The Complete ASP.

NET Core 3 API Tutorial: Hands-

On Building, Testing, and Deploying 1st Edition
Les Jackson install download

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-complete-asp-net-core-3-api-
tutorial-hands-on-building-testing-and-deploying-1st-edition-les-
jackson-2/

Download more ebook instantly today - get yours now at textbookfull.com

We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit textbookfull.com
to discover even more!

The Complete ASP.NET Core 3 API Tutorial: Hands-On

Building, Testing, and Deploying 1st Edition Les
Jackson

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-complete-asp-net-core-3-api-
tutorial-hands-on-building-testing-and-deploying-1st-edition-les-
jackson-2/

Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook Loucas

https://textbookfull.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-
loucas/

Essential Angular for ASP.NET Core MVC 3 Adam Freeman

https://textbookfull.com/product/essential-angular-for-asp-net-
core-mvc-3-adam-freeman/

Beginning C 7 Hands On The Core Language Tom Owsiak

https://textbookfull.com/product/beginning-c-7-hands-on-the-core-
language-tom-owsiak/
Advanced ASP.NET Core 3 Security: Understanding Hacks,
Attacks, and Vulnerabilities to Secure Your Website 1st
Edition Scott Norberg

https://textbookfull.com/product/advanced-asp-net-
core-3-security-understanding-hacks-attacks-and-vulnerabilities-
to-secure-your-website-1st-edition-scott-norberg/

The DevOps 2 1 Toolkit Docker Swarm Building testing

deploying and monitoring services inside Docker Swarm
clusters 1st Edition Viktor Farcic

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-devops-2-1-toolkit-docker-
swarm-building-testing-deploying-and-monitoring-services-inside-
docker-swarm-clusters-1st-edition-viktor-farcic/

Architecting ASP.NET Core Applications Carl-Hugo

Marcotte

https://textbookfull.com/product/architecting-asp-net-core-
applications-carl-hugo-marcotte/

Pro Entity Framework Core 2 for ASP.NET Core MVC Adam

Freeman

https://textbookfull.com/product/pro-entity-framework-core-2-for-
asp-net-core-mvc-adam-freeman/

Essential Docker for ASP.NET Core MVC 1st Edition Adam

Freeman

https://textbookfull.com/product/essential-docker-for-asp-net-
core-mvc-1st-edition-adam-freeman/
Les Jackson

The Complete ASP.NET Core 3 API

Tutorial
Hands-On Building, Testing, and Deploying
1st ed.
Les Jackson
Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the

author in this book is available to readers on GitHub via the book’s
product page, located at www.​apress.​com/​9781484262542. For more
detailed information, please visit http://​www.​apress.​com/​source-code.

ISBN 978-1-4842-6254-2 e-ISBN 978-1-4842-6255-9

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6255-9

© Les Jackson 2020

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the

Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,
specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other
physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,

service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general
use.

The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the
advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate
at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Included with manuscript

Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer Science+Business

Media New York, 233 Spring Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10013.
Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax (201) 348-4505, e-mail orders-
ny@springer-sbm.com, or visit www.springeronline.com. Apress Media,
LLC is a California LLC and the sole member (owner) is Springer
Science + Business Media Finance Inc (SSBM Finance Inc). SSBM
Finance Inc is a Delaware corporation.
For Quynh
Acknowledgments
Writing this book (my first) has been a real eye-opener for me… I
greatly underestimated the extent to which I would rely on other
people (either directly or indirectly) to inspire, encourage, and just
generally help me to finish it. So, in true “Oscars style,” and in no
particular order, I’d like to thank the following groups of people in
helping to bring this book into the world. Without them, this book
would not exist.
For their good humor, endless support, and indulgence of me, I’d
like to thank my friends, family, and wonderful partner (to whom this
book is dedicated).
For their patience, support, and belief in a first-time author, I’d like
to express sincere thanks to the wonderful, professional editorial staff
at Apress.
For their insights, time, and willingness to share their knowledge,
I’d like to thank the fantastic community of C#/.NET professionals.
And finally, along with the countless others that have read my blog
or watched my YouTube channel, I’d like to thank you – the reader of
this book. You may never know just how significant supporting me in
this way has been…
Table of Contents
Chapter 1:​Introduction
Why I Wrote This Book
Apress Edition
The Approach of This Book
Where Can You Get the Code?​
Main Solution Repository (API and Unit Tests)
Secure Daemon Client Repository
Conventions Used in This Book
Version of the .​net Core Framework
Contacting the Author
Defects and Feature Improvements
Chapter 2:​Setting Up Your Development Environment
Chapter Summary
When Done, You Will
The Three Amigos:​Windows, Mac, and Linux
Your Ingredients
Links to the Software and Sites
Install VS Code
C# for Visual Studio Code
Insert GUID
Install .​NET Core SDK
Install GIT
Name and Email
Install Docker [Optional]
What Is Docker?​
 Docker Desktop vs.​Docker CE
Post-installation Check
Docker Plugin for VS Code
Install PostgreSQL
Install DBeaver CE
DBeaver vs.​pgAdmin
Install Postman
Trust Local Host Development Certs
Wrapping It Up
Chapter 3:​Overview of Our API
Chapter Summary
When Done, You Will
What Is a REST API?​
Our API
Payloads
Five Minutes On JSON
Chapter 4:​Scaffold Our API Solution
Chapter Summary
When Done, You Will
Solution Overview
Scaffold Our Solution Components
Creating Solution and Project Associations
Anatomy of An ASP.​NET Core App
The Program and Startup Classes
Chapter 5:​The “C” in MVC
Chapter Summary
 When Done, You Will
Quick Word on My Dev Setup
Call the Postman
What Is MVC?​
Model–View–Controller
Models, Data Transfer Objects, Repositories, and Data
Access
Our Controller
1.​Using Directives
2.​Inherit from Controller Base
3.​Set Up Routing
4.​APIController Attribute
5.​HttpGet Attribute
6.​Our Controller Action
Source Control
Git and GitHub
Setting Up Your Local Git Repo
.​gitignore file
Track and Commit Your Files
Set Up Your GitHub Repo
Create a GitHub Repository
So What Just Happened?​
Chapter 6:​Our Model and Repository
Chapter Summary
When Done, You Will
Our Model
 Data Annotations
Our Repository
What Is an Interface?​
What About Implementation?​
Dependency Injection
Back to the Start (Up)
Applying Dependency Injection
Chapter 7:​Persisting Our Data
Chapter Summary
When Done, You Will
Architecture Progress Check
PostgreSQL Database
Using Docker
Docker Command Prompt
Connecting with DBeaver
Entity Framework Core
The What and Why of ORMs
Entity Framework Command-Line Tools
Create Our DB Context
Update appsettings.​json
Revisit the Startup Class
Create and Apply Migrations
Adding Some Data
Tying It Altogether
Create a New Repository Implementation
Get All Command Items
 Get A Single Command (Existing)
Get A Single Command (Not Existing)
Wrapping Up the Chapter
Redact Our Login and Password
Chapter 8:​Environment Variables and User Secrets
Chapter Summary
When Done, You Will
Environments
Our Environment Setup
The Development Environment
So What?​
Make the Distinction
Order of Precedence
It’s Time to Move
User Secrets
What Are User Secrets?​
Setting Up User Secrets
Deciding Your Secrets
Where Are They?​
Code It Up
Wrap It Up
Chapter 9:​Data Transfer Objects
Chapter Summary
When Done, You Will
Architecture Review
The What and Why of DTOs
 Decouple Interface from Implementation (Again)
Implementing DTOs
Create Our DTOs
Setting Up AutoMapper
Using AutoMapper
Chapter 10:​Completing Our API Endpoints
Chapter Summary
When Done, You Will
Persisting Changes in EF Core
DB Context Tracks Changes
The Create Endpoint (POST)
Input Object
Success Outputs
Idempotency
Updating the Repository
CommandCreateDto​
Updating the Controller
Manually Testing the Create Endpoint
The Update Endpoint #1 (PUT)
Input Object
Success Outputs
Idempotent
Updating the Repository
CommandUpdateDto​
Updating the Controller
Manually Testing the Update (PUT) EndPoint
 The Update Endpoint #2 (PATCH)
Input Object
Idempotent
Updating the Repository
CommandUpdateDto​
Install Dependencies for PATCH
Updating the Startup Class
Updating the Controller
Manually Testing the Update (PATCH) EndPoint
The Delete Endpoint (DELETE)
Updating the Repository
CommandDeleteDto​
Updating the Controller
Wrap Up
Chapter 11:​Unit Testing Our API
Chapter Summary
When Done, You Will
What Is Unit Testing
Protection Against Regression
Executable Documentation
Characteristics of a Good Unit Test
What to Test?​
Unit Testing Frameworks
Arrange, Act, and Assert
Arrange
Act
 Assert
Write Our First Tests
Testing Our Model
Don’t Repeat Yourself
Test Our Controller
Revisit Unit Testing Characteristics
GetAllCommands Unit Tests and Groundwork
GetAllCommands Overview
GetAllCommands Unit Tests
Groundwork for Controller Tests
Finish Test 1.​1 – Check 200 OK HTTP Response (Empty DB)
Test 1.​2 – Check Single Resource Returned
Test 1.​3 – Check 200 OK HTTP Response
Test 1.​4 – Check the Correct Object Type Returned
GetCommandByID Unit Tests
GetCommandByID Overview
GetCommandByID Unit Tests
Test 2.​1 – Check 404 Not Found HTTP Response
Test 2.​2 – Check 200 OK HTTP Response
Test 2.​3 – Check the Correct Object Type Returned
CreateCommand Unit Tests
CreateCommand Overview
CreateCommand Unit Tests
Test 3.​1 Check If the Correct Object Type Is Returned
Test 3.​2 Check 201 HTTP Response
UpdateCommand Unit Tests
 UpdateCommand Overview
UpdateCommand Unit Tests
Test 4.​1 Check 204 HTTP Response
Test 4.​2 Check 404 HTTP Response
PartialCommandUp​date Unit Tests
PartialCommandUp​date Overview
PartialCommandUp​date Unit Tests
Test 5.​1 Check 404 HTTP Response
DeleteCommand Unit Tests
DeleteCommand Overview
DeleteCommand Unit Tests
Test 6.​1 Check for 204 No Content HTTP Response
Test 6.​2 Check for 404 Not Found HTTP Response
Wrap It Up
Chapter 12:​The CI/​CD Pipeline
Chapter Summary
When Done, You Will
What Is CI/​CD?​
CI/​CD or CI/​CD?​
What’s the Difference?​
So Which Is It?​
The Pipeline
What Is Azure DevOps?​
Alternatives
Technology in Context
Create a Build Pipeline
 What Just Happened?​
Azure-Pipelines.​yml File
Triggering a Build
Revisit azure-pipelines.​yml
Another VS Code Extension
Running Unit Tests
Breaking Our Unit Tests
Testing – The Great Catch All?​
Release/​Packaging
Wrap It Up
Chapter 13:​Deploying to Azure
Chapter Summary
When Done, You Will
Creating Azure Resources
Create Our API App
Create Our PostgreSQL Server
Connect and Create Our DB User
Revisit Our Dev Environment
Setting Up Config in Azure
Configure Our Connection String
Configure Our DB User Credentials
Configure Our Environment
Completing Our Pipeline
Creating Our Azure DevOps Release Pipeline
Pull the Trigger – Continuously Deploy
Wait! What About EF Migrations?​
 Double-Check
Chapter 14:​Securing Our API
Chapter Summary
When Done, You Will
What We’re Building
Our Authentication Use Case
Overview of Bearer Authentication
Build Steps
Registering Our API in Azure AD
Create a New AD?​
Register Our API
Expose Our API
Update Our Manifest
Add Configuration Elements
Update Our Project Packages
Updating our Startup Class
Update Configure Services
Update Configure
Update Our Controller
Register Our Client App
Create a Client Secret
Configure API Permissions
Create Our Client App
Our Client Configuration
Add Our Package References
Client Configuration Class
 Finalize Our Program Class
Updating for Azure
Client Configurations
Deploy Our API to Azure
Epilogue
Index
About the Author
Les Jackson
is originally from Glasgow, Scotland, but
has lived and worked in Melbourne,
Australia, since 2009. Since completing
his computer science degree in 1998, he
has worked in IT, primarily in the
telecommunications industry and with
the incumbent national telecom
providers. Les holds several industry
accreditations and has reacquired a
Microsoft Certified Solutions Developer
certification, although he still believes
there is no substitute for experience and
passion and says, “beware of people touting certifications!” Aside from
his day job, Les enjoys producing content for his YouTube channel and
blog, where he hopes to grow his wonderful audience over the coming
years. In his downtime he likes cycling, trying to grow vegetables,
making (and drinking) beer, and traveling with his partner.
About the Technical Reviewer
Kris van der Mast
As a freelance Microsoft technologies
expert, Kris van der Mast helps his
clients to reach their goals. Actively
involved in the global community, he is a
Microsoft MVP since 2007. First for ASP.​
NET and since 2016 achieving in two
disciplines: Azure and Visual Studio and
Development Technologies. Kris is also a
Microsoft ASP Insider, Microsoft Azure
Advisor, aOS ambassador, and a Belgian
Microsoft Extended Experts Team
(MEET) member. In the Belgian
community, Kris is active as a board
member of the Belgian Azure User Group AZUG and is chairman of the
Belgian User Group Initiative (BUG). Since he started with .NET back in
2002, he’s also been active on the ASP.​NET forums where he is also a
moderator. His personal site can be found at
www.krisvandermast.com . Kris is a public (inter)national speaker
and is a co-organizer of the CloudBrew conference.
Personal note:
I enjoyed reviewing this book. It’s easy to follow, and I liked the fact
that unit tests were added to the story. The approach of using Docker,
and how to set it up, gives this book that extra which the reader will
find handy in her/his professional environment.
© Les Jackson 2020
L. Jackson, The Complete ASP.NET Core 3 API Tutorial
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6255-9_1

1. Introduction
Les Jackson1
(1) Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Why I Wrote This Book

Aside from the fact that everyone is supposed to have “at least one book
in them,” the main reason I wrote this book was for you – the reader.
Yes, that’s right; I wanted to write a no-nonsense, no-fluff/filler book
that would enable the general reader 1 to follow along and build, test,
and deploy an ASP.NET Core API to Azure. I wanted it to be a practical,
straightforward text, producing a tangible, valuable outcome for the
reader.
Of course, you will be the judge on whether I succeeded (or not)!

Apress Edition
Prior to publishing this book now with Apress, I had released two
earlier editions of the book. Having taken a Lean Startup approach
(releasing versions as is when they were ready), I received feedback on
each of those to make each successive version better. With the release
of .NET Core 3.1 in November 2019, it seemed like the perfect time to
release the second edition which was updated for that version of the
framework, as well as some other updates, primarily a move to
PostgreSQL as the backend Database.
This Apress edition sees the introduction of the use of Data Transfer
Objects (DTOs), as well as the use of the Repository Pattern, both of
which speak to the idea of decoupling interfaces from implementation,
which has a range of benefits as you will see. I’ve also added an
endpoint to our example API that responds to the “PATCH” verb, which
allows us to perform partial updates on resources. This was a sorely
missing component from the previous versions of the book and was
long overdue for inclusion.

The Approach of This Book

I’ve taken a “thin and wide” approach with this book, meaning that I
wanted to cover a lot of material from the different stages in the
development of an API (wide), without delving into extraneous detail or
theory for each (thin). We will, however, cover all the areas in enough
practical detail, in order that you gain a decent understanding of each –
that is, we won’t skip anything important!
I like to think of it like a tasting menu . You’ll get to try a little bit of
everything, so that by the end of the meal you’ll have an appreciation of
what you’d like to eat more of at some other time, you should also feel
suitably satisfied!

Figure 1-1 Thin and wide approach

Les’ Personal Anecdote The first time I tried (or even heard
of) a tasting menu was in a Las Vegas casino (I think it was the MGM
Grand) in the early 2000s. In addition to trying the eight items on the
menu, we also went with the “wine pairing” option – which as the
name suggests meant you got a different glass of wine with each
course, specifically selected to compliment the dish.
 I think this is the reason why I can’t remember the name of the
casino.

Where Can You Get the Code?

While I think you’ll get more value by following along throughout the
book and typing in the code yourself (the book has been written so you
can follow along step by step), you may of course prefer to download
the code and use that as a reference. Indeed, as there may be errata
(heaven forbid!), it’s prudent that I provide a repository for you, so you
can just head over to GitHub and get the code there.

Main Solution Repository (API and Unit Tests)

https://github.com/binarythistle/Complete-ASP-NET-
3-API-Tutorial-Book

Secure Daemon Client Repository

https://github.com/binarythistle/Secure-Daemon-
Client

Conventions Used in This Book

The following style conventions are used in this book.

General additional information for the reader on top of the

main narrative, hint or tip.

Warning! Some point of notice, so the reader should proceed

with caution.

Learning Opportunity Self-directed learning opportunity.

Something the reader can do on their own to facilitate learning and
understanding.
 Celebration Checkpoint Good job, milestone, worth calling
out. Allows you to reflect and check learning.

Les’ Personal Anecdote Personal story or viewpoint to add

context to a point I’m making. I’ll usually try to be humorous here –
so be warned. Not required reading to complete working through the
book!

Version of the .net Core Framework

At the time of writing (May 2020), I’m using version 3.1 of the .NET
Core Framework.

Contacting the Author

You can contact me through the following channels:
les@dotnetplaybook.com
https://dotnetplaybook.com/
www.youtube.com/binarythistle
While I’ll do my best to reply to you, I’m unlikely to be able to
respond to detailed, lengthy technical questions.

Defects and Feature Improvements

Defects (errata) and suggestions for improvement should be sent to
les@dotnetplaybook.com
Any corrections, additions, or improvements to the code will be
reflected in the GitHub Repository.

Footnotes
1 Fans of Peep Show, I took this term from one of my favorite episodes of Season 9:
www.imdb.com/title/tt2128665/?ref_=ttep_ep4
© Les Jackson 2020
L. Jackson, The Complete ASP.NET Core 3 API Tutorial
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6255-9_2

2. Setting Up Your Development

Environment
Les Jackson1
(1) Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
her mother Alexandra, 28 B.C. (Jos., "Ant", XV, vii; "Bel. Jud.", I,
xxii). As Herod was a friend to Antony, whom Octavian defeated at
Actium 31 B.C., he was in great fear, and set out for Rhodes like a
criminal with a halter around his neck to plead with the conqueror;
but Cresar confirmed him in the kingdom, with a grant of additional
territory (Jos., "Bel. Jud.", I, xx). Herod and his children were
builders. Having the reins of government well in hand, and having
wreaked vengeance upon his enemies, he adorned his kingdom by
building cities and temples in honour of the emperor and of the
gods. Samaria was built and called
 HEROD 290 HEROD Sebaste, from the Greek name for
Augustus. Csesarea with its fine harbour was also built; and, being a
Greek in his tastes, Herod erected theatres, amphitheatres, and
hippodromes for games, which were celebrated at stated times even
at Jerusalem (Jos., "Ant.", XV, viii, 1, XVI, v, 1 ; " Bel. Jud.", I, xxi,
1,5). As he built temples to the false gods — one at Rhodes, for
instance, to Apollo (Jos., ".\nt.", XVI, v, 3) — we may judge that
vanity rather than piety suggested the freatest work of his reign, the
temple of Jerusalem, t was begun in his eighteenth year as king
(Jos., "Ant.", XV, xi, 1), i.e. about 22 B.C. (Griitz, "Gesch. d. Jud.", V,
iii, 1S7). In Jo.sephus (Bel. Jud., I, xxi, 1) the text has the fifteenth
year, but here the historian counts from the death of Antigonus, 37
B.C., which gives the same date as above. The speech of Herod on
the occasion, though full of piety, may be interpreted by what he
said to the wise men: "that I also may come and adore him" (Matt.,
ii, 8; Jos., "Ant.", XV, xi, 1). The temple is described by Joseph us
("Ant.", XV, xi; cf. Edersheira, "The Temple its Ministry and Services",
i and ii), and the solidity of its architecture referred to in the N. T.
(Matt., xxiv, 1; Mark, xiii, 1). In John, ii, 20, forty-six years are
mentioned since the building was undertaken, but it requires some
juggling with figures to make this number square with the history of
either the second temple, or the one built by Herod (see
Maldonatus, who thinks the text refers to the second temple, and
MacRory, "The Gospel of St. John", for the other view). The horrors
of Herod's home were in strong contrast with the splendour of his
reign. As he had married ten wives (Jos., " Bel. Jud.", I, x.wTii, 4 —
note in Whiston) by whom he had many children, the demon of
discord made domestic tragedies quite frequent. He put to death
even his own sons, Aristobulus and Alexander (6 B.C.), whom
Antipater, his son by Doris, had accused of plotting against their
father's life (Jos., "Ant.", XVI, xi). This same Antipater, who in crueltj'
was a true son of Herod, and who had caused the death of so many,
was himself accused and convicted of having prepared poison for his
father, and put to death (Jos., "Bel. Jud.", I, x.xxiii, 7). The last joy
of the dj-ing king was afforded by the letter from Rome authorizing
him to kill his son ; five days later, like another Antiochus under a
curse, he died. The account of his death and of the circvmistances
aceompanj-ing it is so graphically given by Josephus ("Ant.", XVII,
vi, vii, viii; "Bel. Jud.", I, xxxiii), who follows Nicholas of Damascus,
Herod's friend and biographer, that only an eye-witness could have
furnished the details. In the hot springs of Callirrhoe, east of the
Dead Sea, the king sought relief from the sickness that was to bring
him to the grave. When his end drew near, he gave orders to ha\'e
the principal men of the coimtry shut up in the hippiulronie at
Jericho and slaughtered as soon as he had passed away, that his
grave might not be without the tribute of tears. This barbarous
command was not carried into effect; but the Jews celebrated as a
festival the day of his death, by which they were delivered from his
tyrannical rule (Griitz, "Gesch. d. Jud.", Ill, 195 — "Hist." (in Eng.),
II, 117). Archelaus, whom he had made his heir on discovering the
perfidy of Antipater, buried him with great pomp at Herodiura — now
called Frank Mountain — S.E. of Bethlehem, in the tomb the king
had prepared for himself (Jos., "Ant.", XVII, viii, 2, 3; "Bel. Jud.", I,
xxxiii, 8, 9). The death of Herod is important in its relation to the
birth of Christ. The eclipse mentioned by Josephus (Ant., XVII, ^•i,
4), who also gives the length of Herod's reign — thirty-seven years
from the time he was appointed by the Romans, 40 B.C.; or thirty-
four from the death "of Antigonus, .37 B.C. (.\nt., XVII, viii, 1) —
fixes the death of Herod in the .';pring of 750 A.u.c, or 4 B.C. Christ
was bom before Herod's death (Matt., ii, 1), but how long before is
imcertain: the possible dates lie between 740 and 750 .\.u.c. (see a
summarj' of opinions and reasons in Gigot, " Outlines of N. T. Hist.",
42, 43). Herod's gifts of mind and body were many. "He was such a
warrior as could not be withstood .... fortune was also very
favourable to him" (Jos., "Bel. Jud.", I, xxi, 13), yet "a man of great
barbarity towards all men equally and a slave to his passions; but
above the consideration of what was right" (Jos., "Ant.", XVII, viii,
1). His ruling pa.ssions were jealousy and ambition, which urged hmi
to sacrifice even those that were nearest and dearest to him: murder
and munificence were equally good as means to an end. Tlie
slaughter of the Innocents squares perfectly with what history
relates of him, and St. Matthew's positive statement is not
contradicted by the mere silence of Josephus; for the latter follows
Nicholas of Damascus, to whom, as a courtier, Herod was a hero.
Hence .\rmstrong ( in Hastings, " Diet . of Christ and the Gospels", s.
v. "Herod") justly blames those who, like Griitz (Gesch. d. Jud., Ill,
19"4 — Hist. (Eng.), II, IIG), for subjective reasons, call the
evangelist's account a later legend. Macrobius, who wrote in the
beginning of the fifth century, narrates that Augustus, having heard
that among the children whom Herod had ordered to be slain in
Syria was the king's own son, remarked: "It is belter to be Herod's
swine than his son" (Saturn., II, 4). In the Greek text there is a ban
mot and a relationship between the words used that etJ^uologists
may recognize even in English. The law among the Jews against
eating pork is hinted at, and the anecdote .seems to contain extra-
biblical elements. " Cruel as the slaughter may appear to us, it
disappears among the cruelties of Herod. It cannot, then, surprise us
that history does not speak of it" [Maas, "Life of Christ" (1897), .38
(note) ; the author shows, as others have done, that the number of
children slain may not have been very great]. II. Archel.\us, son of
Herod the Great, was, with Antipas his brother, educated at Rome
(Jos., "Ant.", XVII, i, 3), and he liecame heir in his father's last will
(Jos., "Ant.", XVII, viii, 1). After the death of his father he received
the acclamations of the people, tt whom he made a speech, in which
he stated that his title and authority depended upon the good will of
C:fsar (Jos., "Ant.", XVII, viii, 4). The death of Herod having doli\-
ered the Jews from his tyrannical rule, they petitioned Ca'sar to put
them imder the jurisdiction of the presidents of Sj-ria. He, however,
not willing to set aside Herod's will, gave to .\rchelaus the half of his
father's kinga, with the cities of Jerusalem, Ca-sarea, Sebaste, and
Joppa (Jos., "Ant.", X\TI, xi, 2, 4, 5). He soon aroused opposition by
marrying his brother's wife — a crime like that of Antipas later —
and having been accu.sed of cruelty bj- his subjects, "not able to
bear his barbarous and tjTannical usage of them", he was banished
to Vienne, Ciaul, .\.d. 7, in the tenth year of his government (Jos.,
"Ant.", XVII, ix, xiii, 1, 2). The N. T. tells us that Joseph, fearing
Archelaus, went to live at Nazareth (Matt., ii, 22, 23); and some
interpreters think that in the parable (Luke, xix, 12-27) our Lord
refers to Archelaus, whom the Jews did not wish to rule over them,
and who, having been placed in power by Ciesar, took vengeance
upon his enemies. "AVhether our Lord had Archelaus m view, or only
spoke generally, the circumstances admirably suit his ca.se" (MacE\-
illy, "Exp. of the Gosp. of St. Luke"). III. ,\ntip.\s was a .son of
Herod the Great, after whose death he became ruler of Galilee. He
married
 HEROD 291 HEROD the daughter of Aretas, King of Arabia,
but later lived with Herodias, the wife of his own half-brother Philip.
This union with Herodias is mentioned and blamed by Josephus
(Ant., XVIII, v) as well as in the N. T., and brought Antipas to ruin. It
involved him in a war with Aretas in which he lost his army, a
calamity that Josephus regarded " as a punishment for what he did
against John that was called the Baptist; for Herod slew him, who
was a good man, and commanded the Jews to exercise virtue, both
as to righteousness towards one another, and piety towards God,
and so to come to baptism" (Ant., XVIII, v, 2). The N. T. gives the
reason why Herodias sought John's head.. As she had married Herod
Philip — not the tetrarch of the same name — who lived as a private
citizen at Rome, by whom she had a daughter, Salome, she acted
against the law in leaving him to marry Antipas. John rebuked
Antipas for the adulterous union, and Herodias took vengeance
(Matt., xiv, 312; Mark, vi, 17-29). Josephus does not say that John's
death was caused by the hatred of Herodias, but rather by the
jealousy of Herod on account of John's great influence over the
people. He was sent to the frowning fortress of Machaerus on the
mountains east of the Dead Sea, and there put to death (Jos.,
"Ant.", XVIII, V, 2). Griitz (Gesch. d. Jud., Ill, xi, 221 — Hist. (Eng.),
II, 147) as in other instances thinks the gospel story a legend; but
Schijrer admits that both Josephus and the evangelists may be right,
since there is no contradiction in the accounts (Hist, of the Jewish
People, etc., Div. I, V, ii, 25). The most celebrated city built by
Antipas was Tiljerias on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. He
named it after his friend the Emperor Tiberius, and made it the
capital of the tetrarchy. The city gave its name to the sea, and yet
stands ; it was for a long time a great school and centre of Jewtsh
learning. It was before this Herod that Our Lord appeared and was
mocked (Luke, xxiii, 7-13). Antipas had come to Jeru.salem for the
Pasch, and he is named with Pilate as a persecutor of Christ (Acts,
iv, 27). The enmities that existed between him and Pilate were
cau.sed by Pilate's having put to death some Galileans, who
belonged to Herod's jurisdiction (Luke, xiii, 1); a reconciliation was
effected as related in Luke, xxiii, 12. When Herodias saw how well
her brother Agrippa had fared at Rome, whence he returned a king,
she urged Antipas to go to Ca>sar and obtain the royal title, for he
was not king, but only tetrarch of Galilee — the N. T. however
sometimes calls him king (Matt., xiv, 9; Mark, vi, 14), and Josephus
likewise so styles Archelaus (Ant., XVIII, iv, 3), though he was never
king, but only ethnarch. Contrary to his better judgment he went,
and soon learned that Agrippa by messengers had accused him
before Caligula of conspiracy against the Romans. The emperor
banished him to Lyons, Gaul (France), A.u. 39, and Herodias
accompanied him (Jos., "Ant.", XVIII, vii, 2). Josephus (Bel. Jud., II,
ix, 6) says: "So Herod died in Spain whither his wife had followed
him". The year of his death is not known. To reconcile the two
statements of Josephus about the place of exile and death, see
Smith, "Diet, of the Bible", s. v. "Herodias" (note). IV. Aghippa I, also
called the Great, was a grandson of Herod the Cireat and Mariamne,
son of Aristobulus, and brother of Herodias. The history of his life
and varying fortunes is stranger than romance. He was deeply in
debt and a prisoner in Rome under Tiberius ; but Caius, having come
to the throne in a.d. 37, made him king over the territories formerly
ruled by Philip and Lysanias, to which the tetrarchy of Antipas was
added when the latter had been banished in a.d. 39 (Jos., "Ant.",
XVIII, vi, vii). In a.d. 41 Judea and Samaria were given to him by
the Emperor Claudius, whom he had helped to the throne (Jos., "
Ant.", XIX, iv, 1), so that the whole kingdom which he then governed
was greater than that of Herod his grandfather (Jos., "Ant.", XIX, v,
1). He was, like many other Herods, a builder, and, according to
Josephus, he so strengthened the walls of Jerusalem that the
emperor became alarmed and ordered him "to leave off the building
of those walls presently" ("Ant.", XIX, vii, 2). He seems to have
inherited from his Hasmonean ancestors a great love and zeal for
the law (Jos., "Ant.", XIX, vii, 3). This characteristic, with his
ambition to please the people (ibid.), explains why he imprisoned
Peter and beheaded James (Acts, xii, 1-3). His death is described in
"Acts", xii, 21-23; "eaten up by worms, he gave up the ghost." He
died at Ca^sarea during a grand public festival ; when the people
having heard him speak cried out, " It is the voice of a god and not
of a man ", his heart was elated, and "an angel of the Lord struck
him, because he had not given the honour to God". Josephus gives
substantially the same account, but states that an owl appeared to
the king to announce his death, as it had appeared many years
before to predict his good fortune (Jos., "Ant.", XIX,viii, 2). His death
occurred in A.D. 44, the fifty-fourth year of his age, the seventh of
his reign (ibid.). Gratz considers him one of the best of the Ilerods
(Gesch. d. Jud., Ill, xii — Hist. (Eng.), II, vii) ; but Christians may not
be willing to subscribe fully to this estimate. V. Aghippa II was the
son of Agrippa I, and in A.D. 44, the year of his father's death, the
Emperor Claudius wished to give him the kingdom of his father, but
he was dissuaded from his purpose because a youth of seventeen
was hardly capable of assuming responsibilities so great (Jos.,
"Ant.", XIX, ix). About .\.D. 50 he was made King of Chalcis (Jos., "
Bel. Jud.", II, xii, 1), and afterwards ruler of a much larger territory
including the lands formerly governed by Philip and Lysanias (Jos.,
"Bel. Jud.", II, xii, 8). He was also titular king of Judea, and in
twenty years appointed seven high-priests (Gratz, "CSesch. d. Jud.",
III, xiv— "Hist." (Eng.), II, ix). When the Jews wishetl to free
themselves from the dominion of Rome in the time of Florus,
Agrippa showed them the folly of violent measures, and gave them a
detailed account of the vast resources of the Roman empire (Jos.,
"Bel. Jud.", II, xvi, 4). St. Paul pleaded before this king, to whom
Festus, the governor, referred the case (Acts, xxvi). The Apostle
praises the king's knowledge of the " customs and questions that are
among the Jews " (v. 3) ; Josephus likewise appeals to his judgment
and calls him a most admirable man — 6avtia
 HERODIAS 292 HEROIO Herodias (Gr., 'UpaSla!), daughter
of Aristobulus — son of Herod the Great and Mariamne — was a
descendant of the famous Hasmonean heroes, the Machabees, who
had done so much for the Jewish nation. Having married Herod
Philip, her own uncle, by whom she had a daughter, Salome,
Herodias longed for social distinction, and accordingly left her
husband and entered into an adulterous union with Herod Antipas,
Tetrarch of Galilee, who was also her uncle (Jos., Ant., XVIII, v, 1,
4). St. John the Baptist rebuked Antipas for this union and thus
aroused the hatred of Herodias, who by the dance of her daughter
brought about the death of the prophet (Matt., xiv, 3-12; Mark, vi,
17-29). Josephus gives the main facts, but adds that John was put
to death because Herod feared his influence over the people (.\nt.,
XVIII, V, 2, 4). Schiirer admits that here both the Evangelists and
Josephus may be right; since all the motives mentioned may have
urged Herod to imprison and murder John [Hist. (Eng. tr.) Div. I, V,
ii, 25]. When Agrippa, the brother of Herodias became king, she
persuaded Antipas to go to Rome in search of the royal title, as his
claim to it was far greater than that of her brother. Instead of a
crown, however, he found awaiting him a charge of treason against
the Romans, with Agrippa as chief accuser, who in advance had sent
messengers to defeat the ambitious plans of Antipas. He was
therefore banished to Lyons in Gaul. At the same time Herodias,
spuming the kind offers of the emperor, preferred exile with Antipas
to a life of splendour in the palace of her brother Agrippa (Jos., Ant.,
XVIII, vii). This generosity, if we may so style it, came from her
Hasmonean blood, but her cruelty she inherited from her
grandfather Herod (see Herod under Antipas). Josephus, Ant., XVIII,
v, vii; Idem, de BeU. jud., I, xxviii, II, ix; also authorities mentioned
under Hekod. John J. Tiernet. Heroic Act of Charity. — A decree of
the Sacred Congregation of Indulgences dated 18 Dec, 1885, and
confirmed the following day by Leo XIII, says: "The Heroic Act of
Charity in favour of the souls detained in purgatory consists in this,
that a member of the Church militant (Christifidelis), either using a
set formula or simply by an act of his will, offers to God for the souls
in purgatory all the satisfactory works which he will perform during
his lifetime, and also all the suffrages which may accrue to him after
his death. Many Christians devoted to the B. V. Mary, acting on the
advice of the Theatine Regular Cleric Father Caspar Olider, of blessed
memory, make it a practice to deposit the said merits and suffrages
as it were into the hands of the Bl. Virgin that she may distribute
these favours to the souls in Purgatory according to her own
merciful pleasure". Olider lived at the beginning of the eighteenth
century. The Heroic Act is often called a vow, yet it partakes more of
the nature of an offering made to God and to Mary, and it is also,
unlike a vow, revocable at will. This point has been decided by the S.
C. Indulg., 20 Feb., 1907, in answer to a question from Chicoutimi in
Canada. A special vow " never to revoke the Act" would probably be
binding, because its subject matter is an act of the personal will of
which man can freely dispose, whereas he has not the disposal of
his satisfactory works in favour of the departed; that depends on
God ; for man it is only a matter of pious desire, and only in this
sense a votum. It always remains doubtful to what extent (iod
accepts the oblation, anfl it is certain that the holy souls altogether
lack the power of accepting it. The practice of the Heroic Act is
based on the communion of saints, in virtue of which the good
deeds of one member of Christ's body benefit all other members. Its
meritoriousness results from the more intense charity (love of God
and His suffering friends) which inspires it, and on which the intrinsic
perfection of all our good deeds depends. Its heroicity arises from
the willingness it involves to take upon one's self the dreadful pains
of purgatory for the love of one's [neighbour, although there remains
the reasonable hope that God in His goodness, and the sainted souls
in their gratitude, will not allow the punishment to be exacted to the
full. The Heroic Act has been enriched with numerous indulgences
by Benedict XIII (1728), Pius VI (1788), and Pius IX (1852). Priests
who make it receive the •personal privilege of gaining a plenary
indulgence for a soul of their choice each time they say Mass (see
Altar, under Privileged Altar). Laymen gain a similar indulgence each
time they receive Holy Communion, also each Monday they hear
Mass for the departed; in both cases the usual visit to a church and
prayers for the intention of the pope are required. J. WiLHELM.
Heroic Virtue. — The notion of heroicity is derived from hero,
originally a warrior, a demigod; hence it connotes a degree of
bravery, fame, and distinction which places a man high above his
fellows. St. Augustine first applied the pagan title of hero to the
Christian martyrs; since then the custom has prevailed of bestowing
it not only on martyrs, but on all confessors whose virtues and good
works greatly outdistance those of ordinary good people. Benedict
XIV, whose chapters on heroic virtue are classical, thus describes
heroicity: "In order to be heroic a Christian virtue must enal)le its
owner to perform virtuous actions with uncommon promptitude,
ease, and pleasure, from supernatural motives and without human
reasoning, with self-abnegation and full control over his natural
inclinations." An heroic virtue, then, is a habit of good conduct that
has become a second nature, a new motive power stronger than all
corresponding inborn inclinations, capable of rendering easy a series
of acts each of which, for the ordinary man, would be beset with
very great, if not insurmountable, difficulties. Such a degree of virtue
belongs only to souls already purified from all attachment to things
worldly, and solidly anchored in the love of Ciod. St. Thomas (III, Q.
Ixi, a. 4) says: "Virtue consists in the following, or imitation, of God.
Every virtue, like every other thing, has its tj^ae [exemplar] in God.
Thus the Divine mind itself is the tj-pc of prudence; God using all
things to minister to His glory is the type of temperance, by which
man subjects his lower appetites to reason; justice is typified by
God's application of the eternal law to all His works; Divine
immutability is the type of fortitude. .\nd, since it is man's nature to
live in socictj^ the four cardinal virtues are social [politieo'] virtues,
inasmuch as by them man rightly ordains his conduct in flaily life.
Man, however, must raise himself beyond his natural life unto a life
Divine: 'Be you therefore perfect, as also your heavenly Father is
perfect' (Matt., v, 48). It is, therefore, necessary to posit certain
virtues mi
The text on this page is estimated to be only 7.12%
accurate

■ ^ ._^£..j^ ,^,^^ ^L H Jj/jK/IKKm IB^ WL ^ •"^:^i

^^Bl m ^^v fl w^m By M 1 ^^^ fj-^^Sr^ W^^^kiL^M
m^^^^H^Hjjr il^'."^ '"^ 1^4 ■ '*^hi^ ippp^ HERODIAS WITH
THE HEAD OF ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST TITIAN, PALAZZO DOKIA,
ROME
 HERP 293 HERP united with God, prudence knows nothing
but what you the kingdom it beholds in God; temperance ignores
earthly de- gave me to eat For I was hungry, and you Amen I say to
you, as long as sires; fortitude knows nothing of passions; justice is
you did it to one of these my least brethren," you'did bound to the
Uivme mind by a perpetual compact to •'+ *" •""" 'M"+* —■• '"<
^'^^ i^— -n-.-^ ___•!__ ^l. do as it does. „,. , , ., .. , , . it to me"
(Matt., XXV, 34-iO). For this reason the i his degree of perfection
belongs to the works of charity in heroic degree have been, from the
blessed in heaven or to a few of the mo.st perfect in beginning to
this day, a distinctive mark of the Cathoic L nurcn, the pledge of
sanctity in countless numbers this life." These few perfeclissimi are
the heroes of virtue, the candidates for the honours of the altar, the
saints on earth. Together with the four cardinal virtues the Christian
saint must be endowed with the three theological virtues, especially
with Divine charity, the virtue which informs, baptizes, and
consecrates, as it were, all other virtues; which associates and
unifies them into one powerful effort to participate in the Divine life.
Some remarks on the "proofs of hcroicity" required in the process of
beatification will serve to illustrate in detail the general principles
exposed above. As charity stands at the summit of all virtues, so
faith stands at their foundation. For by faith God is first
apprehended, and the soul lifted up to supernatural life. Faith is the
secret of one's conscience; to the world it is made manifest by the
good works in which it lives, "Faith without works is dead" (James, ii,
20). Such works are: the external profession of faith, strict
observance of the Divine commands, prayer, filial devotion to the
Church, the fear of God, the horror of sin, penance for sins
committed, patience in adversity, etc. All or any of these attain the
grade of heroicity when practised with unflagging perseverance,
during a long period of time, or under circumstances so trying that
by them men of but ordinary perfection would be deterred from
acting. Martyrs dying in torments for the Faith, missionaries
spending their lives in propagating it, the humble poor who with
infinite patience drag out their wretched existence to do the will of
God and to reap their reward hereafter, these are heroes of the
Faith. Hope is a firm trust that (!od will give us eternal life and all
the means neces.sary to obtain it; it attains heroicity when it
amounts to unshakeable confidence and security in God's help
throughout all the untoward events of life, when it is ready to
forsake and sacrifice all other goods in order to obtain the promised
felicity of heaven. Such hope has its roots in a of her sons and
daughters. Prudence, which enables us to know what to desire or to
avoid, attains heroicity when it coincides with the "gift of counsel", i.
e. a clear, Divinely aided insight into right and wrong conduct. Of St.
Paschasius Radbert, the BoUandists say: "So great was his prudence
that from his mind a bourn of prudence seemed to flow. For he
beheld together the past, the present, and the future, and was able
to tell, by the counsel of God, what in each case was to be done" (2
January, c. v, n. l(i). Justice, which gives every one his due, is the
pivot on which turn the virtues of religion, piety, obedience,
gratitude, truthfulness, friendship, and many more. Jesus sacrificing
His life to give God His due, Abraham willing to sacrifice his son in
obedience to God's will, these are acts of iieroic justice. Fortitude,
which urges us on when difficulty stands in the way of our duty, is
itself the heroic element in the practice of virtue; it reaches its apex
when it overcomes obstacles which to ordinary virtue are
insurmountable. Temperance, which restrains us when passions urge
us to what is wrong, comprises becoming deportment, modesty,
abstinence, chastity, sobriety, and others. Instances of heroic
temperance: St. Joseph, St. John the Baptist. In fine it should be
remarked that almost every act of virtue proceeding from the Divine
principle within us has in it the elements of all the virtues; only
mental analysis views the same act under various aspects. Benedict
XIV, De servorum Dei beatificalione et beatorum canonualione, chs.
xxxi-xx.wiii. in Opera omnia, III (Prato, 1840): Devine, Maniinl of
Mi/stirnl Theology (London. 190:3); Slater, .4 Manual of Moral
Thmlor/i/ (London. 1908)' VVilHELM AND ScANNELL, Manual of
Catholic Theology (London, ^^O"). J. WiLHELM. Herp (or Harp, Lat.
Citharcedus, or Erp as in the [n!thfMl''l''i'.^ '^f^'''*-. i^'f'.fT' tl
™°^'*'' °^*'^^ "'''
ma'nuIcrTpte)\'HENR;;'rfirteentirce"n"ur7F^^^^^ faithful, IS also
the model of the hopeful "who against ciscan of the Strict
Observance and a distinguished hope believed in hope . . . and he
was not weak in faith; neither did he consider his own body now
dead . . . nor the dead womb of Sara" (Rom iv 18-22). ' ' Charity
inclines man to love God above all things with the love of friendship.
The perfect friend of God says with St. Paul: " With Chri.st I am
nailed to the cross. .4nd I live, now not I; but Christ liveth in me"
(Gal., ii, 19-20). For love means union. Its type in heaven is the
Divine Trinity in Unity; its highest degree in God's creatures is the
beatific vision, 1. e. participation in God's life. On earth it is the
fruitful mother of holiness, the one thing necessary, the one all-
sufficient possession. It is extolled in" I Cor., xiii, and in St. John's
Gospel and Epistles; the beloved disciple and the fiery missionary of
the cross are the best interpreters of the mystery of love revealed to
them in the Heart of Jesus. With the commandment to love God
above all Jesus coupled another: "And the second is like to it: Tlioxt
shall love thy neighbour as thi/self. There is no other commandment
greater than these" (Mark, xii, 31). The likeness, or the linking of the
two commandments, lies in this: that in our neighljour we love God's
image and likeness. His adopted children and the heirs of His
Kingdom. Hence, serving our neighbour is serving God. .\nd the
works of spiritual and temporal mercy performed in this world will
decide our fate in the next: "Come, ye blessed of my Father, possess
writer on mysticism, praised by Mabillon, Bona, etc. Only the last
thirty years of his life are known to us. Born either at Diiren
(Marcoduranus), at Erp near Diiren, or at Erps-Querbs near Louvain,
Herp appears as rector of the Brethren of the Common Life, first in
144.5 at Delft in Holland, then at Gouda, "to the great good of his
subjects". In 14,50, on a pilgrimage to Rome, he took the habit of
St. Francis at the Convent of Ara Coeli. Twenty years later we find
him provincial of the Province of Cologne (1470-73), then guardian
of the convent of Mechlin in Belgium, where he died in 147S. The
Franciscan Martyrology of .\rturus of Rouen gives him the title of
Blessed. Of his works, only one was printed during his life-time,
"Speculum aureum decem pra?ceptorum Dei" (Mainz, 1474); it is a
collection of 213 sermons on the Commandments for the use of
preachers and confessors. Another collection of 222 sermons
(Sermones de tempore, de Sanctis, etc.) was printed in 1484, etc.
Both frequently quote the Doctors of the Middle Ages, especially St.
Thomas, Alexander of Hales, St. Bernard, etc., and were often
reprinted. The other works of Herp, of which some— still
unpublished — are to be found in the libraries of Cologne, Brussels,
etc., are devoted to mystical subjects. The principal of these is the "
Theologica Mystica", written on Mount Alverno and published in "full
at Cologne in 1.538 by the Carthusian Th. Loher, with a dedication to
George Skotborg, Bishop of Lund. It
 HERRAD 294 HERRERA was reprinted five times before
1611, and translated into French, German, etc. The whole work
comprises three parts: "Soliloquiura divini Anioris", " Directorium
Aureum contemplativorum", "Paradisus contemplativorum". The
second part, the most famous, was written originally in Flemish
(Spiegel der Volcomenheyt), printed in 1501, etc.; then, with several
short treatises on kindred matters, it was translated into Latin under
the title given above (Cologne, 1513, etc.), into Italian, Spanish,
German, etc. The edition of the mystical theology, dedicated to St.
Ignatius in 1556 by Loher, was censured by the Index (1559, 15S0,
15S3, etc.). Corrected editions followed with an " Introduotio ad
doctrinam" (Rome, 1585), an " Index Expurgatorius" (Paris, 1598),
where can be found, as well as in the " Index of Sotomayor" (1640),
the opinions to be corrected. As a whole and in the chief divisions of
his doctrine, Herp shows several points of contact with his
compatriot John of Ruysbroeck; he has some beautiful passages on
the love of God and of Christ. The Franciscan Chapter of Toledo in
1663 recommended his works as standard writings in mystic
theology. Dirks, Histoire lilleraire et bibliographique des Frhres
Mineurs de I' Observance en Belaiqiie etdans Us Pays-Bos
(Antwerp^ 1885); Reusens in Bibliographie Rationale, IX (1886-7),
278-284; ScHLAGER, Beilraye zur Geschichte der htlnischen
Franziskaner Ordensprovinz im M. A. (Cologne, 1904). and Zum
Leben des Franziskaners H. Harp in Der Katholik (1905), II, 46-48. J.
DE GhELLINCK. Herrad of Landsberg (or Landsperg), a
twelfthcentury abbess, author of the "Hortus Deliciarum"; b. aliout 1
130, at the castle of Landsberg, the seat of a noble Alsatian family;
d. 1195. At an early age she entered the convent of Odilienberg, or
Hohenburg, which crowns one of the most beautiful of the Vosges
mountains, about fifteen miles from Strasburg. Here she succeeded
to the dignity of Abbess in 1167, and continued in that office until
her death. As early as 1165 Herrad had begun within the cloister
walls the work "Hortus Deliciarum", or "Garden of Delights", by
which she is best known. The text is a compendium of all the
sciences .studied at that time, including theology. The work, a.s one
would expect from what we know of the literary activity of the
twelfth century, does not exhibit a high degree of originality. It
shows, however, a wide range of reading and when we remember
that it was intended for the use of the novices of Odilienberg, we are
enabled to glean from it a correct idea of the state of education in
the cloister schools of that age. Its chief claim to distinction is the
illustrations, three hundred and thirty-six in number, which adorn the
text. Many^ of these are symbolical representations of theological,
philosophical, and literary themes, some are historical, some
represent scenes from the actual experience of the artist, and one is
a collection of portraits of her sisters in religion. The technique of
some of them has been very much admired and in almost everj'
instance they show an artistic imagination which is rare in Herrad's
contemporaries. The poetry which accompanies the excerpts from
the writers of antiquity and from pagan authors is not the least of
Herrad's titles to fame. It has, of course, the defects peculiar to the
twelfth century, faults of quantity, words and constructions not
sanctioned by classical usage, and peculiar turns of phrase which
would hardly pass muster in a school of Latin poetry at the present
time. However, the sentiment is sincere, the lines are musical, and
above all admirably adapte; articles in: Bihl. de I'ecole des Charles,
I, 2.39: Gazette d' archeologie, IX. .57; Congrcs archeol. de France,
XX-XVI. 274; see chapter in Eckstein, Woman under Monasticism
(Cambridge, 1896), 238 sqq. William Turner. Herregouts. — There
were three artists of the name of Herregouts, father, son, and
grandson, of whom the chief was Hendrik, the son of David, and the
father of Jan. D.^viD Herregouts, historical painter; b. at Mechlin in
1603; d. at Ruremonde. He was a pupil of his cousin Salmier and a
member of the corporation of painters in his own city in 1624. The
latter part of his life he spent at Ruremonde, where he was received
in 1647 a member of the Guild of St. Luke. One of his pictures is still
preserved in the little town, but his chief work, "St. Joseph .\
wakened by an Angel", is at Mechlin in the church of St. Catherine.
Hendrik, his son ;b. at Mechlin in lli33;d.at .\ntwerp in 1724. When
his father left Mechlin for Ruremonde, Hendrik went to Rome, to
which city he became so attached that he added the name of
Romain to his signature on certain of his pictures. We hear of him at
Cologne in 1660, where he was married the following year. In 1664
he was admitted a member of the Guild of St. Luke at Antwerp and
practised his art in that city. Two years afterwards he came back to
Mechlin and was admitted into the guild there, remaining in his
native place for some years. In 1680 he was once more in Antwerp,
and his studio was full of pupils, one of them being Abraham
Goddyn. His best work, "The Last Judgment", is now to be seen at
Bruges; his "Martyrdom of St. Matthew" in the cathedral at Antwerp
is a very fine picture, and in Brussels there are two important works,
the chief of which is "St. Jerome in the De-sert". Hi? \vas employed
by the Corporation of .\ntwcrp to design and eventually decorate a
triimiphal arch which was erected to celebrate the jubilee of the
restoration of the Catholic Faith in the city, and for this work, which
was executed in 1685, he was thanked and honoured by the
citizens. His work is imposing, as the figures are noble and
expressive, and the colouring admirable. Jan, d. at Bruges, 1721. It
is uncertain where Jan was born. Some authorities say his birth took
place at Rome, others Termonde. Of his early life we know nothing,
the first date we have in connexion with him being 1677, when he
was admitted to the Guild of St. Luke at .\ntwerp. He eventually
settled in Bruges, was a member of its guild, held many important
positions in its Corporation, and was one of the founders of its
Academy. It was there he died in 1721, and his best pictures are to
be seen in the Academy, and in tlic churches of St. Anne and of the
Carmelites. His portraits of his grandfather and of himself are
admirable, and his chief picture in the Carmelites' church is of the
Blesseil Virgin and saints kneeling before Christ. He practised
engraving and also etching, his "St. Cecilia" being a notable work.
He was an artist of distinct merit, and his colouring is particularly
good. Sandrart. German Academy: Werdenberger und
Obertoggenburger (1902). George Charles Williamson. Herrera,
Fernando de, Spanish lyric poet; b. 1 537 ; d . 1 597 . The head of a
school of lyric poets who gathered about him at Seville, Herrera was
an avowed
 HERRERA 295 HERRERA disciple of Garcilasso de la Vega,
whose form he perfects and to whose expression he adds more
pathos and dignity. Although a cleric, havmg taken minor orders, he
rarely reflects in his verse the feelings of a churchman. On the
contrary, it is the martial note that he sounds most loudly and most
frequently, when he is not singing in Petrarchian strains of his
Platonic attachment — it should be remembered that he had only
minor orders, and had probably taken them only that he might enjoy
certain ecclesiastical benefices — to Eliodora, that is, Leonor de
Milan, Condesa de Gelves and wife of Alvaro de Portugal. The most
famous of his compositions are the odes in which he extols the
prowess of Don John of Austria, as exhibited in the suppression of
the outbreak of the Moriscos in the region of the Alpujarras and at
the battle of Lepanto, and commemorates the death of Dom
Sebastian, King of Portugal, who perished with the flower of the
Portuguese nobility during a Quixotic expedition against the tribes in
Northern Africa. These are classics of Spanish literature. That
Herrera was not devoid of critical acumen is proved by his prose "
Anotaciones d las obras de Garcilaso de la Vega", his poetical master.
In the opinion of Ticknor, he delilaerately undertook to create a new
poetical diction and style in Spanish, deeming that the language as
written before his time lacked the full measure of dignity, sonority,
and poetic pliancy that it should have; but Ticknor has probably
exaggerated the endeavours of Herrera in this direction, in so far as
any conscious process is concerned. However the case may be, it
must be admitted that there is real beauty and majesty in the verse
of Herrera, and that his countrymen are right in terming him " the
divine " {el divino). He himself published only part of his verse,
"Algunas obras" (Seville, 1582). His "Poesfas" are accessible in the
"Biblioteca de autores espafioles", vol. XXXII; the ode "Por la victoria
de Lepanto" was edited critically by Morel-Fatio (Paris, 1893).
Fernando de Herrera, Cmitroversia sobre sus anotaciones d las obras
deOarcHoffode la Vega.Poesias inl-ditas (.Seville, in publications of
the Sociedad de biblidfilos andaluces) ; BounciEZ, Les sonnets de F.
de II. in the Annaies de la FacuUe des Leltres de Bordeaux (1891);
Fitzmaurice-Kelly, History of Spanish Literatuie; Ticknor, History of
Spanish Literature. J. D. M. Ford. Herrera, (1) Francisco (el Viejo, the
Elder), a Spanish painter, etcher, medallist, and architect; b. in
Seville, 157G; d. in Madrid, 165(5. Luiz Fernandez was his teacher,
but Herrera soon broke away from the timid style and Italian
traditions of Spanish painting of his day, and became the pioneer of
that bold, vigourous, effective, and natural style whose preeminent
exponent was Velasquez. Herrera was the first to use long brushes,
which may, in part, account for his "modern" technique and
dexterous brushwork. Many authorities ascribe to him the foundation
of the Spanish School. His great talent brought him many pupils,
whom his passionate temper and rough manners soon drove away.
Velasquez, when thirteen years old, was placed under this great
professor, and remained a year with him. Herrera, who was an
accomplished worker in bronze, engraved medals skilfully. Tliis gave
rise to the charge of counterfeiting, and he fled for sanctuary to the
Jesuit College, for which he painted "The Triumph of St.
Hermengild", a picture so impressive that when Philip IV saw it
(1621) he immediately pardoned the painter. Herrera thereupon
returned to Seville. His ungoverned temper soon drove his son to
Rome and his daughter to a nunnery. Herrera's pictures are full of
energy, the drawing is good and the colouring so cleverly managed
that the figures stand out in splendid relief. Many of his small easel
pictures, in oil, represent fairs, dances, interiors of inns, and deal
with the intimate life of Spain. His large works are nearly all
religious. In Seville he painted a "St. Peter" for the cathedral and a "
Last Jutlgment" for the church of San Bernardo, the latter being
considered his masterpiece. After executing many commissions in his
native town he removed to Madrid (1650), where he won great
renown. In the archiepiscopal palace are four large canvases, one of
which, " Moses Smiting the Rock", is celebrated for its dramatic
qualities and daring teclmique. In the cloister of the Merced Calzada
is a noteworthy series of paintings whose subjects are drawii from
the life of St. Ramon. He painted much in fresco, in which medium
his best effort is believed to have been on the vault of San Bona
Ventura, but this, with all his other frescoes, has disappeared. None
of his architectural productions are mentioned, and there remain but
a few of his etchings, all of which were reproductions of his
paintings. One of his pictures, " St. Basil dictating his doctrine", is in
the Louvre, and another, "St. Matthew", is in the Dresden Gallery.
Herrera left two sons, "el Rubio" (the ruddy) who dietl before he
fulfilled the great promise of his youth, and "el Mozo" (the younger).
(2) Francisco Herrera (el Mozo, the Younger), a Spanish painter and
architect; b. in Seville, 1622; d. in Madrid, 1655. He was the second
son of Herrera, "el Viejo", and began his career vmder his father's
instruction, but the elder's violent temper at last became so
intolerable that the youth fled to Rome. For sLx years the younger
Herrera assiduously devoted himself to the study of architecture,
perspective, and the antique, his aim being fresco painting. But it
was still life in which he excelled. He already painted hndegones, fish
so cleverly done that the Romans called him: "il Spagnuolo degli
pesci". In 1656 he returned to Seville, foimded the Seville Academy,
and in 1(J60 became its sub-director imder Murillo. He Ls said to
have been vain, suspicious, hottempered, and jealous; at any rate he
resented his subordinate post and went to Madrid about 1661 (Cean
Benmidez). Before leaving his native city he painted two large
pictures for the cathedral and a " St. Francis" for the chapel of this
saint. Sir E. Head declares the latter to be his masterpiece. In Madrid
he painted a great "Triumph of St. Hermengild" for the church of the
Carmelite friars, and so beautiful a group of frescoes in San Felipe el
Real that Philip IV commanded him to paint the dome of the chapel
of Our Lady of Atocha, and thereafter made him painter to the king
and superintendent of royal buildings. Besides his marvellous work in
still life he painted many portraits, and while these lacked the vigour,
colour, and bold design which characterize his father'a work, they
exliibit a far greater knowledge and use of chiaroscuro. Charles II
kept him at his Court and made him master of the royal works. For
this king Herrera renovated the cathedral of El PUar, in Saragossa.
The Madrid gallery contains his " St. Hermengild". Radcliffe, Schools
and Masters of Painting (New York, 1907); Stihung-Maxwell, Annals
of the Artists of Spain (London, 184S). Leigh Hunt. Herrera
Barnuevo, Sebastiano de, painter, architect, sculptor and etcher; b.
in Madrid, 1611 or 1619 ; d. there, 1671 ; son of Antonio Herrera, a
sculptor of fair ability, who, after teaching his son the rudiments of
his art, placed him with Cano. Under this famous artist he made
such great progress in both painting and sculpture that Philip IV took
him into his service, commanded him to decorate the chapel of Our
Lady of Atocha, and made him guardian of the Escorial, for which he
henceforth worked. Most of his pictures are in Madrid. His
masterpiece is the "St. Barnabas", in the hall of the council-chamber
in the Escorial, and was long regarded as by the hand of Guido.
Nearly as famous is the " Beatification of St.
 HERRERA 296 HERSFELD Augustine " in the chapel of the
Augustinian Recollects and the "Nativity" in the church of San
Geronuno. Barnuevo's colouring was as brilliant and harmonious as
tliat of Titian, whom he imitated; hLs style was scarcely to be
differentiated from Guido's; his draughtsmanship was excellent, and
his work with the graver and etching-needle highly esteemed. He
was an able architect, and won such fame in this branch of art that
he received many commissions from the Court and the nobility. He
was a simple, modest, urbane, and deeply religious man, as well as
a most versatile artist. S.\NTOs, La Descripcion del Escorial (Madrid,
1657); QuelUET, Dictionnaire des peintres espagnols (Paris, s. d.) ;
Siret, Dictionnaire historique des peintre^ (Louvam, 1SS3). Leigh
Hitnt. Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio de, Spanish historian; b. at
Cuellar, in the province of Sego\'ia, in 15.59 ; d. at Madrid, 27
March, 1625. He was a greatgrandson of the Tordesillas who was
put to death by the Comuneros at Seville. He studied in Spain and
Ital}', and became secretary to Vespasiano Gonzaga, a brother of
the Duke of Mantua, who wa.s afterwards Viceroy of Navarre and
Valencia, and who recommended him to Philip II in the last year of
that monarch's reign. Philip appointed him grand historiographer
{cninista mayor) of America and Castile, and he filled that office
during part of his ro\-al patron's reign, the whole reign of PhiHp III,
and the beginning of that of Philip IV. At his death his body was
conveyed to Cuellar, and interred in the church of Santa Marina,
where his tomb Ls stUl to be seen. His most famous work is the
"Historia General de los Hechos de los Castellanos en las Islas y
Tierra Firme del Mar Oc^ano" (General History of the deeds of the
Castilians on the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea), divided
into eight periods of ten years each, and comprising all the years
from 1472 to 1554. This work was printed at Madrid in 1601 ;
reprinted by Juan de la Cuesta in 1615; revised and augmented by
.\ndr^s Gonzalez and publishetl at Madrid by Nicolas Rodriguez in
1726, and at Antwerp, by Juan Bautista Verdussen, in 1728. Worthy
of note is the "Description of the West Indies", in the first volume of
his work, which was translated into Latin and i5ublished at
Amsterdam, by Caspar Barleo, in 1622, a French version being
published at Paris in the same year. In 1660 there appeared a
French translation of the first three decades of his " Historia" bj-
Nicolas de la Corte. In writing his great work Tordesillas made use of
all the public archives, having access to documents of every kind. It
is evident in his writings that he had to deal with a large number of
historical manuscripts, and contented himself with relating events as
he found them recorded. A great part of his work is more or less a
transcript of the Historj- of the Indies left by the famous Bishop
Bartolome de las Casas, though expurgated of wellnigh everything
unfavourable to the settlers. A painstaking and conscientious
investigator for the most part, his style does not correspond to his
other admirable qualifications. He wa.s a learned and judicious man,
though, particularly in the later decades, somewhat prone to
overpraise the confjuerors and their exploits. In addition to that
already mentioned, his most important works are: "\ General History
of the World during the time of Philip II from the year 15.59 to the
King's death" ; " Events in Scotland and England during the forty-
four years of the lifetime of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland"
(Historia de lo sucedido en Escocia ^ Inglaterra en los cuarenta y
cuatro anos que \-ivi6 Maria Estuardo Reina de Escocia) ; Five books
of the historj' of Portugal and the conquests of the Azores in the
years 1582, 1583; "Historj- of events in France from 1585 to 1594"
(a work published in Madrid in 1598, but suppressed by command of
the king); "A Treatise, Relation, and Historical Discourse on the
DLsturbances in Aragon in the years 1591 and 1592" (Tratado,
relacion y discurso historico de los movimientos en .\rag6n en los
anos de 1591 y 1592); "Commentary on the deeds of the Spaniards,
French, and Venetians in Italy, and of other Republics, Potentates,
famous Itahan Princes and Captains, from 1281 to 1559"; "Chronicle
of the Turks, following chiefl)' that written by Juan Maria Vicentino,
chronicler to Mahomet, Bajazet, and Suleiman, their lords "
(unpublished) ; various works translated from the French and Italian,
preserved in the National Library at Madrid. Dice, enciclopcdico
hl.'ipuno-antcricaito (Barcelona, 1S92), X; .\sTR-4lN, Breves apuntes
de literatura espaiiola; Works of Ant, Herrera (Madrid, 1615, 1726;
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

textbookfull.com