The Khilafat Movement | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS/PMS

Table of Contents

The Khilafat Movement

Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS/PMS
Goals:
Dimensions:
Protests in India:
Rowlett Act, 1919
Jallianwala Bagh Incident, April 1919
Non-Cooperation:
Khilafat Conference, Karachi, July 1921
Hijrat Movement 1920-21
End of the Movement
Developments in Turkey
Conclusions:
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The Khilafat Movement

Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS/PMS

The Khilafat movement was a religio-political movement launched by the Muslims of British
India for the retention of the Ottoman Caliphate and for not handing over the control of
Muslim holy places to non-Muslims.

Turkey sided with Germany in World War 1. As it began to lose the war, concerns were
expressed in India about the future of Turkey. It was a peak period from 1919 to 1922
casting demonstrations, boycott, and other pressure by the two major communities, the
Hindus and the Muslims. Being brothers, the Indian Muslims realized their religious duty to
help the Muslim country. It was the extra territorial attachments based on Islam. Another
factor same to the first was that the Indian Muslims considered Ottoman Caliphate a symbol
of unity of the Muslim world as Ummah.

Goals:

1. Ottoman Khilafat should be kept intact.

2. Territorial solidarity of Turkey be preserved.

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 The Khilafat Movement | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS/PMS

3. Control of holy the places should not be given to non-Muslims.

Dimensions:

The writings of the Muslim intellectuals provoked the sentiments for the preservation of
Khilafat and retention of the Muslims control of the holy places. The Muslims journalism
played a vital role to steer the direction of the struggle. Zamindar of Zafar Ali Khan,
Comrade and Hamdard of Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, and Al-Hilal of Maulana Abul
Kalam Azad etc. were the prominent newspapers and magazines which performed their
duties to express their resentment. The Allies imposed humiliating terms on vanquished
Turkey.

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Protests in India:

All India Khilafat Committee was formed at Bombay in July 1919. The first Khilafat
Conference at Delhi in November 1919 was arranged in which the Congress leaders like
Gandhi and Nehru participated. In this way, the major political parties joined hands to
assault the injustice with the Muslim community. These steps were announced:

No participation in victory celebrations.

Boycott of British goods
Non Cooperation with the Government

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 The Khilafat Movement | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS/PMS

The second Khilafat Conference (Amritsar) was held in Dec. 1919. Maulana Muhammad Ali
and Shaukat Ali joined the session after being released from prison. In Jan. 1920, M. A.
Ansari led a delegation to Viceroy while Maulana M. A. Jauhar to Europe. The Khilafat
Committee decided to start non-cooperation in collaboration with the Congress in May
1920.

Rowlett Act, 1919

Rowlett Act was a black law introduced in India. To the law, the government got authority to
persecute any Indian and the arrested had no facility of legal assistance and right to appeal
just as the ‘Lettres de Cachet’ in France before the French Revolution. Jinnah resigned from
the central legislature as a protest.

Jallianwala Bagh Incident, April 1919

The people gathered in Jallianwala Bagh at Amritsar but General Dyer opened fire to
disperse the throng that cast a huge human casualties (379). It is considered one of the
great tragedies in India. In 1940, by killing Governor Punjab, Sir Michaal O’ Dayer, ‘Ram
Muhammad Singh Azad’ got revenge of the Indian massacre.

The Nagpur Session of the Congress (Dec. 1920) approved non-cooperation with
Government but Jinnah opposed and left the Congress because he was against the use of
extra-constitutional means of protests.

Non-Cooperation:

• Return Titles.
• Boycott of courts and educational institutions.
• Resign from jobs.
• Later resign from police and military jobs.
• Refusal to pay taxes.

Khilafat Conference, Karachi, July 1921

In the session the participants expressed their loyalty to Turkish Sultan. They decided to
continue the agitation and supported Attaturk to expel foreign forces from Turkey.

Hijrat Movement 1920-21

The Indian ulama (religious leaders) declared India ‘Darul Harab.’ Darul Harab means the

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 The Khilafat Movement | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS/PMS

place (country) where Muslims are not allowed to perform their religious practices. In the
said situation, the Muslims should migrate to the nearest safe place. The ulama issued
verdicts to go to Darul Islam, Afghanistan. There was an impression that King of
Afghanistan would welcome them. So the migration took place at large scale. Initially
Afghans welcomed them. Later, they closed the border and pushed the migrants back to the
Indian territories. It resulted in loss of lives and money. Many died during this mission.
Some went to Soviet Union from Afghanistan because they had nothing in India now.

End of the Movement

Moplah Revolt Malabar Coast, near Kalicut

Moplahs were the descendents of the Arab Muslims settled in the Sub-Continent even
before the arrival of Muhammad Bin Qasim. In August 1921, they revolted against Hindu
landlords whose treatment was very brutal with them. Later this clash changed as Moplahs
versus the Police and Hindu. This embittered the Hindu-Muslim relations.

There was an increase in violence day by day and the Chorachori Incident (UP) in February
1922 worsened the situation. The Congress volunteers set a police station on fire and 21
policemen were killed. Gandhi suddenly called off the movement.

Developments in Turkey

In 1922 Attaturk emerged as a national leader and restricted powers of Sultan. Next he was
appointed Chief of the state by Grand National Assembly. In March 1924, Khilafat was
abolished. This caused a widespread resentment among the Indian Muslims. They sent
delegations to Turkey but failed to achieve their objectives.

Conclusions:

1. It was re-affirmation of the reality that religion is a mobilizing force and especially Islam
has mobilization capacity to organize masses.
2. It was the movement launched on the basis of extra-territorialism. Later, no such
movement but Pan-Islamic sentiments continued.
3. It resulted in the sufferings of the Muslims
4. Hindu-Muslim unity proved short-lived.

Reactivation of the Muslim League and other Muslim organizations to restart their activities
as a separate nation was the great outcome.

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 The Khilafat Movement | Pakistan Affairs Notes for CSS/PMS

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