There have been several proposals for text or character matching pseudo-elements, e.g. #3208, which is computationally expensive, in the past, but as far as I can see there is no proposal yet for a simpler pseudo-element that is inserted before or after the nth ”letter“ or rather character.
One (weak) use case for this are indicators for boundaries, e.g. where you would need to split a text to fit it into, e.g., 140-, 160- or 280-char messages.