10

SPECIALIZATION
(COMPUTER SYSTEMS
SERVICING NC2)
 The learners demonstrate an understanding of concepts and principles in setting up
computer networks. (1) Perform installation work and check for unnecessary damage that
occurs and complies with requirements.

At the end of the lesson, learners will be able to acquire Most Essential Learning

Competencies (MELC) :

● Identify errors in protocols

● Compress data
● Decide how data should be sent
● Assign address to data
● Decide how to announce sent and received data

Multiple Choice

DIRECTIONS: Read each item carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1.What command is used to find out the IP address of a certain network in a connected
computer?
a. ping b. ipconfig c. dxdiag d. msconfig
2. An IP address used by large networks.
a. class d b. class c c. class a d. class d
3. It indicates the network portion of an IP address.
a. subnet mask b. DNS c. IPV4 d. ipconfig
4. An IP address used for experimental testing.
a. class d b. class c c. class a d. class d
5. A number used to identify a device on a network.
a. ping b. ipconfig c. dxdiag d. IP address

6. Each individual part of a data in a computer that represents 1 or 0.

a. bit b. byte c. kilobyte d. megabyte
7. The connection of multiple computer networks via a common routing technology using
routers.
a. extranet b. intranet c. internetwork d. internet
8. A network topology where all nodes are connected to a common medium along this
medium.
a. ring b. mesh c. bus d. star
9. A class A octet which indicates that the first octet of the IP address is the network
portion

____________________________________________________________________________
TLE 10 – COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING WRITER: ALLAN C. TIMBAL
Quarter 1-Week 7 to 8 TEAM LEADER: ROMEO N. PARAS
1
 a. 255.255.255.0 b. 255.255.0.0 c. 255.0.0.0 d. 255.0.255.0
10. A network that connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area such as
a home, school, office building or closely positioned group of buildings.
a. WAN b. PAN c. MAN d.LAN

You have already learned in your Grade 9 computer class the wide variety of networking
cables. These cables differ in bandwidth, size and cost. You need to know what type of
cable to use on the job requirements.

Exercise 1
Directions: Complete the pin number designation for T-568B (Straight-through) and T-
568A (Cross-over) cables. Write your answer in a sheet of paper.
T-568B T-568A
Pin Color Pair No. Pin Color Pair No.
1 white/orange ____ 1 white/green ____
2 orange ____ 2 green ____
3 white/green ____ 3 white/orange ____
4 blue ____ 4 blue ____
5white/blue ____ 5 white/blue ____
6 green ____ 6 orange ____
7 white/brown ____ 7 white/brown ____
8 brown ____ 8 brown ____

A computer network is a telecommunication network that allows computers to

exchange data. The physical connection between network computing devices is established
using either cable media or wireless media. The best known computer network is the
Internet.

Communication Protocols/Internet Protocols

A protocol is a set of rules. A letter sent through the postal system also uses
protocols. Part of the protocol specifies where on the envelope the delivery address needs to
be written. If the delivery address is written in the wrong place, the letter cannot be
delivered. Internet protocol works in a similar way. They are set of rules governing
communication within and between computers on a network. Protocol specifications define
the format of the messages to be exchanged.
To understand how networks and the Internet works, you must be familiar with the
commonly used protocols. These protocols are used to browse the web, send and receive e-
mail and transfer data files. You will encounter protocols as your experience in IT grows
but they are not used as often s the common protocols described here:
TCP/IP – the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol suite of protocols has
become the dominant standard for internet working. It represents a set of public standards
that specify how packets of information are exchanged between computers over one or
more networks.
IPX/SPX – Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange is the
protocol suite originally employed by Novell Corporation’s network operating system,
NetWare. It delivers functions similar to those included in TCP/IP.
NetBEUI – NetBIOS Extended User Interface is a protocol used primarily on small
Windows NT networks. NetBEUI cannot be routed or used by routers to talk to each other
on a large network.

Network Scale
A network can be characterized by its physical capacity or it’s organizational purpose. Use
of the network including user authorization and access rights differ accordingly.

____________________________________________________________________________
TLE 10 – COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING WRITER: ALLAN C. TIMBAL
Quarter 1-Week 7 to 8 TEAM LEADER: ROMEO N. PARAS
2
Personal Area Network (PAN) – is a computer network used for communication among
computers and different information technological devices close to one person.
Local Area network (LAN) – is a network that connects computers and devices in a limited
geographical area such as a home, school, office building or closely positioned group of
buildings.
Home Area Network (HAN) – is a residential LAN which is used for communications
between digital devices typically deployed in the home, usually a small number of personal
computers and accessories such as printers and mobile computing devices.
Storage Area Network (SAN) – is a dedicated network that provides access to consolidated
block level data storage.
Campus Area Network (CAN) – is made up of an interconnection of LAN’s within a limited
geographical area. The networking equipment and transmission media are almost entirely
owned by the campus tenant/owner.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) – a large computer network that usually spans a city
or a large campus.
Wide Area Network (WAN) – is a computer network that covers a large demographic area
such as a city, country or spans even intercontinental distances.
Enterprise Area Network (EAN) – a network built by a single organization to interconnect
its office location in order to share computer resources.
Virtual Private Network (VPN)– a computer network in which some of the links between
nodes are carried by open connections or virtual circuits in some larger network instead of
physical wires.
Organizational scope – are typically managed by the organizations that own them. Private
enterprise networks may use a combination of intranets and extranets..
Intranet – a set of networks that are under the control of a single administrative entity.
Extranet – a network that is also under the administrative control of a single organization
but supports a limited connection to a specific external network.
Internetwork – the connection of multiple computer networks via a common routing
technology using routers.
Internet – the largest example of internetwork. It is a global system of interconnected
governmental, academic, corporate, public and private computer networks. It is based on
the networking technologies of the Internet Protocol Suite.

Network Categories
Network can be divided into two main categories:
1.Peer-to-Peer – a type of network category where
there is no dedicated server or hierarchy among
computers. All the computers are equal and therefore
known as peers. Normally each computer serves as
Client/Server and there is no one assigned to be an
administrator fort the entire network.
2. Server-based –
the term
Client/Server refers to the concept of sharing the work
involved in processing data between the client
computer and the most powerful server computer.

Network topology is the layout or organizational hierarchy of interconnected nodes of a

computer network.
Common layouts are:
· Bus Topology – all nodes are connected to a
common medium along this medium.

____________________________________________________________________________
TLE 10 – COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING WRITER: ALLAN C. TIMBAL
Quarter 1-Week 7 to 8 TEAM LEADER: ROMEO N. PARAS
3
 Star Topology – all nodes are connected to a
special central node. A typical layout found in
wireless LAN.

· Ring Topology – each node is connected to it’s left

and right neighbor node such that all nodes are
connected and that each node can reach other node by
traversing nodes left or rightwards.

· Mesh Topology – each node is connected to an arbitrary

number of neighbors in such a way that there is at least one
traversal from any node to any other.

· Fully Connected Topology –

each node is connected to every
node in the network.

IP Addressing

An IP Address is a number that is used to identify a device on the network. Each device on
a network must have a unique IP address to communicate with other network devices.
Computers use binary code (i.e. they use only 2 digits) to represent data. A circuit that’s
switched on represents the digit 1 and a circuit that’s switched off represents the digit 0.
· Bit – each individual 1 or 0 is called a bit (binary digit).
· Byte – 8 bits is called byte.
· Kilobyte – 1 kilobyte (1 KB) is about a thousand bytes.
To be exact, 1 KB = 210 = 1,024 bytes
· Megabyte – 1 megabyte (1 MB) is about a million bytes.
To be exact, 1 MB = 220 = 1,048,576 bytes
· Gigabyte – 1 gigabyte (1GB) is about a million thousand bytes.
To be exact, 1G = 230 = 1,073,741,824 bytes
The logical 32-bit IP Address is hierarchical and is composed of two parts. The first part
identifies the network and the second part identifies a host. For example if a host has an
IP Address of 192.168.18.57, the first three octets 192.168.18 identifies the network
portion of the address and the last octet 57 identified the host.

____________________________________________________________________________
TLE 10 – COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING WRITER: ALLAN C. TIMBAL
Quarter 1-Week 7 to 8 TEAM LEADER: ROMEO N. PARAS
4
Five Classes of IP Address
IP Classes Purpose
Class A Used for large networks, implemented
by large companies and some countries
Class B Used for medium-sized networks,
implemented by universities
Class C Used for small networks, implemented
by ISP’s for customer subscription
Class D Used for special use of multicasting
Class E Used for experimental testing

Subnet Mask
The subnet mask indicates the network portion of an IP Address. Like the IP address, the
subnet mask is a dotted-decimal number. Usually all hosts within a LAN use the same
subnet mask. Default subnet mask for usable IP Addresses are mapped to the first three
classes of IP Addresses:
· 255.0.0.0 – Class A, which indicates that the first octet of the IP address is the network
portion
Class A Network Host
Octet 1 2 3 4

· 255.255.0.0 – Class B, which indicates that the first two octets of the IP address are the
network portion.
Class B Network Host
Octet 1 2 3 4

· 255.255.255.0 – Class C, which indicates that the first three octets of the IP address are
the network portion.
Class C Network Host
Octet 1 2 3 4

Class D addresses are used for multicast groups. There is no need to allocate octet or bits
to separate network and host addresses.
Class E addresses are reserved for research use only
Ipconfig – is a command used to find out the IP address of a certain network you are
connected to.

*Computer Hardware Servicing NCII-Reading Materials-Compiled by: Lovely Mae D.

Garcia & Lorderick B. Bermudo
*Learner’s Material-Computer Hardware Servicing-Grade 10-First Edition, 2014
*www.cgpbooks.co.uk

Activity 1.1 Communication Protocols

Directions: In this worksheet, write the name of the communication protocols and identify
its scale, categories of topology in table. Do this in your notebook.
Protocol Definition Scale/Category/Topology
Each node is connected to every node in
the network.

____________________________________________________________________________
TLE 10 – COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING WRITER: ALLAN C. TIMBAL
Quarter 1-Week 7 to 8 TEAM LEADER: ROMEO N. PARAS
5
 A type of network category where there is
no dedicated servers or hierarchy among
computers
A computer network in which some of the
links between nodes are carried by open
connections or virtual circuits in some
larger network instead of physical wires.

It represents a set of public standards

that specify how packets of information
are exchanged between computers over
one or more networks.

All nodes are connected to a common

medium along this medium.

A network that is also under the

administrative control of a single
organization but supports a limited
connection to a specific external network.

Activity 1.2 IP Addressing

Directions: In this worksheet, your teacher will write several IP addresses with their
appropriate subnet masks. You will copy the IP Address and subnet Mask. You will write
which IP Address Class is appropriate in the IP Address Class column in the chart. An
example has been provided for you.
Be prepared to discuss the IP Address class you select.
IP Address Subnet Mask IP Address Class
10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0

KEY TERMINOLOGIES:
Extranet – a network that is also under the administrative control of a single organization
but supports a limited connection to a specific external network.
Internetwork – the connection of multiple computer networks via a common routing
technology using routers.
Internet – the largest example of internetwork. It is a global system of interconnected
governmental, academic, corporate, public and private computer networks. It is based on
the networking technologies of the Internet Protocol Suite.
· Bit – each individual 1 or 0 is called a bit (binary digit)
· Byte – 8 bits is called byte
· Kilobyte – 1 kilobyte (1 KB) is about a thousand bytes.
· Megabyte – 1 megabyte (1 MB) is about a million bytes.
· Gigabyte – 1 gigabyte (1GB) is about a million thousand bytes

____________________________________________________________________________
TLE 10 – COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING WRITER: ALLAN C. TIMBAL
Quarter 1-Week 7 to 8 TEAM LEADER: ROMEO N. PARAS
6
DIRECTIONS : Answer the following questions.

1.What are the procedures involved in calculating IP Address?

2. List down different IP Classes.
3. What are the distinguished communication protocols?
4. What are necessary procedures in calculating subnet masks?
5. Show an example calculation of binary digits used in IP addressing.

Multiple Choice:
DIRECTIONS: Read each item carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1.What command is used to find out the IP address of a certain network in a connected
computer?
a. ping b. ipconfig c. dxdiag d. msconfig
2. An IP address used by large networks.
a. class d b. class c c. class a d. class d

3. It indicates the network portion of an IP address.

a. subnet mask b. DNS c. IPV4 d. ipconfig
4. An IP address used for experimental testing.
a. class d b. class c c. class a d. class e
5. A number used to identify a device on a network.
a. ping b. ipconfig c. dxdiag d. IP address
6. Each individual part of a data in a computer that represents 1 or 0.
a. bit b. byte c. kilobyte d. megabyte
7. The connection of multiple computer networks via a common routing technology using
routers.
a. extranet b. intranet c. internetwork d. internet

8. A network topology where all nodes are connected to a common medium along this
medium.
a. ring b. mesh c. bus d. star
9. A class A octet which indicates that the first octet of the IP address is the network
portion
a. 255.255.255.0 b. 255.255.0.0 c. 255.0.0.0 d. 255.0.255.0
10. A network that connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area such as
a home, school, office building or closely positioned group of buildings.
a. WAN b. PAN c. MAN d.LAN

Identifying the network portion and host of an IP address helps you locate its IP address
class. Routers only need to know how to reach each network and the location of each
individual host.

____________________________________________________________________________
TLE 10 – COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING WRITER: ALLAN C. TIMBAL
Quarter 1-Week 7 to 8 TEAM LEADER: ROMEO N. PARAS
7