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 5T
H
ED
“Unlike all the other books that start at the beginning, this one

IT
IO
will get you to the good stuff, fast. Jennifer will explain every

Whether you’re a beginner or bringing your skills up to date, this book gives you a solid footing in

N
step you need, including some very advanced concepts.”

modern web production. I teach each topic visually at a pleasant pace, with frequent exercises
—JEN SIMMONS, MOZILLA AND W3C CSS WORKING GROUP

to let you try out new skills. Reading it feels like sitting in my classroom! —Jennifer Robbins
Learning
Web Design
A BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO HTML, CSS,
JAVASCRIPT, AND WEB GRAPHICS

Jennifer Niederst Robbins

 Fifth Edition

LEARNING WEB DESIGN

A BEGINNER’S GUIDE TO HTML, CSS,
JAVASCRIPT, AND WEB GRAPHICS

Jennifer Niederst Robbins

Beijing • Boston • Farnham • Sebastopol • Tokyo

Learning Web Design, Fifth Edition
A Beginner’s Guide to HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and Web Graphics
by Jennifer Niederst Robbins

Copyright © 2018 O’Reilly Media, Inc. All rights reserved.

Printed in Canada.
Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
O’Reilly Media books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also avail-
able for most titles (oreilly.com/safari). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-
9938 or corporate@oreilly.com.

EDITORS: Meg Foley and Jeff Bleiel

PRODUCTION EDITOR: Kristen Brown
COVER DESIGNER: Edie Freedman
INTERIOR DESIGNER: Jennifer Robbins

PRINT HISTORY:

March 2001: First edition.

June 2003: Second edition.
June 2007: Third edition.
August 2012: Fourth edition.
May 2018: Fifth edition.

The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc. “O’Reilly Digital Studio” and related trade dress are
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marks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’ReillyMedia, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designa-
tions have been printed in caps or initial caps.

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for
errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

ISBN: 978-1-491-96020-2
[TI] [2018-04-16]
CONTENTS

FOREWORD..................................................................................................... xi

PREFACE. . ...................................................................................................... xiii

Part I. GETTING STARTED

1. Getting Started in Web Design........................................... 3

Where Do I Start?.............................................................................. 4
It Takes a Village (Website Creation Roles)......................................... 4
Gearing Up for Web Design............................................................. 14
What You’ve Learned....................................................................... 20
Test Yourself.................................................................................... 20

2. How the Web Works......................................................... 21

The Internet Versus the Web............................................................ 21
Serving Up Your Information........................................................... 22
A Word About Browsers................................................................... 23
Web Page Addresses (URLs)............................................................. 24
The Anatomy of a Web Page............................................................. 27
Putting It All Together...................................................................... 32
Test Yourself.................................................................................... 34

3. Some Big Concepts You Need to Know............................. 35

A Multitude of Devices .................................................................... 36
Sticking with the Standards.............................................................. 38
Progressive Enhancement................................................................. 38

iii


Responsive Web Design................................................................... 40

One Web for All (Accessibility)........................................................ 42
The Need for Speed (Site Performance)............................................. 44
Test Yourself.................................................................................... 46

Part II. HTML FOR STRUCTURE

4. Creating a Simple Page.................................................... 49

A Web Page, Step-By-Step................................................................ 49
Launch a Text Editor........................................................................ 50
Step 1: Start with Content................................................................ 53
Step 2: Give the HTML Document Structure.................................... 55
Step 3: Identify Text Elements.......................................................... 59
Step 4: Add an Image....................................................................... 62
Step 5: Change the Look with a Style Sheet...................................... 66
When Good Pages Go Bad............................................................... 67
Validating Your Documents.............................................................. 68
Test Yourself.................................................................................... 70
Element Review: HTML Document Setup ....................................... 70

5. Marking Up Text............................................................... 71
Paragraphs....................................................................................... 71
Headings.......................................................................................... 72
Thematic Breaks (Horizontal Rule)................................................... 74
Lists................................................................................................. 74
More Content Elements.................................................................... 78
Organizing Page Content.................................................................. 82
The Inline Element Roundup............................................................ 88
Generic Elements (div and span)....................................................... 98
Improving Accessibility with ARIA................................................ 102
Character Escapes.......................................................................... 105
Putting It All Together.................................................................... 108
Test Yourself...................................................................................111
Element Review: Text Elements...................................................... 112

iv Contents
 

6. Adding Links.................................................................. 113

The href Attribute...........................................................................114
Linking to Pages on the Web.......................................................... 115
Linking Within Your Own Site .......................................................116
Targeting a New Browser Window................................................. 126
Mail Links..................................................................................... 127
Telephone Links............................................................................. 128
Test Yourself.................................................................................. 128
Element Review: Links................................................................... 130

7. Adding Images............................................................... 131

First, a Word on Image Formats..................................................... 132
The img Element............................................................................ 134
Adding SVG Images....................................................................... 139
Responsive Image Markup............................................................. 146
Whew! We’re Finished................................................................... 159
Test Yourself.................................................................................. 159
Element Review: Images .................................................................162

8. Table Markup................................................................. 163

How to Use Tables......................................................................... 163
Minimal Table Structure................................................................ 165
Table Headers................................................................................ 167
Spanning Cells............................................................................... 168
Table Accessibility ..........................................................................169
Row and Column Groups................................................................171
Wrapping Up Tables....................................................................... 173
Test Yourself...................................................................................175
Element Review: Tables...................................................................176

9. Forms............................................................................ 177
How Forms Work.......................................................................... 177
The form Element............................................................................179
Variables and Content.................................................................... 182
The Great Form Control Roundup................................................. 183
Form Accessibility Features............................................................ 203

Contents v


Form Layout and Design................................................................ 206

Test Yourself.................................................................................. 208
Element Review: Forms.................................................................. 209

10. Embedded Media........................................................... 215

Window-In-A-Window (iframe)..................................................... 215
Multipurpose Embedder (object).....................................................218
Video and Audio............................................................................ 219
Canvas........................................................................................... 228
Test Yourself.................................................................................. 233
Element Review: Embedded Media................................................. 234

Part III. CSS FOR PRESENTATION

11. Introducing Cascading Style Sheets............................... 239

The Benefits of CSS........................................................................ 239
How Style Sheets Work.................................................................. 240
The Big Concepts........................................................................... 246
CSS Units of Measurement............................................................. 253
Developer Tools Right in Your Browser.......................................... 256
Moving Forward with CSS............................................................. 258
Test Yourself.................................................................................. 259

12. Formatting Text............................................................. 261

Basic Font Properties...................................................................... 261
Advanced Typography with CSS3................................................... 277
Changing Text Color...................................................................... 280
A Few More Selector Types............................................................ 281
Text Line Adjustments................................................................... 287
Underlines and Other “Decorations”.............................................. 290
Changing Capitalization................................................................. 291
Spaced Out.................................................................................... 292
Text Shadow.................................................................................. 293
Changing List Bullets and Numbers............................................... 296
Test Yourself.................................................................................. 299
CSS Review: Font and Text Properties............................................ 301

vi Contents
 

13. Colors and Backgrounds................................................ 303

Specifying Color Values.................................................................. 303
Foreground Color............................................................................311
Background Color.......................................................................... 312
Clipping the Background.................................................................314
Playing with Opacity...................................................................... 315
Pseudo-Class Selectors....................................................................316
Pseudo-Element Selectors............................................................... 320
Attribute Selectors.......................................................................... 323
Background Images.........................................................................324
The Shorthand background Property.............................................. 338
Like a Rainbow (Gradients)............................................................ 340
Finally, External Style Sheets.......................................................... 348
Wrapping It Up.............................................................................. 351
Test Yourself.................................................................................. 352
CSS Review: Color and Background Properties............................... 354

14. Thinking Inside the Box................................................. 355

The Element Box............................................................................ 355
Specifying Box Dimensions............................................................ 356
Padding ......................................................................................... 361
Borders.......................................................................................... 366
Margins..........................................................................................376
Assigning Display Types................................................................. 380
Box Drop Shadows......................................................................... 382
Test Yourself.................................................................................. 384
CSS Review: Box Properties........................................................... 384

15. Floating and Positioning................................................ 387

Normal Flow.................................................................................. 387
Floating ......................................................................................... 388
Fancy Text Wrap with CSS Shapes ................................................ 399
Positioning Basics........................................................................... 405
Relative Positioning........................................................................ 407
Absolute Positioning....................................................................... 408
Fixed Positioning.............................................................................416

Contents vii


Test Yourself...................................................................................417
CSS Review: Floating and Positioning Properties.............................418

16. CSS Layout with Flexbox and Grid.................................. 419

Flexible Boxes with CSS Flexbox.....................................................419
CSS Grid Layout............................................................................ 447
Test Yourself.................................................................................. 478
CSS Review: Layout Properties....................................................... 482

17. Responsive Web Design................................................. 485

Why RWD?.................................................................................... 485
The Responsive Recipe................................................................... 486
Choosing Breakpoints.................................................................... 495
Designing Responsively.................................................................. 499
A Few Words About Testing........................................................... 512
More RWD Resources.....................................................................514
Test Yourself...................................................................................516

18. Transitions, Transforms, and Animation........................ 517

Ease-y Does It (CSS Transitions)......................................................517
CSS Transforms............................................................................. 527
Keyframe Animation...................................................................... 536
Wrapping Up................................................................................. 542
Test Yourself.................................................................................. 542
CSS Review: Transitions, Transforms, and Animation.................... 545

19. More CSS Techniques..................................................... 547

Styling Forms................................................................................. 547
Styling Tables................................................................................. 551
A Clean Slate (Reset and Normalize.css)......................................... 554
Image Replacement Techniques...................................................... 556
CSS Sprites..................................................................................... 557
CSS Feature Detection................................................................... 559
Wrapping Up Style Sheets.............................................................. 564
Test Yourself.................................................................................. 564
CSS Review: Table Properties......................................................... 566

viii Contents
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