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Optimization Techniques for Solving Complex Problems
Wiley Series on Parallel and Distributed Computing 1st
Edition Enrique Alba Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Enrique Alba, Christian Blum, Pedro Asasi, Coromoto Leon, Juan
Antonio Gomez
ISBN(s): 9780470293324, 0470293322
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 11.42 MB
Year: 2009
Language: english
OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
FOR SOLVING COMPLEX
PROBLEMS
OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
FOR SOLVING COMPLEX
PROBLEMS

Edited by

Enrique Alba
University of Málaga

Christian Blum
Technical University of Catalonia

Pedro Isasi
University Carlos III of Madrid

Coromoto León
University of La Laguna

Juan Antonio Gómez

University of Extremadura

A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Optimization techniques for solving complex problems / [edited by] Enrique Alba,
Christian Blum, Pedro Isasi, Coromoto León, Juan Antonio Gómez

Includes bibliographic references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-29332-4 (cloth)

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Enrique Alba, To my family

Christian Blum, To Marı́a and Marc

Pedro Isasi, To my family

Coromoto León, To Juana

Juan Antonio Gómez, To my family

 CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS xv
FOREWORD xix
PREFACE xxi

PART I METHODOLOGIES FOR COMPLEX PROBLEM

SOLVING 1

1 Generating Automatic Projections by Means of Genetic

Programming 3
C. Estébanez and R. Aler
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Background 4
1.3 Domains 6
1.4 Algorithmic Proposal 6
1.5 Experimental Analysis 9
1.6 Conclusions 11
References 13

2 Neural Lazy Local Learning 15

J. M. Valls, I. M. Galván, and P. Isasi
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Lazy Radial Basis Neural Networks 17
2.3 Experimental Analysis 22
2.4 Conclusions 28
References 30

3 Optimization Using Genetic Algorithms with Micropopulations 31

Y. Sáez
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Algorithmic Proposal 33
3.3 Experimental Analysis: The Rastrigin Function 40
3.4 Conclusions 44
References 45
vii
viii CONTENTS

4 Analyzing Parallel Cellular Genetic Algorithms 49

G. Luque, E. Alba, and B. Dorronsoro
4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 Cellular Genetic Algorithms 50
4.3 Parallel Models for cGAs 51
4.4 Brief Survey of Parallel cGAs 52
4.5 Experimental Analysis 55
4.6 Conclusions 59
References 59

5 Evaluating New Advanced Multiobjective Metaheuristics 63

A. J. Nebro, J. J. Durillo, F. Luna, and E. Alba
5.1 Introduction 63
5.2 Background 65
5.3 Description of the Metaheuristics 67
5.4 Experimental Methodology 69
5.5 Experimental Analysis 72
5.6 Conclusions 79
References 80

6 Canonical Metaheuristics for Dynamic Optimization Problems 83

G. Leguizamón, G. Ordóñez, S. Molina, and E. Alba
6.1 Introduction 83
6.2 Dynamic Optimization Problems 84
6.3 Canonical MHs for DOPs 88
6.4 Benchmarks 92
6.5 Metrics 93
6.6 Conclusions 95
References 96

7 Solving Constrained Optimization Problems with Hybrid

Evolutionary Algorithms 101
C. Cotta and A. J. Fernández
7.1 Introduction 101
7.2 Strategies for Solving CCOPs with HEAs 103
7.3 Study Cases 105
7.4 Conclusions 114
References 115

8 Optimization of Time Series Using Parallel, Adaptive,

and Neural Techniques 123
J. A. Gómez, M. D. Jaraiz, M. A. Vega, and J. M. Sánchez
8.1 Introduction 123
8.2 Time Series Identification 124
 CONTENTS ix

8.3 Optimization Problem 125

8.4 Algorithmic Proposal 130
8.5 Experimental Analysis 132
8.6 Conclusions 136
References 136

9 Using Reconfigurable Computing for the Optimization

of Cryptographic Algorithms 139
J. M. Granado, M. A. Vega, J. M. Sánchez, and J. A. Gómez
9.1 Introduction 139
9.2 Description of the Cryptographic Algorithms 140
9.3 Implementation Proposal 144
9.4 Expermental Analysis 153
9.5 Conclusions 154
References 155

10 Genetic Algorithms, Parallelism, and Reconfigurable Hardware 159

J. M. Sánchez, M. Rubio, M. A. Vega, and J. A. Gómez
10.1 Introduction 159
10.2 State of the Art 161
10.3 FPGA Problem Description and Solution 162
10.4 Algorithmic Proposal 169
10.5 Experimental Analysis 172
10.6 Conclusions 177
References 177

11 Divide and Conquer: Advanced Techniques 179

C. León, G. Miranda, and C. Rodrı́guez
11.1 Introduction 179
11.2 Algorithm of the Skeleton 180
11.3 Experimental Analysis 185
11.4 Conclusions 189
References 190

12 Tools for Tree Searches: Branch-and-Bound and A∗ Algorithms 193

C. León, G. Miranda, and C. Rodrı́guez
12.1 Introduction 193
12.2 Background 195
12.3 Algorithmic Skeleton for Tree Searches 196
12.4 Experimentation Methodology 199
12.5 Experimental Results 202
12.6 Conclusions 205
References 206
x CONTENTS

13 Tools for Tree Searches: Dynamic Programming 209

C. León, G. Miranda, and C. Rodrı́guez
13.1 Introduction 209
13.2 Top-Down Approach 210
13.3 Bottom-Up Approach 212
13.4 Automata Theory and Dynamic Programming 215
13.5 Parallel Algorithms 223
13.6 Dynamic Programming Heuristics 225
13.7 Conclusions 228
References 229

PART II APPLICATIONS 231

14 Automatic Search of Behavior Strategies in Auctions 233

D. Quintana and A. Mochón

14.1 Introduction 233

14.2 Evolutionary Techniques in Auctions 234
14.3 Theoretical Framework: The Ausubel Auction 238
14.4 Algorithmic Proposal 241
14.5 Experimental Analysis 243
14.6 Conclusions 246
References 247

15 Evolving Rules for Local Time Series Prediction 249

C. Luque, J. M. Valls, and P. Isasi

15.1 Introduction 249

15.2 Evolutionary Algorithms for Generating Prediction Rules 250
15.3 Experimental Methodology 250
15.4 Experiments 256
15.5 Conclusions 262
References 263

16 Metaheuristics in Bioinformatics: DNA Sequencing

and Reconstruction 265
C. Cotta, A. J. Fernández, J. E. Gallardo, G. Luque, and E. Alba

16.1 Introduction 265

16.2 Metaheuristics and Bioinformatics 266
16.3 DNA Fragment Assembly Problem 270
16.4 Shortest Common Supersequence Problem 278
16.5 Conclusions 282
References 283
 CONTENTS xi

17 Optimal Location of Antennas in Telecommunication Networks 287

G. Molina, F. Chicano, and E. Alba
17.1 Introduction 287
17.2 State of the Art 288
17.3 Radio Network Design Problem 292
17.4 Optimization Algorithms 294
17.5 Basic Problems 297
17.6 Advanced Problem 303
17.7 Conclusions 305
References 306
18 Optimization of Image-Processing Algorithms Using FPGAs 309
M. A. Vega, A. Gómez, J. A. Gómez, and J. M. Sánchez
18.1 Introduction 309
18.2 Background 310
18.3 Main Features of FPGA-Based Image Processing 311
18.4 Advanced Details 312
18.5 Experimental Analysis: Software Versus FPGA 321
18.6 Conclusions 322
References 323
19 Application of Cellular Automata Algorithms to the Parallel
Simulation of Laser Dynamics 325
J. L. Guisado, F. Jiménez-Morales, J. M. Guerra, and F. Fernández
19.1 Introduction 325
19.2 Background 326
19.3 Laser Dynamics Problem 328
19.4 Algorithmic Proposal 329
19.5 Experimental Analysis 331
19.6 Parallel Implementation of the Algorithm 336
19.7 Conclusions 344
References 344
20 Dense Stereo Disparity from an Artificial Life Standpoint 347
G. Olague, F. Fernández, C. B. Pérez, and E. Lutton
20.1 Introduction 347
20.2 Infection Algorithm with an Evolutionary Approach 351
20.3 Experimental Analysis 360
20.4 Conclusions 363
References 363
21 Exact, Metaheuristic, and Hybrid Approaches
to Multidimensional Knapsack Problems 365
J. E. Gallardo, C. Cotta, and A. J. Fernández
21.1 Introduction 365
xii CONTENTS

21.2 Multidimensional Knapsack Problem 370

21.3 Hybrid Models 372
21.4 Experimental Analysis 377
21.5 Conclusions 379
References 380
22 Greedy Seeding and Problem-Specific Operators for GAs
Solution of Strip Packing Problems 385
C. Salto, J. M. Molina, and E. Alba
22.1 Introduction 385
22.2 Background 386
22.3 Hybrid GA for the 2SPP 387
22.4 Genetic Operators for Solving the 2SPP 388
22.5 Initial Seeding 390
22.6 Implementation of the Algorithms 391
22.7 Experimental Analysis 392
22.8 Conclusions 403
References 404
23 Solving the KCT Problem: Large-Scale Neighborhood Search
and Solution Merging 407
C. Blum and M. J. Blesa
23.1 Introduction 407
23.2 Hybrid Algorithms for the KCT Problem 409
23.3 Experimental Analysis 415
23.4 Conclusions 416
References 419
24 Experimental Study of GA-Based Schedulers in Dynamic
Distributed Computing Environments 423
F. Xhafa and J. Carretero
24.1 Introduction 423
24.2 Related Work 425
24.3 Independent Job Scheduling Problem 426
24.4 Genetic Algorithms for Scheduling in Grid Systems 428
24.5 Grid Simulator 429
24.6 Interface for Using a GA-Based Scheduler
with the Grid Simulator 432
24.7 Experimental Analysis 433
24.8 Conclusions 438
References 439
25 Remote Optimization Service 443
J. Garcı́a-Nieto, F. Chicano, and E. Alba
25.1 Introduction 443
 CONTENTS xiii

25.2 Background and State of the Art 444

25.3 ROS Architecture 446
25.4 Information Exchange in ROS 448
25.5 XML in ROS 449
25.6 Wrappers 450
25.7 Evaluation of ROS 451
25.8 Conclusions 454
References 455
26 Remote Services for Advanced Problem Optimization 457
J. A. Gómez, M. A. Vega, J. M. Sánchez, J. L. Guisado,
D. Lombraña, and F. Fernández
26.1 Introduction 457
26.2 SIRVA 458
26.3 MOSET and TIDESI 462
26.4 ABACUS 465
References 470

INDEX 473
 CONTRIBUTORS

E. Alba, Universidad de Málaga, Dpto. de Lenguajes y Ciencias de la Com-

putación, Málaga (Spain)
R. Aler, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Dpto. de Informática, Escuela
Politécnica Superior, Madrid (Spain)
M. J. Blesa, Universitat Politècnia de Catalunya, Dpto. de Llenguatges i Sis-
temes Informàtics, Barcelona (Spain)
C. Blum, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Dpto. de Llenguatges i Sistemes
Informàtics, Barcelona (Spain)
J. Carretero, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Dpto. dArquitectura de Com-
putadors, Barcelona (Spain)
F. Chicano, Universidad de Málaga, Dpto. de Lenguajes y Ciencias de la Com-
putación, Málaga (Spain)
C. Cotta, Universidad de Málaga, Dpto. de Lenguajes y Ciencias de la Com-
putación, Málaga (Spain)
B. Dorronsoro, Université de Luxembourg (Luxembourg)
J. J. Durillo, Universidad de Málaga, Dpto. dé Lenguajes y Ciencias de la
Computación, Málaga (Spain)
C. Estébanez, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Dpto. de Informática, Escuela
Politécnica Superior, Madrid (Spain)
A. J. Fernández, Universidad de Málaga, Dpto. de Lenguajes y Ciencias de la
Computación, Málaga (Spain)
F. Fernández, Universidad de Extremadura, Dpto. de Tecnologı́as de Computa-
dores y Comunicaciones, Centro Universitario de Mérida, Mérida (Spain)
J. E. Gallardo, Universidad de Málaga, Dpto. de Lenguajes y Ciencias de la
Computación, Málaga (Spain)
I. M. Galván, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Dpto. de Informática, Escuela
Politécnica Superior, Madrid (Spain)
J. Garcı́a-Nieto, Universidad de Málaga, Dpto. de Lenguajes y Ciencias de la
Computación, Málaga (Spain)
xv
xvi CONTRIBUTORS

A. Gómez, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tec-

nológicas (CIEMAT), Centro Extremeño de Tecnologı́as Avanzadas, Trujillo
(Spain)
J. A. Gómez, Universidad de Extremadura, Dpto. de Tecnologı́as de Computa-
dores y Comunicaciones, Escuela Politécnica, Cáceres (Spain)
J. M. Granado, Universidad de Extremadura, Dpto. de Ingenierı́a de Sistemas
Informáticos y Telemáticos, Escuela Politécnica, Cáceres (Spain)
J. M. Guerra, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Dpto. de Optica, Madrid
(Spain)
J. L. Guisado, Universidad de Sevilla, Dpto. de Arquitectura y Tecnologı́a de
Computadors, Sevilla (Spain)
P. Isasi, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Dpto. de Informática, Escuela
Politécnica Superior, Madrid (Spain)
M. D. Jaraiz, Universidad de Extremadura, Dpto. de Tecnologı́as de Computa-
dores y Comunicaciones, Escuela Politécnica, Cáceres (Spain)
F. Jiménez-Morales, Universidad de Sevilla, Dpto. de Fı́sica de la Materia Con-
densada, Sevilla (Spain)
G. Leguizamón, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Laboratorio de Inves-
tigación y Desarrollo en Inteligencia Computacional (LIDIC), San Luis
(Argentina)
C. León, Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. de Estadı́stica, I.O. y Computación,
La Laguna (Spain)
D. Lombraña, Universidad de Extremadura, Cátedra CETA-CIEMAT, Centro
Universitario de Mérida, Mérida (Spain)
F. Luna, Universidad de Málaga, Dpto. de Lenguajes y Ciencias de la Com-
putación, Málaga (Spain)
C. Luque, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Dpto. de Informática, Escuela
Politécnica Superior, Madrid (Spain)
G. Luque, Universidad de Málaga, Dpto. de Lenguajes y Ciencias de la Com-
putación, Málaga (Spain)
E. Lutton, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique
(INRIA), Orsay (France)
G. Miranda, Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. de Estadı́stica, I.O. y Com-
putación, La Laguna (Spain)
G. Molina, Universidad de Málaga, Dpto. de Lenguajes y Ciencias de la Com-
putación, Málaga (Spain)
J. M. Molina, Universidad de Málaga, Dpto. de Lenguajes y Ciencias de la
Computación, Málaga (Spain)
 CONTRIBUTORS xvii

S. Molina, Universided de Nacional San Luis, Laboratorio de Investigación y

Desarrollo en Inteligencia Computacional (LIDIC), San Luis (Argentina)
A. Mochón, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Dpto. de
Economı́a Aplicada e Historia Económica, Madrid (Spain)
A. J. Nebro, Universidad de Málaga, Dpto. de Lenguajes y Ciencias de la Com-
putación, Málaga (Spain)
G. Olague, Centro de Investigación Cientifica y de Educación Superior de Ense-
nada (CICESE), Dpto. de Ciencias Informáticas, Ensenada (México)
G. Ordóñez, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Laboratorio de Investigación y
Desarrollo en Inteligencia Computacional (LIDIC), San Luis (Argentina)
C. B. Pérez, Centro de Investigación Cientifica y de Educación Superior de
Ensenada (CICESE), Dpto. de Ciencias Informáticas, Ensenada (México)
D. Quintana, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Dpto. de Informática, Escuela
Politécnica Superior, Madrid (Spain)
C. Rodrı́guez, Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. de Estadı́stica, I. O. y Com-
putación, La Laguna (Spain)
M. Rubio, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tec-
nológicas (CIEMAT), Centro Extremeño de Tecnologı́as Avanzadas, Trujillo
(Spain)
Y. Sáez, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Dpto. de Informática, Escuela
Politécnica Superior, Madrid (Spain)
C. Salto, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Facultad de Ingenierı́a, General
Pico (Argentina)
J. M. Sánchez, Universidad de Extremadura, Dpto. de Tecnologı́as de Computa-
dores y Comunicaciones, Escuela Politécnica, Cáceres (Spain)
J. M. Valls, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Dpto. de Informática, Escuela
Politécnica Superior, Madrid (Spain)
M. A. Vega, Universidad de Extremadura, Dpto. de Tecnologı́as de Computa-
dores y Comunicaciones, Escuela Politécnica, Cáceres (Spain)
F. Xhafa, Universitat Politècnia de Catalunya, Dpto. de Llenguatges i Sistemes
Informàtics, Barcelona (Spain)
 FOREWORD

The topic of optimization, especially in the context of solving complex problems,

is of utmost importance to most practitioners who deal with a variety of opti-
mization tasks in real-world settings. These practitioners need a set of new tools
for extending existing algorithms and developing new algorithms to address a
variety of real-world problems. This book addresses these very issues.
The first part of the book covers many new ideas, algorithms, and techniques.
These include modern heuristic methods such as genetic programming, neural net-
works, genetic algorithms, and hybrid evolutionary algorithms, as well as classic
methods such as divide and conquer, branch and bound, dynamic programming,
and cryptographic algorithms. Many of these are extended by new paradigms
(e.g., new metaheuristics for multiobjective optimization, dynamic optimization)
and they address many important and practical issues (e.g., constrained optimiza-
tion, optimization of time series).
The second part of the book concentrates on various applications and indi-
cates the applicability of these new tools for solving complex real-world prob-
lems. These applications include DNA sequencing and reconstruction, location
of antennas in telecommunication networks, job scheduling, cutting and packing
problems, multidimensional knapsack problems, and image processing, to name
a few.
The third and final part of the book includes information on the possibility of
remote optimization through use of the Internet. This is definitely an interesting
option, as there is a growing need for such services.
I am sure that you will find this book useful and interesting, as it presents a
variety of available techniques and some areas of potential applications.

Zbigniew Michalewicz
University of Adelaide, Australia
February 2008

xix
 PREFACE

This book is the result of an ambitious project to bring together various visions
of many researchers in both fundamental and applied issues of computational
methods, with a main focus on optimization. The large number of such techniques
and their wide applicability make it worthwhile (although difficult) to present in
a single volume some core ideas leading to the creation of new algorithms and
their application to new real-world tasks.
In addition to researchers interested mainly in algorithmic aspects of
computational methods, there are many researchers whose daily work is rather
application-driven, with the requirement to apply existing techniques efficiently
but having neither the time, the resources, nor the interest in algorithmic
aspects. This book is intended to serve all of them, since these two points
of view are addressed in most of the chapters. Since the book has these two
parts (fundamentals and applications), readers may use chapters of either part
to enhance their understanding of modern applications and of optimization
techniques simultaneously.
Since this is an edited volume, we were able to profit from a large number
of researchers as well as from new research lines on related topics that have
begun recently; this is an important added value that an authored book would
probably not provide to such an extent. This can easily be understood by listing
the diverse domains considered: telecommunications, bioinformatics, economy,
cutting, packing, cryptography, hardware, laser industry, scheduling, and many
more.
We express our profound appreciation to all who have contributed a chapter
to this book, since any merit the work deserves must be credited to them. Also,
we thank the research groups that contributed to the book for their efforts and
for their help in making this project successful. We also appreciate the support
received from Wiley during the entire editing process, as well as the decisive
endorsement by Professor A. Zomaya that made this idea a reality. To all, thank
you very much.

Enrique Alba
Christian Blum
Pedro Isasi
Coromoto León
Juan Antonio Gómez
February 2008
xxi
 PART I

METHODOLOGIES FOR COMPLEX

PROBLEM SOLVING

1
 CHAPTER 1

Generating Automatic Projections

by Means of Genetic Programming
C. ESTÉBANEZ and R. ALER
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The aim of inductive machine learning (ML) is to generate models that can
make predictions from analysis of data sets. These data sets consist of a number
of instances or examples, each example described by a set of attributes. It is
known that the quality or relevance of the attributes of a data set is a key issue
when trying to obtain models with a satisfactory level of generalization. There
are many techniques of feature extraction, construction, and selection [1] that
try to improve the representation of data sets, thus increasing the prediction
capabilities of traditional ML algorithms. These techniques work by filtering
nonrelevant attributes or by recombining the original attributes into higher-quality
ones. Some of these techniques were created in an automatic way by means of
genetic programming (GP).
GP is an evolutionary technique for evolving symbolic programs [2]. Most
research has focused on evolving functional expressions, but the use of loops
and recursion has also been considered [3]. Evolving circuits are also among the
successes of GP [4]. In this work we present a method for attribute generation
based on GP called the GPPE (genetic programming projection engine). Our
aim is to evolve symbolic mathematical expressions that are able to transform
data sets by representing data on a new space, with a new set of attributes
created by GP. The goal of the transformation is to be able to obtain higher
accuracy in the target space than in the original space. The dimensions of the
new data space can be equal to, larger, or smaller than those of the original.
Thus, we also intend that GPPE be used as a dimension reduction technique as

Optimization Techniques for Solving Complex Problems, Edited by Enrique Alba, Christian Blum,
Pedro Isasi, Coromoto León, and Juan Antonio Gómez
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

3
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 524 BIOGRAPHIES OF since 1855, and has been so careful
in administering justice that there has never been a case appealed
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Manorville ; and Warren T., a book-keeper for the firm of W. L. Kahn
& Co., of Pittsburgh. On September 30, 1884, Mrs. Henrietta C.
McClarren died, and on April 19, 1888, Mr. McClarren united in
marriage with Emma E. Harrah, of Lawrence county, Pa. P. F.
McClarren is an active republican. Besides acting as justice of the
peace, he has served as school director and in other township offices
for several terms. He is a member of the Evangelical Lutheran
church, of which he has been an elder for a number of years.
WILLIAM McCOLLUM, one of the wellknown and highly respected
citizens of East Franklin township, was born in county Donegal,
Ireland, February 3, 1825, and is a son of William and Sarah
(McGarvey) McCollum. William McCollum left his native county of
Donegal in 1829, and came to what is now East Franklin township,
where he purchased two hundred acres of land, and was engaged in
farming until his death, in 1853, when in the seventy-sixth year of
his age. He was an early settler in the township, was a member of
the United Presbyterian church, and supported the Republican party
from the time of its organization until his death. He married Sai'ah
McCollum, who was a native of the same county, and a member of
the same church as himself. She died in 1835, when only thirtyfive
years of age. William McCollum was reared from four years of age
on the farm on which he now resides, and has always resided ever
since his fourth year. He attended the early common schools of his
township, and then engaged in farming, which he has followed until
the present time. He owns one hundred and fifty acres of the home
farm, to which he has added forty-eight acres additional by
purchase. His farm is well-impi'oved and well-watered. He raises
good crops of grain and some very good stock. He is a stanch
democrat, and has served his township as assessor for one term,
and as a member of the school board for several terms. He is a
member of Limestone Evangelical Lutheran church. Mr. McCollum is
of rather a retiring disposition, has no thirst for office or political
position, and has been successful in farming and stock-raising. He
enjoys the respect of his neighbors, has a comfortable home, and is
genial and hospitable. In 1851 he married Susan Tarr, daughter of
Joseph Tarr, of this township. They are the parents of nine children,
three sons and six daughters: Joseph, who married Annie Lemmon ;
Martha, wife of Robert Rogers, an oildriller; George, of Butler, Pa.;
Mary, married to David Bowser, a farmer of this township ; William,
an oil contractor of Freeport, and married Aggie Coleman ; Sarah,
wife of William Rogers, who operates a flouring-mill ; Eliza, wife of
Robert Thompson, of Leechburg; Margaret and Nancy. JOHN B.
McGregor. Success in any oc*-^ cupation of life is to be won by
energy, determination and steady, continuous effort. One who has
thus been successful is John B. McGregor, an enterprising farmer of
Valley township. He was born in Bedford county.
 ARMSTRONG COUNTY. 525 Pennsylvania, July 27, 1838,
and is a son of Christopher and Martha (Barr) McGregor. The
McGregors are of Scotch origin, and are descendants of the
McGregor family of Scotland, which was so prominent in the military
history of that country during the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries. Christopher McGregor, tlie father of John B. McGregor, was
born and reared in Bedford county, from which he came in 1844 to
this county. He worked for many years on public works, and now
resides with the subject of this sketch. He is a republican in politics,
a member of the Reformed church and is a man who is well
preserved for his eighty-three years of age. He married Martha Barr,
of Bedford county, who was a member of the Metliodist Episcopal
church, and passed away in 1857. Tiiey were industrious and honest,
and reared a family of several sons and daughters. John B.
McGregor was reared principally in this county, and received his
education in the common schools. Leaving school, he sought for
employment at the public works, where wages were then far better
than what could be obtained for day labor at anything else. He
worketl steadily at different works until 1862, when he liad
accumulated sufficient means to purchase his present farm of
seventy-five acres of land in Valley township. He immediately moved
upon this farm, which he has been successfully engaged in tilling
ever since. Mr. McGregor is a republican in politics, and served his
township acceptably for eleven years as constable, and two years as
a supervisor of roads. His farm is heavily underlaid with a valuable
vein of coal which he has opened in one place and from which he
obtains a very marketable article. In 1861 lie married Sarah E.
Baumgardner, then of Armstrong county, but formerly of
Northampton county. To their union have been born six children,
four sons and two daughters: Annie J., wife of George Roney, a
farmer of Manor township ; Harry B., who married Mattie
Waugaman, and is engaged in farming in Jefferson county ; Ira M.,
Thomas C, OIlie R. and Samuel P. John B. McGregor is always ready
and ever willing to assist or aid in whatever is for the l)enefit, or in
the interest of his community. LOUIS MERGENTHALER. one of Valley
township's substantial citizens and the owner of a remarkably fine
agricultural and rich mineral farm, was born in the kingdom of
Wflrtembcrg (now a province of the German empire), Germany,
January 22, 1832, and is a son of Gotlieb and Barbara Mergentiialer.
Gotlieb Mergenthaler was a native of Wittenberg, where he followed
farming. He was a member of the Evangelical Lutheran churcii, and
died in 1836. His wife, Barbara JNIergenthaler, was a native of
Wurtemberg, was a devout member of the Lutheran church and died
in 1 837. They were a pious and honest couple, and reared a
respectable family of children. Louis Mergenthaler was reared in
Wcirtemberg, where he received his education in excellent private
schools. When he attained his majority he was drafted for military
service in the German army, but purchased his time from the
government, and at twenty-two years of age came to this country.
He became a resident of Allegheny, this State, where he w'as
engaged for four years in the butchering busine.ss. He then came to
Kittanning with his brother, and opened a butcher-shop and meat-
market, which he run successfully for two years, when he removed
to his present farm in Valley township. This farm is two and one-half
miles from Kittanning, and on the Kittanning and Clearfield pike. It
contains one hundred and thirty-eight acres of good producing land,
and is one of the choice mineral farms of the township. It contains
three veins of coal a vein of
 .526 BIOORAPHIES OF excellent limestone, and a large bed
of superior fire-clay. On March 19, 1856, he married Isabella Taylor,
daughter of Thomas Taylor, of Valley township. They have one child,
a daughter: Essie Taylor. Mrs. Mergenthaler's paternal grandfather,
Thomas Taylor, Sr. , was a native of Scotland, served in the
commencement of the Revolutionary war as a commissary, and died
just after the battle of Braudywine. His son, Thomas Taylor (father of
Mrs. Mergenthaler), was born west of the Allegheny mountains,
served in the war of 1812, married Martha Bell, and owned the farm
upon which Mr. and Mrs. Mergenthaler reside. He was a Jacksonian
democrat, and died in 1847, at the ripe old age of eighty-eight years.
In politics Louis Mergenthaler is a democrat. He is a member of the
Presbyterian church, and ranks as a man of solid worth, whose life
has been given to honest and useful labor, and whose efforts have
been rewarded with substantial success. JOHN MILLIKEN, one of the
thoroughgoing and most successful business men of ' East Franklin
township and western Armstrong county, is a son of Andrew and
Margaret i (Wiley) Milliken, and was born in East Franklin townsip,
Armstrong county, Pennsylvania, July 12, 1853. He is descended
from the Milliken family that has been long resident in the north of
Ireland. His paternal grandfather, Thomas Milliken, came from the "
Emerald Isle " to the United States during the latter part of the last
century. He first settled in Erie county, but soon came to East
Franklin township, where he purchased a farm of two hundred acres,
and followed farming until his death. His son, Andrew Milliken
(father), was born in Erie county in 1809, and died at his home, in
this township, in 1880. He came with his father to East Franklin
township when but a mere child. After attaining to the years of
manhood he entered upon a most remarkable and wonderfully
successful business career as a farmer and stock dealer. Although
starting with a small capital, yet irr fifty years he had amassed an
estate worth nearly one hundred thou.sand dollars. He was a
presbyterian and a democrat, and filled acceptably several of his
township's offices. Generous and kind to to the poor, his character
was above the taint of suspicion. He married Margaret Wiley, who
was a member of the Presbyterian church, and passed away in 1885,
when in the seventy-first year of her age. John Milliken was reared
on the farm and obtained his education in the common schools. At
fourteen years of age he engaged at Adrian in the general
mercantile business, in which he continued for three and one- half
years. At the end of that time he commenced buying and selling
stock on a large scale, and has been dealing more or le.ss in stock
ever since, although not so extensively as he did during the first ten
years after engaging in the stock business. In 1885 he purchased his
present farm of one hundred and sixty-five acres, which is
wellimproved, and but a half-mile distant from Adrian. On October
20, 1885, Mr. Milliken married Belle Thompson, daughter of Archie
Thompson, of Canada. Two children have blessed this union :
Andrew and Koscoe. John Milliken has always been an earnest
democrat, has filled several township offices and is never lacking in
support of his party and its measures. Mr. Milliken is probably as well
acquainted with everything relating to stock business as any man in
the county, and his excellent judgment of weights and measures
contributes no little to his success in cattle dealing.
 ARMSTRONG COUNTY. o27 JOHN M. NELSON. One who
passed ^ through all the perils of western mining camps in the gold
fields of California and risked his life on southern battle-fields is John
M. Nelson, a justice of the peace of Manor township. He is a son of
George and Isabella (Montgomery) Nelson, and was born in
Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, March 13, 1837. George Nelson was
born in county Antrim, Ireland, in 1795, and came with his wife, in
1832 to Pennsylvania, where he settled in Lancaster county. In 1838
he removed to Pittsburg!), where he worked at his trade of
carpenter until 1855, when he purchased a farm in Allegheny county
and was engaged in farming for seven years. He dietl in 1862, at
sixtyseven years of age. He was a republican in politics and a
member of the Covenanter church and married Isabella
Montgomery, a native of county Antrim, Ireland, who was a
consistent member of the Covenanter church and died in 1888, at
the advanced age of eighty years. John M. Nelson was reared
principally in Pittsburgh, where he received his education in the
public schools of that city. In 1857 he joined the tide of emigration
to the gold fields of California and went by way of the Isthmus of
Panama. He was engaged in gold-mining until 1863, when he
enlisted in Co. K, 1st regiment, California Vols., as a private, and
served until November, 1865, when he was discharged at Fort Riley,
Kansas. He participated in all the skirmishes and battles of his
regiment, until he was wounded in the knee at Fort Union, New
Mexico, from which wound he suffered until Dec. 5, 1890, when he
had to have the limb amputated. After being discharged he returned
to Pennsylvania and was engaged for eleven years in the Igeneral
mercantile business at Millertown, Allegheny county. In 1878 he was
appointed deputy in the office of the county treasurer of Allegheny
county, which position he held until 1882, when he entered the
United States revenue service, in which he served for five years. He
then (1887) came to Ford City, where he still resides. On March 19,
1867, he married Hannah M. Howe, daughter of James Howe, of
Allegheny county. Their union has been blessed with one child, a
daughter, Eva. John M. Nelson is an active republican in politics and
in Fehruar}', 1889, was elected justice of the peace of Manor
township. He is a member of Tarentum Post, No. 135, Grand Army of
the Republic, Camp No. 1, Union Veteran Legion, of Pittsburgh, and
Pollock Lodge, No. 502, Free and Accepted Masons, at Tarentum,
and a member and trustee of the Methodist Episcopal church.
MATTHIAS R. PEPPER was born in Keel, Staffordshire, England,
March 29, 1846, and is a son of William and Elizabeth (Etlge) Pepper.
He lived with his parents in Keel and vicinity until he was about
twelve years of age, when his father moved to Birmingham, where
he was employed for a number of years in running a stationary
engine for a plate-glass works. When about thirteen years of age, M.
R. Pepper entered the Birmingham plate-glass works, where he was
employed as a bench boy in the polishing department, where, by
working industriously and step by step, he learned the
manufacturing of plate-glass in all of its details. At the age of
twenty-one he was foreman in the polishing department. On Sept.
30, 1866, he married Esther Coo[>er, daughter of John and Priscilla
(Gosling) Cooper. They have five children, two sons and three
daughters : Jennie, who is married to Chas. Kier of Creighton,
Allegheny county. Pa., John A., Matthias R., Jr., Esther P. and Lillian
A. In 1870 there was great talk in England of a large glass works
being built by Cajitain J. B. Ford, of Indiana, who is the founder of
the first plate glass M'orks in America. M. R.
 528 BIOGRAPHIES OF Pepper's father-in-law, John Cooper,
determined to come out as a glass-grinder. Captain J. B. Ford then
had a grinder, but where could he get a man that understood
smoothing, polishing and tlie finishing of glass in all of its details? He
was then told of M. R. Pepper, and at the wish of Captain J. B. Ford,
Mr. Pepper came to New Albany, Indiana, where he acted for Mr.
Ford as superintendent. In 1883 he went to the Pittsburgh Plate
Glass Co., Creighton, Pa., where he acted for Mr. Ford as foreman
polisher for two years and then became superintendent of the
works, which position he held three years. In 1888 he was offered
and accepted for the same company the general superiutendency of
the Ford city plate-glass plant, which is the largest glass works in the
world, and removed to that place, where he has remained ever
since. He is the first practical 2>lateglass worker in the United
States. He polished the first plate-glass that was made in this
country, and it was ground by his father-in-law, John Cooper.
Matthias R. Pepper is a i-epublican in politics. He is a member of the
American Legion of Honor, No. 932, and Kittanning Lodge, No. 244,
Free and Accepted Masons. Since being in the United States he has
t^yice visited the land of his nativity. ROBERT G. RALSTON, M.D., an
active and successful physician of Middlesex, East Franklin township,
and a member of the Armstrong Medical society and the
Pennsylvania State Medical society, is a son of James and Jane
(Graham) Ralston, and was born in Armstrong county, Pentisylvania,
January 22, 1830. Among the early settlers of Westmoreland county,
from county Tyrone, Ireland, was Matthew Ralston, the paternal
grandfather of Dr. Ralston. Matthew Ralston, who was an earnest
presbyterian, settled with his family, about 1799, in Westmoreland
county, where he followed farming until his death, in 1839. In
religious matters he was strict in the presbyterian faith of his
forefathers and in political affairs, in this county, was a stanch
supporter of the Democratic party. Of his sons born in the old world,
one was James Ralston (father), who was reared from nine years of
age in Westmoreland county, where he resided until he came to this
county. Sixteen years later he returned to Westmoreland county, and
after a residence of sixteen years came to South Buffalo township.
In 1866 he came to East Franklin township, where he died
December 30, 1876, aged eighty-six years. He followed farming and
was a member, for over half a century, of the Presbyterian church, in
which, during the larger part of that time, he had .served as a ruling
elder. He was a democrat in politics and a pillar of strength in his
church. He was a life-long democrat and a successful farmer and
married Jane Graham, who was a native of Ireland and a
presbyterian in religious fnith and died April 21, 1871, aged
seventyfour years and nine months. Her father, Joseph Graham
(maternal grandfather), came about 1800 from county Tyrone to
Armstrong county, where he followed farming as long as he lived.
Robert G. Ralston was reared in Westmoreland and Arm.strong
counties and received his literary education in Jefferson college,
from which he was graduated in the class of 1855. After graduation
he went to Kentucky, where he was engaged for one year in
teaching. Returning home at the end of that time, he read medicine
with Dr. Snowden, of Freeport, Pa., and entered Jefferson Medical
college October, 1857, from which he was graduated in March, 1860.
One year later he located at Middlesex, this township, where he has
remained ever since, in the successful practice of his profession. He
is a member of the county and State medical societies. He is an
elder of the Presbyterian church and a democrat in politics. On June
17, 1865, Dr. Ralston married
 AMMSTRONG COUNTY. 520 Martha Terapleton, daughter of
John Templetou, of Sugar Creek township. To this union have been
born ten cliiidren, three sons and seven daughters : Nannie B.,
married to Rev. J. C.Ambrose; Jennie, Nettie M., Elizabeth M., Ina F.,
William J., Catherine, John T., Virginia and Robert S. Dr. Ralston
owns two good farms in this county and resides upon the one
adjoining Middlese.x. As a safe, sound and successful physician, he
receives the well-merited respect of his professional brethren, and
the confidence of the community. ISAAC REESE, the descendant of
an old and J- thrifty family, noted for its longevity, and the inventor
of the Reese silica fire-brick, now in such general use throughout the
United States, was born in Wales, in 1820, and is a son of William
Reese. The Reese family is remarkable for the great age attained by
many of its members. Isaac Reese's paternal greatgrandfather lived
to be one hundred antl four years of age and one of his sons
(grandfather) die
 530 BIOGRAPHIES OF ships them to every manufacturing
State and territory of the Union, especially to the gold, silver and
copper-smelting works of Colorado, and exports some to other
countries. He now manufactures nothing but silica brick and cannut
fill the demand for them. They have about driven the imported
article from the market and are used exclusively by all the plate-
glass works of the United States. He is assisted in his business by his
three sons : George W., Benjamin P. and Walter L., of whom the first
is general superintendent and the latter two are assistant
superintendents of the works. Isaac Reese, in his process of
manufacturing silica brick, has secured to the world an important
and useful discovery and has laid the foundation of a valuable
branch of industry in western Pennsylvania. GEORGE ROSS, a
descendant of one of the early settled families of Armstrong county
and a justice of the peace of Manor township, is a son of
Washington and Margaret (Copley) Ross, and was born in Manor
township, Armstrong county, Pennsylvania, September 6, 1846. The
Ross family traces its ancestry to the nobility of Scotland. Judge
George Ross (grandfather) was born in Chester county,
Pennsylvania, in 1777 and removed, in 1800, to Armstrong county,
where he acted as a deputy State surveyor, and laid out Kittanning.
At one time he was one of the largest land-owners in the county and
was in possession of over 700 acres of land. In 1805 he was elected
associate judge of the county, which office he filled very creditably
until he died, in 1829, when he was in the seventy-third year of his
age. He was an active member of the Appleby Manor Presbyterian
church, whose house of worship he was mainly instrumental in
having erected. He was prominent, influential and highly respected
throughout the county. Judge Ross came to what is the
southwestern part of Manor township as early as 1807, for he is first
assessed in Kittanning township in 1808. He and his family lived for
some time in a cabin near Fort Green. He built the first stone house
in his section of the county. He was assessed in 1808 with one
hundred acres of land and in 1820 with a saw and grist-mill, which
were at what was afterwards knowu as " Ross' Mills." Grists were
brought to his mill from a distance of from twenty to thirty miles. In
1807 he purchased " Ross' " island, opposite the mouth of Crooked
creek, from William Green for one hundred dollars. His son,
Washington Ross (father), was born on his father's farm, in Manor
township, iu 1817. In early life he owned and operated a steam saw-
mill, but soon afterwards engaged iu farming, which he followed
actively until of late years. He owns a farm of one hundred and
seventy acres of land and gives a portion of his time to its
management. He now resides at Kittanning. He has been very
successful in his business ventures, and iu 1854 laid out on his lands
the towu of Rosston, which was named after him. He is a rejjublican
in politics and a member of the Presbyterian church and married
Margaret Copley, who was born in Philadelphia iu 1826. George Ross
was reared on the farm ou which both he and his father were born.
After attending the public schools of Mauor township and Kittanning
seminary, he entered the employ of W. D. Robinson, a merchant of
Rosston, with whom he remained one year. At the end of that time
he engaged in farming, which he has followed until the present time.
During a part of the years 1888 aud 1889 he acted as assistant
postmaster at Ford City. On January 28, 1874, he married Eva
McKee, daughter of Thomas V. McKee, one of the commissioners of
Armstrong county. To Mr. and Mrs. Ross have been born .six
children, three sons and three daughters: May, James G., Bessie,
Thomas, Washington and Josephine.
 ARMSTRONG COUNTY. 531 111 politics, George Ross is an
independent republican. In 1884 he was elected justice of the peace
of Manor township, which office he filled for five years. He has also
been elected at various times to the offices of school director and
auditor. Mr. Ross owns a good farm, has been successful in farming
and stock-raising and commands the respect and esteem of the
community in which he resides. j DAVID RUPP, an intelligent and
respected ' citizen of Kittanning township, is one of the few Union
soldiers of the late war who witnessed Robert Lee tender his sword
at Ap- ' pomattox Court-house to Ulys.ses S. (rrant. He is a son of
Francis and Elizabeth (Olinger) Rui)p, and was born in Kittanning
township, Armstrong county, Pennsylvania, January .30, 1828. His
paternal grandfather, Francis Rupp, Sr., was a native of Germany,
and came, before 1800 to this township where he purchased and
cleared out a large farm when Indians were ; still in the country. His
maternal grandfather, : Adam Olinger, was a native of esistern Penn-
! sylvania and, like Francis Rupp, became an early settler and large
land-holder of Kittanning township, in which he died. Francis Rupp
(father) was born in 1799 and died in 1847. He was a prosperous
farmer, an old-line whig and an elder of the Presbyterian church. He
had an older brother, Adam Rupp, who served in the war of 1812.
Francis Rupp married Elizabeth Olinger, who was born in eastern
Pennsylvania, united, at an early age, with the Lutheran church and
died in 1853, aged fiftynine years. David Rupp was reared on a farm
and obtained his education in the schools of his neighborhood.
Trained to farm work and farm management, he engaged in farming
when he came to do for himself. On September 16, 1864. he enlisted
in Co. H, 199th regiment, Pa. Vols., and served until June 28, 1865,
when he was honorably discharged. Although serving but eight
months, yet he saw as much hard fighting as some of the men who
served for three years. He was in the engagements March 29, 1865,
in front of Petersburg and at Rice's station and Appomattox Court-
house. At the clo.se of the war he returned to Kittanning township,
where he has been engaged in farming ever since. He owns a good
farm of sixty acres of land, which is well improved and lies in a
productive part of the township. In 1852 Mr. Rupp united in marriage
with Sarah Moorhead, daughter of John Moorhead, Sr., of Manor
township. Mr. and Mrs. Rupp have had eleven children, seven sons
and four daughters: Sarah E., John F., Samuel W., Margaret F., David
M., Mary A., Hannah A., Arthur L., Norman H., Charles H., and James
W., who died May 6, 1889, aged twenty-eight years. David Rupp is a
member of the Evangelical Lutheran church and a pronouncetl
republican in politics. He has filled acceptably the offices of
supervisor of roads and school director. Honest, reliable and
industrious, Mr. Rupp commands the respect of his neighbors and is
well situated to enjoy the comforts of life. SIMON P. SCHALL, a
leading farmer and stock-raiser of Manor township, and an influential
citizen in the community in which he resides, is a son of Israel and
Sarah (Hildman) Schall, and was born in Kittanning township,
Armstrong county, Penu.sylvania, February 20, 1 838. His
grandfather, Michael Schall, was born in eastern Pennsylvania in
1776, and removed to Armstrong county, where he was engaged in
farming for over fifty years. He died in 1856, aged eighty years. He
was an industrious farmer, a peaceable man and a member of the
Evangelical Lutheran church. One of his sous, Israel Schall (father),
was born in Kittanning township in 1802, and resided
 532 BIOORAPHIES OF there until his death. He was a
farmer by occupatiou, a prominent democrat in polities and at
different times held various of his township's offices. For a number
of years he was a deacon in the Evangelical Lutheran church, of
which both he and his wife were consistent members. He died in
1868, when in the sixtysixth year of his age. He married Sarah
Hildniau, who was born in Kittanniiig township in 18011. Mrs. Schall
is still living in Kittauning township and is very active for a woman of
eighty-one years of age. Simon P. Schall was reared on his father's
farm, and after receiving a common-school education, learned the
trade of carpenter, which he followed for fifteen years. He then
engaged in farming, which he has followed ever since. He now owns
a farm of one hundred and thirty acres, some six miles from
Kittauning, on the KittanninsT and Leechburtr road. In addition to
farming Mr. Schall makes a live stock, which he raises for markets. In
1860 he married Eliza Patrick, a daughter of Robert Patrick, of
Kittauning township. They have been the parents of seven children .
Sarah M., Warren, Laura, Kobert, Joseph Harry, and one which died.
Simon P. Schall is a trustee of the Methodist Episcopal church, of
which he is a consistent member. He is a republican in politics, has
filled various township offices and is esteemed in the community in
which he resides as an energetic and substantial citizen, who is ever
ready to assist in any and every good cause. He is firm in his
convictions of what he believes to be right, yet is considerate of the
feelings and opinions of others, and never forces his views on any
one. specialty of the eastern JOSEPH J. SCHRECKENGOST, a de"
scendant of two substantial and early families, and a prosperous
farmer of Kittanning township, is a son of Benjamin and Susanna
(Oury) Schreckengost, and was born in Kittanning township,
Armstrong county, Pennsylvania, April 29, 1829. His paternal
grandfather, Coonrod Scheckengost, Sr., was a native of Germany,
and came to Bucks county, where he remained a short time. He then
came to Kittanning township, where he purchased a farm and
followed farming and gunsmithing until his death. He was one of the
early settlers of this township and was accompanied here by his son,
Coonrod Schreckengost (father), who was born in Bucks county.
Coonrod Schreckengost, who lived to be eighty-two years of age,
was a miller by trade, but gave part of his time to farming. He was a
lutheran in religious belief, and a republican in political opinion and
married Susanna Oury. Mrs. Schreckengost, was a member of the
Evangelical Lutheran church. Joseph J. Schreckengost was reared on
his father's farm in a day when farmers' sons had to encounter
privations and hardships of which they know nothing to-day. He
obtained his education in the schools of his neighborhood, which
were as good as any in the county at that period. Leaving school, he
learned the trade of millwright, which he followed for eight years. He
then embarked in the milling business, which he followed for eight
years, and at the end of that time engaged in farming, in which he
has continued successfully ever since. J. J. Schreckengost united in
marriage with Rachel J. Bouch, daughter of Eli Bouch, of Kittanning
township. They have six children living, four sons and two
daugbtere, of whom five are : Susanna P., Nathaniel, William E.,
Sarah Adaline and David A. In religious belief Mr. Schreckengost is a
methodist, being a member of one of the churches of that
denomination. In political opinion he is a republican. He owns a very
good farm of sixty-five acres of land, which he carefully cultivates.
The Schreckengost and
 ARMSTRONG COUNTY. 533 Oury families were early settlers
of this township. In the assessment list of 1807 there are four of the
name of Schreckengost, who were land-owners, and on the same
list appears the names of Christopher Onry, who owned a distillery,
and Adam Oury, a farmer. SHEDRICK A. STARR, one of the young,
ambitious and successful farmers and stockdealers of Valley
township, is a son of Joseph and Mary (Lucas) Starr, and was born in
Valley township, Armstrong county, Pennsylvania, June lit, 1800.
Joseph Starr, who is a prominent farmer and very successful
business man, was born in 1818, in this county, where he has always
resided. He commenced the battle of life for himself with but little
capital, but by hard labor, good management and judicious
investments, he has secured a comfortable competency and now
owns four well-improved and well-stocked farms, besides having an
interest iu several business enterprises. In connection with farming
he has always dealt largely in stock. He is a member of the Pine
Creek Baptist church, in which he has served for several years as a
deacon. He married Mary Lucas, who is a member of the same
church to which her husband belongs. Shedrick A. Starr wsis reared
iu this township and received his education iu its common schools.
Leaving school, he engaged in farming until 1887, on the farm on
which he was born and reared. In the spring of the la.st-naraed year
he removed to his present farm, which is conveniently situated in
regard to market, church and school. In 1883 he united in marriage
with Phebe Slagle, daughter of Daniel Slagle, of Valley township.
Their union has been blest with three children, one son and two
daughters. Two of their children are : Charles C. and Lulu M. In
religious faith Mr. Starr is a baptist and a member of Pine Creek chui-
ch of that tlenomination. In political sentiment he is a democrat and
believes iu the principles of that party as practiced by Andrew
Jackson and Grover Cleveland. He has served as auditor of Valley
township for six years. He deals largely iu stock, which he ships to
the eastern markets. His farm contains si.\ty-six acres of good
farming land, which is well improved. It is underlaid with coal, which
is equally accessible for mining purposes with the other coal lands of
that section. Mr. Starr has devoted his time largely to farming and
stock-dealing, and has met with good success in his chosen line of
business. He is always ready to aid the need}', and takes a
Justifiable pride iu the progress and prosperity of his township.
JOHN STEWART, one of the prosperous farmers and respected
citizens of Valley township, was born in county Donegal, Ireland, in
May, 1823, aud is a son of James and Rebecca (Doak) Stewart.
James Stewart left his native county of Donegal and came in 1827 to
Philadelphia, where he remained l)ut six months before removing to
Westmoreland county, in which he resided for nearly three years. He
then came to Armstrong county, where he settled in Mahoning
township and was engaged in farming until his death, which
occurred in 1813, wheu in the seventieth year of his age. He was an
industrious man and a consistent member of the Presb3'terian
church. He married Rebecca Doak, who was like himself a native of
county Donegal, and a member of the Presbyterian church. She was
bom iu 1785 and died in 1863, wheu lacking but two years of being
an octogenarian. They were a well-respected couple in the
community in which they resided, and had a family of four sons and
one daughter. John Stewart was reared from seven years of age on
his father's farm in Mahoning township, where he received a
practical common business education in the country schools of that
day.
 534 BIOQBAPHIES OF Upon attaiDing his majority he
engaged in farming, which he has pursued profitably ever since. Mr.
Stewart owns two good farms in Valley township, and his home
farm, which he bought , in 1846 and on which he resided since
1852, containing one hundred and sixty acres of wellimproved and
tillable laud. He also erected his comfortable residence and the
convenient barn and numerous out-buildings which are on liis :
home farm. ' On December 9, 1852, Mr. Stewart married Elizabeth
Harris, daughter of Joseph Harris, a native of Ireland. To Mr. and
Mrs. Stewart have been born seven children : Rebecca Ann, born
April 8, 1854, died July 8, 1859; Elizabeth J., born October 18, 1856,
died June 8, 1878 ; Margaret A., Mary T., who was a teacher in the
Kittanuing schools for three years and marrietl Hugh Mclsaac,
Indiana county, and Emma F. A., Anabel B. and Rebecca. John
Stewart is neutral in politics and a member and elder of the
Reformed Presbyterian church. He is one of the substantial and
industrious farmers of this prosperous township. ANDREW H.
WARNER, the present postmaster and a successful merchant of
Greendale, is one of the leading citizens and representative business
men of Valley township. He was born in the kingdom of Wiirtemberg,
Germauy, January 27, 1843, and is a son of Henry and Mary
(Warner) Warner. Henry Warner was a life-long resident of
Wiirtemberg, in which he followed farming. He was a steady, honest
man, a member of the Lutheran church, and died in 1845. He
married Mary Warner, a native of Wiirtemberg, who is a lutheran iu
religious faitii, and resides now at Greendale. Andrew H. Warner was
reared in Germany until he was fourteen years of age, when he
came with his mother, in 1857, to Lawrence county, where she
resided for thirty years. He received his education in the excellent
public schools of Germany and the common schools of Pennsylvania.
At seventeen years of age he went to Pittsburgh, where he entered
the employ of the Cleveland and Pittsburgh R. R. company. He
remained with them for twentyfour years, and during that long
period of time served as lost car agent, yard dispatcher, and in
various other trustworthy and responsible positions. In 1884 he
resigned the position which he then held in the company's service,
and came to Valley township, to his present farm, which he had
purchased iu 1876. From 1884 to 1890 he devoted his time chiefly to
farming and stock-raising. In the spring of 1890 he opened a general
mercantile store at Greeudale, which is well stocked with drygoods,
groceries, hardware, notions and everything needed in the
mercantile line iu his section. Greendale seems to be a good location
for a store, as he has built up an unexpectedly large trade iu the few
months since he commenced business. On Aug. 30, 1863, he
married Fredericka Shurke, a native of Germany. They have eight
children, five sons and three daughters: Annie, John, Edward, Lydia,
Margaret, Charles, William and Ralph. A. H. Warner is a republican in
politics, and has served Valley township as auditor. He was
appointed postmaster at Greendale in April, 1890, which position he
still holds. In relijrious fiuth he is a member of the Reformed church.
His farm of one hundred and ninety acres was originally two farms,
which he bought in 1876. In farming and merchandising Mr. Warner
has been successful. To whatever business he has in hand he gives
that close attention which is essentially necessary to substantial
success. As a citizen and a business man he stands well with the
public.
 ARMSTRONG COUNTY. 535 MARCUS D. WAYMAN, of Ford
City, who has been interested in the plate-glass business for twenty
years, has made more machinery for plate-glass works than any
other man in the United States. He is a sou of Garey and Nancy
(Shellers) Wayman, and was born in Washington county, State of
Indiana, March 10, 1830. Garey Wayman was born in 1809, in
Maryland, and when a young man went to Lexington, Ky., where lie
entered and served for some time in a printing establishment. He
then removed to New Albany, Indiana, where he made his home
until his death, in tiie fall of 1843, when he was only thirtyeight
years of age. He was a member of the Baptist church, and married
Nancy Shellers, a daughter of John Shellers, of Frankfort, Ky., by
whom he had six children. Mrs. Wayman was born in Frankfort in
1809, is a member of the Methodist church, and now resides with
her sou, the subject of this sketch. Marcus D. Wayman was
principally reared in Kentucky, where he received a commonschool
education and learned the trade of foundryman. In 1850 he and
nineteen other young men crossed the plains, with ox-teams, to the
gold regions of California. After five years' successful experience in
gold-digging, he returned to Louisville and purchased a foundry,
which he has operated ever since. In this foundry he built the
machinery for a large immber of steamboats, and has fitted out as
high as eleven steamboats a year. During the late civil war he had
charge of the government works at Cairo, 111., and since 1870 Mr.
Wayman has been connected with Mr. Ford in the manufacture of
plate-glass. In 1870, under a contract with J. B. Ford, of New Albany,
Indiana, he built the first machinery made in the United States for a
plate-glass works, and since that time has constructed the
machinery for the following plate-glass works : the Crystal works of
St. Louis, Mo., the Louisville plant, the Jeffersouville plant, the
Creighton plant, the Tarentum plant and the two plate-glass works at
Ford City. In 1880 he moved from Louisville, Ky., to Tarentum, Pa.,
and ten years later to Ford City, where he has resided ever since. On
Sept. 20, 1871, he married Margaret Mongavin, daughter of Thomas
Mongaviu, of Louisville, Ky. To their union have been born six sons
and four daughters: Mary, Albert, Marcus D., Jr., Samuel, Thomas,
Garey, Margaretta, Ruth, Ruby and Kenneth. Marcus D. Wayman is a
liberal republican in politics. He is chairman of the board of trustees
of the Ford City Methodist Episcopal church, of which he is a
member. Mr. Wayman is the pioneer in the manufacture of American
plate-glass machinery, and is known as an energetic, practical
business man. TOHN WIBLE, a comfortably situated farmer ^ of
East Franklin, and a Union soldier in the famous old 14th Pa. Cavalry,
is a son of Isaac and Mary (Daiigherty) AA^ible, and was born in
East Franklin township, Armstrong county, Penu.sylvania, April 6,
1825. His paternal grandfather, John Wible, was a lifelong resident of
Westmoreland county, where he followed farming until his death. His
parents were of that industrious and sturdy class of early .settlers in
this State that is known as Penasylvania German. One of John
Wible's sons was Isaac Wible, the father of the subject of this
sketch. Isaac Wible was born \n the first year of the present century,
and in 1818 came from Westmoreland to Arm.Strong county, where
he purchased a farm of three hundred and twenty-five acres of laud
and became an extensive farmer and stock-raiser. He was a
republican politically and a member of the Presbyterian church,
whose every-day walk in life corresponded with his religious
profession. He died in 1882, aged eighty-two years. He married Mary
Daugherty, who was born in 1801 (see G. B. Daugherty's sketch of
Kittan 
 536 BIOGRAPHIES OF ARMSTRONG COUNTY. ning) and
whose father, Patrick Daugherty, was a native of Ireland. Her mental
faculties are wonderful for one who is verging on her ninetieth year,
and is reraarl
 RED BANK, WAYNE, COWANSHANNOCK, PLUM CREEK AND
SOUTH BEND TOWNSHIPS. Historical and Descriptive. — These five
townships lie aloug the eastern boundary line of Armstrong county.
Nearly all of Red Bank and Wayne townships are in the Lower
Productive Coal measures, and have heavy veins of ferriferous lime,
while small areas of these measures are to be found in the western
part of Cowanshannock, the southeastern and southwestern parts of
Plum Creek and the central and western parts of South Bend. The
remainder of the three last-named townships are in the Lower
Barren measures, and contain valuable beds of the Upper Freeport
coal. A small area of the Pittsburgh Coal-bed lies in the southwestern
part of South Bend township. Red Bank Toionship wa.s organizetl
September 18, 1806, and now contains only about oneseventh of its
original territory. In the northwestern part of the township was "Old
Town," an Indian village, which was founded prior to 1770. Presque
Isle was founded in 1850, and Independence was established in
1855. Wayne Township was formed from Plum Creek, on March 19,
1821, and was named in honor of Gen. Anthony Wayne. The North
American and Holland land companies owned considerable land in
this township. Glade Run Presbyterian church was organized, in
1808, with eight members : James and Margaret Kirkpatrick, Williatu
and Mary Mai-shall, William and Martha Kirkpatrick and William and
Mary Shields. The first grist-mill 32 was built by Joseph Marshall, Sr.,
in 1822, the first fulling-mill was erected in 1828 by David Lewis,
and the first grange in the county was organized in Wayne township.
Glade Run post-ofBce was established Dec. 17, 1828, Belknap, Sept.
21, 1855, and Echo, July 14, 1857. Cowanshannoch Town.ihijy was
formed from parts of Kittanuing, Plum Creek and Wayne townships,
on December 22, 1848, and was named after the creek of that
name. On the Thomas McCausland form are vestig&s of an old fort
of Mound-builder origin. Atwood, named from being at or near the
woods, was founded by Dr. Allison, who cleared the town site in
1860. Green Oak was laid out in 1 BCD, by W. Chrisman, and Rural
Valley dates its existence as a town from the establishment of its
postoffice, in 1830, but was not laid out until six years later. Plum
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