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Picture CSS3
Matthew David
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ISBN: 978-0-240-81386-8
Figure 2.1 CSS has not been used to format the design of this page.
1
2
CSS gives you the control you need to format content on the
screen. Think of CSS as a set of instructions that explain how
a document should be presented. Figure 2.2 is the same page
from Figure 2.1, formatted with CSS.
CSS has been designed to be easily reused and shared through-
out your web site. To this end, it is very easy to switch out design
elements. Figure 2.3 is the same page illustrated in Figure 2.1 but
with a new CSS design.
You, as a designer, now have much greater freedom in your
design. The good news is that working with CSS is not too hard.
</p>
<h2>
I’m Heading 2
</h2>
<p>
This is a paragraph. It’s just something I
threw together. In the beginning was the word.
And the word wrapped. I’ll be looking soon for
opportunities to style this text. In the meantime
it will do merely to occupy space.
</p>
Presented in a web page, Figure 2.4 shows how the HTML code
looks.
The style attribute can now be used to format each element.
Take, for instance, the first H1 element; the following style can be
applied using CSS.
<h1 style=“font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Tahoma,
sans-serif;font-size: 24px;color: #FF3300;font-
weight: bolder;”>
This is Heading 1
</h1>
Figure 2.5 illustrates the change using the new style.
The challenge using the style attribute on a specific element
is that the style cannot be easily shared with other elements on
the page. There is a way to use CSS to format elements that are
used frequently on a page. The CSS style definition for a page is
located within the HEADER element. The following code shows
where the CSS style is placed.
Figure 2.6 Placing the CSS style information within the HEAD element of a page allows elements to share the same
design layout.
body {
margin: 2px}
</style>
</head>
Figure 2.6 shows that the two paragraphs now look the same.
Cascading styles, however, have one additional trick up their
sleeve. No web site is comprised of just one page. You have
many, possibly hundreds or thousands, of pages in your web
site. You do not want the burden of having to open each page
and change the formatting each time you need to change the
styles for your site.
Using CSS, you can now create a separate document in your
site containing your style information and share it with all of
your web pages. To create a shared CSS style document you
need to create a text file with Notepad on a PC or TextEdit on
a Mac. Copy your styles to the text file and save it to your site,
naming the document with the extension .css. The final step is
adding a line of code to the HTML that links to your web pages
and points to the CSS document. The link is accomplished
using the LINK element within the HEAD element in your web
page. The following example is linking to a CSS document called
“style.css.”
<head>
<meta content=“text/html; charset=utf-8”
http-equiv=“Content-Type” />
<title>A sample CSS page</title>
<link href=“style.css” rel=“stylesheet”
type=“text/css” />
</head>
The result is that you can create multiple web pages that share
the same look and feel, as shown in Figure 2.7.
7
Figure 2.7 Sharing a single CSS file allows the style formatting to be easily controlled over multiple web pages.
CSS is a very flexible design tool you can use to control the
presentation of your content in any web page.
There are four main ways in which you can easily apply CSS to
elements on a page:
• Modify an element’s visual characteristics.
• Create a share class.
• Create a pseudo class.
• Create a pseudo element.
Figure 2.8 A single P element style is shared by all P elements on the page.
9
Figure 2.9 Common style definitions can be applied to many different elements at once.
p {
font-size: large;
padding-left: 25px;
}
Figure 2.9 shows how the common styles can be shared among
the different elements.
The good news is that you can apply CSS to any element on the
screen, including new HTML5 elements such as ASIDE, HEADER,
FOOTER, SECTION, ARTICLE, and DIALOG. The following HTML
can be formatted with CSS.
<H1>Sample Header</H1>
<ASIDE>
<H1>The Headline is formatted with CSS</H1>
<P>The PARAGRAPH element inherits the font style
formatting from the ASIDE element.</P>
<P >A link to another web page is added <a
href=“http://www.focalpress.com”>here</a>.</P>
</ASIDE>
You can use the following style to format the presentation of
the ASIDE element.
aside {
margin: 2px;
border-style: dashed;
font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial,
sans-serif;
font-size: 18px;
line-height: 1.2em;
text-align: left;
position: absolute;
color: #999;
11
background-color: ivory;
position: absolute;
left: 25px;
top: 75px;
width: 500px;
height: 250px;
}
a {
text-decoration: none;
color: #0000FF;
}
h1 {
font-size: 20px;
}
p{
font-size: 12px;
}
Figure 2.10 shows the results.
Figure 2.10 All HTML5 elements, including new elements like ASIDE, can be stylized
with CSS.
.mainTitleStyle {
font-family: Cambria, Cochin, Georgia, Times,
“Times New Roman”, serif;
font-size: 30px;
font-weight: bolder;
color: #008000;
}
As you can see, the main structure for defining the class style is
the same as an element. The difference is that the class is identi-
fied by a leading period and the class name is all one word. You
cannot use spaces in your class name.
After you have created your style you can apply it to any
element in your web page. The element attribute class is used
to associate the element with the CSS class. Here is an example.
<p class=“mainTitleStyle”>Lorem Ipsum Header</p>
<p>In vestibulum, ipsum consectetur cursus
porttitor, mi tellus euismod purus, ac egestas
nisl risus ac risus. </p>
<p class=“mainTitleStyle”>Lorem ipsum dolor sit
amet</p>
<p>Aliquam sollicitudin elementum est, commodo
gravida lorem imperdiet ac. </p>
<p class=“mainTitleStyle”>consectetur adipiscing
elit</p>
<p >Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet</p>
You can see that the P element is used for each line of text. The
titles for each section are highlighted using the class attribute.
Figure 2.11 shows how the style looks in a web browser.
Figure 2.11 A custom CSS class is used to define the titles for each section.
13
}
a:visited {
color: #FF0000;
}
The result is that you can now control the different actions of the
ANCHOR tag.
CSS3 introduces additional pseudo class styles you can use.
The complete list is:
• Active—the active element
• Focus—the element with focus
• Visited—a visited link
• Hover—the state when your cursor is over a link
• Link—an unvisited link
• Disabled—the state of an element when it has been disabled
• Enabled—the state of an element when it has been enabled
• Checked—a form element that has been checked
• Selection—when a user selects a range of content on the page
• Lang—the designer can choose which language is used for
the style
• Nth-child(n)—an element that is a specified child of the
first sibling
• Nth-last-child(n)—an element that is a specified child of
the last sibling
• First-child—the first use of an element on the page
• Last-child—the last use of an element on the page
• Only-child—the only use of a element on the page
Note how the leading letter of each line is much larger than the
rest of the line. At this time there are few pseudo elements.
When CSS was first released in 1997 there were about a dozen
or so definitions to control visual aspects such as font size, color,
and background color. Now there are hundreds of different defi-
nitions that can be used extensively with any element on the
screen.
• Font-style
• Font-variant
• Text-transform
• Text-decoration
The font-family definition allows you to select a font for your
design. Here is how to write the definition:
font-family: Arial;
The challenge in using the font-family definition is that the
number of fonts you can select from is limited to the fonts
installed on the computer of the person who is viewing your web
page. Web browsers and operating systems install a core set of
fonts that you can use in your designs. The list of fonts available
that are “Web safe” include:
• Arial/Helvetica
• Times New Roman/Times
• Courier New/Courier
• Verdana
• Georgia
• Comic Sans MS
• Trebuchet MS
• Arial Black
• Impact
• Palatino
• Garamond
• Bookman
• Avant Garde
This list is not very exhaustive and you run into issues where
the fonts will not match. For instance, you may select the
font Tahoma and it will look great on Windows XP, Vista, and
Windows 7, but will not look the same on a Mac or iPhone. Often
you will find that there are similar fonts on Windows and Mac
computers, but they simply have different names. For instance,
you can select the following font-family:
font-family: “Courier New”, Courier, monospace;
This collection of fonts will allow the text to be presented
correctly no matter the system viewing the page. In this instance,
“Courier New” is the PC name for “Courier” on the Apple Mac;
“monospace” is a Unix/Linux equivalent.
Here is a collection of safe font-family names you can use:
• Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans serif
• Arial Black, Arial Black, Gadget, sans serif
• Comic Sans MS, Comic Sans MS, cursive
• Courier New, Courier New, Courier, monospace
• Georgia, Georgia, serif
• Impact, Impact, Charcoal, sans serif
17
Figure 2.14 CSS3 now allows you to embed TrueType and OpenType fonts directly into your web pages.
To embed a font into a web page you need only two things: the
font file and the definition in CSS linking to the font. The font
BlackJar.ttf is used in Figure 2.14. Figure 2.15 shows you what the
TrueType font looks like.
Figure 2.15 The TrueType You need to create a new font-family in your CSS document that
font BlackJar.tff can now be links to the TrueType font. The following CSS code shows, in line 2,
embedded into a web page. that you are creating a new font-family called “BlackJar” and, in
line 3, you are linking to the font and identifying the type of font.
@font-face{
font-family: ‘BlackJar’;
src: url(‘BLACKJAR.ttf’) format(‘truetype’);
}
You now have a new font-family that you can reference in your
normal CSS. Here, a P element is being formatted using the new
font-family.
p {
text-align: center;
font-family: ‘BlackJar’;
font-size: 3cm;
}
You can now use the font within your page design. If you
want to also use the font with Internet Explorer you can add the
Embedded Open Type with your new font-family. You only need
to modify the @font-face description as follows.
@font-face{
font-family: ‘BlackJar’;
19
.default {
font-family: “Segoe UI”, Tahoma, Geneva,
Verdana;
font-size: medium;
}
.px {
font-family: “Segoe UI”, Tahoma, Geneva,
Verdana;
font-size: 15px;
}
.cm {
font-family: “Segoe UI”, Tahoma, Geneva,
Verdana;
font-size: .5cm;
}
.mm {
font-family: “Segoe UI”, Tahoma, Geneva,
Verdana;
font-size: 2mm;
}
.inch {
font-family: “Segoe UI”, Tahoma, Geneva,
Verdana;
font-size: .25in;
}
.pica {
font-family: “Segoe UI”, Tahoma, Geneva,
Verdana;
font-size: 2pc;
}
.point {
font-family: “Segoe UI”, Tahoma, Geneva,
Verdana;
font-size: 10pt;
}
.rem {
font-family: “Segoe UI”, Tahoma, Geneva,
Verdana;
font-size: 1rem;
}
These font styles are applied to the following HTML code.
<p class=“default”>In hac habitasse platea
dictumst. </p>
<p class=“px”>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipiscing elit. Etiam accumsan
convallis odio, vitae semper mi pretium laoreet.
</p>
21
Figure 2.16 You have absolute control over your text using the many different units of measure available in CSS3.
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