CSS 2025 Gender Studies Solved Paper

Muhammad Waqas Nawaz 03245772446

Q. No. 2.
What are the root causes that led to gender-based violence? How these factors
intersect and perpetuate violence against women in Pakistan? (20)

Q. No. 3.
Critically evaluate the concept of "gendered globalisation" focusing on the World
System Theory and how the globalisation of capitalism has created new forms of
patriarchal powers to increase gender inequalities.(20)

Q. No. 4.
Discuss the key principles, goals and strategies of the different waves of feminism.
How these waves have an impact on women's lives? (20)

Q. No. 5.
Elaborate the historical context and evolution of women's quota in Pakistan
concerning key legislations and policies that have shaped the quota system. (20).

Q. No. 6.
Give a detailed analysis of the intersectionality of Gender with Other Social Identities.
(20)

Q. No. 7.
Critically analyze Women in Development (WID) and Gender and Development (GAD)
models. Discuss its basic principles and limitations in addressing women's needs in
developing countries. (20)

Q. No. 8.
Critically examine and evaluate Malala Yousafzai's achievements and activism for
promoting girls' education in the local and global contexts. (20)
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Q.No.2;
What are the root causes that led to gender-based violence? How these factors
intersect and perpetuate violence against women in Pakistan?
A) Introduction
B) What is GBV?
C) Definition of GBV
D) GBV vs VAW (violence against women)
E) Root causes of GBV
○ Patriarchy and Gender Inequality
○ Cultural and Social Norms
○ Economic Dependence
○ Weak Legal and Justice Systems
○ Religious Misinterpretations
○ Lack of Education and Awareness
○ Political and Institutional Failures
○ Conflict and Displacement
F) How GBV Theories Explain VAW in Pakistan: Root Causes and Manifestations

1. Feminist Theory: Honor killings (karo-kari) in rural Sindh and Punjab. Patriarchal
norms justify the murder of women accused of bringing "shame" to the family, reinforcing
male dominance and control over women’s lives.

2. Social Learning Theory: Domestic violence is passed down through generations.

Children who witness their fathers abusing their mothers often grow up to replicate similar
behaviors in their own relationships, perpetuating cycles of violence.

3. Ecological Model: Acid attacks in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Individual factors
(perpetrator’s mindset), relational factors (rejection of marriage proposals), community
factors (lack of intervention), and societal factors (weak laws) all contribute to such attacks.

4. Social Structural Theory: Dowry-related violence in low-income families. Economic

disparities and systemic poverty exacerbate dowry demands, leading to abuse, torture, or
even murder of brides who fail to meet these demands.

5. Power and Control Theory: Forced marriages in tribal areas. Women are forced into
marriages to settle disputes or strengthen family ties, with violence used to ensure
compliance and maintain male authority.

6. Intersectionality Theory: Violence against minority women (e.g., Hindu or Christian

women). Minority women in Pakistan face compounded discrimination due to their gender,
religion, and often low socioeconomic status, making them more vulnerable to GBV.

7. Cultural Norms and Socialization Theory: Watta Satta (exchange marriages) in rural
areas. Cultural practices normalize the exchange of women as property, reinforcing gender
inequality and perpetuating violence.
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8. Social Control Theory: Restriction of women’s mobility in conservative regions.
Women in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are often confined to their homes, with
violence used to enforce conformity to traditional gender roles.

9. Conflict Theory: Sexual violence in conflict zones like Balochistan. Armed groups
use sexual violence as a weapon to assert dominance and control over women and
communities.

10. Cultural Feminist Theory: Objectification of women in media and public spaces.
Societal norms that objectify women’s bodies contribute to street harassment and justify
violence as a means to control women.

11. Psychological Theories: Perpetrators with a history of childhood trauma. Men who
experienced or witnessed abuse as children are more likely to perpetrate violence, reflecting
psychological dysfunction.

13. Social Exchange Theory: Economic abuse in urban areas. Husbands control finances
and resources, leaving women economically dependent and unable to leave abusive
relationships.

14. Victim-Blaming Theory: Blaming rape survivors for their attire or behavior. Societal
attitudes often shift blame to victims, discouraging reporting and perpetuating a culture of
impunity.

15. Relative Deprivation Theory: Violence in economically deprived households. Men

facing unemployment or financial stress may use violence to assert dominance and cope
with feelings of inadequacy.

17. Social Identity Theory: Violence against transgender individuals. Transgender

women face violence due to their marginalized identity, with perpetrators asserting
dominance over a perceived "outgroup."

18. Resource Theory: Denial of inheritance rights to women. Families often use violence
or coercion to prevent women from claiming their rightful share of property, ensuring male
control over resources.

G) Intersection of Factors in Pakistan

1. Patriarchy + Cultural Norms
○ Patriarchal structures are reinforced by cultural practices like honor
killings and watta satta (exchange marriages), where women are
treated as property.
○ Social acceptance of these practices normalizes violence.
2. Economic Dependence + Weak Legal Systems
○ Women’s economic dependence, combined with a lack of legal
protection, traps them in abusive relationships.
○ Fear of social stigma and financial instability prevents many from
seeking help.
3. Religious Misinterpretations + Lack of Education
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○ Misinterpretation of religious texts is used to justify practices like child
marriage and denial of education to girls.
○ Low literacy rates among women limit their ability to challenge these
norms.
4. Political Failures + Conflict
○ In regions like Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, conflict and
weak governance exacerbate GBV.
○ Displaced women in these areas face increased risks of sexual
violence and exploitation.
5. Social Norms + Victim-Blaming
○ Victims of GBV are often blamed for the violence they endure,
discouraging reporting.
○ Cultural norms prioritize family honor over women’s safety, silencing
survivors.
H) Perpetuation of Violence in Pakistan
● Normalization of Violence: GBV is often seen as a private matter, with societal norms
discouraging intervention.
● Cycle of Abuse: Economic dependence, lack of education, and weak legal systems
trap women in cycles of abuse.
● Cultural Justifications: Practices like karo-kari (honor killings) are justified under the
guise of tradition, perpetuating violence.
● Systemic Barriers: Lack of access to justice, healthcare, and support services leaves
women vulnerable.
I) How to check GBV in Pakistan?
● Strengthening Legal Framework
● Raising Awareness and Education
● Support for Survivors
● Improving Health Services
● Building Public and Political Will
● Changing Cultural Norms
● Research and Data Collection
● Empowering Women and Girls
● Engaging Men and Boys
● International Cooperation and Support
J) Conclusion

Q. No. 3.
Critically evaluate the concept of "gendered globalisation" focusing on the World
System Theory and how the globalisation of capitalism has created new forms of
patriarchal powers to increase gender inequalities.

1. Introduction
2. Globalization vs Gendered globalization
Aspect Globalization Gendered Globalization
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Definition Broad process of increasing global Focuses on how globalization impacts

interconnectedness. men and women differently.

Scope Economic, political, social, technological, Explores the intersection of gender with
and cultural. global economic and cultural processes.

Key Drivers Advances in communication, transportation, Global capitalism and neoliberal policies.
and trade.

Focus Flow of goods, services, capital, and ideas Gender-based inequalities in labor,
across borders. resources, and power.

Impact Leads to global market integration and Reinforces patriarchal structures,

cultural exchange. disproportionately affecting women.

Perspective Primarily focuses on economic and societal Highlights gender-specific outcomes and
integration. disparities.

3. Elucidating the World System Theory

● Developed by: Immanuel Wallerstein in the 1970s.
● Core Nations: Economically dominant, industrialized, and politically powerful
(e.g., U.S., Japan).
● Semi-Peripheral Nations: Intermediate countries, less developed but not as
dependent as peripheral (e.g., Brazil, India, Pakistan).
● Peripheral Nations: Less developed, dependent on raw materials and cheap
labor (e.g., many African nations).
● Global Division of Labor: Core = high-skill production; Peripheral = low-wage
labor and resources.
● Capitalism: Global system driven by capitalism, causing exploitation and
dependency.
● Historical Development: Rooted in colonialism and the rise of global
capitalism.
● State Role: Core nations have powerful states; peripheral nations often weak.
4. Gendered Globalization Analyzed through the Prism of World
Systems Theory
A. Feminization of Labor:Women in low-wage, labor-intensive sectors (e.g.,
textiles, garment industry).Bangladesh – 80% women in garment industry, low
wages, poor conditions. Pakistan – 60% women in textile manufacturing, low
wages, gender-based discrimination.
B. Reinforcement of Patriarchy: Capitalism strengthens traditional gender
hierarchies. Global – 16% gender pay gap worldwide. Pakistan – 20% women
in parliament, limited access to education and economic opportunities.
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C. Exploitation of Women’s Labor : Women in formal and informal labor
sectors, low-paying, unsafe conditions.Mexico – Maquiladora industry, 70%
women workers, low wages, sexual harassment.Pakistan – 35% women in
agriculture, underpaid, limited land ownership, credit access.
D. Gendered Consumption & Global Capitalism: Women as primary
consumers of beauty, fashion, body image products. Global – $532 billion
beauty industry driven by women consumers. Pakistan – Pressure on women
to conform to Westernized beauty standards.
E. Neoliberalism & Gender Inequality: Privatization, deregulation, austerity
policies affect women disproportionately.Unpaid labor burden increases, care
work shifts to women. Global – $11 trillion care economy, mostly unpaid,
provided by women.Pakistan – Neoliberal policies reduce access to public
services, increase reliance on women’s unpaid labor.
F. Intersectionality:Gender, class, race, geography impact women’s
experiences.U.S. – Black women earn 63% of white male wages.Pakistan –
Rural women face compounded inequalities (illiteracy, limited access to
healthcare, education, economic opportunities).
5. How the Globalization of Capitalism Has Fostered New Forms of
Patriarchal Power, Amplifying Gender Inequalities
a) Existing Patriarchal Norms
● Male Dominance in Leadership Roles:Global: Women occupy 29% of
senior management roles globally. Pakistan: Women hold 5% of executive
roles in businesses.
● Control Over Women’s Bodies:Global: 35% of women globally have
experienced physical/sexual violence (WHO). Poland: Abortion restrictions
reflecting male-dominated control. Pakistan: Abortion is illegal except to save
a woman’s life.
● Gender-Based Violence:1 in 3 women face domestic violence in Pak(UN
Women).
● Property and Inheritance Rights:
● Religious and Cultural Norms:
● Marriage and Family Norms: Early marriage pressures in Sub-Saharan
Africa and South Asia (UN Women).Pakistan: Unmarried women face
stigmatization; marriage is often prioritized over career.
● Educational Disparities: Global: 130 million girls out of school (UNESCO).
Pakistan: 47% literacy rate for women compared to 69% for men.
● Social and Cultural Expectations of Women’s Behavior: Global: Women’s
attire regulated by cultural/religious norms (e.g., Saudi Arabia).Pakistan:
Women expected to cover themselves according to societal norms.

b) New Forms of Patriarchal Powers Fostered by

Capitalistic Globalization
● Feminization of Labor: In Bangladesh, 80% of garment workforce is women,
low wages, poor conditions.
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● Economic Dependency:70% of maquiladora (exotic companies) workers are
women in Mexico. Pakistan: Women in agriculture, limited access to
resources, economic marginalization.
● Reproductive Labor Control: Women’s unpaid caregiving limits paid work
participation.
● Neoliberal Policies and Inequality: Neoliberal reforms reduce public
services, women take on more caregiving.
● Consumerism and Patriarchy: $532 billion beauty industry pressures
women to conform to standards.
● Digital Patriarchy:Global: 73% of women report online harassment (UN
Women).
● Access to Resources: Women own <20% of land in Sub-Saharan Africa.
● Cultural Control: Pressure to conform to Western beauty standards.
● Migrant Labor: Migrant domestic workers face abuse in the Middle East.
6. How this phenomenon has affected women within the socio-
cultural fabric of Pakistan

7. The other side of the coin: how globalization has elevated the
status of women
● Increased Economic Opportunities: Women in textile and garment industries gain
economic independence in Vietnam, Pak, India.
● Improvement in Education and Skill Development: India & Pakistan: UNESCO
support has improved female literacy.
● Advancements in Legal Rights and Gender Equality: UN Women and CEDAW
promote global legal frameworks for women’s rights. Domestic Violence Act (2012)
and Women Protection Bill (2006) improve legal protections.
● Political Empowerment: Quota system in parliament increases women's political
roles.
● Rise in Women’s Health and Reproductive Rights: WHO and international health
organizations improve family planning and maternal care. Family planning programs
reduce maternal mortality rates.
● Empowerment through Technology: African Women entrepreneurs use mobile
technology for business and market access.
● Cultural Shift Towards Gender Sensitivity: #MeToo and #TimesUp raise
awareness of gender-based violence and sexual harassment.
● Rise of Global Feminist Movements: #HeForShe promotes gender equality
globally. Aurat March gains momentum with international support for women’s rights.
8. Conclusion

Q. No. 4.
Discuss the key principles, goals and strategies of the different waves of feminism.
How these waves have an impact on women's lives?
1. Introduction
2. What is feminism?
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3. Philosophical rationale behind the idea
● Equality and Justice: John Stuart Mill and Simone de Beauvoir: women’s
subjugation as a social construct.
● Critique of Patriarchy: Patriarchy as a system of male dominance in both
public and private spheres. Marxist and neo-Marxist frameworks: capitalist
patriarchy and women’s exploitation (Engels, Marcuse). bell hooks and
Patricia Hill Collins: intersectionality of race, class, gender, and sexuality in
oppression.
● Autonomy and Bodily Integrity: Emphasis on bodily autonomy, reproductive
rights, and sexual agency. Mary Wollstonecraft: advocacy for self-
determination. Judith Butler: gender performativity challenges biological
determinism.
● Intersectionality: Kimberlé Crenshaw: intersectionality addresses interlocking
systems of oppression. Audre Lorde: calls for coalitional politics
acknowledging diverse, marginalized identities.
● Deconstruction of Gender Norms: Michel Foucault: biopower and disciplinary
power regulate gendered bodies.Judith Butler: gender performativity and
rejection of gender essentialism. Challenges heteronormativity and
cisnormativity through queer theory.
● Feminist Ethics: Critique of traditional moral frameworks (e.g., Kantian
deontology, utilitarianism). Carol Gilligan and Nel Noddings: ethics of care,
focusing on relationality and reciprocal care over abstract justice.
● Liberation and Emancipation: Feminism as part of liberation theory,
addressing colonialism, capitalism, and racism. Simone de Beauvoir:
existential freedom and self-actualization for women. Frantz Fanon and
Angela Davis: integration of decolonization with gender oppression.
● Social Transformation and Structural Change: Max Weber and Emile
Durkheim on social institutions shaping gender roles. Nancy Fraser:
recognition and redistribution as axes of justice. Sylvia Walby: patriarchy as
interconnected systems requiring systemic change.
4. Emergence of feminism: historical analysis of the concept
5. Waves of feminism

Wave of Feminism Key Principles Goals Key Strategies Notable Examples

Seneca Falls
Petitioning, Legal
Legal Equality, Gender Suffrage, Property Convention,
First Wave Reform, Public
Roles, Patriarchy Rights, Education Suffragette Movement,
Campaigns
Property Act

Gender Equality in All Reproductive

Protests, Legal Roe v. Wade, Equal
Spheres, Sexual Rights, Workplace
Second Wave Reforms, Media Pay Act, Miss America
Liberation, Equality, Cultural
Campaigns Protest
Reproductive Rights Change
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Gender & Sexual

Intersectional
Fluidity,
Diversity, Reclaiming Advocacy, #GirlPower, #MeToo
Reproductive
Third Wave Femininity, Global Reclaiming Movement, Malalas
Justice, Anti-
Feminism Feminism, Cultural Advocacy
Violence
Production
Movements
Social Media
Combat Sexual Campaigns,
Digital Activism,
Harassment, Grassroots #MeToo, #TimesUp,
Fourth Wave Intersectionality,
LGBTQ+ Rights, Movements, Black Lives Matter
Transgender Rights
Global Justice Corporate
Accountability

6. Impact on women
7. Conclusion

Q. No. 5.
Elaborate the historical context and evolution of women's quota in Pakistan concerning key
legislations and policies that have shaped the quota system.
1. Introduction
2. Defining quota system
3. Theoretical Rationale for quota system
4. Why is there a need for the quota system
5. Types of quota
6. Key legislation pertaining women’s quota system in Pakistan

Legislation Key Provisions Outcome

Article 25(2): Gender equality; Article 51(1): Laid the foundation for women's political
Constitution of
Reserved seats for women in National participation and representation in
Pakistan (1973)
Assembly legislature

Increased women's participation in local

The Local Government 33% seats reserved for women in local
governance; created opportunities at the
Ordinance (2001) councils (Union, Tehsil, District)
grassroots level
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The Electoral Laws 33% seats reserved for women in National Formalized reserved seats for women;
(Amendment) Act Assembly & provincial assemblies through boosted women's representation in the
(2002) proportional representation legislature

Strengthened women's legal framework,

The Women's Legal protection for women against violence;
contributing to their safer participation in
Protection Bill (2006) indirectly supports participation in public life
public life

The National
Advocated for increased female
Commission on the Established NCSW to monitor and advocate
representation in governance and public
Status of Women Act for women's rights; supports gender quotas
institutions
(2012)

Focused on advancing gender equality,

The Gender Equality Strengthened women's political participation
ensuring gender quotas across governmental
Policy (2006) and ensured gender equality in policies
structures

Increased women's representation at

18th Amendment to the Reinforced gender equality and women's
provincial level, ensuring inclusivity in
Constitution (2010) representation in provincial legislatures
governance

Punjab Women Reserved seats for women in provincial

Empowered women in provincial
Empowerment committees and organizations (focus on
governance, particularly in Punjab
Package (2012) Punjab)

The Protection against

Addressed sexual harassment; encouraged
Harassment of Women Created safer work environments, enabling
women's participation in the workforce and
at the Workplace Act women to access leadership positions
leadership roles
(2010)

The Benazir Bhutto

Shaheed Youth Quotas for women in youth leadership roles Empowered young women for leadership
Development and development programs roles and economic participation
Programme (2008)

7. Impact of quota system

8. Limitations of the quota system
9. Conclusion
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Q. No. 6.
Give a detailed analysis of the intersectionality of Gender with Other Social Identities.
A) Introduction
B) Intersectionality VS Autonomy of Gender Studies as a social science
Aspect Intersectionality Autonomy of Gender Studies

Definition Interaction of multiple identities Independent field focused on gender roles

(gender, race, class, etc.) and inequalities

Focus Complexity of social identities and Social construction of gender roles and
overlapping power structures identities

Purpose Uncover hidden inequalities through Challenge gender-based discrimination

interconnected categories and inequalities

Application Holistic approach, recognizing Interdisciplinary, applied in politics,

intersection of race, class, gender economics, media

Key Idea Identity as multidimensional, Gender as primary focus with specific

interlinked methods

Complementary Enriches gender studies with Provides methods to study gender within
Relationship intersectional analysis intersectional contexts

C) Historical background of the debate

Timeline of Intersectionality vs. Autonomy of Gender Studies Debate

● 1980s – Intersectionality Introduced

○ Kimberlé Crenshaw introduces intersectionality, focusing on how race and
gender intersect, especially for Black women.Demarginalizing the Intersection
of Race and Sex (1989), challenging traditional feminist and anti-racist
frameworks.
● 1970s – Rise of Gender Studies
○ Feminist movements establish gender studies as a discipline, with scholars
like Simone de Beauvoir and Judith Butler exploring gender roles and power
dynamics.
● 1980s – Gender Studies Institutionalized
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○ Gender studies programs are formalized in universities, focusing on gender
inequality, patriarchy, and women’s liberation.
● 1990s – Intersectionality Gains Influence
○ Intersectionality challenges the narrow focus of gender studies, urging
inclusion of race, class, and sexuality in analysis.
○ Debate begins on whether intersectionality dilutes gender studies’ specific
focus.
● 2000s – Intersectionality Expands
○ Intersectionality spreads across academic fields and social justice
movements, influencing postcolonial, queer theory, and critical race theory.
● Late 2000s – Tension Between Theories
○ Tensions arise as intersectionality grows, with some scholars concerned it
undermines the autonomy of gender studies.
○ Others argue that intersectionality enriches gender studies by broadening its
focus.
● Today – Complementary Relationship
○ Intersectionality and gender studies are viewed as complementary, enhancing
understanding of gender and social inequality through a multi-dimensional
lens.

D) Explaining Intersectionality of gender studies with other social sciences

1. Sociology

● Social Constructionism: Gender is shaped by social processes, not biology.

● Intersectionality: Race, gender, and class intersect to create unique experiences of
oppression.
● Gender Role Theory: Expectations of men and women in domestic and professional
roles.
● Standpoint Theory: Perspectives of marginalized groups offer insights into
oppression.

2. Psychology

● Gender Schema Theory: Children learn gender roles through societal cues.
● Psychoanalytic Theory: Childhood experiences shape gender identity.
● Social Learning Theory: Gender roles are learned by observing others.

3. Anthropology

● Cultural Relativism: Understand gender within specific cultural contexts.

● Structuralism: Kinship and mythology influence gender roles.
● Cultural Feminism: Investigating gender roles in diverse cultures (e.g., matrilineal
societies).
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● Symbolic Interactionism: Gender is performed and reinforced through social
interactions.

4. History

● Social History: Focuses on the contributions of marginalized genders in history.

● Feminist Historiography: Rewriting history to recognize women's contributions.
● Critical Race Theory: Examining race and gender intersection in history.

5. Political Science

● Gender and Politics: Gender impacts political behavior and representation.

● Feminist Political Theory: Critiques political systems for gender inequality.
● Patriarchy Theory: Analyzes male-dominated leadership structures.

6. Economics

● Human Capital Theory: Critiques the undervaluation of unpaid domestic labor.

● Feminist Economics: Studies the gender pay gap and inequality in economic
opportunities.

7. Literature and Media Studies

● Feminist Literary Criticism: Analyzes portrayals of women in literature.

● Queer Theory: Explores LGBTQ+ themes in literature and media.

8. Law

● Critical Legal Studies: Advocates for legal reforms to address gender-based violence.
● Feminist Jurisprudence: Critiques legal systems from a feminist perspective.
● Gender and Law Theory: Examines workplace discrimination laws.

9. Education

● Gender-Inclusive Pedagogy: Advocates for teaching practices that promote gender

equality.
● Feminist Educational Theory: Critiques traditional education systems for gender bias.

10. Environmental Studies

● Ecofeminism: Connects environmental degradation with gender oppression.

11. Criminology

● Feminist Criminology: Examines gender’s impact on crime and the criminal justice
system.
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● Masculinity Theory: Investigates how societal expectations of masculinity influence
crime.

12. Philosophy

● Feminist Ethics: Challenges traditional ethics that exclude women’s perspectives.

● Existential Feminism: Advocates for including women’s experiences in knowledge
production.

13. Geography

● Feminist Geography: Examines how urban spaces can be more inclusive for women.
● Gendered Spaces: Explores how spaces are associated with specific genders and
affect social interactions.

14. Cultural Studies

● Hegemonic Masculinity: Investigates how dominant masculinity is constructed in

cultures.
● Post-Structuralism: Deconstructs gender binaries and analyzes power dynamics in
language.

15. Development Studies

● Gender and Development (GAD): Integrates gender perspectives into development

policies.
● Women in Development (WID): Emphasizes addressing gender-specific challenges
in development.

16. Linguistics

● Language and Gender: Studies how language reflects and challenges gender norms.
● Genderlect Theory: Investigates differences in language use between genders.

E) Advantages of Intersectional Framework

● Comprehensive Understanding
● Increased Scope and Relevance
● Cross-Pollination of Ideas
● Holistic Approach to Gender Issues
● Better Policy and Social Impact

F) The other side of the coin: an argument for the autonomy of GS

● Enhanced Depth of Analysis
● Broad Applicability
● Fostering Inclusive Perspectives
● Flexibility and Adaptability
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● Increased Social Relevance
● Encourages Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration

G) Conclusion

Q. No. 7.
Critically analyze Women in Development (WID) and Gender and Development (GAD)
models. Discuss its basic principles and limitations in addressing women's needs in
developing countries.
1- Introduction
2-Theoretical basis of gendered developmental models
3- WID
4- GAD
5- Comparative analysis
6- How WID has addressed women’s needs in developing countries-
Case Study: Pakistan
7- Challenges/Limitations
8- How GAD has addressed women’s needs in developing countries
9- Challenges/Limitations
10- Other approaches
11- Conclusion

Q. No. 8.
Critically examine and evaluate Malala Yousafzai's achievements and activism for
promoting girls' education in the local and global contexts.

● Introduction
● Early Life and Activism
○ Background in Swat: Influenced by her father’s support for education,
Taliban’s ban on girls' education.
○ BBC Blog: Malala’s anonymous blog under the pen name Gul Makai about
education challenges.
○ 2012 Attack: Assassination attempt by Taliban elevates Malala’s cause.
● Global Achievements in Promoting Girls' Education
○ Nobel Peace Prize: Malala as youngest-ever laureate in 2014, spotlight on
girls’ education.
○ Malala Fund: Establishment to empower local advocates and fund education
initiatives.
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○ Global Advocacy: Speeches at the UN and international forums, pushing UN
Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Quality Education).
● Local Achievements in Pakistan and South Asia
○ Impact on Pakistan: Symbol of resistance against Taliban repression, raising
awareness of educational inequities.
○ Challenges in Pakistan: Cultural and socio-political resistance, continued
extremism, economic barriers, and deep-rooted gender norms.
● Criticism of Malala’s Activism
■ Westernization: Perceived as a product of Western media narratives,
alienating some local communities.
■ Limited Ground-Level Impact: Slow tangible outcomes in severe
conflict zones.
■ Sustainability: Questions about the long-term impact of Malala Fund
and systemic change in education systems.
● Comparison with Other Advocates

Global vs Local Key

Activist Background Focus Approach Criticism
Advocacy Organizations
Global
Pakistani
advocacy with
girls'
Girls' Global platform, emphasis on Perceived
education
Malala education and advocacy for grassroots Malala Fund, Westernized figure,
advocate,
Yousafzai gender policy change and efforts (Malala UN, UNICEF limited impact in
Nobel Peace
equality grassroots support Fund, conflict zones
Prize
speeches at
laureate
UN)
Indigenous Global recognition Grassroots
Indigenous Focus on local
rights but deeply community- Nobel Peace
rights, land issues, sometimes
Rigoberta activist, embedded in local driven activism Prize,
rights, and perceived as less
Menchu Nobel Peace indigenous alongside grassroots
preserving accessible to global
Prize community international movements
cultures audiences
laureate advocacy awareness
Kenyan
environment Environmental Grassroots
alist and conservation, Strong local focus activism Focus on
Green Belt
women's women's on Kenya, but through environmentalism,
Wangari Movement,
empowerme empowerment, global recognition environmental sometimes seen as
Maathai environmental
nt advocate, and and environmental movements separate from
organizations
Nobel Peace sustainable advocacy and women's education advocacy
Prize development empowerment
laureate
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Indian child Global March

Child rights, Local focus on Broad child Challenges in
rights and Against Child
ending child child labor and rights focus tackling child labor
Kailash education Labour, Kailash
labor, and education in South with emphasis in deeply
Satyarthi activist, Satyarthi
universal Asia with a global on ending entrenched poverty-
Nobel Peace Children's
education reach child labor stricken areas
Prize winner Foundation

● Role of Social Media and Global Platforms

○ Social Media Advocacy: Use of platforms like #BooksNotBombs to engage
youth and create awareness.
● Conclusion