Gender Studies Lecture 1

M. Bilal Rasheed
CEO JHELUM
 PAPER: GENDER STUDIES (100 MARKS)
I. Introduction to Gender Studies
II. Social Construction of Gender
III. Feminist Theories and Practice
IV. Feminist Movements
V. Gender and Development
VI. Status of Women in Pakistan
VII. Gender and Governance
VIII. Gender Based Violence
IX. Case Studies

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 Topics for Lecture 1
1. First Wave of Feminism
2. Second Wave of Feminism

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 What is Feminism?
• Feminism is a range of political movements,
ideologies, and social movements that share a
common goal: to define, establish, and achieve
political, economic, personal, and social EQUALITY of
sexes.
• This includes seeking to establish educational and
professional opportunities for women that are equal
to those for men.
• The roots of modern feminism lie in:
– The Age of Enlightenment
– Revolutionary War of 1774
– French Revolution of 1789
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 Waves of Modern Feminism
• Modern Feminism in the West started in the Middle
of the 19th Century.
• Earlier Feminism is called Protofeminism .
• Modern Feminism in the West is usually divided into
the following three waves:
1. 1st Wave 1850s to 1920s
2. 2nd Wave 1960s to late 1980s
3. 3rd Wave 1990s to 2012

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 The First Wave of Feminism -- The Suffrage
Movement
The term first-wave was coined in 1968 by Martha Lear writing in The
New York Times Magazine, who at the same time also used the term
"second-wave feminism".

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 Developments in the USA
1843 Woman in the Nineteenth Century by Margaret Fuller

1848 A women's rights convention called the Seneca Falls

Convention was held in New York.
Important Activists:
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Lucretia Mott
• Lucy Stone
• Susan B. Anthony
Objective:
Right to Vote for women
At that time, as the Blacks were already struggling for their
rights in what is known as the “Abolition movement”,
women at first decided to join the same. 7
 However, the exclusion of women in many abolitionist
organizations prompted Elizabeth Cady Stanton and
Lucretia Mott to rally together women.

15th Prohibits the federal and state governments from

Amendm denying a citizen the right to vote based on that
ent citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of
servitude".

Disillusioned, women decided to form Equal Rights

1866 Association to secure for themselves the right of
suffrage.

Disagreements among the leaders of ERA led to a split

1869
into NWSA and AWSA
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 National Woman Suffrage American Woman Suffrage
Association (NWSA) Association (AWSA)
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady
Stanton, in 1869 Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell in 1869
Opposed 15th Amendment unless it
included women’s vote Supported 15th Amendment
radical and revolutionary moderate, willing to work with men
traditional strategies like lobbying,
delivering speeches, applying political
publicly aggressive tactics (such as pressure and gathering signatures for
picketing and hunger strikes) petitions.
limited memebership, ten times more members
focus on suffrage through federal
amendment focus on state by state suffrage
broad goals, a more equal social role
for women narrowly focused on suffrage only

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 Wyoming granted women the right to vote, the first
1869
US state to do so.

More women found work outside home outside

WWII
home

The 19th Amendment was signed into law, granting

1920
all American women the right to vote.

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Thanks

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 Developments in the UK (First Wave)
Mary Wollstonecraft, the grandmother of British
1792 Feminism, published "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" in
which she advocated the social and moral equality of the sexes

Langham Place Circle, the first organized movement for English

1850
Feminism, included Barbara Bodichon and Rayner Parkes

1859 Jessie Boucherett and Anne Proctor joined the group

Christabel Pankhurst and Annie Kenney became the first women

1905
to be arrested in the fight for women's suffrage.

Suffragettes chained themselves to the railings of 10 Downing

1908
Street. Emmeline Pankhurst was imprisoned for the first time.
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 November 18 was "Black Friday", when the suffragettes
and police clashed violently outside Parliament after the
1910
failure of the first Conciliation Bill. Ellen Pitfield, one of
the suffragettes, later died from her injuries.

The suffragette Emily Davison was killed by the King's

horse at the Derby.
1913 England: 50,000 women taking part in a pilgrimage
organized by the National Union of Women's Suffrage
Societies arrived in Hyde Park

WWI More women found work outside home

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 United Kingdom: The Representation of the People
1918 Act was passed which allowed women over the age of
30 who met a property qualification to vote.

1920 Oxford University opened its degrees to women.

The Law of Property Act 1922 was passed, giving wives

1922 the right to inherit property equally with their
husbands.

The right to vote was granted to all UK women equally

1928
with men in 1928.

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 2. Second-wave feminism
Duration 1960’s to late 1980’s (Started in the USA and spread
throughout the West)

Background:
1. • Unemployed women during the “Great Depression”
• Increase in the economic Participation during WWII
• Renewed Domesticity after WWII

2. English Translation of French writer Simone de

Beauvoir’s book titled the "second sex“, published in the US
in 1953.
She explained how women were being perceived as "others"
in the patriarchal society.

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 3. President Kennedy’s Presidential Commission on
the Status of Women comprising cabinet officials,
senators, representatives, businesspeople,
psychologists, sociologists, professors, activists,
and public servants.
Objectives:
Economic Rights, the workplace, domestic violence ,
sexuality, reproductive rights , de facto inequalities,
official legal inequalities, etc.

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 Its major effort was the unsuccessful attempt get
Equal Rights the US Constitution amended through the Equal
Amendment Rights Amendment (ERA).
The report of the Presidential Commission on the
1961 Status of Women
1963 the Equal Pay Act
1963 The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan
Freelance journalist Gloria Steinem’s diary of an
undercover waitress wherein she alleged the club
was mistreating its waitresses in order to gain male
1963 customers.
Civil Rights Act barred employment discrimination
1964 on account of sex

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 Twenty-eight women, among them Betty Friedan,
1966 founded the National Organization for Women (NOW)
New York Radical Women was formed.
1967
New York feminists burned a dummy of "Traditional
1968 Womanhood" at a demonstration.
For the first time, feminists used the slogan "Sisterhood is
1968 Powerful
NOW celebrated Mother's Day with the slogan "Rights,
1968 Not Roses".

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 The Radical Organization Redstockings organized a
1969 Women's Liberation march in Washington, D.C.
Australian singer Helen Reddy performed "I Am Woman”.
It became an enduring anthem for the women's
1971 liberation movement.

The American National Women's Political Caucus was

1971 founded

Goria Steinem co-founded Ms. Magazine

1972
The United States armed forces opened its military
1975 academies to women.
The first women pilots of the United States Air
1977 Force graduated.
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 Thanks

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