CSS Chapter 2

This document discusses HTML layout elements and CSS techniques for building responsive grid layouts. It describes semantic HTML elements like <header>, <nav>, <section>, and <article> that define parts of a webpage. It also explains four techniques for multi-column layouts: CSS frameworks, the float property, flexbox, and CSS grid. The document provides an example of how to build a responsive 12-column grid layout using CSS by calculating column widths as percentages and applying floating and padding.

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CSS Chapter 2

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Raymond Puno

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CSS

Chapter 2
Layout, Comments, Colors, and Backgrounds
Layout
Example

WEB PAGE
HTML Layout Elements and Techniques
• Websites often display content in multiple columns (like
a magazine or a newspaper).
Example
HTML Layout Elements
• HTML has several semantic elements that
define the different parts of a web page:
HTML5 Semantic Elements
• <header> - Defines a header for a document or
a section
• <nav> - Defines a set of navigation links
• <section> - Defines a section in a document
• <article> - Defines an independent, self-
contained content
HTML Layout Elements
• <aside> - Defines content aside from the
content (like a sidebar)
• <footer> - Defines a footer for a
document or a section
• <details> - Defines additional details that
the user can open and close on demand
• <summary> - Defines a heading for the
<details> element
HTML Layout Techniques
• There are four different techniques to create multicolumn
layouts. Each technique has its pros and cons:

• CSS framework
• CSS float property
• CSS flexbox
• CSS grid
CSS framework
• A CSS framework is a library allowing for easier, more
standards-compliant web design using the Cascading Style
Sheets language.
• Most of these frameworks contain at least a grid.
• More functional frameworks also come with more features and
additional JavaScript based functions, but are mostly design
oriented and focused around interactive UI patterns.
• This detail differentiates CSS frameworks from other JavaScript
frameworks.
CSS Float Layout
• It is common to do entire web layouts using the CSS float
property.
• Float is easy to learn - you just need to remember how the float
and clear properties work.
• Disadvantages: Floating elements are tied to the document flow,
which may harm the flexibility.
The float Property
• The float property is used for positioning and formatting content e.g. let an
image float left to the text in a container.
• The float property can have one of the following values:
• left - The element floats to the left of its container
• right - The element floats to the right of its container
• none - The element does not float (will be displayed just where it occurs in the text).
This is default
• In its simplest use, the float property can be used to wrap text around
images.
The float Property
• Example - float: right;
img {
float: right;
}

• Example – float: left;

img {
float: left;
}
The float Property
• Example - Float Next To Each Other
• Normally div elements will be displayed on top of each other. However, if
we use float: left we can let elements float next to each other:
The float Property
CSS Flexbox Layout
• Use of flexbox ensures that elements behave predictably when
the page layout must accommodate different screen sizes and
different display devices.
CSS Flexbox Layout
• CSS Flexbox Layout Module
• Before the Flexbox Layout module, there were four layout
modes:
• Block, for sections in a webpage
• Inline, for text
• Table, for two-dimensional table data
• Positioned, for explicit position of an element
• The Flexible Box Layout Module, makes it easier to design
flexible responsive layout structure without using float or
positioning.
CSS Grid Layout
• The CSS Grid Layout Module offers a grid-based layout system,
with rows and columns, making it easier to design web pages
without having to use floats and positioning.
What is a Grid-View?
• Many web pages are based on a grid-view, which means that the
page is divided into columns:
What is a Grid-View?
• Using a grid-view is very helpful when designing web pages. It
makes it easier to place elements on the page.
• A responsive grid-view often has 12 columns, and has a total
width of 100%, and will shrink and expand as you resize the
browser window.
Building a Responsive Grid-View
• Let's start building a responsive grid-view.
• First ensure that all HTML elements have the box-sizing
property set to border-box. This makes sure that the padding and
border are included in the total width and height of the elements.
• Add the following code in your CSS:

• box-sizing property allows us to include the padding and border

in an element's total width and height.
Building a Responsive Grid-View
• The following example shows a simple responsive web page,
with two columns:
.menu {
width: 25%;
float: left;
}
.main {
width: 75%;
float: left;
}
Building a Responsive Grid-View
• The example above is fine if the web page only contains two
columns.
• However, we want to use a responsive grid-view with 12
columns, to have more control over the web page.
• First we must calculate the percentage for one column: 100% /
12 columns = 8.33%.
• Then we make one class for each of the 12 columns, class="col-"
and a number defining how many columns the section should
span:
Building a Responsive Grid-View
.col-1 {width: 8.33%;}
.col-2 {width: 16.66%;}
.col-3 {width: 25%;}
.col-4 {width: 33.33%;}
.col-5 {width: 41.66%;}
.col-6 {width: 50%;}
.col-7 {width: 58.33%;}
.col-8 {width: 66.66%;}
.col-9 {width: 75%;}
.col-10 {width: 83.33%;}
.col-11 {width: 91.66%;}
.col-12 {width: 100%;}
Building a Responsive Grid-View
All these columns should be floating to the left, and have a padding of 15px:

[class*="col-"] {
float: left;
padding: 15px;
border: 1px solid red;
}
Building a Responsive Grid-View
Each row should be wrapped in a <div>. The number of columns inside a row should always
add up to 12: