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59313ffirs.qxd:WroxPro 3/22/08 2:30 PM Page i

Beginning Web Programming with

HTML, XHTML, and CSS
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Chapter 1: Creating Structured Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 2: Links and Navigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Chapter 3: Images and Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Chapter 4: Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Chapter 5: Forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Chapter 6: Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Chapter 7: Cascading Style Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Chapter 8: More Cascading Style Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Chapter 9: Page Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Chapter 10: Design Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Chapter 11: Learning JavaScript. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Chapter 12: Working with JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Chapter 13: Putting Your Site on the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Appendix A: Answers to Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Appendix B: XHTML Element Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Appendix C: CSS Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Appendix D: Color Names and Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
Appendix E: Character Encodings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Appendix F: Special Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Appendix G: Language Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
Appendix H: MIME Media Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Appendix I: Deprecated and Browser-Specific Markup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
59313ffirs.qxd:WroxPro 3/22/08 2:30 PM Page ii
59313ffirs.qxd:WroxPro 3/22/08 2:30 PM Page iii

Beginning
Web Programming with
HTML, XHTML, and CSS

Second Edition
59313ffirs.qxd:WroxPro 3/22/08 2:30 PM Page iv
59313ffirs.qxd:WroxPro 3/22/08 2:30 PM Page v

Beginning
Web Programming with
HTML, XHTML, and CSS

Second Edition

Jon Duckett
59313ffirs.qxd:WroxPro 3/22/08 2:30 PM Page vi

Beginning Web Programming

with HTML, XHTML, and CSS, Second Edition
Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
10475 Crosspoint Boulevard
Indianapolis, IN 46256
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Copyright © 2008 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
ISBN: 978-0-470-25931-3
Manufactured in the United States of America
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59313ffirs.qxd:WroxPro 3/22/08 2:30 PM Page vii

About the Author

Jon Duckett published his first web site in 1996 while studying for a BSc (Hons) in Psychology at Brunel
University, London. Since then, he has helped create a wide variety of web sites for companies of all
sizes. He has also co-written more than ten programming-related books on topics from ASP to XML (via
many other letters of the alphabet), covering diverse aspects of web programming including design,
architecture, and coding.

About the Technical Editor

Ben Schupak holds a master’s degree in computer science and has more than nine years of professional
programming experience for large corporations and U.S. federal departments. He lives in the New York
metro area and enjoys traveling.
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59313ffirs.qxd:WroxPro 3/22/08 2:30 PM Page viii
59313ffirs.qxd:WroxPro 3/22/08 2:30 PM Page ix

Credits
Acquisitions Editor Vice President and Executive Group Publisher
Jennifer Watson Richard Swadley

Development Editor Vice President and Executive Publisher

William Bridges Joseph B. Wikert

Technical Editor Project Coordinator, Cover

Benjamin Schupak Lynsey Stanford

Production Editor Compositor

Christine O’Connor Simmy Cover, Happenstance Type-O-Rama

Copy Editor Proofreader

Nancy Rapoport Christopher Jones

Editorial Manager Indexer

Mary Beth Wakefield Johnna VanHoose Dinse

Production Manager
Tim Tate
59313ffirs.qxd:WroxPro 3/22/08 2:30 PM Page x
59313ftoc.qxd:WroxPro 3/22/08 2:31 PM Page xi

Contents

Introduction xxiii

Chapter 1: Creating Structured Documents 1

A Web of Structured Documents 1
Introducing XHTML 2
Core Elements and Attributes 9
The <html> Element 9
The <head> Element 10
The <title> Element 11
The <body> Element 11
Attribute Groups 12
Core Attributes 12
Internationalization 14
UI Events 15
Basic Text Formatting 16
White Space and Flow 17
Creating Headings Using hn Elements 18
Creating Paragraphs Using the <p> Element 21
Creating Line Breaks Using the <br /> Element 21
Creating Preformatted Text Using the <pre> Element 22
Presentational Elements 26
The <b> Element 26
The <i> Element 26
The <u> Element (deprecated) 27
The <s> and <strike> Elements (deprecated) 27
The <tt> Element 27
The <sup> Element 28
The <sub> Element 28
The <big> Element 28
The <small> Element 28
The <hr /> Element 28
Phrase Elements 29
The <em> Element Adds Emphasis 30
The <strong> Element Adds Strong Emphasis 30
The <abbr> Element Is for Abbreviations 31
59313ftoc.qxd:WroxPro 3/22/08 2:31 PM Page xii

Contents
The <acronym> Element Is for Acronym Use 31
The <dfn> Element Is for Special Terms 32
The <blockquote> Element Is for Quoting Text 32
The <q> Element Is for Short Quotations 33
The <cite> Element Is for Citations 33
The <code> Element Is for Code 34
The <kbd> Element Is for Text Typed on a Keyboard 34
The <var> Element Is for Programming Variables 35
The <samp> Element Is for a Program Output 35
The <address> Element Is for Addresses 36
Lists 36
Using the <ul> Element to Create Unordered Lists 36
Ordered Lists 37
Definition Lists 39
Nesting Lists 40
How It Works 43
Editing Text 45
Using <ins> to Indicate New Additions to Text 46
Using <del> to Indicate Deleted Text 46
Using Character Entities for Special Characters 47
Comments 47
The <font> Element (deprecated) 48
Understanding Block and Inline Elements 48
Grouping Elements with <div> and <span> 49
Summary 50
Exercises 51

Chapter 2: Links and Navigation 53

Basic Links 54
Linking to Other Documents 54
Linking to E-mail Addresses 56
Understanding Directories and Directory Structures 57
What Are You Linking To? 58
What a URL Is Made Up Of 59
Absolute and Relative URLs 61
The <base> Element 64
Creating Links with the <a> Element 65
Creating a Source Anchor with the href Attribute 65
Creating a Destination Anchor Using the name and id Attributes
(linking to a specific part of a page) 66

xii
59313ftoc.qxd:WroxPro 3/22/08 2:31 PM Page xiii

Contents
Advanced E-mail Links 74
Summary 75
Exercises 76

Chapter 3: Images and Objects 77

Adding Images to Your Site 77
Types of Image Formats 78
Bitmap Images 78
Vector Images 85
Adding Images Using the <img> Element 86
Adding Other Objects with the <object> Element 93
The <object> Element’s Attributes 94
The <param> Element 97
Adding a Flash Movie To A Page 98
Using Images as Links 99
Image Maps 100
Server-Side Image Maps 101
Client-Side Image Maps 102
Summary 105
Exercises 106

Chapter 4: Tables 109

Introducing Tables 109
Basic Table Elements and Attributes 112
The <table> Element Creates a Table 113
The <tr> Element Contains Table Rows 117
The <td> and <th> Elements Represent Table Cells 119
Advanced Tables 125
Splitting Up Tables Using a Head, Body, and Foot 125
Adding a <caption> to a Table 128
Spanning Columns Using the colspan Attribute 128
Spanning Rows Using the rowspan Attribute 129
Grouping Columns Using the <colgroup> Element 130
Columns Sharing Styles Using the <col> Element 132
Accessibility Issues with Tables 132
How Tables Linearize 132
Linearization of Tables Used for Layout 133
Linearization of Tables Used for Data 135
Summary 136
Exercises 136

xiii
59313ftoc.qxd:WroxPro 3/22/08 2:31 PM Page xiv

Contents
Chapter 5: Forms 139
Introducing Forms 140
Creating a Form with the <form> Element 141
The action Attribute 142
The method Attribute 142
The id Attribute 142
The name Attribute (deprecated) 142
The onsubmit Attribute 143
The onreset Attribute 143
The enctype Attribute 144
The accept-charset Attribute 144
The accept Attribute 144
The target Attribute 145
White Space and the <form> Element 145
Form Controls 145
Text Inputs 145
Buttons 150
Checkboxes 154
Radio Buttons 156
Select Boxes 158
File Select Boxes 164
Hidden Controls 165
Object Controls 166
Creating Labels for Controls and the <label> Element 169
Structuring Your Forms with <fieldset> and <legend> Elements 171
Focus 173
Tabbing Order 173
Access Keys 175
Disabled and Read-Only Controls 176
Sending Form Data to the Server 178
HTTP get 178
HTTP post 179
Summary 183
Exercises 183

Chapter 6: Frames 185

Introducing the Frameset 185
When to Use Frames 188
The <frameset> Element 189
The cols Attribute 189
The rows Attribute 191

xiv
59313ftoc.qxd:WroxPro 3/22/08 2:31 PM Page xv

Contents
Browser-Specific Extensions to the <frameset> Element 192
The <frame> Element 194
The src Attribute 195
The name Attribute 195
The frameborder Attribute 195
The marginwidth and marginheight Attributes 196
The noresize Attribute 196
The scrolling Attribute 196
The longdesc Attribute 197
The <noframes> Element 197
Creating Links Between Frames 198
Setting a Default Target Frame Using the <base> Element 200
Nested Framesets 200
Floating or Inline Frames with <iframe> 204
The <iframe> Element 206
Summary 209
Exercises 209

Chapter 7: Cascading Style Sheets 211

Introducing CSS 212
A Basic Example 213
Inheritance 216
Where You Can Add CSS Rules 217
The <link> Element 218
The <style> Element 220
Advantages of External CSS Style Sheets 220
CSS Properties 221
Controlling Fonts 223
The font-family Property 224
The font-size Property 226
The font-weight Property 227
The font-style Property 228
The font-variant Property 229
The font-stretch Property 230
The font-size-adjust Property 230
Text Formatting 230
The color Property 231
The text-align Property 231
The vertical-align Property 232
The text-decoration Property 234
The text-indent Property 234
The text-shadow Property 235

xv
59313ftoc.qxd:WroxPro 3/22/08 2:31 PM Page xvi

Contents
The text-transform Property 235
The letter-spacing Property 236
The word-spacing Property 237
The white-space Property 237
The direction Property 238
The unicode-bidi Property 239
Text Pseudo-Classes 239
The first-letter Pseudo-Class 239
The first-line Pseudo-Class 240
Selectors 243
Universal Selector 243
The Type Selector 243
The Class Selector 244
The ID Selector 244
The Child Selector 244
The Descendent Selector 245
The Adjacent Sibling Selector 245
Using Child and Adjacent Sibling Selectors to Reduce Dependence
on Classes in Markup 245
Attribute Selectors 247
Lengths 249
Absolute Units 249
Relative Units 249
Percentages 251
Introducing the Box Model 251
An Example Illustrating the Box Model 252
The Border Properties 255
The padding Property 258
The margin Property 259
Dimensions 260
Summary 270
Exercises 270

Chapter 8: More Cascading Style Sheets 273

Links 274
Backgrounds 275
The background-color Property 276
The background-image Property 277
The background-repeat Property 278
The background-position Property (for fixing position of backgrounds) 281
The background-attachment Property (for watermarks) 282
The background Property (the well-supported shorthand) 283

xvi
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