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VISUAL QUICKPRO GUIDE
PHP 5 ADVANCED
Larry Ullman
Peachpit Press
Visual QuickPro Guide
PHP 5 Advanced
Larry Ullman
Peachpit Press
1249 Eighth Street
Berkeley, CA 94710
510/524-2178
510/524-2221 (fax)
Notice of Rights
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the publisher. For information on getting permission for reprints and excerpts,
contact permissions@peachpit.com.
Notice of Liability
The information in this book is distributed on an “As Is” basis, without warranty. While every
precaution has been taken in the preparation of the book, neither the author nor Peachpit Press
shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or
alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the instructions contained in this book or by the
computer software and hardware products described in it.
Trademarks
Visual QuickPro Guide is a registered trademark of Peachpit Press, a division of Pearson
Education.
MySQL is a registered trademark of MySQL AB in the United States and in other countries.
Macintosh and Mac OS X are registered trademarks of Apple Inc. Microsoft, Windows, Windows
XP, and Windows Vista are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corp. Screenshots of Web sites in
this book are copyrighted by the original holders.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are
claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Peachpit was aware
of a trademark claim, the designations appear as requested by the owner of the trademark. All
other product names and services identified throughout this book are used in editorial fashion
only and for the benefit of such companies with no intention of infringement of the trademark.
No such use, or the use of any trade name, is intended to convey endorsement or other affilia-
tion with this book.
987654321
Introduction ix
Chapter 1: Advanced PHP Techniques 1
Chapter 2: Developing Web Applications 43
Chapter 3: Advanced Database Concepts 81
Contents at a Glance
Chapter 4: Security Techniques 123
Chapter 5: E-commerce Techniques 169
Chapter 6: Basic Object-Oriented
Programming 233
Chapter 7: Advanced OOP 263
Chapter 8: Real-World OOP 309
Chapter 9: Networking with PHP 347
Chapter 10: PHP and the Server 373
Chapter 11: PHP’s Command-Line Interface 417
Chapter 12: Using PEAR 443
Chapter 13: Ajax 481
Chapter 14: XML and PHP 529
Index 569
v
Table of Contents
Introduction ix
Chapter 1: Advanced PHP Techniques 1
Multidimensional Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Advanced Function Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
The Heredoc Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Using printf() and sprintf() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Table of Contents
vi
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Advanced Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Inheriting Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Inheriting Constructors and Destructors . . . . . 271
Overriding Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Using the Scope Resolution Operator . . . . . . . . . 289
Creating Static Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Abstract Classes and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
vii
Table of Contents
Index 569
viii
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Introduction
i
If you’re looking at this book, then I probably don’t need to tell you how great PHP is.
Presumably, since you’re perusing the pages of an advanced text on the topic, you are
already using PHP for developing dynamic Web sites. Maybe you’ve been doing so for
a couple of years, perhaps just a couple of months. You could have learned PHP on your
own, in a class, or by reading one of the many excellent books on the subject. (I’m
referring not just to my own, of course!) Whatever the case, with some experience
Introduction
under your belt, you probably don’t want another “here’s how to use PHP and isn’t it
swell” book. What you probably want to learn is how to use PHP more efficiently, more
securely, faster, and all-around better than you already are. If so, you’ve found the
right book.
In this humble author’s (or not-so-humble author’s) opinion, advanced PHP is about
learning: how to do different things, how to improve upon the basic things, and about
technologies that intersect with PHP. In short, you know how to make a dynamic Web
site with PHP, but you’d like to know how to make a better Web site, with every possible
meaning of “better.” That’s the approach I’ve taken in writing this book. I’ve not set
out to blow your mind discussing esoteric idiosyncrasies the language has, rewriting
the PHP, MySQL, or Apache source code, or making theoretically interesting but
practically useless code. In short, I present to you several hundred pages of beyond-the-
norm but still absolutely necessary (and often cool) tips and techniques.
ix
Introduction
x
Introduction
Introduction
itself so that, in the end, you will come away
with not just how to do this or that but also
how to apply the overarching mentality to
your own, individual projects.
Unlike with most of my other books, I do
not expect that you’ll necessarily read this
book in sequential order, for the most part.
Some chapters do assume that you’ve read
others, like the object-oriented ones, which
have a progression to them. Some later
chapters also reference examples completed
in earlier ones. If you read the later ones
first, you’ll just need to quickly hop over to
the earlier ones to generate whatever data-
base or scripts the later chapter requires.
Finally, I’ll be using XHTML in my scripts
instead of HTML. I’ll also use some CSS, as
warranted. I do not discuss either of these
subjects in this book (and, to be frank, may
not adhere to them perfectly). If you are not
already familiar with the subjects, you should
look at some online resources or good books
(such as Elizabeth Castro’s excellent Visual
QuickStart Guides) for more information.
xi
Introduction
xii
Introduction
About PHP 5
Although version 5 of PHP has been out
since July 2004 (when the first non-beta
version was released), there are still a large
number of servers running older versions
of PHP, particularly outside of the United
States. This book does assume you’re using
PHP 5, although some examples will work
with older versions of the language.
The most important change in PHP 5,
with respect to this book, is the completely
different object model and syntax. Object-
oriented programming in PHP 4 is a rather
watered-down concept, really not worth
using in comparison to PHP 5’s OOP. The
object-oriented chapters use PHP 5 syntax
exclusively, and that code will not work on
older versions of the language.
Introduction
In addition, PHP 5 added support for the
Improved MySQL extension, designed for
use with MySQL 4.1 or later. With only one
or two exceptions, I use these Improved
MySQL functions instead of the older, “regu-
lar” MySQL functions. If your PHP installa-
tion (or MySQL installation) does not sup-
port these functions, you’ll need to change
the code accordingly.
xiii
Introduction
xiv
Introduction
Introduction
you’ve gone to the correct URL (the book’s
title and edition are plastered everywhere).
Each book I’ve written has its own support
area; if you go to the wrong one, the down-
loadable files won’t match those in the book.
Two bonus chapters, “Image Generation”
and “Creating PDFs,” can be downloaded
for free. Visit www.peachpit.com/title/
0321376013 to learn how to register this
book and access the chapters.
xv
This page intentionally left blank
Advanced
PHP Techniques
1
At the most basic level good programming is determined by whether or not an appli-
cation or script works as intended. This is where the beginning programmer will leave
things, and there is nothing wrong with that. However, the advanced programmer
will work past that point, striving toward improved efficiency, reliability, security,
and portability. This book teaches you how to develop the skills of an advanced PHP
programmer.
1
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