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JavaScript The Definitive Guide Fourth Edition Flanagan
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Flanagan, David
ISBN(s): 9780596000486, 0596000480
Edition: Fourth
File Details: PDF, 2.66 MB
Year: 2001
Language: english
 JavaScript: The
Definitive Guide, 4th
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By David Flanagan

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Dedication
This book is dedicated to all who teach peace and
resist violence.
Preface
There have been many changes in the world of web programming with JavaScript
since the third edition of this book was published, including:

• Second and third editions of the ECMA-262 standard have been published,
updating the core JavaScript language. Conformant versions of Netscape's
JavaScript interpreter and Microsoft's JScript interpreter have been released.
• The source code for Netscape's JavaScript interpreters (one written in C and one
written in Java ) has been released as open source and is available to anyone
who wants to embed a scripting language in his application.
• The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has published two versions (or levels)
of a Document Object Model (DOM) standard. Recent browsers support this
standard (to varying degrees) and allow client-side JavaScript to interact with
document content to produce sophisticated Dynamic HTML (DHTML) effects.
Support for other W3C standards, such as HTML 4, CSS1, and CSS2, has also
become widespread.
• The Mozilla organization, using source code originally contributed by Netscape,
has produced a good fifth-generation browser. At the time of this writing, the
Mozilla browser is not yet at the 1.0 release level, but the browser is mature
enough that Netscape has based its 6.0 and 6.1 browsers upon the Mozilla code
base.
• Microsoft's Internet Explorer has become the overwhelmingly dominant browser
on desktop systems. However, the Netscape/Mozilla browser remains relevant to
web developers, especially because of its superior support for web standards. In
addition, minor browsers such as Opera (http://www.opera.com) and Konquerer
(http://www.konqueror.org) should be seen as equally relevant.
• Web browsers (and JavaScript interpreters) are no longer confined to the desktop
but have migrated to PDAs and even cell phones.

In summary, the core JavaScript language has matured. It has been standardized and is
used in a wider variety of environments than it was previously. The collapse of
Netscape's market share has allowed the universe of desktop web browsers to expand,
and JavaScript-enabled web browsers have also become available on non-desktop
platforms. There has been a distinct, if not complete, move toward web standards. The
(partial) implementation of the DOM standard in recent browsers gives web developers a
long-awaited vendor-independent API to which they can code.
What's New in the Fourth Edition
This edition of JavaScript: The Definitive Guide has been thoroughly updated in light of
the changes I just described. Major new features include complete coverage of JavaScript
1.5 and the third edition of the ECMA-262 standard on which it is based, and complete
coverage of the Level 2 DOM standard.

Throughout the book, the focus has shifted from documenting particular JavaScript and
browser implementations ( JavaScript 1.2, Netscape 4, Internet Explorer 5, etc.) to
documenting the standards upon which those implementations are (or ought to be) based.
Because of the proliferation of implementations, it is no longer practical for any one book
to attempt to document -- or for any one developer to attempt to understand -- every
feature, proprietary extension, quirk, and bug of every implementation. Focusing on the
specifications instead of the implementations makes this book easier to use and, if you
take the same approach, will make your JavaScript code more portable and maintainable.
You'll particularly notice the increased emphasis on standards in the new material on core
JavaScript and the DOM.

Another major change in this edition is that the reference section has been split into three
distinct parts. First, the core JavaScript material has been separated from the client-side
JavaScript material (Part IV) and placed in a section of its own (Part III). This division is
for the convenience of JavaScript programmers who are working with the language in an
environment other than a web browser and who are not interested in client-side
JavaScript.

Second, the new material documenting the W3C DOM has been placed in a section of its
own (Part V), separate from the existing client-side JavaScript material. The DOM
standard defines an API that is quite distinct from the "legacy" API of traditional client-
side JavaScript. Depending on the browser platforms they are targeting, developers
typically use one API or the other and usually do not need to switch back and forth.
Keeping these two APIs distinct also preserves the organization of the existing client-side
reference material, which is convenient for readers of the third edition who upgrade to
this edition.

In order to accommodate all the new material without making the book much, much
larger, I've gotten rid of reference pages for the trivial properties of objects. These
properties are already described once on the reference page for the object, and putting
another description in a reference page of its own was redundant and wasteful. Properties
that require substantial description, as well as all methods, still have reference pages of
their own. Furthermore, the design wizards at O'Reilly have created a new interior design
for the book that remains easy and pleasant to read but takes up less space.

Conventions Used in This Book

I use the following formatting conventions in this book:
Bold

Is occasionally used to refer to particular keys on a computer keyboard or to

portions of a user interface, such as the Back button or the Options menu.

Italic

Is used for emphasis and to signify the first use of a term. Italic is also used for
email addresses, web sites, FTP sites, file and directory names, and newsgroups.
Finally, italic is used in this book for the names of Java classes, to help keep Java
class names distinct from JavaScript names.

Constant width

Is used in all JavaScript code and HTML text listings, and generally for anything
that you would type literally when programming.

Constant width italic

Is used for the names of function arguments, and generally as a placeholder to

indicate an item that should be replaced with an actual value in your program.

Finding the Examples Online

The examples printed in this book are available for download from the book's web site.
Follow the Examples link from the book's catalog page:

http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/jscript4/

Acknowledgments
Brendan Eich of the Mozilla organization is the originator and chief innovator of
JavaScript. I, and many JavaScript developers, owe Brendan a tremendous debt of
gratitude for developing JavaScript and for taking the time out of his crazy schedule to
answer our questions and even solicit our input. Besides patiently answering my many
questions, Brendan also read and provided very helpful comments on the first and third
editions of this book.

This book has been blessed with top-notch technical reviewers, whose comments have
gone a long way toward making it a stronger, more accurate book. Waldemar Horwat at
Netscape reviewed the new material on JavaScript 1.5 in this fourth edition. The new
material on the W3C DOM was reviewed by Philippe Le Hegaret of the W3C; by Peter-
Paul Koch, Head of Client-Side Programming at the Dutch Internet consultancy and
creation company Netlinq Framfab (http://www.netlinqframfab.nl); by Dylan Schiemann
of SitePen (http://www.sitepen.com); and by independent web developer Jeff Yates. Two
of these reviewers maintain useful web sites about web design with the DOM. Peter-
Paul's site is at http://www.xs4all.nl/~ppk/js/. Jeff's site is http://www.pbwizard.com.
Although he was not a reviewer, Joseph Kesselman of IBM Research was very helpful in
answering my questions about the W3C DOM.

The third edition of the book was reviewed by Brendan Eich, Waldemar Horwat, and
Vidur Apparao at Netscape; Herman Venter at Microsoft; and two independent
JavaScript developers, Jay Hodges and Angelo Sirigos. Dan Shafer of CNET's
Builder.Com did some preliminary work on the third edition. Although his material was
not used in this edition, his ideas and general outline were quite helpful. Norris Boyd and
Scott Furman at Netscape also provided useful information for this edition, and Vidur
Apparao of Netscape and Scott Issacs of Microsoft each took the time to talk to me about
the forthcoming Document Object Model standard. Finally, Dr. Tankred Hirschmann
provided challenging insights into the intricacies of JavaScript 1.2.

The second edition benefited greatly from the help and comments of Nick Thompson and
Richard Yaker of Netscape; Dr. Shon Katzenberger, Larry Sullivan, and Dave C.
Mitchell at Microsoft; and Lynn Rollins of R&B Communications. The first edition was
reviewed by Neil Berkman of Bay Networks, and by Andrew Schulman and Terry Allen
of O'Reilly & Associates.

This book also gains strength from the diversity of editors it has had. Paula Ferguson is
the editor of this edition and of the third edition. She's given the book a thorough and
much-needed going over, making it easier to read and easier to understand. Frank
Willison edited the second edition, and Andrew Schulman edited the first.

Finally, my thanks, as always and for so many reasons, to Christie.

—David Flanagan, September 2001

Chapter 1. Introduction to JavaScript
JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language with object-oriented
capabilities. The general-purpose core of the language has been embedded in Netscape,
Internet Explorer, and other web browsers and embellished for web programming with
the addition of objects that represent the web browser window and its contents. This
client-side version of JavaScript allows executable content to be included in web pages --
it means that a web page need no longer be static HTML, but can include programs that
interact with the user, control the browser, and dynamically create HTML content.

Syntactically, the core JavaScript language resembles C, C++, and Java, with
programming constructs such as the if statement, the while loop, and the && operator.
The similarity ends with this syntactic resemblance, however. JavaScript is an untyped
language, which means that variables do not need to have a type specified. Objects in
JavaScript are more like Perl's associative arrays than they are like structures in C or
objects in C++ or Java. The object-oriented inheritance mechanism of JavaScript is like
those of the little-known languages Self and NewtonScript; it is quite different from
inheritance in C++ and Java. Like Perl, JavaScript is an interpreted language, and it
draws inspiration from Perl in a number of places, such as its regular expression and
array-handling features.

This chapter provides a quick overview of JavaScript; it explains what JavaScript can and
cannot do and exposes some myths about the language. It distinguishes the core
JavaScript language from embedded and extended versions of the language, such as the
client-side JavaScript that is embedded in web browsers and the server-side JavaScript
that is embedded in Netscape's web servers. (This book documents core and client-side
JavaScript.) This chapter also demonstrates real-world web programming with some
client-side JavaScript examples.

1.1 JavaScript Myths

JavaScript is the subject of a fair bit of misinformation and confusion. Before proceeding
any further with our exploration of JavaScript, it is important that we debunk some
common and persistent myths about the language.

1.1.1 JavaScript Is Not Java

One of the most common misconceptions about JavaScript is that it is a simplified

version of Java, the programming language from Sun Microsystems. Other than an
incomplete syntactic resemblance and the fact that both Java and JavaScript can provide
executable content in web browsers, the two languages are entirely unrelated. The
similarity of names is purely a marketing ploy (the language was originally called
LiveScript; its name was changed to JavaScript at the last minute).
JavaScript and Java do, however, make a good team. The two languages have different
sets of capabilities. JavaScript can control browser behavior and content but cannot draw
graphics or perform networking. Java has no control over the browser as a whole but can
do graphics, networking, and multithreading. Client-side JavaScript can interact with and
control Java applets embedded in a web page, and, in this sense, JavaScript really can
script Java (see Chapter 22 for details).

1.1.2 JavaScript Is Not Simple

JavaScript is touted as a scripting language instead of a programming language, the

implication being that scripting languages are simpler, that they are programming
languages for non-programmers. Indeed, JavaScript appears at first glance to be a fairly
simple language, perhaps of the same complexity as BASIC. JavaScript does have a
number of features designed to make it more forgiving and easier to use for new and
unsophisticated programmers. Non-programmers can use JavaScript for limited,
cookbook-style programming tasks.

Beneath its thin veneer of simplicity, however, JavaScript is a full-featured programming

language, as complex as any and more complex than some. Programmers who attempt to
use JavaScript for nontrivial tasks often find the process frustrating if they do not have a
solid understanding of the language. This book documents JavaScript comprehensively,
so you can develop a sophisticated understanding of the language.

1.2 Versions of JavaScript

JavaScript has evolved over the years, and Netscape has released several versions of the
language. Microsoft has released similar versions of the JavaScript language under the
name "JScript." And ECMA (http://www.ecma.ch) has published three versions of the
ECMA-262 standard that standardize the JavaScript language under the awkward name
"ECMAScript."

Table 1-1 lists these various versions and explains their key features and how they are
related to one another. In this book, I often use the name "JavaScript" to refer to any
implementation of the language, including Microsoft's JScript. When I'm specifically
referring to ECMAScript, I often use the terms "ECMA-262" or "ECMA."

Table 1-1. Versions of JavaScript

Version Description
JavaScript The original version of the language. It was buggy and is now essentially
1.0 obsolete. Implemented by Netscape 2.
JavaScript Introduced a true Array object; most serious bugs resolved. Implemented by
1.1 Netscape 3.
 Table 1-1. Versions of JavaScript
Version Description
Introduced the switch statement, regular expressions, and a number of other
JavaScript
features. Almost compliant with ECMA v1, but has some incompatibilities.
1.2
Implemented by Netscape 4.
JavaScript Fixed incompatibilities of JavaScript 1.2. Compliant with ECMA v1.
1.3 Implemented by Netscape 4.5.
JavaScript
Implemented only in Netscape server products.
1.4
JavaScript Introduced exception handling. Compliant with ECMA v3. Implemented by
1.5 Mozilla and Netscape 6.
Roughly equivalent to JavaScript 1.0. Implemented by early releases of IE
JScript 1.0
3.
JScript 2.0 Roughly equivalent to JavaScript 1.1. Implemented by later releases of IE 3.
Roughly equivalent to JavaScript 1.3. Compliant with ECMA v1.
JScript 3.0
Implemented by IE 4.
JScript 4.0 Not implemented by any web browser.
Supported exception handling. Partially compliant with ECMA v3.
JScript 5.0
Implemented by IE 5.
Roughly equivalent to JavaScript 1.5. Fully compliant with ECMA v3.
Implemented by IE 5.5 and IE 6. (IE 6 actually implements JScript 5.6, but
JScript 5.5
5.6 is not different from 5.5 in any way that is relevant to client-side
JavaScript programmers.)
The first standard version of the language. Standardized the basic features of
JavaScript 1.1 and added a few new features. Did not standardize the
ECMA v1
switch statement or regular expression support. Conformant
implementations are JavaScript 1.3 and JScript 3.0.
A maintenance release of the standard that included clarifications but
ECMA v2
defined no new features.
Standardized the switch statement, regular expressions, and exception
ECMA v3
handling. Conformant implementations are JavaScript 1.5 and JScript 5.5.

1.3 Client-Side JavaScript

When a JavaScript interpreter is embedded in a web browser, the result is client-side
JavaScript. This is by far the most common variant of JavaScript; when most people refer
to JavaScript, they usually mean client-side JavaScript. This book documents client-side
JavaScript, along with the core JavaScript language that client-side JavaScript
incorporates.

We'll discuss client-side JavaScript and its capabilities in much more detail later in this
chapter. In brief, though, client-side JavaScript combines the scripting ability of a
JavaScript interpreter with the document object model (DOM) defined by a web browser.
These two distinct technologies combine in a synergistic way, so the result is greater than
the sum of its parts: client-side JavaScript enables executable content to be distributed
over the Web and is at the heart of a new generation of Dynamic HTML (DHTML)
documents.

Just as the ECMA-262 specification defined a standard version of the core JavaScript
language, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has published a DOM specification
(or recommendation) that standardizes the features a browser must support in its DOM.
We'll learn much more about this standard in Chapter 17, Chapter 18, and Chapter 19.
Although the W3C DOM standard is not yet as well supported as it could be, it is
supported well enough that web developers can start writing JavaScript code that relies
on it.

Table 1-2 shows the core language version and DOM capabilities supported by various
browser versions from Netscape and Microsoft. Note that the versions of Internet
Explorer listed in the table refer to the Windows version of that browser. The capabilities
of Macintosh versions of IE often vary (sometimes significantly) from the same-
numbered versions for Windows. Also, bear in mind that IE allows the JScript interpreter
to be upgraded independently of the browser itself, so it is possible to encounter an
installation of IE that supports a version of the language greater than that shown here.

Table 1-2. Client-side JavaScript features by browser

Browser Language DOM capabilities
JavaScript
Netscape 2 Form manipulation
1.0
JavaScript
Netscape 3 Image rollovers
1.1
JavaScript
Netscape 4 DHTML with Layers
1.2
JavaScript
Netscape 4.5 DHTML with Layers
1.3
Netscape 6 / JavaScript Substantial support for W3C DOM standard; support for
Mozilla 1.5 Layers discontinued
IE 3 JScript Form manipulation
 Table 1-2. Client-side JavaScript features by browser
Browser Language DOM capabilities
1.0/2.0
IE 4 JScript 3.0 Image rollovers; DHTML with document.all[]
IE 5 JScript 5.0 DHTML with document.all[]
IE 5.5 JScript 5.5 Partial support for W3C DOM standard
Partial support for W3C DOM standard; lacks support
IE 6 JScript 5.5
for W3C DOM event model

The differences and incompatibilities between Netscape's and Microsoft's client-side

versions of JavaScript are much greater than the differences between their respective
implementations of the core language. However, both browsers do agree upon a large
subset of client-side JavaScript features. For lack of better names, versions of client-side
JavaScript are sometimes referred to by the version of the core language on which they
are based. Thus, in client-side contexts the term "JavaScript 1.2" refers to the version of
client-side JavaScript supported by Netscape 4 and Internet Explorer 4. When I use core-
language version numbers to refer to client-side versions of JavaScript, I am referring to
the compatible subset of features supported by both Netscape and Internet Explorer.
When I discuss client-side features specific to one browser or the other, I refer to the
browser by name and version number.

Note that Netscape and Internet Explorer are not the only browsers that support client-
side JavaScript. For example, Opera (http://www.opera.com) supports client-side
JavaScript as well. However, since Netscape and Internet Explorer have the vast majority
of market share, they are the only browsers discussed explicitly in this book. Client-side
JavaScript implementations in other browsers should conform fairly closely to the
implementations in these two browsers.

Similarly, JavaScript is not the only programming language that can be embedded within
a web browser. For example, Internet Explorer supports a language known as VBScript, a
variant of Microsoft's Visual Basic language that provides many of the same features as
JavaScript but can be used only with Microsoft browsers. Also, the HTML 4.0
specification uses the Tcl programming language as an example of an embedded scripting
language in its discussion of the HTML <script> tag. While there are no mainstream
browsers that support Tcl for this purpose, there is no reason that a browser could not
easily support this language.

Previous editions of this book have covered Netscape browsers more thoroughly than
Microsoft browsers. The reason for this bias was that Netscape was the inventor of
JavaScript and (for a time, at least) held the dominant position in the web-browser
market. This bias toward Netscape has declined in each subsequent edition of the book,
and the current edition is heavily focused on standards, such as ECMAScript and the
W3C DOM, rather than on particular browsers. Nevertheless, readers may find that some
of the original bias toward Netscape comes through in the material that remains from
older editions.

1.4 JavaScript in Other Contexts

JavaScript is a general-purpose programming language; its use is not restricted to web
browsers. JavaScript was designed to be embedded within, and provide scripting
capabilities for, any application. From the earliest days, in fact, Netscape's web servers
included a JavaScript interpreter, so that server-side scripts could be written in
JavaScript. Similarly, Microsoft uses its JScript interpreter in its IIS web server and in its
Windows Scripting Host product, in addition to using it in Internet Explorer.

Both Netscape and Microsoft have made their JavaScript interpreters available to
companies and programmers who want to embed them in their applications. Netscape's
interpreter was released as open source and is now available through the Mozilla
organization (see http://www.mozilla.org/js/). Mozilla actually provides two different
versions of the JavaScript 1.5 interpreter. One is written in C and is called
"SpiderMonkey." The other is written in Java and, in a flattering reference to this book, is
called "Rhino."

We can expect to see more and more applications that use JavaScript as an embedded
scripting language.[1] If you are writing scripts for such an application, you'll find the first
half of this book, documenting the core language, to be useful. The web-browser specific
chapters, however, will probably not be applicable to your scripts.
[1]
ActionScript, the scripting language available in Macromedia's Flash 5, is modeled after the ECMAScript standard, but it is not actually
JavaScript.

1.5 Client-Side JavaScript: Executable Content in

Web Pages
When a web browser is augmented with a JavaScript interpreter, it allows executable
content to be distributed over the Internet in the form of JavaScript scripts. Example 1-1
shows a simple JavaScript program, or script, embedded in a web page.

Example 1-1. A simple JavaScript program

<html>
<body>
<head><title>Factorials</title></head>
<script language="JavaScript">
document.write("<h2>Table of Factorials</h2>");
for(i = 1, fact = 1; i < 10; i++, fact *= i) {
document.write(i + "! = " + fact);
document.write("<br>");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

When loaded into a JavaScript-enabled browser, this script produces the output shown in
Figure 1-1.

Figure 1-1. A web page generated with JavaScript

As you can see in this example, the <script> and </script> tags are used to embed
JavaScript code within an HTML file. We'll learn more about the <script> tag in
Chapter 12. The main feature of JavaScript demonstrated by this example is the use of the
document.write( ) method.[2] This method is used to dynamically output HTML text
that is parsed and displayed by the web browser; we'll encounter it many more times in
this book.
[2]
"Method" is the object-oriented term for function or procedure; you'll see it used throughout this book.

Besides allowing control over the content of web pages, JavaScript allows control over
the browser and over the content of the HTML forms that appear in the browser. We'll
learn about these capabilities of JavaScript in more detail later in this chapter and in
much more detail later in this book.

JavaScript can control not only the content of HTML documents, but also the behavior of
those documents. That is, a JavaScript program might respond in some way when you
enter a value in an input field or click on an image in a document. JavaScript does this by
defining event handlers for the document -- pieces of JavaScript code that are executed
when a particular event occurs, such as when the user clicks on a button. Example 1-2
shows the definition of a simple HTML form that includes an event handler that is
executed in response to a button click.
Example 1-2. An HTML form with a JavaScript event handler defined
<form>
<input type="button"
value="Click here"
onclick="alert('You clicked the button');">
</form>

Figure 1-2 illustrates the result of clicking the button.

Figure 1-2. The JavaScript response to an event

The onclick attribute shown in Example 1-2 was originally a Netscape extension added
to HTML specifically for client-side JavaScript. Now, however, this and other event
handler attributes have been standardized in HTML Version 4.0. All JavaScript event
handlers are defined with HTML attributes like this one. The value of the onclick
attribute is a string of JavaScript code to be executed when the user clicks the button. In
this case, the onclick event handler calls the alert( ) function. As you can see in
Figure 1-2, alert( ) pops up a dialog box to display the specified message.

Example 1-1 and Example 1-2 highlight only the simplest features of client-side
JavaScript. The real power of JavaScript on the client side is that scripts have access to a
hierarchy of objects that are based on the content of the web page. For example, client-
side JavaScript programs can access and manipulate each of the images that appear in a
document and can communicate and interact with Java applets and other objects
embedded within an HTML document. Once you have mastered the core JavaScript
language, the key to using JavaScript effectively in web pages is learning to use the
features of the DOM exposed by the browser.

1.6 Client-Side JavaScript Features

Another possible use of JavaScript is for writing programs to perform arbitrary
computations. You can write simple scripts, for example, that compute Fibonacci
numbers, or search for primes. In the context of the Web and web browsers, however, a
more interesting application of the language might be a program that computed the sales
tax on an online order, based on information supplied by the user in an HTML form. As
mentioned earlier, the real power of JavaScript lies in the browser and document-based
objects that the language supports. To give you an idea of JavaScript's potential, the
following sections list and explain the important capabilities of client-side JavaScript and
the objects it supports.

1.6.1 Control Document Appearance and Content

The JavaScript Document object, through its write( ) method, which we have already
seen, allows you to write arbitrary HTML into a document as the document is being
parsed by the browser. For example, you can include the current date and time in a
document or display different content on different platforms.

You can also use the Document object to generate documents entirely from scratch.
Properties of the Document object allow you to specify colors for the document
background, the text, and the hypertext links within it. This amounts to the ability to
generate dynamic and conditional HTML documents, a technique that works particularly
well in multiframe documents. Indeed, in some cases dynamic generation of frame
content allows a JavaScript program to replace a traditional server-side script entirely.

Internet Explorer 4 and Netscape 4 support proprietary techniques for producing

Dynamic HTML effects that allow document content to be dynamically generated,
moved, and altered. IE 4 also supports a complete DOM that gives JavaScript access to
every single HTML element within a document. And IE 5.5 and Netscape 6 support the
W3C DOM standard (or at least key portions of it), which defines a standard, portable
way to access all of the elements and text within an HTML document and to position
them and modify their appearance by manipulating their Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
style attributes. In these browsers, client-side JavaScript has complete power over
document content, which opens an unlimited world of scripting possibilities.

1.6.2 Control the Browser

Several JavaScript objects allow control over the behavior of the browser. The Window
object supports methods to pop up dialog boxes to display simple messages to the user
and get simple input from the user. This object also defines a method to create and open
(and close) entirely new browser windows, which can have any specified size and any
combination of user controls. This allows you, for example, to open up multiple windows
to give the user multiple views of your web site. New browser windows are also useful
for temporary display of generated HTML, and, when created without the menu bar and
other user controls, these windows can serve as dialog boxes for more complex messages
or user input.

JavaScript does not define methods that allow you to create and manipulate frames
directly within a browser window. However, the ability to generate HTML dynamically
allows you to programmatically write the HTML tags that create any desired frame
layout.
JavaScript also allows control over which web pages are displayed in the browser. The
Location object allows you to download and display the contents of any URL in any
window or frame of the browser. The History object allows you to move forward and
back within the user's browsing history, simulating the action of the browser's Forward
and Back buttons.

Yet another method of the Window object allows JavaScript to display arbitrary
messages to the user in the status line of any browser window.

1.6.3 Interact with HTML Forms

Another important aspect of client-side JavaScript is its ability to interact with HTML
forms. This capability is provided by the Form object and the form element objects it can
contain: Button, Checkbox, Hidden, Password, Radio, Reset, Select, Submit, Text, and
Textarea objects. These element objects allow you to read and write the values of the
input elements in the forms in a document. For example, an online catalog might use an
HTML form to allow the user to enter his order and could use JavaScript to read the input
from that form in order to compute the cost of the order, the sales tax, and the shipping
charge. JavaScript programs like this are, in fact, very common on the Web. We'll see a
program shortly that uses an HTML form and JavaScript to allow the user to compute
monthly payments on a home mortgage or other loan. JavaScript has an obvious
advantage over server-based scripts for applications like these: JavaScript code is
executed on the client, so the form's contents don't have to be sent to the server in order
for relatively simple computations to be performed.

Another common use of client-side JavaScript with forms is for validating form data
before it is submitted. If client-side JavaScript is able to perform all necessary error
checking of a user's input, no round trip to the server is required to detect and inform the
user of trivial input errors. Client-side JavaScript can also perform preprocessing of input
data, which can reduce the amount of data that must be transmitted to the server. In some
cases, client-side JavaScript can eliminate the need for scripts on the server altogether!
(On the other hand, JavaScript and server-side scripting do work well together. For
example, a server-side program can dynamically create JavaScript code on the fly, just as
it dynamically creates HTML.)

1.6.4 Interact with the User

An important feature of JavaScript is the ability to define event handlers -- arbitrary

pieces of code to be executed when a particular event occurs. Usually, these events are
initiated by the user, when, for example, she moves the mouse over a hypertext link,
enters a value in a form, or clicks the Submit button in a form. This event-handling
capability is a crucial one, because programming with graphical interfaces, such as
HTML forms, inherently requires an event-driven model. JavaScript can trigger any kind
of action in response to user events. Typical examples might be to display a special
message in the status line when the user positions the mouse over a hypertext link or to
pop up a confirmation dialog box when the user submits an important form.
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different content
 Communication - Research Paper
Winter 2025 - Laboratory

Prepared by: Dr. Brown

Date: August 12, 2025

Practice 1: Experimental procedures and results

Learning Objective 1: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 3: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 5: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 5: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 6: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 7: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Topic 2: Historical development and evolution
Practice Problem 10: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 11: Study tips and learning strategies
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 13: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 17: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 19: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Part 3: Key terms and definitions
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 28: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 4: Theoretical framework and methodology
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 32: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 38: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 39: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Introduction 5: Current trends and future directions
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 43: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 45: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 46: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 48: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 50: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Part 6: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Example 50: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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