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MAKER
I N N O VAT I O N S
SERIES
Internet
of Things Using
Single Board
Computers
Principles of IoT and
Python Programming
—
G. R. Kanagachidambaresan
Internet of Things
Using Single Board
Computers
Principles of IoT and Python
Programming
G. R. Kanagachidambaresan
Internet of Things Using Single Board Computers: Principles of IoT and
Python Programming
G. R. Kanagachidambaresan
Chennai, India
ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-8107-9 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-8108-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-8108-6
v
Table of Contents
Smart Devices�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������16
Human-Computer Interaction������������������������������������������������������������������������16
Context Awareness���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17
Actuators�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������18
IoT and Smart City Applications��������������������������������������������������������������������������22
Automobile Sensors��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22
Smart Home Sensors�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23
Smart Transportation Sensors�����������������������������������������������������������������������25
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������28
References����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������28
vi
Table of Contents
vii
Table of Contents
viii
Table of Contents
ix
Table of Contents
x
Table of Contents
Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������281
xi
About the Author
G. R. Kanagachidambaresan completed
his PhD in Information and Communication
Engineering from Anna University, Chennai,
in 2017. He is currently an associate professor
in the CSE Department at Vel Tech Rangarajan
Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and
Technology. He is also a visiting professor at
the University of Johannesburg.
His main research interest includes the
Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, body sensor
network, and fault-tolerant wireless sensor
network. He has published several reputed articles and undertaken several
consultancy activities for leading MNC companies. He has guest-edited
several special issue volumes and books and served as an editorial review
board member for peer-reviewed journals. He is TEC committee member
in DBT, GOI, India.
He is presently working on several government-sponsored research
projects like ISRO, DBT, and DST. He is Wiley’s editor-in-chief of the Next
Generation Computer and Communication Engineering Series. He is also
the managing director for Eazythings Technology Private Limited.
xiii
About the Technical Reviewer
Massimo Nardone has more than 22 years
of experience in security, web/mobile
development, cloud, and IT architecture. His
true IT passions are security and Android.
He has been programming and teaching
how to program with Android, Perl, PHP, Java,
VB, Python, C/C++, and MySQL for more than
20 years.
He has a master of science degree in
computing science from the University of
Salerno, Italy.
He has worked as a project manager, software engineer, research
engineer, chief security architect, information security manager,
PCI/SCADA auditor, and senior lead IT security/cloud/SCADA architect
for many years.
xv
Acknowledgments
My heartfelt thanks to Apress, especially Jessica Vakili and Susan
McDermott, for helping me throughout this project.
I sincerely thank the Department of BioTechnology (DBT-India) for
their funding (BT/PR38273/AAQ/3/980/2020) on the smart aquaculture
project.
I would also like to extend thanks to my JRFs: Ms. Meenakshi KV, Mr.
M. Akash, Ms. A. V. Anandhalekshmi, and Ms. V. Sowmiya.
I give special thanks to my son Mr. Ananthajith K, my wife, Dr. Mahima
V, my parents, Mr. G. S. Ramasubramanian and Mrs. Lalitha, and
Mrs. Chandra, Mr. Venkatraman, Mrs. V. Chitra, and Mr. V. Bharath for their
timely support.
xvii
Preface
The rapid growth of technology and new smart, sustainable development
initiatives has made the Internet of Things (IoT) and edge analytics
an inevitable platform for all engineering domains. The need for a
sophisticated and ambient environment has resulted in an exponential
growth in automation and artificial intelligence. The right sensor or
actuator, a specific processor, and the correct transmission unit can offer
the best solution to any IoT problem. Lightweight machine learning
or mathematical logic can bring a good solution to existing smart-city
problems.
This book provides detailed information on sensors, their interfacing
connections, programming with single-board computers, and creating
integrated projects with a combination of sensors, processors, and
actuators. A detailed introduction to Python and Arduino-based
programming is also discussed to kindle interest in IoT programming. IoT
products’ wired and wireless connections are discussed, and programming
examples are provided.
This is a completely new textbook that reflects recent developments
while providing a comprehensive introduction to the fields of IoT, single-
board computers, and Python programming. It is aimed at advanced
undergraduates as well as researchers and practitioners. This book deals more
with electronics and programming than simple text. It best suits outcome-
based education systems and can aid industry-ready IoT engineers.
Funding Information
The part of this book is supported by the Department of Biotechnology
funding information (BT/PR38273/AAQ/3/980/2020).
xix
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to the declared policy of the Legislature.
Section 2.
REBELLION INSTIGATED.
Section 1.
TRINIDAD.
When the order in council for negro treatment was sent out to
Trinidad, great objections were offered, both generally, and to the
individual clauses which constitute compulsory manumission.
It is not necessary here to inquire how often that order has been
altered, or the reasons why the colonists of Trinidad have been
constrained to submit to the authority imposed upon them. We have
only to show that the case of that island differs from that of the
other British colonies.
Trinidad was originally a Spanish colony; its laws were framed
previously to the abolition of the slave-trade, and have continued
unaltered since the cession of the island to Great Britain.
Now it is apparent that, when fresh slaves can be procured,
compulsory manumission is not so objectionable; because the place
of those who purchase their freedom can be immediately filled up by
others.
It has consequently been considered that, while the slave-trade
was in active operation in the Spanish colonies, the practice of
manumission was encouraged, as increasing the means of
preventing insurrection.
But it is surely unfair to hold up to the imitation of another colony
the enactments and usages introduced by one whose laws were
adapted to a state of things so different; and to require that the
provisions of a code adapted to the existence of the slave-trade,
should be engrafted upon other codes framed since its abolition.
The order in council for Trinidad has not affected the principle of
the Spanish law, or rather the practice in the Spanish colonies, which
allows a slave to enfranchise himself by purchase. But the British law
in our settlements gives no such right whatever to a slave.
According to those codes, the interest of an owner in his slave is
that of a fee-simple absolute: he purchased upon that tenure, he
has continued to hold upon the same, and cannot be deprived of
that legal title without a direct violation of property.
In Trinidad it is otherwise: a person purchasing a slave in that
colony, knows beforehand that he acquires only a precarious title in
such a slave, which depends on the ability of the slave to purchase
himself.
Nor has sufficient time yet elapsed to make known the great
difference in the working of the measure that must take place now
that the slave-trade has ceased, contrasted with the period when it
was in active prosecution.
It ought also to be stated, that the hardship and evils of the law in
Trinidad, even subsequent to the abolition of the slave-trade, had
not been so much felt, from the nature of its laws not being
generally known in this country: consequently, there was no
extraneous excitement upon the subject given to the minds of the
negroes.
But now, when this excitement has been given, the brief
experience already afforded, tends strongly to corroborate the
arguments we have advanced; and it is credibly asserted, that the
Secretary for the Colonies has received representations and appeals,
proving evils to have proceeded from the operation of this law.
Among these evils, theft is shown to have increased; and the
proceedings before the local magistrates are said to evince a
progressive demoralization amongst the negroes.
It is further known, that instances have occurred where the sum
assessed by the appraisers, as the price of manumission, has been
higher than the negro was able, or considered himself entitled, to
pay; and the being sent back under these circumstances has visibly
produced in him a sullenness and discontent exactly as has been
described, and in all probability as injurious to the interests of his
master, as if he had obtained his discharge at his own valuation.
From these circumstances, it is apparent that there is no analogy
between the case of Trinidad and that of the other British Colonies,
and that thus far no proper precedent is established.
Section 2.
ST. LUCIE.
Section 4.
CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.
THE END.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY W. CLOWES,
Stamford-street.
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