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Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science

John Hunt

A Beginners
Guide to Python 3
Programming
Second Edition
Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science

Series Editor
Ian Mackie, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK

Advisory Editors
Samson Abramsky , Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford,
Oxford, UK
Chris Hankin , Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London,
UK
Mike Hinchey , Lero – The Irish Software Research Centre, University of
Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
Dexter C. Kozen, Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca,
NY, USA
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Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Brook, NY, USA
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UK
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University of Tennessee-Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, USA
‘Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science’ (UTiCS) delivers high-quality instruc-
tional content for undergraduates studying in all areas of computing and information
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John Hunt

A Beginners Guide to Python

3 Programming
Second Edition
John Hunt
Midmarsh Technology Ltd.
Chippenham, Wiltshire, UK

ISSN 1863-7310 ISSN 2197-1781 (electronic)

Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science
ISBN 978-3-031-35121-1 ISBN 978-3-031-35122-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35122-8

1st edition: © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019, corrected publication 2020

2nd edition: © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
This book is simply for Denise, the love of my
life.
Preface the Second Edition

I am writing this preface to the second edition of this book in the middle of 2023,
and I am reflecting on what has happened to Python over the last 4 to 5 years.
Python itself has gone from strength to strength, its popularity has not diminished
and if anything has increased. I increasingly come across organizations in all walks
of life that are actively using the language. This is true whether they are schools,
colleges or universities, charities, governmental organization, research institutions
or commercial enterprises. The uses being made of Python keeps on growing and
the ecosystem of supporting libraries available keeps on growing.
This edition represents a significant update from Python 3.7 (which was the current
version when the first edition of the book was written) to Python 3.11 (and a look
ahead to Python 3.12). It also represents a significant extension to the original book
with an additional eight chapters. These chapters represent topics and questions that
those learning Python have expressed an interest in such as frozensets, enumer-
ated types and sorting functions to Python virtual environments. It also reflects new
features in the language such as pattern matching introduced in Python 3.10 and
Exception Groups handling and Exception Notes introduced in Python 3.11.
The book also now includes a chapter entitled ‘Python Bites Back’ which high-
lights for someone learning Python, 14 of the most common mistakes made by a
Python beginner. This chapter can be dropped into at any time but covers the whole
of the language discussed in this book so some sections may be more relevant once
the whole book has been read.

Chippenham, UK John Hunt

vii
Preface to the First Edition

There is currently huge interest in the Python programming language. This is driven
by several factors; its use in schools with the Raspberry Pi platform, its ability to be
used for DevOps scripts, its use in Data Science and Machine Learning and of course
the language itself. Plus of course it is free! So anyone anywhere can download and
install Python and get started.
There are many books on Python; however, most assume previous programming
experience or are focused on particular aspects of Python use such as Data Science
or Machine Learning or have a scientific flavor.
The aim of this book is to introduce Python to those with little or very little
programming knowledge, but to take them through to become an experienced Python
developer.
As such the earlier parts of the book introduce fundamental concepts such as
what a variable is and how a for loop works. In contrast the later chapters intro-
duce advanced concepts such as Functional Programming, object orientation and
exception handling.
In between a wide range of topics are introduced and discussed from a Python
point of view including functions, recursion, operators, Python properties, modules
and packages, protocols and monkey patching, etc.
After the core elements of Python are established each new subject area is intro-
duced by way of an introductory chapter presenting the topic in general, providing
background on that subject, why it is of importance, etc. These introductions cover
structure analysis, functional programming and object orientation.
Some of the key aspects of this book are:
1. It assumes very little knowledge or experience of Python or programming.
2. It provides a basic introduction to Python as well as advanced topics such as
generators and coroutines.
3. This book provides extensive coverage of object orientation and the features in
Python 3 supporting classes, inheritance and protocols.
4. Pythons’ support for functional programming is also presented.

ix
x Preface to the First Edition

5. Following on from introducing the basic ideas behind functional programming,

the book presents how advanced functional concepts such as closures, currying
and higher-order functions work in Python.
6. The book includes exercises at the end of most chapters with online solutions
7. There are several case studies spread through the book that broaden understanding
of preceding topics.
8. All code examples (and exercise solutions) are provided online in a GitHub
repository.

Chapter Organization

Each chapter has a brief introduction, the main body of the chapter, followed by a
list of (typically) online references that can be used for further reading.
Following this there is typically an Exercises section that lists one or more
exercises that build on the skills you will have learnt in that chapter.
Sample solutions to the exercises are available in a GitHub online repository that
supports this book.

What You Need

You can of course just read this book; however following the examples in this book
will ensure that you get as much as possible out of the content.
For this you will need a computer.
Python is a cross platform programming language and as such you can use Python
on a Windows PC, a Linux box or a Apple Mac, etc. So you are not tied to a particular
type of operating system; you can use whatever you have available.
However you will need to install some software on that computer. At a minimum
you will need Python.
This book focuses on Python 3 so you will need that. Some guidance on this is
provided in Chap. 2 on setting up your environment.
You will also need some form of editor in which to write your programs. There
are numerous generic programming editors available for different operating systems
with VIM on Linux, Notepad++ on Windows and Sublime Text on Windows and
Macs being popular choices.
However, using a Integrated Development Environment (IDE) editor such as
PyCharm or potential Visual Studio Code will make writing and running your
programs much easier.
Preface to the First Edition xi

Using an IDE

The IDE I prefer for Python is PyCharm, it is not the only IDE for Python by any
means, but it is a very widely used one.
Other IDEs available for Python include:
● Spyder which is an IDE often used by scientists and engineers see https://www.
spyder-ide.org/.
● Jupiter Notebook which is a web-based IDE and is particularly good for data
scientists https://jupyter.org/.
● Visual Studio Code. This is a very good free editor from Microsoft that has really
useful features https://code.visualstudio.com.
● Sublime Text is more of a text editor that color codes Python; however for a simple
project it may be all you need https://www.sublimetext.com.
Mostly this book is editor or IDE agnostic only Chap. 3 ‘Setting up the Python
Environment’ and Chap. 42 ‘Python Virtual Environments’ really focus on PyCharm.
You can therefore use whatever editor you wish to use.

Conventions

Throughout this book you will find a number of conventions used for text styles.
These text styles distinguish different kinds of information.
Code words, variables and Python values, used within the main body of the text,
are shown using a Courier font. For example:
This program creates a top level window (the wx.Frame) and gives it a title. It also creates
a label (a wx.StaticText object) to be displayed within the frame.

In the above paragraph wx.Frame and wx.StaticText are classes available in a

Python graphical user interface library.
A block of Python code is set out as shown here:
num = int(input( ’Enter another number: ’))
if num > 0:
print(num, ’is positive’)
print(num, ’squared is ’, num * num)
print(’Bye’)
Note that keywords and points of interest are shown in bold font.
Any command line or user input is shown in italics and is also bold:
xii Preface to the First Edition

> python hello.py

Or
Hello, world
Enter your name:John
Hello John

Example Code and Sample Solutions

The examples used in this book (along with sample solutions for the exercises at the
end of most chapters) are available in a GitHub repository. GitHub provides a web
interface and a server environment hosting Git.
Git is a version control system typically used to manage source code files (such
as those used to create systems in programming languages such as Python but also
Java, C#, C++, Scala, etc.). Systems such as Git are very useful for collaborative
development as they allow multiple people to work on an implementation and to
merge their work together. They also provide a useful historical view of the code
(which also allows developers to roll back changes if modifications prove to be
unsuitable).
If you already have Git installed on your computer then you can clone (obtain a
copy of) the repository locally using:
git clone https://github.com/johnehunt/beginnerspython
3_2nd
If you do not have git then you can obtain a zip file of the examples using
https://github.com/johnehunt/beginnerspython3_2nd/arc
hive/master.zip
You can of course install Git yourself if you wish. To do this see https://git-scm.
com/downloads. Versions of the Git client for Mac OS, Windows and Linux/Unix
are available here.
However, many IDEs such as PyCharm come with Git support and so offer another
approach to obtaining a Git repository.
For more information on Git see http://git-scm.com/doc. This Git guide provides
a very good primer and is highly recommended.

Bath, UK John Hunt

Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 What is Python? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Python Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Python History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Python Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Python Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 Python Execution Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.7 Running Python Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.7.1 Interactively Using the Python Interpreter . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.7.2 Running a Python File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.7.3 Executing a Python Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7.4 Using Python in an IDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.8 Jupyter Notebooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.9 Useful Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2 Where is Python Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.1 Data Analytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.2 Machine Learning and AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.3 Database Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1.4 Python for Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1.5 Python for Film Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1.6 Cross Platform UIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1.7 Games Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.1.8 Integration Testing Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.1.9 Academic Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.1.10 Web Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 Useful Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

xiii
xiv Contents

3 Setting up the Python Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2 Check to See if Python is Installed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.3 Installing Python on a Windows PC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3.1 Step 1: Downloading Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3.2 Step 2: Running the Installer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.3.3 Step 3: Set up the PATH (Optional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.3.4 Step 4: Verify the Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3.5 Step 5: Run Some Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3.6 Step 6: Exit the Python Interpreter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4 Setting up on a Mac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.5 Setting up an IDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.5.1 Downloading the PyCharm IDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.5.2 Setting up the IDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.6 Writing Python Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.7 A Note on Filenames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.8 Online Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4 A First Python Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.2 Hello World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3 Interactive Hello World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.4 Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.5 Naming Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.6 Assignment Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.7 Python Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.8 Comments in Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.9 Scripts Versus Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.10 Online Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.11 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5 Python Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.2 What Are Strings? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.3 Representing Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.4 What Type is String? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.5 What Can You Do with Strings? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.5.1 String Concatenation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.5.2 Length of a String . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.5.3 Accessing a Character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.5.4 Accessing a Subset of Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.5.5 Repeating Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.5.6 Splitting Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.5.7 Counting Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.5.8 Replacing Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.5.9 Finding Sub Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Contents xv

5.5.10 Converting Other Types into Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

5.5.11 Remove Prefix and Suffix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.5.12 Comparing Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.5.13 Other String Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.6 Hints on Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.6.1 Python Strings are Case Sensitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.6.2 Function/Method Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.6.3 Function/Method Invocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.7 String Formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.8 String Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.9 Formatting Using f-strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.10 Online Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.11 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6 Numbers, Booleans and None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.2 Types of Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.3 Integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.3.1 Converting to Ints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.4 Floating Point Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.4.1 Converting to Floats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
6.4.2 Converting an Input String into a Floating Point
Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
6.5 Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6.6 Boolean Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6.7 Arithmetic Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.7.1 Integer Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.7.2 Negative Number Integer Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.7.3 Floating Point Number Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.7.4 Integers and Floating Point Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.7.5 Complex Number Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.8 Assignment Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.9 None Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.10 Online Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.11 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.11.1 General Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.11.2 Convert Kilometers to Miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
7 Flow of Control Using if Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7.2 Comparison Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7.3 Logical Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
7.4 The If Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
7.4.1 Working with an If Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.4.2 Else in an If Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.4.3 The Use of elif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
xvi Contents

7.5 Nesting if Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

7.6 If Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
7.7 A Note on True and False . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
7.8 Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
7.9 Online Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
7.10 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7.10.1 Check Input is Positive or Negative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7.10.2 Test if a Number is Odd or Even . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7.10.3 Kilometers to Miles Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
8 Iteration/Looping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.2 While Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.3 For Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.3.1 Python for Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.3.2 Looping by Non-default Increments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.3.3 Anonymous Loop Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.4 Negative Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.5 Break Loop Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
8.6 Continue Loop Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.7 For Loop with Else . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
8.8 A Note on Loop Variable Naming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
8.9 Dice Roll Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
8.10 Online Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
8.11 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
8.11.1 Calculate the Factorial of a Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
8.11.2 Print All the Prime Numbers in a Range . . . . . . . . . . . 105
9 Number Guessing Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
9.2 Setting up the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
9.2.1 Create a New Python File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
9.2.2 Add a Welcome Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
9.2.3 Running the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
9.3 What Will the Program Do? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
9.4 Creating the Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
9.4.1 Generate the Random Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
9.4.2 Obtain an Input From the User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
9.4.3 Check to See if the Player Has Guessed
the Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
9.4.4 Check They Haven’t Exceeded Their Maximum
Number of Guess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
9.4.5 Notify the Player Whether Higher or Lower . . . . . . . . 113
9.4.6 End of Game Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
9.5 The Complete Listing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
9.6 Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
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 International Relations - Field Notes
Spring 2025 - Division

Prepared by: Associate Prof. Williams

Date: July 28, 2025

Exercise 1: Research findings and conclusions

Learning Objective 1: Current trends and future directions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Key terms and definitions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 5: Practical applications and examples
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 9: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Discussion 2: Case studies and real-world applications
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 12: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 18: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Discussion 3: Learning outcomes and objectives
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 22: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 23: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 24: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 25: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 27: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 29: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Appendix 4: Theoretical framework and methodology
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 37: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 39: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Test 5: Experimental procedures and results
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 42: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 44: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 45: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 48: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 49: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 50: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Introduction 6: Ethical considerations and implications
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 52: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 54: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 56: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 57: Experimental procedures and results
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 59: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Results 7: Practical applications and examples
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 63: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 66: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 68: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 69: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Methodology 8: Fundamental concepts and principles
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 71: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 72: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 73: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 75: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 78: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 9: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 81: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 87: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 88: Experimental procedures and results
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 89: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Appendix 10: Fundamental concepts and principles
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 91: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 92: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 99: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 11: Ethical considerations and implications
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 101: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 103: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 105: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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