CSS REVIEWER

USE APPROPRIATE HAND TOOLS AND TEST EQUIPMENT

Hand tools are very essential for day-to-day jobs. They have been used by humans since ancient
times to complete various useful tasks. Hand tools are of different types and can be used for any
kind of work. Some tools are versatile, and some of them are specifically used for a specific job.

The Policy Background to Plan Preparation

 Assessment: Students need to be aware of internal and external risk factors and the
consequences of any damage or failure to their hand tools.
 Prevention: The student should identify which hand tools are damaged.
 Preparation of Plans: A plan is required to be realistic, flexible, and meet all the
assessed needs of a student, as well as the likely needs of recipients in an emergency.
 Education: Anyone involved in an emergency plan should know their role and be given
the opportunity to practice their response.
 Testing / Exercising: Plans must be tested to ensure they cover all foreseeable risks and
can provide a sufficient and timely response.
 Review: After testing or using a plan in an emergency, it’s important to analyze its
effectiveness.
 Response: Students should respond to incidents as part of their core activities.
 Safety and Risk: In an emergency, teachers and students still have responsibilities for
health and safety. All emergency plans should maintain the highest possible standards of
safety.

Planning is defined in the dictionary, is an act of formulating a specific system for a definite
course of action. It is a very essential part of whatever task there is that needs to be undertaken as
it aids one in preparing for the tools/ materials to be used, lets one project the possible scenarios
that may arise (such as loose or damage to the tools).
Types of electrical splices and joints
Electrical splices and joints are essential techniques used to connect wires in electrical
systems, allowing for the smooth flow of electricity. They are crucial for extending wires,
creating branches, and connecting wires to devices and components.
wire nuts (twist on connectors)-Wire nuts, also known as twist-on connectors, are a
common and simple type of electrical connector used for splicing wires together in
various applications, especially in household wiring.
crimp connectors- Crimp connectors are a type of solderless electrical connector that use
physical pressure to create a secure and reliable connection between wires. They are
commonly used to terminate stranded wire, offering several advantages over soldering
and wire wrapping.
soldered connections- Soldered connections are a type of electrical connection that uses
a filler metal called solder to create a strong, permanent bond between two or more metal
surfaces. This method is widely used in electronics, plumbing, and various other
applications where a durable and reliable connection is essential.
wire terminals- Wire terminals, also known as terminal connectors or terminal blocks,
are essential components in electrical and electronic systems. They provide a secure and
reliable connection between wires, ensuring efficient transmission of power or signals.
These terminals come in various shapes, sizes, and materials to accommodate different
applications and environments.
butt connectors- Butt connectors, also known as butt splices, are essential components in
electrical wiring projects, providing a reliable and efficient way to join two or more wires
together. They are commonly used in automotive, marine, and household electrical
applications, offering a secure and insulated connection without the need for soldering.
Splicing tape is a specialized adhesive tape used to join the ends of two rolls of material
together, creating a continuous web for uninterrupted production processes. It's crucial in
various manufacturing industries, including paper, film, foil, and nonwovens, where
continuous production is essential to maintain efficiency and minimize downtime.
screwdrivers stand out as fundamental instruments that combine traditional functionality with
modern safety features. These tools are not just simple implements; they're a critical line of
defense for electricians working in potentially hazardous environments

Wire Strippers out as indispensable tools. These precision instruments play a crucial
role in preparing wires for connections, allowing electricians to safely and efficiently
remove insulation without damaging the conductive core.

The purpose of an antistatic wrist strap is to equalize the

electrical charge between you and the equipment.
Pliers- have been a staple in toolkits for generations, evolving to meet the specific needs of
various trades. In electrical work, insulated pliers have become indispensable, combining
versatility with crucial safety features.

TYPES OF PLIERS

• Long nose pliers – these have long tapered jaws making them ideal for gripping
small objects.

• Combination pliers – these feature a design that combines wire cutting, insulation
stripping and gripping functions in a single tool.

• Water pump pliers – also known as slip joint pliers, tongue-and-groove pliers and
adjustable pliers (among other names), these tools feature a movable lower jaw,
allowing the span of the grip to be adjusted. They are ideal for use with nuts, bolts
and fasteners.

• Side-Cutting pliers – also known as wire cutters, these are typically used with wire.
A variant called diagonal cutters applies different finishes to the cut wire.

• Mole grips/locking pliers – these are ideal when working with metal.

Screws: Match screws with the proper screwdriver and turn clockwise to tighten,
counterclockwise to loosen.

Flathead Screwdriver: For slotted screws only. Do not use for Phillips head screws or as a pry
bar.

Phillips Head Screwdriver: Use with crosshead screws. Avoid using to puncture things, as this
will damage the screwdriver.

• Hex Driver: For loosening and tightening hexagonal bolts. Avoid overtightening.

cable cutters are indispensable tools in every electrician's arsenal, designed to efficiently
and cleanly cut through various types of electrical cables and wires. These specialized tools
have evolved to meet the diverse needs of modern electrical work, offering a range of
features and capabilities.

Antistatic Tools:

 The purpose of an antistatic wrist strap is to equalize the electrical charge between you
and the equipment.
 An antistatic mat is slightly conductive, transferring static electricity safely from
equipment to a grounding point.

Proper Cleaning of Components:

 LCD/LED Screens: Avoid harsh chemicals; only use cleaners designed for LCD
screens.
 CRT Monitors: Use distilled water and soft cloths to clean old-style monitors.
 Compressed Air: Short bursts of air should be used to clean dust without tipping the can.

Outlet is the point of wiring system where the electrical devices can be plug or unplug.

Schematic drawing it involves the transmitting idea of the design unto schematic drawing.

Prototyping- it involves fabricating the PCB open in the small volume and assembling the
components.

PCB LAYOUT it is based on a schematic diagram to do this design of the circuits guide wholes
and components to achieve the function

Ultrasonic welding is a process that joins two pieces of metal, plastic, or other materials by
using high-frequency ultrasonic vibrations. These vibrations create heat through friction, causing
the materials' surfaces to melt and fuse together. The weld metals are typically overlapped during
the process, and no additional adhesives or fasteners are needed.

In ultrasonic welding:

 The materials to be welded are overlapped.

 Ultrasonic energy is applied via a vibrating tool called a sonotrode.
 The energy causes localized heating at the interface of the materials, allowing them to
melt and bond.

The most important thing in electrical is the power source.

The last step design is the circuit is test design cicuit.

METHODS OF WIRE TERMINATION

A wire termination is the work performed to the end of a wire that allows it to connect to a
device (connector, switch, terminal, etc.).

Understanding the different types of electrical terminations is essential for any electrical
professional or enthusiast. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore five distinct types of
wire termination.

Soldered Terminations represent a classic and reliable method of creating electrical

connections. This technique involves melting a filler metal, known as solder, and
applying it to the joint between two conductors. As the solder cools and solidifies, it
creates a secure and durable bond, facilitating the smooth flow of electricity.These
terminations are commonly used in various applications, including electronics assembly,
printed circuit board (PCB) construction, and small-scale electrical projects. The process
of soldering demands precision and skill, as improper technique or low-quality solder can
lead to weak joints or even electrical failures.

Crimped Terminations- Offer a robust and efficient method for connecting conductors.
This technique involves using a crimping tool to compress a metal sleeve or ferrule
around the conductor and secure it tightly. The compression creates a gas-tight and
electrically conductive joint that resists pull-out forces, making it suitable for applications
requiring mechanical strength.These terminations find extensive use in power distribution
systems, aerospace applications, and automotive wiring harnesses. To achieve optimum
results, it is crucial to select the appropriate crimping tool and terminals for the specific
conductor and application.

Compression Terminations- The main suggests, rely on compressive forces to establish

secure connections. These terminations often utilize mechanical connectors with bolts or
setscrews to apply pressure on the conductors. The pressure forces the conductive
materials together, creating an intimate and reliable contact interface. These terminations
find extensive use in high-power applications, electrical substations, and industrial
installations. It is essential to use appropriate torque values when tightening the
connectors to ensure optimal performance and longevity.

Wire Wrap Terminations- Provide a unique and reliable method for creating
connections on a variety of electronic components, such as integrated circuits and
connectors. This technique involves precisely wrapping a thin, solid wire around a
conductive pin or post, securing it in place. The sharp edges of the wrapping tool
penetrate the wire’s insulation, establishing a gas-tight connection. These terminations
are prevalent in prototyping and breadboarding activities, enabling engineers and
hobbyists to create temporary connections without soldering. However, they are not
recommended for high-current applications due to their limited current-carrying capacity.

Insulation Displacement Terminations (IDTs)- Present a convenient and efficient way

to terminate conductors without the need for stripping insulation. These terminations
typically consist of a connector with sharp blades or teeth that pierce the insulation when
the conductor is inserted, making direct contact with the conductor’s core. IDTs are
commonly used in telecommunications, data cabling, and domestic electrical
installations. They offer a time-saving alternative to traditional methods of stripping
insulation before termination.

Carry out Testing and Simulation tests- Conduct simulations and functional
assessments to validate and test crucial circuit blocks in the design. Simulation software,
offered by various Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools, allows for analyzing the
correct functionality of individual blocks within the circuit. In instances where the circuit
does not perform as required, adjustments can be made accordingly.

Main function of switch

A switch is a fundamental component in electrical and computer networks that controls

the flow of electrical current or data packets. Its primary function is to connect and
disconnect circuits or network devices, enabling the transmission and reception of
information. Switches operate at different levels of complexity, offering various features
and capabilities depending on their intended application.

Switch Functions

The core functions of a switch, regardless of its type, include:

- Connecting and disconnecting circuits: Switches act as gatekeepers, allowing or

blocking the flow of electrical current in a circuit. This on/off functionality is
essential for controlling devices and systems.
- Forwarding data packets: In computer networks, switches direct data packets to
their intended destinations based on their MAC (Media Access Control) addresses.
This intelligent forwarding mechanism ensures efficient data transmission and
reduces network congestion.
- Address learning: Switches learn the MAC addresses of connected devices by
analyzing the data packets they receive. This information is stored in a MAC
address table, which the switch uses to determine the appropriate output port for
each packet.

An electrical cable is an assembly of one or more wires that are used to carry electrical current
or signals between devices. These cables are typically composed of the following components:

1. Conductors: Usually made of copper or aluminum, these are the wires that carry the
electric current. They can be solid or stranded (made of multiple smaller wires twisted
together).
2. Insulation: A layer of non-conductive material (often plastic or rubber) that surrounds
the conductor to prevent electrical leakage and protect against short circuits.
3. Shielding (optional): Some cables have a metallic or foil shield to protect the signal or
power from electromagnetic interference (EMI) or to prevent the cable from emitting
interference.
4. Jacket: The outer layer of the cable, providing mechanical protection from
environmental factors like moisture, heat, chemicals, or physical damage.

Types of Electrical Cables:

 Power cables: Carry electricity for powering devices, appliances, and machines.
 Control cables: Used to transmit signals to control systems or machinery.
 Coaxial cables: Used for transmitting TV or internet signals.
 Ethernet cables: Used for networking and data communication.
 Fiber optic cables: Use light signals instead of electrical signals for high-speed
data transmission.
Contact termination refers to the method used to connect or terminate an electrical conductor
(wire or cable) to a contact or terminal in a connector, switch, or device. It is a critical process in
ensuring electrical continuity and reliability in electrical and electronic circuits.

Common Contact Termination Methods:

1. Soldering
o Description: Soldering involves melting a metal alloy (solder) to form a
permanent connection between the wire and the contact.
o Advantages:
 Reliable, durable, and secure.
 Good for permanent installations.
o Disadvantages:
 Time-consuming.
 Requires skilled labor and careful handling to avoid damaging
components with heat.
o Used in: PCBs, audio equipment, small electronics.

2. Crimping
o Description: Crimping uses a crimping tool to deform the contact or
terminal around the wire, creating a secure mechanical and electrical
connection.
o Advantages:
 Quick and efficient.
 Provides a strong, vibration-resistant connection.
 Does not require heat.
o Disadvantages:
 Requires proper tooling for consistent results.
 Less flexible than soldering (cannot easily be disconnected).
o Used in: Automotive wiring, aerospace, industrial connectors.

3. Insulation Displacement (IDC)

o Description: IDC involves pressing the wire into a specially designed
contact that displaces the insulation and makes contact with the conductor
without stripping the wire.
o Advantages:
 Quick and easy.
 No need to strip insulation.
o Disadvantages:
 Best suited for low-voltage and low-current applications.
 Can be less durable than soldering or crimping.
o Used in: Telephone and network connectors (e.g., RJ45).

4. Screw Terminal
 o Description: A wire is inserted into a terminal and tightened with a screw
to create a secure connection.
o Advantages:
 Easy to install and adjust.
 No special tools required.
 Reusable and suitable for high-power connections.
o Disadvantages:
 Can loosen over time due to vibration.
 Requires manual tightening.
o Used in: Electrical outlets, switches, and junction boxes.

5. Welding
o Description: In some high-current applications, welding is used to fuse the
wire to the terminal or contact, creating a permanent bond.
o Advantages:
 Extremely durable and strong connection.
 Suitable for high-power applications.
o Disadvantages:
 Requires special equipment and is not easily reversible.
o Used in: High-current or heavy-duty applications.

6. Wire Wrapping
o Description: Involves wrapping a bare wire tightly around a post or
terminal with a specialized wire-wrapping tool.
o Advantages:
 Provides a secure connection without soldering.
 Can be easily unwrapped and reused.
o Disadvantages:
 Requires a specialized tool.
 Not as common in modern applications.
o Used in: Telecoms, early computer hardware.

Wire stripping is the process of removing the insulation or outer covering from an
electrical wire to expose the conductive metal beneath. This is done to prepare the wire
for connection to other components, terminals, or connectors. In summary, wire stripping
is an essential step in preparing wires for electrical connections, ensuring proper
conductivity, safety, and reliability in electrical systems.
(Note:incomplete yang iba hindi ko kase mahanap e, btw tatlo lang ang kulang)