CSS
CSS Box model
CSS Box model
All HTML elements can be considered as boxes.
In CSS, "box model" - design and layout.
CSS Box Model
1. Content - text and images appear.
2. Padding - Clears an area around the
content. It is transparent.
3. Border - goes around the padding and
content.
4. Margin - Clears an area outside the
border. It is transparent.
<div> tag
- defines a division or a section in an HTML document.
- used as a container for HTML elements - which is then styled with
CSS or manipulated with JavaScript.
- easily styled by using the class or id attribute.
Example
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 320px;
padding: 10px;
border: 5px solid red;
margin: 0;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Calculate the total width:</h2>
<img src="/home/mahi/Desktop/html/download.jpeg" width="350"
height="263" alt="computer">
<div>The picture above is having the width of 350.</div>
</body>
</html>
Width and Height of an Element
Set the width and height properties of an element with CSS, it
can be set for content area.
To calculate the full size of an element- padding, borders and
margins.
CSS Background
CSS Background
The CSS background properties are used to define the
background effects for elements.
Background properties
- background-color
- background-image
- background-repeat
- background-attachment
- background-position
CSS background-color
The background-color property specifies the background color
of an element.
Example
The background color of a page is set like this:
body {
background-color: lightblue;
}
CSS Background…
With CSS, a color is most often specified by:
a valid color name - like "red“
a HEX value - like "#ff0000“
an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)"
Other Elements
Background color for any HTML elements
Example
<h1>, <p>, and <div> elements will have different background colors
h1 {
background-color: green;
}
div {
background-color: lightblue;
}
p{
background-color: yellow;
}
Opacity / Transparency
The opacity property specifies the opacity/transparency of an
element.
It can take a value from 0.0 - 1.0.
Example
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
background-color: red;
}
div.first {
opacity: 0.1;
}
div.second {
opacity: 0.4;
}
div.third {
opacity: 0.86;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Transparent Box</h1>
<p>Display with opacity</p>
<div class="first">
<h1>display with 0.1</h1>
</div>
<div class="second">
<h1>display with 0.4</h1>
</div>
<div class="third">
<h1>display with 0.86</h1>
</div>
</body>
</html>
When using the opacity property to add transparency to the
background of an element, all of its child elements inherit the
same transparency.
This can make the text inside a fully transparent element hard
to read.
Transparency using RGBA
For not to apply opacity to child elements, use RGBA color
values
sets the opacity for the background color and not the text
div {
background: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.2)
}
CSS Background Image
The background-image property specifies an image to use as
the background of an element.
By default, the image is repeated so it covers the entire
element.
Example
body {
background-image: url("p1.gif");
}
When using a background image, use an image that does not
disturb the text.
CSS Background Repeat
By default, the background-image property repeats an image both
horizontally and vertically.
Some images should be repeated only horizontally or vertically.
Example
body {
background-image: url("gradient_bg.png");
background-repeat: repeat-x;
}
To repeat an image vertically, set background-repeat: repeat-y;
CSS background-repeat: no-repeat
Showing the background image only once is also specified by
the background-repeat property:
Example
Show the background image only once:
body {
background-image: url("img_tree.png");
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
CSS background-position
The background-position property is used to specify the
position of the background image.
Example
Position the background image in the top-right corner
body {
background-image: url("img1.png");
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: right top;
}
CSS Background Attachment
The background-attachment property specifies whether the background
image should scroll or be fixed (will not scroll with the rest of the page)
Example
body {
background-image: url("img_tree.png");
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: right top;
background-attachment: fixed;
}
background-attachment: scroll - image will scroll
CSS background - Shorthand property
To shorten the code, it is also possible to specify all the background
properties in one single property.
body {
background-color: #ffffff;
background-image: url("img_tree.png");
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: right top;
}
The above can be written as follows:
body {
background: #ffffff url("img_tree.png") no-repeat right top;
}
CSS Borders
CSS Border Properties
Allows to specify the style, width, and color of an element's border.
CSS Border Style
The border-style property specifies what kind of border to display.
The border-style property can have from one to four values (for
the top border, right border, bottom border, and the left border).
Border styles:
- p.dotted {border-style: dotted;}
- p.dashed {border-style: dashed;}
- p.solid {border-style: solid;}
- p.double {border-style: double;}
- p.groove {border-style: groove;}
- p.ridge {border-style: ridge;}
- p.inset {border-style: inset;}
- p.outset {border-style: outset;}
- p.none {border-style: none;}
- p.hidden {border-style: hidden;}
- p.mix {border-style: dotted dashed solid double;}
Example
<html>
<head>
<style>
p.dotted {border-style: dotted;}
p.solid {border-style: solid;}
p.mix {border-style: dotted dashed solid double;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h2>The border-style Property</h2>
<p>This property specifies what kind of border to display:</p>
<p class="dotted">A dotted border.</p>
<p class="solid">A solid border.</p>
<p class="mix">A mixed border.</p>
</body>
</html>
CSS Border Width
The border-width property specifies the width of the four
borders.
The width can be set as a specific size (in px, pt, cm, em, etc)
or by using one of the three pre-defined values: thin, medium,
or thick:
Example
p.one {
border-style: solid;
border-width: 5px;
}
p.two {
border-style: solid;
border-width: medium;
}
p.three {
border-style: dotted;
border-width: 2px;
}
p.four {
border-style: dotted;
border-width: thick;
}
CSS Border Color
The border-color property is used to set the color of the four borders.
The color can be set by:
name - specify a color name, like "red"
HEX - specify a HEX value, like "#ff0000"
RGB - specify a RGB value, like "rgb(255,0,0)"
HSL - specify a HSL value, like "hsl(0, 100%, 50%)"
Transparent
Example Result
p.one {
border-style: solid;
border-color: red;
}
p.two {
border-style: solid;
border-color: green;
}
p.three {
border-style: dotted;
border-color: blue;
}
Specific Side Colors
The border-color property can have from one to four values (for
the top border, right border, bottom border, and the left border).
Example
p.one {
border-style: solid;
border-color: red green blue yellow; /* red top, green
right, blue bottom and yellow left */
}
HEX Values
The color of the border can also be specified using a
hexadecimal value (HEX):
Example
p.one {
border-style: solid;
border-color: #ff0000; /* red */
}
RGB Values
By using RGB values:
Example
p.one {
border-style: solid;
border-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); /* red */
}
CSS Border - Individual Sides
To specify each side of the borders (top, right, bottom, and left)
Result
Example
p{
border-top-style: dotted;
border-right-style: solid;
border-bottom-style: dotted;
border-left-style: solid;
}
Border-style property has four values
border-style: dotted solid double dashed;
- top border is dotted
- right border is solid
- bottom border is double
- left border is dashed
Example
/* Four values */
p{
border-style: dotted solid double dashed;
}
/* Three values */
p{
border-style: dotted solid double;
}
/* Two values */
p{
border-style: dotted solid;
}
/* One value */
p{
border-style: dotted;
}
CSS Border – Shorthand Property
There are many properties to consider when dealing with borders.
To shorten the code, it is also possible to specify all the individual border
properties in one property.
The border property is a shorthand property for the following individual
border properties:
- border-width
- border-style (required)
- border-color
Example Result
p{
border: 5px solid red;
}
CSS Rounded Borders
The border-radius property is used to add rounded borders to an element
Example
p{
border: 2px solid red;
border-radius: 5px;
}
Box Shadow
The CSS box-shadow property is used to apply one or more shadows to an element.
In its simplest use, specify a horizontal and a vertical shadow. The default color of the shadow is the current text-color.
The color parameter defines the color of the shadow.
The blur parameter defines the blur radius. The higher the number, the more blurred the shadow will be.
The spread parameter defines the spread radius. A positive value increases the size of the shadow, a negative value decreases the size
of the shadow.
Example:
A <div> element with a 5px blurred, lightblue box-shadow with a spread radius of 12px.
div {
box-shadow: 10px 10px 5px 12px lightblue;
}
The inset parameter changes the shadow from an outer shadow (outset) to an inner shadow.
Example:
div {
box-shadow: 10px 10px 5px lightblue inset;
}
Example
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
width: 300px;
height: 100px;
padding: 15px;
background-color: coral;
box-shadow: 10px 10px 5px 12px lightblue;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>The box-shadow Property</h1>
<div>
A div element with a blurred, lightblue box-shadow, with a spread radius of 12px.
</div>
</body>
</html>
The position property specifies the type of positioning method
used for an element (static, relative, absolute, fixed, or sticky).
Resource
w3schools.com
w3resource.com
Prof. N. Maheswari, VIT Chennai 49
