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Advanced iOS App Architecture Advanced iOS App Architecture

Advanced iOS App Architecture

By René Cacheaux & Josh Berlin

Copyright ©2022 Razeware LLC.

Notice of Rights
All rights reserved. No part of this book or corresponding materials (such as text,
images, or source code) may be reproduced or distributed by any means without
prior written permission of the copyright owner.

Notice of Liability
This book and all corresponding materials (such as source code) are provided on an
“as is” basis, without warranty of any kind, express of implied, including but not
limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, and
noninfringement. In no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any
claim, damages or other liability, whether in action of contract, tort or otherwise,
arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use of other dealing in
the software.

Trademarks
All trademarks and registered trademarks appearing in this book are the property of
their own respective owners.

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Advanced iOS App Architecture

Table of Contents: Overview

Book License ................................................................................................ 7
Before You Begin ................................................................... 8
What You Need .......................................................................................... 9
Book Source Code & Forums ............................................................. 11
Section I ................................................................................. 14
Chapter 1: Welcome.................................................................. 15
Chapter 2: Which Architecture Is Right for Me?............ 18
Chapter 3: Example App: Koober ......................................... 38
Chapter 4: Objects & Their Dependencies ....................... 53
Chapter 5: Architecture: MVVM ....................................... 127
Chapter 6: Architecture: Redux ......................................... 185
Chapter 7: Architecture: Elements, Part 1 .................... 239
Chapter 8: Architecture: Elements, Part 2 .................... 262
Conclusion .............................................................................................. 334

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Advanced iOS App Architecture

Table of Contents: Extended

Book License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Before You Begin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
What You Need. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Book Source Code & Forums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
About the Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Section I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Chapter 1: Welcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
What lies ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Who this book is for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Where to go from here?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Chapter 2: Which Architecture Is Right for Me? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Identifying problems to solve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Boosting team velocity and strengthening code quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Examining the problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Increasing code agility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Surveying architecture patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Selecting a pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Putting patterns into practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Key points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Chapter 3: Example App: Koober . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Koober . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Why Koober? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Getting started with the source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Key points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Chapter 4: Objects & Their Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

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Advanced iOS App Architecture

Establishing the goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Learning the lingo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Creating dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
The fundamental considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Why is this architecture? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Dependency patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Dependency Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
On-demand approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Factories approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Single-container approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Designing container hierarchies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Applying DI theory to iOS apps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Applying the on-demand approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Applying the factories approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Applying the single-container approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Applying the container hierarchy approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Key points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Where to go from here? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Chapter 5: Architecture: MVVM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
What is it? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Container views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Communicating amongst view models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Navigating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Applying theory to iOS apps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Composing views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Navigating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Managing state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Pros and cons of MVVM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Key points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Where to go from here? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Chapter 6: Architecture: Redux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

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Advanced iOS App Architecture

What is Redux? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Applying theory to iOS apps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Pros and cons of Redux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Key points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Where to go from here? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Chapter 7: Architecture: Elements, Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Introducing Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Underlying concepts of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
User interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Interaction responder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Key points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Chapter 8: Architecture: Elements, Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Observer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Use case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Pros and cons of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Key points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

raywenderlich.com 6
L Book License

By purchasing Advanced iOS App Architecture, you have the following license:

• You are allowed to use and/or modify the source code in Advanced iOS App
Architecture in as many apps as you want, with no attribution required.

• You are allowed to use and/or modify all art, images and designs that are included
in Advanced iOS App Architecture in as many apps as you want, but must include
this attribution line somewhere inside your app: “Artwork/images/designs: from
Advanced iOS App Architecture, available at www.raywenderlich.com”.

• The source code included in Advanced iOS App Architecture is for your personal use
only. You are NOT allowed to distribute or sell the source code in Advanced iOS
App Architecture without prior authorization.

• This book is for your personal use only. You are NOT allowed to sell this book
without prior authorization, or distribute it to friends, coworkers or students; they
would need to purchase their own copies.

All materials provided with this book are provided on an “as is” basis, without
warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties
of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. In no event
shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other
liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in
connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software.

All trademarks and registered trademarks appearing in this guide are the properties
of their respective owners.

raywenderlich.com 7
Before You Begin

This section tells you a few things you need to know before you get started, such as
what you’ll need for hardware and software, where to find the project files for this
book, and more.

raywenderlich.com 8
i What You Need

To follow along with this book, you’ll need the following:

• A Mac running macOS Big Sur or later.

• Swift 5.5.2: all projects have been written to work with Swift 5.5.2 in Xcode.

• Xcode 13.2.1 or later. You’ll need Xcode 13.2.1 or later to open and run the
example apps included in this book.

If you haven’t installed the latest version of macOS or Xcode, be sure to do that
before continuing with the book. The code covered in this book depends on Swift
5.5.2 and Xcode 13.2.1.

This book provides the building blocks for developers who wish to broaden their
horizons and learn how architectures can help them build robust and maintainable
applications and SDKs.

raywenderlich.com 9
Advanced iOS App Architecture What You Need

The prerequisites for this book include an intermediate understanding of Swift and
iOS development. If you’ve worked through our classic beginner books — Swift
Apprentice (https://www.raywenderlich.com/books/swift-apprentice) and UIKit
Apprentice (https://www.raywenderlich.com/books/uikit-apprentice) — or have
similar development experience, you’re ready to read this book.

To get the most out of this book an understanding of Apple’s new Combine
framework would also be helpful. If you’ve worked through our - Combine
Asynchronous Programming With Swift (https://www.raywenderlich.com/books/
combine-asynchronous-programming-with-swift) book you’ll understand more
regarding the reactive programming used within this book.

As you work through the book, you’ll be taken through a deep dive into different
architectures for a fictional app named Koober. Each chapter will explain the theory
behind each of the architectures first. The second half of the chapters will guide you
through how the Koober application utilized the architecture and show you how the
architecture was used within the application.

raywenderlich.com 10
ii Book Source Code &
Forums

Where to download the materials for this book

The materials for this book can be cloned or downloaded from the GitHub book
materials repository:

• https://github.com/raywenderlich/arch-materials/tree/editions/4.0

Forums
We’ve also set up an official forum for the book at https://
forums.raywenderlich.com/c/books/advanced-ios-architecture. This is a great place
to ask questions about the book or to submit any errors you may find.

raywenderlich.com 11
 “To my beautiful wife Lauren, to my fun-loving angel Zara, to
my son René Jr., to my parents who have given me everything,
and, last but not least, to my furry pals Paco and Charlie. I love
you all.”

— René Cacheaux

“Thanks to my parents for buying me my first, second, and

third computers, and making me put them together myself.
Thanks for allowing me to take any path I wanted in life, even
when it’s a little crazy. Love y’all.”

— Josh Berlin

raywenderlich.com 12
Advanced iOS App Architecture About the Team

About the Authors

Josh Berlin is an author of this book. He loves building thoughtful
user experiences on mobile. He’s currently an iOS engineer atHatch
building products to help people sleep better. He’s built apps for
the iPhone and iPad since 2008. Josh recently finished
culinaryschool in Austin, TX. When he’s not coding, he’s probably
cooking or dreaming of food.

René Cacheaux is an author of this book. He loves to architect and

build software. He currently is a Mobile Architect at Atlassian
where his mission is to design Atlassian’s mobile platform. He
especially loves all things mobile and currently architects for both
Android and Apple platforms. René has been engineering iOS apps
since 2009 and has experience in mobile client and server
engineering, mobile user experience design and product
management. René has worked on a wide range of apps spanning
from industrial sales enablement to world-wide social networking.
René enjoys starting his days in true Austin-Texas fashion with a a
breakfast taco alongside a freshly brewed cappuccino. In addition
to building mobile apps, he loves to travel, snow ski, ocean kayak
and root for his alma mater, the Texas Longhorns.

About the Editor

Darren Ferguson is doubling as the tech editor and the final pass
editor for this book. He’s an experienced software developer and
works for M.C. Dean, Inc, a systems integration provider from
North Virginia. When he’s not coding, you’ll find him enjoying EPL
Football, traveling as much as possible and spending time with his
wife and daughter. Find Darren on Twitter at @darren102 (https://
twitter.com/darren102).

raywenderlich.com 13
Section I

raywenderlich.com 14
1 Chapter 1: Welcome

Welcome to Advanced iOS App Architecture. The main goal of this book is to
thoroughly explain and show how to apply popular iOS app architectures, one by
one. We can’t wait for you to explore the architectures covered in the following
chapters.

We absolutely love this topic. We are super passionate about architecture because
architecture unlocks the ability for teams to grow and go quickly. Now, more than
ever, it’s very important to understand and apply good software architecture
practices in our projects as apps are getting more complex and as development
teams are pressured to deliver faster results despite constantly changing
requirements.

raywenderlich.com 15
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