. 11, 11 ;—els brepBoAhy ebdaipovias EXOeiv Isocr. 224 B;
rocavras tr, dwpeGv mapéoxnrar Dem. 500. Io. 4. with a Prep. in
Adverbial sense, = trepBaddAdvtaws, eis brepBodty in excess,
exceedingly; els bm, Gwevov Eur. Fr. 497; dyads eis bm. Antiph. Ai’.
2, 11; c. gen. erqcar’ dy brBov eis bm, warpds Eur, Fr. 284. 6; Sar
beyond, Tod mpdaGer els ir. mavodpyos, i.e. far more wicked, Id.
Hipp. 939, cf. Dem. 1411.14; els drepBodds Ep, Plat. 326 C:—éf
dmepBodrs Polyb, 8. 17, 8:—xa0 irepBorny tofetoas with surpassing
aim, Soph. O. T. 1196; «a0. br. éraweiv extravagantly, Isocr. 84D;
nad’ bm. ev évbciq elvat in extremity of need, Arist. Pol. 4. 11,6; ai
xa’ in. jdovat Id. Eth. N. 7. 8, 4 ;—so in dat., ebreAns bwepBodp
Menand. Incert, 137 ; maxet im. Philem. Mer. 1; 6, d-yaOés Arist. H.
A. 9.40, 27, etc. 5. sometimes bz, implies preémi , perfection,
without any notion of excess, 5’ dperijs vrepBodny Id. Eth. N. 7. 1,
2, cf. Rhet. 1. 9, 29, Pol, 3. 13,133 7 bm. rijs pidlas the best and
noblest kind of friendship, Id. Eth, N. 9. 4, 6 ;—but, 4 xa’ br. pidla
=% Kad’ drepoxny, Id. Eth. E. 7. aT 6. overstrained phrase,
hyperbolé, imepBodds eimeiv Isocr. 58D; of mpds imepBodiy
memovnuévor Adyor Id. 43 A; as a figure of speech, Arist. Rhet. 3.
11, 15 sq. 7. 70 Kab? iwepBodrny the superlative degree, in
Adjectives, Id. Top. 5. 5, 6; 7évar tmepBodg Ib. 5. 9, 33 ad’ bm.
elmeiy Id. Cael. 1. 11, 10. II. a crossing over, passage of mountains,
etc., Xen. An. I. 2, 25, Polyb. 3. 34, 6, ete. 2. in sing. or pl. the place
of passage, a mountain-pass, with or without Tod épous, Ta dpav,
Ib. 3.5, 18., 4.1, 21., 4. 4, 18, and often in Polyb. ; ai “Adrecat bm.
Strab. 292 ; ) xara Tov Alyoy br. Diod. 19. 73. II. (from Med.) a
deferring, delay, rod xaxov Hat. 8. 112, cf. Dem. 235. 10, Polyb. 14.
9, 8. IV. the conic-section called hyperbola, because the angle which
its plane forms with the base of the cone is greater than @ that of
the parabola, Archimed.
 1612 SmepBodla, 4,=bmepBorh, Hesych.; cf. Lob. Phryn.
530. brepBodtxés, 7, dv, hyperbolical, extravagant, Polyb. 18. 29,13.
Adv. ~Kas, bm. GmoxpiverOa, A€yev Id. 2. 62, 9, etc.; -wrepoy
eimety Id. . 12, 8. apenas ov, (imepBodn U1) to be put off, delayed,
di«n bm. a sentence which is delayed, Schol. Ar. Vesp. 592.
trepBodo-edis, és, opp. to dmaroeidns (cf. iwepBodaios), Auctt. Mus.
‘YaepBopeor, of, the Hyperboreans, an imaginary people in the
extreme north distinguished for piety and happiness, h. Hom, 6. 29,
Pind. P, 10. 47, Hdt. 4. 32 sq.:—rvxn brepBopeos, proverb. of more
than mortal fortune, Aesch. Cho. 373, v. Strab; 711, Tzchuck,
Pompon, Mel. p. 123 ;—trrepBépetos is a constant reading in the-
Mss., sometimes without variation; but in the poetic passages
imepBdpeos, is either necessary or admissible, cf. Meineke Cratin,
AyA. 5. (On. the origin of the word, v. dépos, 76.) trepBopis, i5os,
post. fem. of foreg., Dion. H. 1. 43. trepBpalw, to boil or foam over,
in aor. pass., Anth. P. 11, 248. - drepBptOjs, és, gen. éos, =
bmepBaphs, Soph. Aj. 951. trepBpta, to be overfull, xaprots Luc.
Rhet. Praec. 6. tmepBvo, to stuff overfull, brepBeBvopévos 7a Gra
Eus. c, Marcell.77C. tmepBaira (sc. iepa), 74, name of a Cretan
festival, C. I. 2556. 42. tm-epydfopat, fut. dcouar: Dep. :—to work
under, plough up, prepare for sowing, 7@ ordpw vedv im. Xen. Oec.
16, Io, ef. C. I. 103. 20, Theophr. H. P. 3. 1, 6; dpovpay eis omopiv
Dion. H. 10. £7. II. to subdue, reduce: pf, in pass. sense, to be
subdued, dmeipyacuar yuyiv epwrt Eur, Hipp. 504. III. to do
underhand or secretly, Plut. Galb. y IV.=tinnperéw, to do a service:
pf. in pass. sense, TAN’ trelpyacra ida Eur. Med. 871. trepyapla, 7, a
late-marriage, Phot. tmepyavupar [a], Pass. 2o exult much, Philostr.
769. DmepyapyGAilw, to tickle to excess, Eumath. 3. 7; v.1. 'oyapy-.
imépyevos, ov, (yéa, yf) above ground, opp. to-rpwyAoburixds, of
animals, Arist. H. A. 1. 1, 27 ; to bmd-yetos, Poll. 5. 150; of bm.,
opp. to ot dvrimobdes, Eust. Opusc. 89. 88. . DrepyéAovas, ov,
above measure ridiculous, Dem. 406. fin. imepyepilo, fut. iow, to
overfill, overload, Xen, Vect. 4, 39 imepyéua, to be overfull, rwés of
a thing, Alex. “Emr. 1, Polyb. 4.75, 8, Diod., etc.; absol., Alex. Suvzp.
1. trepyevvdopat, Pass. o be born besides, Hesych. dmepynQéw, to
rejoice exceedingly, 71 Eus. D. E. 270 B. dmepynpdoke, to be
exceeding old, Apollod. ap. Diog. L, 8. 52, Poll. 9. 18: also
irepynpaw, Menand. Monost. 608. trrépynpws, wy, exceeding old, of
extreme age, Babr. 47. 1, Luc. D. Mort. 27. 9, etc. ; 7d i. extreme old
age, Aesch. Ag. 79. Sometimes wrongly in: Mss. irrépynpos, or.
tmepylyvopa, Dep. to be over and above, Eccl. imepyAtxopas [7],
Dep. to be very desirous, c. inf., Manass. Chron. 1307. drepyAtndlo,
fo be exceedingly sweet, Pisid, drépyopos, ov, overladen, Strab. 818.
trepyovia, 7, excessive fertility, Philo 2. 526. imépyuios, ov, (ya,
yuia)=imepunens, Hesych. trépdious, v, very hairy, dvnp Xen. Cyr, 2.
2, 28. with leaves, xrrés Ael, N. A. 7.6. imepdeqs, és, gen, gos: Ep.
acc. imepdéd, for imepSeéa, cf. dudes, SvoKdens: (Sé0s):—above all
fear, undaunted, imepdéa Sjyov ~xovres Il. 17. 330. So Eust. But
most of the Gramm. derive it; from déopae (to want) much less,
inferior, v. Spitzner. tmepSelSw, to fear for one, ds tmepdé5oind cov
Soph, Ant. 82; dpdKovTa .. Téxvav imepdedouce to fear it for or
because of .., Aesch. Theb. 292. 2. to fear exceedingly, ta Themist.
138 C: absol. to be in exceeding fear, Hdt. 8. 94, imepdepatvw, to be
much afraid of, ra Hat. 5. 19. imépSewvos, ov, exceeding alarming or
dangerous, 70. mpaypa por els inépdewov mepieorn Dem. 551. 2,
cf. Luc. Tim. 13. 2. very able, pnrap Poll. 4. 20; 7. eimeiv Dio Chrys,
2. 215. imepSeumvéw, to feast immoderately, Hesych.
imepSexamAdovos, a, ov, more than tenfold, Eust, 199. 1.
imepSexatadavros, ov, of more than ten talents, Phalar. Ep. 113.
tmepdéfvos, ov, lying above one on the right hand, exov bm. xwpiov
+: Xadenwraroy, Kal é dpiorepas ..morapdv Xen. An, 4. 8, 2, ubi v.
Hutchinson: cf. émdéfuos. II. simply, lying above or over, im. xwpiov
higher ground, Ib. 3. 4, 37, etc.; TA bmepdéfia Ib. 5. 7, 315 €€
bmepdegiov from above, Id. Hell. 7. 4, 13, Polyb., etc. ; 4 &
imepSegiov Tagis on the side from which the stream comes, Id. 3+
43> 33 &« tev imepdegiov Xen, Hell. 4. 2, 14; e iwepdetioy Luc.
Tim. 45, Paus. :—c. gen. commanding. from above, or simply above,
Addos bmepd€ftos TaV ToAELiow Polyb, I. 30,7; Tod Telxous Id. 10.
30, 7, etc. :— also of streams, €orw % Snords bm. rod fov above the
source of the stream, Strab. 591. 2. metaph. superior, having the
advantage in a thing, 71 Polyb. 5. 102, 3, etc.: victorious over, Tivos
Plut. Num. 20, tmepdéopat, Dep. to supplicate for another, Dion.
Areop. dmepdéw, to bind upon, Tt Tois wynpois Anth, P. 6. 166.
tmepBtaretvopar, Pass, to strain or exert oneself above measure,
Dem. 770. 4 (and, acc. to some, 501. 3), Luc. Hermot, 25, etc.
Urepdikarda, to punish with severity, Schol. Pind. P. 10. 68.
brepdixdle, fut. dow, to vindicate, defend, rds Aquila V. T.
imepSixéw, to plead for, act as advocate for, rod Adyou Plat. Phaedo
86E; im. 7d ped-yew Tivds to advocate acquittal for him, Aesch.
Eum. 652; in. bwép Tivos Dio C. 38. 10: absol., Plut. 2. 694 E, Poll.
urépSixos, ov, more than just, severely just, Néyeots Pind. P. 10. 68;
II. thick irepBorla — vrepexxew. of things, «dv irépdix’ 9 though
they be never so just, Soph. Aj. 1119 :— Adv, —xws, Aesch. Ag.
1396. II. pleading for another, Schol. Plat. tmepdicketw, to cast the
discus further than another: generally, to surpass, Clem. Al. 834 ;.
also trepStoKéw, A. B.67. Cf. tmepaxoyricw. DmepSicVAAGBos, ov, of
more than two syllables, Arcad. 11. imepdupaw, to be exceeding
thirsty, Galen. II. to thirst greatly after, tds or tt, Eccl., Byz.
tmépdupos, ov, exceeding thirsty, Hippiatr. imepdwoKw, to pursue
eagerly, 7: Greg. Nyss. trepSoxéw :—impers. drepdoxel por radra
this is my most positive opinion, cited from Philostr. trepSopéopar,
Pass. to be built over, twos Joseph. B. J. 6. 3, 2. Septet ies to praise
exceedingly, Ignat. ad Polyc. 1, Eust. Opusc. 256. 13. tnrépBovdos,
6, a slave and more, Apoll. de Constr. 305. imepdoxn, 7), more than
a feast, 50xal xa jm. Phot. brépSpipus,. v, exceedingly pungent,
Schol. Luc. D. D. 7. 3. brepSivapos, ov, of higher power, Themist. 8
B. irepdivap.dw, to prevail over, rvd LxXx (Ps. 64. 3). imepSivacrevw,
=foreg., Heracl. Alleg. 25. Presper vet.< ov, hyper-dorian, Auctt.
Music.; v., Chappell. Hist. of us. p. 103. drepcPSopnkovraérys, 5, %,
more than 70 years old, C, 1. 2721. tmepeyyude, to pledge, betroth
most firnily, Philo 2. 311. dmepeypyyopa, pf. 2 of imepeyeipw, to
watch for, Twds Philostr. 356. tr-epeBitw, to provoke somewhat,
stimulate a little, Babr. 95. 65, App. Civ. 2. 94. Umepetbov, inf.
ireptdeiv, aor. without pres. in use; v. brepopdw. tr-epelSw, fut. ow:
pf. pass. trephpeopar Arist. P. A. 4.12, 313 tmqpetopar Strab. 811,
Diod. 1. 47. To put under as a support, to erect, AGBpov brepeiaa
AlOov Pind. N. 8. 80; roy dépa dm. (sc. TH yp) Plat. Phaedo 99 B:—
Pass., rots rerpdmoo: mpds 7d Bapos aKxéAn eunpdoha
imepnpecora Arist. |. c., cf. Incess. An. 11, 5. Il. io under-prop,
support, Thy dpopny Plut. Romul. 28; mpoBAjpara bid
wapaderyparwv Id. Marcell. 14; Tv ov-yxAnrov Han. 2. 3, fin. ; robs
veavias Com. Anon. in Meineke 5. p. 120.—Pass., Strab. . c.
“Lrepetn, 7), High-land, the ancient abode of the Phaeacians, Od. 6.
4; cf. “Amrepatos, im-éperkos, 7, (Epeien) St. Fohn’s wort,
hypericum, Nic. Al. 616 :—more commonly répexov, 76, Diosc. 3.
171, Galen. (Mss. irépucor). trépetpt, (ein sum) to be, superior, J.
Lyd. de Mens. 3, E. M, imepeutreiv, to speak in defence of, Twos
Arist. Occ. 2. 21, 4. bn-epelta, to undermine, subvert, overturn, Plut.
2. 71 B, ubi v. Wyttenb. :—Pass. ¢o be subverted, Id. Pomp. 74,
Anton, 82. II, intr. in aor. 2 daqptmov, to tumble, fall down, ll, 23.
691. im-éperois, ews, 7), a supporting, Epicur. ap. Diog. L.10. 44,
Iambl., etc. im-éperopa, 76, an under-prop, support, Arist.P.A. 2.9,
10, Plut. 2.132 A. i totiKds, 7, dv, for propping or supporting, Eccl.
Adv. -K@s, Eust. 236. 14. SrepexBAvlw, to bubble or boil over,
supergbound, Ecel, bmeperSixéw, to exact extreme vengeance for,
Tt Joseph. A. J..6.1,.2:— hence brepexSixnors, 7), Eccl. tmepéxewa,
Adv, like éréxewva, on yon side, beyond, c. gen., 2'Ep. Cor. Io. 16,
Eccl. brepexOepametia, to seek to win by excessive attention,
Aeschin,. 48. fin. Srepekkatw, to burn fiercely, Eccl., Drepexkerpar, f.
1. for trap: éxx-, Plut. 2. 1066 C. Dmepéexkplots, 1), excessive
secretion or evacuation, Alex, Trall. 3, 204. Umepéxxpovors, 7),
complete deception, Epiphan. dmepexkuTrro, fo rise and emerge,
Eus. D. E. 129 D. dmepecAdptre, to shine forth very brightly, Byz.
dmepexvixdw, 20 conquer completely, Eus. H. E. 8. 14.
Dmepextrata, to strike out beyond: metaph. to exceed, Clem. Al.
239. Dmepexrrepioood, Adv., hetter written divisim iwép é«
mepiocod, superabundantly, Ep. Eph. 3. 20., 1 Thess. 3. 10 (with v.
1. drepexmepioods, as in Clem. Rom. 1, 20: hence Jo, Chrys. forms
trepexmeprocet, to be superabundant. Srepexrimro, fut. -~recodpat,
to fall out beyond, to exceed, c. gen., Plut. 2.877 A, Galen. II. absol.
to go beyond all bounds, Luc, Hermot, 67; toaodroy im. Ware .. Id,
Salt. 83, cf. Sext. Emp. M. 6, 6. OrrepexrAéw, to sail out beyond,
Theod, Prodr. SrepectrAnktéov, verb. Adj. one must admire
exceedingly, tt Eus. L. Const, 11. 11, imeptkrAnkTos, ov, most
amazing, Eccl. Saepaseheods, fut. fw, to frighten or astonish beyond
measure, Td Joseph. A. J, 8. 6, 4:—Pass. to be much astonished, be
in amazement, éni tt Xen, Cyr. 1. 4, 25; dwepexmenAnypévos ws
duaxdy, Twa Pidur~ mov astonished at or admiring him exceedingly,
Dem. 19. 16, cf. Plut. 2. 523 D, etc.; absol., trepextAayels.Id. 870 B,
etc. ; trepeentwors, }, exaggeration, excess, Longin. 15. 18, Clem,
Al. 605, trepextelyw, to-stretch out beyond measure, éavrév.2 Ep.
Cor. 10. 14: —Pass, ¢o stretch out beyond, rwos Greg. Naz. ; i.
mapexreiva, Smepextipdw, to overvalue, Eccl, tmepektive [7], to pay
for any one, riwés Luc. de Mort. 22. 2. Smepextions, ews, 77,
payment for any one, Hesych. Umepektiorys, od, 6, one who repays
beyond measure, Basil. trepektpérropat, Pass. to eschew utterly, rwa
Aretae, Caus. M.Diut.1. 5. Sepexpevyo, to come out beyond and
escape, c. acc., Hipp. 482. 14. tmeperxew, fo pour out over :—Pass.
to overflow, Diod. 11. 89, Ael. N, A, 12, 41, etc.—A form
trepexxvvopat, in Ev, Luc. 6. 38, and Eccl. S
 Umepexxvorg — Ureprmepos. Drepékxtiors, ews, 5, an
overflowing, of the Nile, Heliod. 1. 5; of the cf 5 sea, Plut. 2. 731 C,
cea atya S, €wS, 7, = dmepBodh, Hesych. epeAauvw, fo pass over,
pods Q. Sm. 11. 330, Phot. Theod. Met. os re trepéadpos, ov,
exceeding light or nimble, Xen. Cyn. 5, 31. UTrepepew, to vomit
violently: metaph. of over-full veins, to cause suffusion, Hipp. 467.
23, 32; yet cf. dmeparudsw. drepepmimAnp, to fill over-full, rv
yaorépa Greg. Naz. :—Pass. to be over-full, Twos of a thing, Xen.
Cyr. 1. 6, 17, Luc, Symp. 35, Ael. N. A. 14. 25. irrepepopéopar, Pass.
fo be Silled quite full, épov Luc. D. Meretr. 6. 33 absol., Id. Saturn,
32. tmepévBokos, ov, exceeding glorious, LXX (Cant. Trium Puer, 30,
al.). tmepeviautife, to last above a year, Julian 392 A. trepevdopat,
Pass. to be completely one, Eccl. imepevreAijs, és, gen. éos, more
than complete, Dio C. 47.17. imepévreviis, ews, 4, intercession for
another, Greg. Naz. tmepevtpipde, to be exceeding haughty, rut to a
person, Alciphro 1. 373 at a thing, Schol. Soph. Tr. 281.
Umepevruyxdve, to intercede, imép twos for one, tivés Clem, Al.
126. dmepetdyw, fo surpass, rid Eus. H. E. fo. 8,5; mvt in.., Ib. 8.
12, 5. imepeEatpw, to raise exceedingly: Pass., Hipp. 1133 D. II. to
exalt or praise exceedingly, Eust. 1265. 25. trepeEaxioxidror [7], at,
a, above 6000, Dem. x 375-16, Joseph. A. J. 17s y.4. tmepetav0éw,
to blossom over-much or very much, Poll. 6. 54. imepefatratdw, to
deceive above measure, Plut. 2. 166A; Xyland. imap éf-.
imepeEamrw, to kindle above measure, Acl. N. A. 9: 20: hence
trrepapis, 7, Io. Philop. tmepebéxw, fo stand out or forth
exceedingly, Eccl. drepeEnkovrérys, es, above sixty years old, Ar.
Eccl. 982. tmépetis, ews, 7, a property or quality in excess, Plat. Tim.
87 E. tmepetioxiw, to.be exceeding strong or mighty, Eccl.
tmepedprios, ov, above all festivals, Epiphan. imeperratvéw, Yo
praise above measure, Twa Hat. 1. 8, Ar. Eq. 680, Eccl. 186, Plat.
Euthyd. 303 B, al. tmeperratpw, to exalt or exaggerate beyond
measure, App. Pun. 42, Civ. I. 11, etc. :—tmepémapors, 2},
excessive exaltation, Aquila V. T. imeperrei yo, to press hard, App.
Civ. 2. 114, Dio C. 59. 21. dmepemPipew, to desire exceedingly, c.
inf., Xen. Cyr. 4.3, 21., 6.1, 5. dmepem«Nive [7], to lie on above,
lambl. Protr. p. 350 Kiessl. imepemorypov, ov, exceeding wise, A. B.
312. drepemritiés, 7,-6v, doubly intensive, of a in ddaros, Schol.
Il.14.271. imepemreivea, to strain too tight, Philostr. go, Artemid. 3.
59. dmepémra, v. imepréropa. in-epémra, to eat away from below,
cut away from under, of a stream, xoviny inéperre modoiy Il. 21.
271. II. of mental suffering, to gnaw secretly, Q. Sm. 9. 377.
imepépapat, aor, —npdcbnv : Dep.:—to love beyond measure, Twos
Ael. V.H. 12. 1. drrepepeOilo, to irritate exceedingly, Basil.
Amepeppwpivas, Ady. very vigorously, Poll. 4.89., 5.125.
tmepépxopat, Dep. with aor. 2 and pf. act.:—fo pass over, cross, Tas
mnyyas Tod morapod Xen. An. 4. 4, 3; 7a bpy Ael. N. A. 16. 21; Thy
Oadarray Joseph, A. J. 3. 1, 5. II. to surpass, excel, dperats Pind. O.
13. 20. tmepecbiw, fut. -é50ua1, to eat immoderately, Xen. Mem. t.
2, 4. tn-epéoow, to row just behind, Ael. N. A. 13. 2 (vulg.
dmnperéw). imepéoxeBov, post. aor. 2 of brepéxw. trépev, Adv, (€d)
exceeding well, excellently, Plat. Theaet. 185 D, Xen, Hier. 6, 9,
Dem, 228. 17 :—tépevye, Luc. Paras. 9, Ael. V.H. 9. 38.
imepevyevijs, és, exceeding noble, Arist. Pol. 4. 11, 5. im-epevyopat,
Dep. to vomit up, dxvnv és mévrov Ap. Rh. 3. 984.
tmepevbatpovéw, to be exceeding happy, Arist. Rhet. 2. 8, 3, Luc.
Gall. 20 (v. 1. érepdaipova evar). z tmepevdoxéopat, Dep. to be
well-pleased, Auctor ap. Suid. trrepevBoxiptw, fo enjoy ding great 1
Lys. 112. 45 :—so drepevdottw, Theod. Met. tr-epevOas, és, post.
for irépvOpos, Arat. 867, Opp. H. 3. 167. ir-epetPopar, Pass, to be
somewhat reddened, Eust. Opusc. 308. 23. trepevOipws [6], Adv.
very confidently, Poll. 5. 125. : UmepevKatpéa, to be very ient, olxia
bmepeviatp Hipp. 1276. trepevAGBéopar, Dep. to be exceeding
cautious, Eunap. irepevAaBis, és, exceeding cautious, Eccl.
bmepevAoyéw, to bless exceedingly, Basil. imepeumpers, Adv.
exceedingly becomingly, Schol. Soph, Ant.‘696. Dmrepevpiva, to
make exceedingly broad, Byz. tmepevrixia, 3}, exceeding good luck,
Anth. P. 3. 47. imepetipypos, ov, praised exceedingly, Eccl. Rye
Anmepeuppatvopar, Pass. to rejoice exceedingly, Luc. Amor. 5; avrd
rovro at .., Id, Icarom. 2; éri tue Joseph. B. J. 7. 1, 3.
dmepevxapiorréw, to give special thanks, rim, cited from Eus.
imepetxopar, Dep. to wish or pray for, Twos Eccl., e. g. C. 1. 9540.
go. II. to pray earnestly to, Tov Gedy Joseph. A. J. 11. 4,
3imepetwvos, ov, ding cheap, Acl. V.H. 14. 44. ‘DrepexOalpw, to
hate exceedingly, Leds yap peyadns yAwoons Kbpmous wr, Soph,
Ant, 128, II. to surpass, Ep. Rom. 8. 26; 1613 imepexévrws, Adv.
pre-eminently, especially, Iambl. Protr. p. 136, Eust. éxo, Ep,
dretpéxe, Il, Theogn.: Ep. impf, trelpexoy Il.: aor. imepéoxov, and in
poét. form —éoyeGor, Il. 11. 735+ 24. 374. To hold over, omdéyxva.
.. imeipexev “Hpaloroo held them over the fire, 2. 420; pov 7d
oxiddeoy imépexe Ar. Av. 1508; huay brepetxe Thy xurpay
Id.Eq.1176; brepéxovra tov abddy Ths Badd: s holding it up out of
the sea, Arist. H. A. 4. 10, 11. 2. im. xetpd (xeipas) twos to hold the
hand over him, so as to protect, udda yap, ev edptona Zeds xeipa
éhy iwepécxe Il. g. 420, 687; Ts .. epeio Ocwiv tmepiayebe xetpa 24,
3745 Zeds rijabe wodjos dmeipéxot .. xeipa Theogn. .257 ; so,
médeos iv’ bmepéxorey ddXwdy Aesch, Theb. 215, cf. Fr. ote also c.
dat. pers., of .. bweipexe xelpas "AwéAAow Il. 5. 433; ‘at x’ ippw
bwépoxn xeipa Kpoviay 4. 249, cf. Od. 14. 184. 3. to have or hold
above, bmeipexev edpéas Gpous he had his broad should above the
rest, i.e. over-topped them by the head and shoulders, II. 33 210 (v.
infr. 1. 2); én. 7d piyxos, Smws dvamvéy, of the dolphin, Arist. H, A.
8. 12, 6, cf. 6. 12, 4., 8. 15, 7, al.; om. éppty to elevate, Anth, P. 5.
299. EI. intr. to be above, rise above the horizon, cir’ dorijp
bmepécxe padvraros Od. 13.93; abris [Alybrov] oddity bmepéxov no
part of it was above water, Hdt. 2. 4; 7d xépas 7d Erepov i kat
dupébrepa imepéxovra projecting above the ground, Ib. 41 ;—c.
gen., bwepéoxebe yains rose above, overlooked the earth, Il. II.
7353 trvos oup? iwepoxdvy Eur. Phoen. 1384 ; feravpets) obx
bmepéxovras rijs Oaddoons Thuc. 7. 25; oxedn brepéxovra Tov ret
xéov Plat, Rep. 514 B, cf. Xen. An. 3. 5, 7, etc. 2. to overtop, be
prominent, dkws Twa ida tav dotaxtow bmepéxovra Hat. 5. 92, 6, cf,
Arist. Pol. 3. 13, 17; gtAée 6 Ocds ra brepéyovra mévra Kodovew
Hdt. 7. 10, 5, -cf. Xen. Cyr. 6. 2, 17 :—7d bmepéyov the excess,
Arithm. Vett. 3. in military phrase, to outflank, TOv moheuioy im. TO
xépart Xen, Hell. 4. 2, 18, cf. Thuc. 3. 107. 4. in metaph. sense, an
acc. added, which is in fact governed by the Prep. irép, to be above
others, to overtop, exceed, outdo, c. acc., Bporay mivray tmepoxav
GdABov (unless dABov be=Kat’ SABov) Aesch, Pers. 709;
wappoodvy navras im. Eur. Hipp. 1365; weAractin® im. thy
dperépay Stvamy Xen. Hell. 6. 1, 9 b. c. gen., tavrow im. peyéOe wal
dperf Plat: Tim, 24 E, cf. Parm. 150 E, Gorg. 475 C; i. r@v mohA@y
Dem. 689. 10; dmdvtow tmepéxovor THY Kaxav Anaxil. Neorr. I. 7.
¢. absol, to prevail, Oedv imepécxe voos Theogn. 202; of
imepaxdvres the more powerful, Aesch, Pr. 213; t@v méXewy al
imepéxovea Isocr. 60 C; av } Oadarra inépoxy to be too powerful,
Dem. 128. 25; év Tots moeniows tm. to excel in.., Menand,
Incert..96; tovotroy im. 7@ moo@, Soov Aciwera TH wowP exceeds
so Much .., Arist. Pol. 4. 12, 2. d. Pass, to be outdone, ind twos Plat.
Phaedo 102 C, D; tiv bivapw Tod rep éxew Kal imepéxecbar Id.
Parm, 150D; xara mAodrov bmepéxew Kar’ dperiy 5 iwepéxecOar
Arist. Pol. 3. 9, 15, cf. 3. 12, 4; of imepéxovres those in authority,
Diog. L. 6. 78. 5. in Logic, to have a wider compass, embrace more,
Arist. An. Post. 2. 17, 4, cf. Rhet. 1. 7, 2. III. c. gen. rei, to rise
above, be able to bear, ris dvrAlas Ar. Pax 17; ré&v dvadmparov
Diod. 4. 80. IV. to get over, ‘cross, c, acc, loci, Thuc. 3. 23.—Cf.
trepicya. trepéw, contr. tepd, fut. with no pres. in use; v. imetrov.
Sutotovin, €ws, 7), a boiling over, Arist. Probl. 24. 6, Eccl.
tmépleoros, ov, verb. Adj. boiling over, #dara Arist. Mund, 4, 27.
imepléw, fut. -(éom, to boil over, Arist. G. A. 3. 2, 18, Probl. 24.'6:
metaph., dvijp mapadce .. drepCéow Ar. Eq. 920; 7a nadia im, 7
ma0e Arist. Probl. 1. 19; im. dpyp ets Twa Byz. trépfwos, ov, contr.
Sréptos, ov, outliving, Dionys, Ar., Procl. drépnBos, ov, =imepHAg,
Galen. trepnyopéw, like ireparyopedw, to speak for, Tivos Damasc.
ap. Suid. trepyyopla, 1, a defence, Nicet. Ann. 235°C, Thom. M.
treptSopat, Pass. to rejoice ‘beyond measure at a thing, rotor xpnor
plot Hat. 1. 543; 7@ mopare Id. 3. 22; c. part., bmephdero dxovow
he rejoiced much at hearing, Id. 1. 90, Xen. Cyr. 3. 1, 31; also, dw.
dr.. Ib, 8. 3, 50.—The ‘Act. in Basil. twéipybus, v, exceeding sweet,
used in Sup. by Luc. Tim. 41, etc. Adv, ~éws, Xen. Cyr. 1. 6, 21;
Sup. —fd:0ra, Luc, D. Mort. 9. 1. imepiko, to have got beyond, te
Galen. drepHAck, 6, }, above a certain age, Luc, Amor. 10, App. Pun.
114, drépnpat, Dep. to sit above, c. gen., Apollin. V. T.
dmepnpepedo, fo be over the day, to be too late, Eccl. imepnpepta,
7), a being over the day, i.e..as law-term, default caused by non-
observance of the latest term for payment, } bm. Une the latest
term has expired, Dem. 1154. 8; dvaBadAeoOa riv br. to defer it, Ib.
17 :—hence, 2. forfeiture of recogni: » the seizir g in c tion
consequent thereupon, a distress, AapBavew Tt drepnuepia to seize
a thing by virtue of this right, Id. 894. 8; ard ri ed, Id. 87%. 11;
brepnpeptay mpafar Theophr. Char. To. Sreptpepos, ov, over the day
for payment, after which the debtor became liable to have his goods
seized, Dem. 518, 2.,927.1; bm. yevéoOae twi Id. 1161. fin. ; i.
yiryverat era pvdv he does not keep the term of payment of .. ,
Antipho 136. 29, cf. Lys. 167. 42; bmepnuepoy AapBaver Tuva, i. e.
having a right to distrain upon him, Dem. 540. 22; éaAw im. Ach.
Tat. 4. 42 :—c. gen., im. THs mpoOecpias Luc. Pisc. 52; also of the
debt, rijs Stens br. yevéoOan Plut. 2.548 D; and of the judge,
adjourning the penalty, Ib. 549 D. II. metaph., im. pot rav yapo ai
mapOévor past the time of marriage, Anaxandr. Incert. 175 im. Ths
Cans past the term of life, Luc. Philops. 25 ; im. 77s dpodoews too
old to learn, Philostr. Ep. 14. 2. of things, dx. wévOos over-late, Philo
62 169; tm. rod Biou lasting beyond one’s own life, Longin. 14. 3;
but,
 1614 rTadnoes im. ylyverat Tod Biou goes beyond the term
of human life, Lue. Hermot. 67. _admephpious, v, above half, more
than kalf, Hat. 7. 40,156; trepnmad twos Xen, An, 6, 2, 10. in-
épnpos, ov, somewhat desolate, Plut. Poplic. 4, Aemil. 8, etc,
Smephvepos, ov, (dvepos) above the wind, Byz. Umepnvopén, %,
exceeding spirit, haughtiness, Ap. Rh. 3. 65. imepyvopeos, ov, =sq.,
Theocr. 29. 19. imepyvopéwy, ovros, 6, exceedingly manly ;—but
always used in bad sense (though Homer’s jvopén is=dvdpela,:
manliness, courage), overbearing, overweening, of the Trojans, Il.
4.176; of Deiphobus (the Trojan), 13. 358; of the Cyclopes, Od. 6. 5;
but in Od. mostly of the suitors, 17. 482, etc.; Kax@s
imepnvopéovtes 2. 226., 4. 766 :—cf. bmepjvop, imeppevys,
dtépomdos, bmeppiados. II. in Com. phrase, excelling men, thinking
oneself more than man, Ar. Pax 53. (No Verb imepnvopéw occurs; cf.
dreppevewr,) trepyvapévos, Adv. from bmepevdopat, in absolute
unity, Eccl. Snrephvwp, Dor. -dvap, opos, 6, #, (avqp) like foreg.,
overbearing, overweening, of the tyrant Pelias, Hes. Th. 995; @4p
Orph. Arg. 942; also peyadnyopia Eur. Phoen, 185; @vpds Orph,
Arg. 669.—In Hom. only as prop. n, dmepytA@pévas, Ady.
(brepamddopar) so as to be quite outspread, Eccl. amepnpavera, %,
f. 1. for irepnpavia. imepypavéw, used by Hom. only once in part.,
much like brepnvopéwy, overweening, arrogant, imepnpavéovres
"Emecoé Il. 11. 6943 cf. bmepnpavos :—hence later writers formed
the Verb, to be arrogant, Polyb. 6. 10, 8, Joseph., etc. II. later
writers also used it in a trans. sense, to treat disdainfully, c. acc.,
Diod. Excerpt. 504. 53, Luc. Nigrin. 31, etc.; c. gen., Themist. 249 B;
—c. inf. to scorn to do, Schif. Long. p- 419 :—so also trepyndavevw,
Schol. Theocr. 1. 69, E. M., etc.; and Drepypavevopar, Schol. Pind, N.
11. 55. 2. im. éavréy to extol oneself, Polyb. 5. 33, 8. ‘ irepndavia, 7,
arrogance, contemptuous bearing, disdain, Andoc. 30. 37, Plat.
Symp. 219 C, Menand. Kay. 1; tm. tov rpdémov Xen. Cyr. 5. 2, 27;
Tov Biov Dem. 559. 17 :—also c. gen. objecti, contempt towards or
for .., Plat. Rep. 391 C, Dem. 577. 16. imepypavos, ov, prob. for
brepparns, being inserted Ep. (cf. €AagyBédos, venyevns), showing
oneself above others : 1. mostly in bad sense, overweening,
arrogant, disdainful, Hes. Th, 149, Pind. P. 2. 52, Aesch. Pr. 402,
Isocr. 274 B, Dem. 42. 27; iSpiorat «al br. Arist. Rhet. 2. 16,1;
vmepnpavwrepot .. Kal ddoyordrepor Ib. 17,6; olxiae
bmepnpavwrepa Dem. 175. 10 ;—so in Adv., imepnpaves exew to
bear oneself proudly, Plat. Rep. 399 B, Theaet. 175 B; bm. (iv to live
sumptuously, prodigally, Isocr. 72 D, Plat. Legg. 691 A; dpwveiy ..
odx? petpiws .., GAA’ bm, Diphil. "Eur. 1, 20; of a dish, im. dfew
Alex. Incert. 1. 6.—This sense appears in Hom. in the part.
bmepypaveo, 2. rarely in good sense, magnificent, splendid, copia,
épyov Plat. Phaedo 96 A, Symp. 217 E; om. 7 Id. Gorg. 511 D;
mpage im. 7d péyeOos Plut. Fab. 26; morhpia xpvod.., imephpava
Philippid. Incert. 5. 3 :—Adv. —vas, Plut. Ages. 34. irrepnpepys, és, f.
1. for dmeppephs; v. Lob. Phryn. 699. * Drepnxéw, to outroar,
Aristid. 1.123, Greg. Naz. brep0ddacctS.0s, ov, above the coast-land,
y@po im., opp. to Ta mapabardoatos, Hdt. 4. 199:—also
SmepOdAaccos, ov, Alciphro 2. 4, 6. trrepPavpdto, Ion. -Owpdtw:
fut. -dcopar Luc. pro Imagg. 18 :—to wonder exceedingly, Hdt. 3. 3,
Luc. V. H. 1. 34; bm. d7t.. Id. Amor. 52. II. c. acc, to wonder greatly
at, admire greatly, Ath, 523 D, Luc. Zeux, 3. trepPatpacros, ov, most
admirable, Anth. P. 15. 16. SmepOeralw, to deify or extol beyond
measure, Byz. imépPeos, ov, more than divine, Eccl. tmépPepa, 74,
an over-bid, so as to raise the price :—for this word and its derivs.,
bmepOeparilw, fo overbid; Be , 6, an overbidding ; - > seit ii 6, one
who overbids ;—y. Ducange. ‘mepPepioroKArs, 6, a more than
Themistocles, A. B. 67, no doubt froma Comic poet; so
“YreprepixAijs, ‘Yrepowxparns, etc. iépQeos, ov, more than God,
Menand. Monost. 243 (Meineke itp Oeovs) :—hence tmepOedrys, 1,
more than divinity, Dion. Ar. ‘SmepOev, and metri grat. trepOe
(Hmep0’ Il. 5. 503, Aesch. Theb, 228): Aecol. tmepOa, Apoll. de Adv.
606: Adv.: (imép) :—from above or (more often) merely above,
rappos kat retxos im. Il. 12. 4, etc.: of the body, above, in the upper
parts, im. pogds env Kepadny 2. 218, cf. 5. 122; évepbe médes Kal
xeipes im. 13.755 TA parpddey pev Katw, Ta 8 in. narpés Pind. P. 2.
88 ;—rare in Prose, Xen. An. 1. 4, 4, Mem. 1. 4, 11; 70 tr. [Tis ys]
Arist. Mund. 2, 2. 2. from heaven above, i. e. from the gods, Il. 7.
ror, Od. 24. 344, h. Cer. 13. 8. of Degree, rére pev Gmopa, tore 8 im,
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