Get ebook downloads in full at ebookmeta.

com

Probability, Random Variables, And Random

Processes 4th Edition Hwei P. Hsu

https://ebookmeta.com/product/probability-random-variables-
and-random-processes-4th-edition-hwei-p-hsu/

OR CLICK BUTTON

DOWNLOAD NOW

Explore and download more ebook at https://ebookmeta.com

 Recommended digital products (PDF, EPUB, MOBI) that
you can download immediately if you are interested.

Schaum s Outline of Probability Random Variables and

Random Processes 4th Edition Hwei P Hsu

https://ebookmeta.com/product/schaum-s-outline-of-probability-random-
variables-and-random-processes-4th-edition-hwei-p-hsu/

ebookmeta.com

Probability and Random Processes 4th Edition Geoffrey R.

Grimmett

https://ebookmeta.com/product/probability-and-random-processes-4th-
edition-geoffrey-r-grimmett/

ebookmeta.com

Probability Random Variables and Data Analytics with

Engineering Applications P. Mohana Shankar

https://ebookmeta.com/product/probability-random-variables-and-data-
analytics-with-engineering-applications-p-mohana-shankar/

ebookmeta.com

Business in Latin America: Strategic Opportunities and

Risks 2nd Edition Fernando Robles

https://ebookmeta.com/product/business-in-latin-america-strategic-
opportunities-and-risks-2nd-edition-fernando-robles/

ebookmeta.com
Soulless 1st Edition Shyla Colt

https://ebookmeta.com/product/soulless-1st-edition-shyla-colt/

ebookmeta.com

Science of Sport Swimming 1st Edition Alexander Marinof

https://ebookmeta.com/product/science-of-sport-swimming-1st-edition-
alexander-marinof/

ebookmeta.com

Contemporary Methods and Austrian Economics 1st Edition

Daniel J. D'Amico

https://ebookmeta.com/product/contemporary-methods-and-austrian-
economics-1st-edition-daniel-j-damico/

ebookmeta.com

Isometric Pixel Art Guide 1st Edition Rhys Davies

https://ebookmeta.com/product/isometric-pixel-art-guide-1st-edition-
rhys-davies/

ebookmeta.com

Dad I Love You So Much Seqouia Children'S Publishing

https://ebookmeta.com/product/dad-i-love-you-so-much-seqouia-
childrens-publishing/

ebookmeta.com
Sydney In Love An Instalove Travel Vacation Romance
Destination HEA Book 1 1st Edition Pearl Ava

https://ebookmeta.com/product/sydney-in-love-an-instalove-travel-
vacation-romance-destination-hea-book-1-1st-edition-pearl-ava/

ebookmeta.com
00_Hsu_Probability_FM_Schaum's design 31/08/19 4:11 PM Page i

Probability,
Random Variables,
and Random Processes
00_Hsu_Probability_FM_Schaum's design 31/08/19 4:11 PM Page ii
00_Hsu_Probability_FM_Schaum's design 31/08/19 4:11 PM Page iii

Probability,
Random Variables,
and Random Processes
Fourth Edition

Hwei P. Hsu, PhD

Schaum’s Outline Series

New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid

Mexico City Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto
HWEI P. HSU received his BS from National Taiwan University and his MS and PhD from Case Institute of Technology. He
has published several books which include Schaum’s Outline of Analog and Digital Communications and Schaum’s Outline of
Signals and Systems.

Copyright © 2020, 2013, 2009, 1998 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States
Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a
database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

ISBN: 978-1-26-045382-9
MHID: 1-26-045382-0

The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-1-26-045381-2,
MHID: 1-26-045381-2.

eBook conversion by codeMantra

Version 1.0

All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trade-
marked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringe-
ment of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps.

McGraw-Hill Education eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions or for use in
corporate training programs. To contact a representative, please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com.

McGraw-Hill Education, the McGraw-Hill Education logo, Schaum’s, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trade-
marks of McGraw-Hill Education and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries and may not be used without written
permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. McGraw-Hill Education is not associated with any
product or vendor mentioned in this book.

TERMS OF USE

This is a copyrighted work and McGraw-Hill Education and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work
is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the
work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit,
distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill Education’s prior consent. You
may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to
use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms.

THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL EDUCATION AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES
OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED
FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA
HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUD-
ING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill Education and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will
meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill Education nor its licensors
shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages
resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill Education has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work.
Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive,
consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of
the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or
cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise.
00_Hsu_Probability_FM_Schaum's design 31/08/19 4:11 PM Page v

Preface to The Second Edition

The purpose of this book, like its previous edition, is to provide an introduction to the principles of probability,
random variables, and random processes and their applications.
The book is designed for students in various disciplines of engineering, science, mathematics, and manage-
ment. The background required to study the book is one year of calculus, elementary differential equations,
matrix analysis, and some signal and system theory, including Fourier transforms. The book can be used as a self-
contained textbook or for self-study. Each topic is introduced in a chapter with numerous solved problems. The
solved problems constitute an integral part of the text.
This new edition includes and expands the contents of the first edition. In addition to refinement through the
text, two new sections on probability-generating functions and martingales have been added and a new chapter
on information theory has been added.
I wish to thank my granddaughter Elysia Ann Krebs for helping me in the preparation of this revision. I also
wish to express my appreciation to the editorial staff of the McGraw-Hill Schaum’s Series for their care, cooper-
ation, and attention devoted to the preparation of the book.

HWEI P. HSU
Shannondell at Valley Forge, Audubon, Pennsylvania

v
00_Hsu_Probability_FM_Schaum's design 31/08/19 4:11 PM Page vi

Preface to The First Edition

The purpose of this book is to provide an introduction to the principles of probability, random variables, and
random processes and their applications.
The book is designed for students in various disciplines of engineering, science, mathematics, and manage-
ment. It may be used as a textbook and /or a supplement to all current comparable texts. It should also be
useful to those interested in the field of self-study. The book combines the advantages of both the textbook and
the so-called review book. It provides the textual explanations of the textbook, and in the direct way character-
istic of the review book, it gives hundreds of completely solved problems that use essential theory and techniques.
Moreover, the solved problems are an integral part of the text. The background required to study the book is one
year of calculus, elementary differential equations, matrix analysis, and some signal and system theory, includ-
ing Fourier transforms.
I wish to thank Dr. Gordon Silverman for his invaluable suggestions and critical review of the manuscript.
I also wish to express my appreciation to the editorial staff of the McGraw-Hill Schaum Series for their care,
cooperation, and attention devoted to the preparation of the book. Finally, I thank my wife, Daisy, for her patience
and encouragement.

HWEI P. HSU
Montville, New Jersey

vi
00_Hsu_Probability_FM_Schaum's design 31/08/19 4:11 PM Page vii

Contents

CHAPTER 1 Probability 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Sample Space and Events 1
1.3 Algebra of Sets 2
1.4 Probability Space 6
1.5 Equally Likely Events 9
1.6 Conditional Probability 10
1.7 Total Probability 10
1.8 Independent Events 11
Solved Problems 12

CHAPTER 2 Random Variables 50

2.1 Introduction 50
2.2 Random Variables 50
2.3 Distribution Functions 52
2.4 Discrete Random Variables and Probability Mass Functions 53
2.5 Continuous Random Variables and Probability Density Functions 54
2.6 Mean and Variance 54
2.7 Some Special Distributions 55
2.8 Conditional Distributions 64
Solved Problems 65

CHAPTER 3 Multiple Random Variables 101

3.1 Introduction 101
3.2 Bivariate Random Variables 101
3.3 Joint Distribution Functions 102
3.4 Discrete Random Variables—Joint Probability Mass Functions 103
3.5 Continuous Random Variables—Joint Probability Density Functions 104
3.6 Conditional Distributions 105
3.7 Covariance and Correlation Coefficient 106
3.8 Conditional Means and Conditional Variances 107
3.9 N-Variate Random Variables 108
3.10 Special Distributions 110
Solved Problems 112

vii
00_Hsu_Probability_FM_Schaum's design 31/08/19 4:11 PM Page viii

viii Contents

CHAPTER 4 Functions of Random Variables, Expectation, Limit Theorems 149

4.1 Introduction 149
4.2 Functions of One Random Variable 149
4.3 Functions of Two Random Variables 150
4.4 Functions of n Random Variables 151
4.5 Expectation 152
4.6 Probability Generating Functions 154
4.7 Moment Generating Functions 155
4.8 Characteristic Functions 156
4.9 The Laws of Large Numbers and the Central Limit Theorem 158
Solved Problems 159

CHAPTER 5 Random Processes 207

5.1 Introduction 207
5.2 Random Processes 207
5.3 Characterization of Random Processes 208
5.4 Classification of Random Processes 209
5.5 Discrete-Parameter Markov Chains 211
5.6 Poisson Processes 216
5.7 Wiener Processes 218
5.8 Martingales 219
Solved Problems 222

CHAPTER 6 Analysis and Processing of Random Processes 271

6.1 Introduction 271
6.2 Continuity, Differentiation, Integration 271
6.3 Power Spectral Densities 273
6.4 White Noise 275
6.5 Response of Linear Systems to Random Inputs 276
6.6 Fourier Series and Karhunen-Loéve Expansions 279
6.7 Fourier Transform of Random Processes 280
Solved Problems 282

CHAPTER 7 Estimation Theory 312

7.1 Introduction 312
7.2 Parameter Estimation 312
7.3 Properties of Point Estimators 312
7.4 Maximum-Likelihood Estimation 313
7.5 Bayes’ Estimation 314
7.6 Mean Square Estimation 314
7.7 Linear Mean Square Estimation 315
Solved Problems 316

CHAPTER 8 Decision Theory 331

8.1 Introduction 331
8.2 Hypothesis Testing 331
8.3 Decision Tests 332
Solved Problems 335
00_Hsu_Probability_FM_Schaum's design 31/08/19 4:11 PM Page ix

Contents ix

CHAPTER 9 Queueing Theory 349

9.1 Introduction 349
9.2 Queueing Systems 349
9.3 Birth-Death Process 350
9.4 The M/M/1 Queueing System 352
9.5 The M/M/s Queueing System 352
9.6 The M/M/1/K Queueing System 353
9.7 The M/M/s/K Queueing System 354
Solved Problems 355

CHAPTER 10 Information Theory 367

10.1 Introduction 367
10.2 Measure of Information 367
10.3 Discrete Memoryless Channels 369
10.4 Mutual Information 371
10.5 Channel Capacity 373
10.6 Continuous Channel 374
10.7 Additive White Gaussian Noise Channel 375
10.8 Source Coding 376
10.9 Entropy Coding 378
Solved Problems 380

APPENDIX A Normal Distribution 411

APPENDIX B Fourier Transform 413

B.1 Continuous-Time Fourier Transform 413
B.2 Discrete-Time Fourier Transform 414

INDEX 417

*The laptop icon next to an exercise indicates that the exercise is also available as a video with step-by-step
instructions. These videos are available on the Schaums.com website by following the instructions on the inside
front cover.
00_Hsu_Probability_FM_Schaum's design 31/08/19 4:11 PM Page x
01_Hsu_Probability 8/31/19 3:55 PM Page 1

CHAPTER 1

Probability
1.1 Introduction
The study of probability stems from the analysis of certain games of chance, and it has found applications in
most branches of science and engineering. In this chapter the basic concepts of probability theory are presented.

1.2 Sample Space and Events

A. Random Experiments:
In the study of probability, any process of observation is referred to as an experiment. The results of an obser-
vation are called the outcomes of the experiment. An experiment is called a random experiment if its outcome
cannot be predicted. Typical examples of a random experiment are the roll of a die, the toss of a coin, drawing a
card from a deck, or selecting a message signal for transmission from several messages.

B. Sample Space:
The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called the sample space (or universal set), and it is
denoted by S. An element in S is called a sample point. Each outcome of a random experiment corresponds to a
sample point.

EXAMPLE 1.1 Find the sample space for the experiment of tossing a coin (a) once and (b) twice.

(a) There are two possible outcomes, heads or tails. Thus:

S  {H, T}

where H and T represent head and tail, respectively.

(b) There are four possible outcomes. They are pairs of heads and tails. Thus:

S  {HH, HT, TH, TT}

EXAMPLE 1.2 Find the sample space for the experiment of tossing a coin repeatedly and of counting the number
of tosses required until the first head appears.
Clearly all possible outcomes for this experiment are the terms of the sequence 1, 2, 3, … Thus:

S  {1, 2, 3, …}

Note that there are an infinite number of outcomes.

1
01_Hsu_Probability 8/31/19 3:55 PM Page 2

2 CHAPTER 1 Probability

EXAMPLE 1.3 Find the sample space for the experiment of measuring (in hours) the lifetime of a transistor.
Clearly all possible outcomes are all nonnegative real numbers. That is,

S  {τ : 0  τ  ∞}

where τ represents the life of a transistor in hours.

Note that any particular experiment can often have many different sample spaces depending on the observa-
tion of interest (Probs. 1.1 and 1.2). A sample space S is said to be discrete if it consists of a finite number of
sample points (as in Example 1.1) or countably infinite sample points (as in Example 1.2). A set is called
countable if its elements can be placed in a one-to-one correspondence with the positive integers. A sample
space S is said to be continuous if the sample points constitute a continuum (as in Example 1.3).

C. Events:
Since we have identified a sample space S as the set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment, we will
review some set notations in the following.
If ζ is an element of S (or belongs to S), then we write

ζ僆S

If S is not an element of S (or does not belong to S), then we write

ζ∉S

A set A is called a subset of B, denoted by

A⊂B

if every element of A is also an element of B. Any subset of the sample space S is called an event. A sample point
of S is often referred to as an elementary event. Note that the sample space S is the subset of itself: that is, S ⊂
S. Since S is the set of all possible outcomes, it is often called the certain event.

EXAMPLE 1.4 Consider the experiment of Example 1.2. Let A be the event that the number of tosses required
until the first head appears is even. Let B be the event that the number of tosses required until the first head appears
is odd. Let C be the event that the number of tosses required until the first head appears is less than 5. Express
events A, B, and C.

A  {2, 4, 6, …}
B  {1, 3, 5, …}
C  {1, 2, 3, 4}

1.3 Algebra of Sets

A. Set Operations:

1. Equality:
Two sets A and B are equal, denoted A  B, if and only if A ⊂ B and B ⊂ A.

2. Complementation:
–
Suppose A ⊂ S. The complement of set A, denoted A, is the set containing all elements in S but not in A.
–
A  {ζ : ζ ∈ S and ζ ∉ A}
01_Hsu_Probability 8/31/19 3:55 PM Page 3

CHAPTER 1 Probability 3

3. Union:
The union of sets A and B, denoted A ∪ B, is the set containing all elements in either A or B or both.

A ∪ B  {ζ : ζ ∈ A or ζ ∈ B}

4. Intersection:
The intersection of sets A and B, denoted A ∩ B, is the set containing all elements in both A and B.

A ∩ B  { ζ : ζ ∈ A and ζ ∈ B}

5. Difference:
The difference of sets A and B, denoted A\ B, is the set containing all elements in A but not in B.

A\ B  {ζ : ζ ∈ A and ζ ∉ B}
–
Note that A\ B  A ∩ B .

6. Symmetrical Difference:
The symmetrical difference of sets A and B, denoted A Δ B, is the set of all elements that are in A or B but not
in both.

A Δ B  { ζ: ζ ∈ A or ζ ∈ B and ζ ∉ A ∩ B}
– –
Note that A Δ B  (A ∩ B ) ∪ (A ∩ B)  (A\ B) ∪ (B \ A).

7. Null Set:
The set containing no element is called the null set, denoted ∅. Note that
–
∅S

8. Disjoint Sets:
Two sets A and B are called disjoint or mutually exclusive if they contain no common element, that is,
if A ∩ B  ∅.
The definitions of the union and intersection of two sets can be extended to any finite number of sets as
follows:

n
∪ Ai  A1 ∪ A2 ∪  ∪ An
i 1

 {ζ : ζ ∈ A1 or ζ ∈ A2 or  ζ ∈ An }
n
∩ Ai  A1 ∩ A2 ∩  ∩ An
i 1

 {ζ : ζ ∈ A1 and ζ ∈ A2 and  ζ ∈ An }

Note that these definitions can be extended to an infinite number of sets:

∞
∪ Ai  A1 ∪ A2 ∪ A3 ∪ 
i 1
∞
∩ Ai  A1 ∩ A2 ∩ A3 ∩ 
i 1
01_Hsu_Probability 8/31/19 3:55 PM Page 4

4 CHAPTER 1 Probability

In our definition of event, we state that every subset of S is an event, including S and the null set ∅. Then

S  the certain event

∅  the impossible event

If A and B are events in S, then

–
A  the event that A did not occur
A ∪ B  the event that either A or B or both occurred
A ∩ B  the event that both A and B occurred

Similarly, if A1, A2, …, An are a sequence of events in S, then

n
∪ Ai  the event that at least one of the Ai occurreed
i 1
n
∩ Ai  the event that all of the Ai occurred
i 1

9. Partition of S :
k
If Ai ∩ Aj  ∅ for i ≠ j and ∪ Ai  S , then the collection {Ai ; 1  i  k} is said to form a partition of S.
i 1
10. Size of Set:
When sets are countable, the size (or cardinality) of set A, denoted ⎪ A ⎪, is the number of elements contained
in A. When sets have a finite number of elements, it is easy to see that size has the following properties:

(i) If A ∩ B  ∅, then ⎪A ∪ B⎪  ⎪A⎪  ⎪B⎪.

(ii) ⎪∅⎪  0.
(iii) If A ⊂ B, then ⎪A⎪  ⎪B⎪.
(iv) ⎪A ∪ B⎪  ⎪A ∩ B⎪  ⎪A⎪  ⎪B⎪.

Note that the property (iv) can be easily seen if A and B are subsets of a line with length ⎪A⎪ and ⎪B⎪, respectively.

11. Product of Sets:

The product (or Cartesian product) of sets A and B, denoted by A  B, is the set of ordered pairs of elements
from A and B.

C  A  B  {(a, b): a ∈ A, b ∈ B}

Note that A  B ≠ B  A, and ⎪ C⎪  ⎪ A  B⎪  ⎪ A⎪  ⎪ B⎪ .

EXAMPLE 1.5 Let A  {a1, a2, a3} and B  {b1, b2}. Then

C  A  B  {(a1, b1), (a1, b2), (a2, b1), (a2, b2), (a3, b1), (a3, b2)}
D  B  A  {(b1, a1), (b1, a2), (b1, a3), (b2, a1), (b2, a2), (b2, a3)}

B. Venn Diagram:
A graphical representation that is very useful for illustrating set operation is the Venn diagram. For instance, in
the three Venn diagrams shown in Fig. 1-1, the shaded areas represent, respectively, the events A ∪ B, A ∩ B,
– –
and A. The Venn diagram in Fig. 1-2(a) indicates that B 傺 A, and the event A ∩ B  A\ B is shown as the shaded
area. In Fig. 1-2(b), the shaded area represents the event A Δ B.
Other documents randomly have
different content
 containing a part of this work or any other work associated with
Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute

this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the
Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if
you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project
Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other format used in the official version posted on the official
Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must,
at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy,
a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy
upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project
Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™
works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or

providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments
 must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt
that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project
Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project

Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different
terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain
permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3
below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on,
transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright
law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these
efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium
on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as,
but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data,
transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property
infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be
read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in
paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic
work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for
damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE
THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT
EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE
THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of
receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you
paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you
received the work from. If you received the work on a physical
medium, you must return the medium with your written
explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the
defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu
of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.
If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund
in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set

forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’,
WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this
agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this
agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the
maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable
state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of
this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the

Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless
from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that
arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you
do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project
Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or
deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect
you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission

of Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new
computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of
volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project
Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™
collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In
2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was
created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project
Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your
efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the
Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-
profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the
laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status
by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or
federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions
to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax
deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and
your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500

West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact
links and up to date contact information can be found at the
Foundation’s website and official page at
www.gutenberg.org/contact
 Section 4. Information about Donations to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission
of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works
that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form
accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated
equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly
important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws

regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of
the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform
and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many
fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not
solicit donations in locations where we have not received written
confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine
the status of compliance for any particular state visit
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states

where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know
of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from
donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot

make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations
received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp
our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current

donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a
number of other ways including checks, online payments and
credit card donations. To donate, please visit:
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About

Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could
be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose
network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several

printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by
copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus,
we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any
particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new
eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear
about new eBooks.