In Mixing colors: the color-mix function and also Adjusting colors: the color-adjust function, the term <color-function> is used, but is not defined.
The following functions are defined informally, by being used in the examples:
lightness()
hue()
a()
b()
I assume that this one will also exist
When another colorspace than lch() or lab() is used, there will also be color functions for those spaces (rgb(), hsl(), hwb()).