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Data Mashup
with Microsof t
Excel Using Power
Query and M
Finding, Transforming, and Loading Data
from External Sources
—
Adam Aspin
Data Mashup with
Microsoft Excel Using
Power Query and M
Finding, Transforming, and
Loading Data from
External Sources
Adam Aspin
Data Mashup with Microsoft Excel Using Power Query and M: Finding,
Transforming, and Loading Data from External Sources
Adam Aspin
Stafford, UK
Introduction������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xix
Chapter 1: Using Power Query to Discover and Load Data into Excel���������������������� 1
Power Query��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2
The Data Load Process����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4
Why Use Power Query?����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7
The Queries & Connections Pane�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8
Displaying the Queries & Connections Pane���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9
The Peek Window�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9
Peek Window Options������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 10
View in Worksheet����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11
Deleting a Query������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12
Understanding Data Load������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 12
The Navigator Dialog������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
Select Multiple Source Tables����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15
Searching for Datasets���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15
Navigator Display Options����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17
Refresh���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17
The Navigator Data Preview�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18
Modifying Data���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19
The Power Query Editor�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20
Data Sources������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20
iii
Table of Contents
iv
Table of Contents
v
Table of Contents
vi
Table of Contents
vii
Table of Contents
viii
Table of Contents
ix
Table of Contents
x
Table of Contents
xi
Table of Contents
Index��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 379
xii
About the Author
Adam Aspin is an independent business intelligence consultant based in the United
Kingdom. He has worked with SQL Server for over 25 years. During this time, he has
developed several dozen reporting and analytical systems based on the Microsoft
Analytics Stack.
Business intelligence has been Adam’s principal focus for the last 20 years. He has
applied his skills for a variety of clients in a range of industry sectors. He is the author
of Apress books: SQL Server 2012 Data Integration Recipes, Pro Power BI Desktop (now
in its third edition), Business Intelligence with SQL Server Reporting Services, and High
Impact Data Visualization in Excel with Power View, 3D Maps, Get & Transform and
Power BI.
A graduate of Oxford University, Adam began his career in publishing before moving
into IT. Databases soon became a passion, and his experience in this arena ranges from
dBase to Oracle, and Access to MySQL, with occasional sorties into the world of DB2.
He is, however, most at home in the Microsoft universe when using SQL Server Analysis
Services, SQL Server Reporting Services, SQL Server Integration Services, and Power
BI—both on-premises and in Azure.
A fluent French speaker, Adam has worked in France and Switzerland for many years.
xiii
About the Technical Reviewer
Karine Aspin is a principal consultant with Calidra Ltd., a UK-based data and analytics
consultancy. A mathematics graduate of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,
Karine has worked at a range of IT companies including IBM Global Services.
xv
Acknowledgments
Writing a technical book can be a lonely occupation. So I am all the more grateful for
all the help and encouragement that I have received from so many fabulous friends and
colleagues.
First, my considerable thanks go to Jonathan Gennick, the commissioning editor
of this book. Throughout the publication process, Jonathan has been both a tower
of strength and an exemplary mentor. He has always been available to share his vast
experience selflessly and courteously.
Heartfelt thanks go to Jill Balzano, the Apress coordinating editor, for calmly
managing this book through the production process. She succeeded—once again—in
the well-nigh impossible task of making a potentially stress-filled trek into a pleasant
journey filled with light and humor. Her team also deserves much praise for their
efficiency under pressure.
I also owe a debt of gratitude to my wife, Karine, for her time and effort spent
reviewing this book. Being a technical reviewer is a thankless task, but I want to say a
heartfelt “thank you” to her for the range and depth of her comments and for picking up
so much that otherwise would have gone unnoticed. The book is a better one thanks to
her efforts.
My thanks also go to Ann Gemer Tuballa for her tireless and subtle work editing and
polishing the prose and to the team at SPi Global for the hours spent preparing the book
for publishing.
xvii
Introduction
Analytics has become one of the buzzwords that define an age. Managers want their staff
to deliver meaningful insight in seconds; users just want to do their jobs quickly and
well. Everyone wants to produce clear, telling, and accurate analysis with tools that are
intuitive and easy to use.
Microsoft recognized these trends and needs a few short years ago when they
extended Excel with an add-in called Power Query. Once a mere optional extension to
the world’s leading spreadsheet, Power Query is now a fundamental pillar of the Excel
toolkit. It allows a user to take data from a wide range of sources and transform them into
the base data that they can build on to add metrics, instant analyses, and KPIs to project
their insights.
With Power Query, the era of self-service data access and transformation has finally
arrived.
• Reshaping the data (the “data mashup” process) so that the resulting
data is in a form that can be used by Excel. Essentially, this means
ensuring that the data is in a coherent, structured, and complete
tabular format. This is the transform phase of ETL.
These three phases make up the data ingestion process. So it is worth taking a short
look at what makes up each one of them.
xix
Introduction
D
ata Transformation
Once you have established a connection to a data source, you may need to tweak the
data in some way. Indeed, you may even need to reshape it entirely. This is the data
mashup process—and it is the area where Power Query shines.
Power Query can carry out the simplest data transformation tasks to the most
complex data restructuring challenges in a few clicks. You can
• Filter source data so that you only load exactly the rows and columns
you need
xx
Introduction
• Join or split source tables to prepare a logical set of data tables for
each specific analytical requirement
This list merely scratches the surface of all that Power Query can do to mash up your
data. It is, without hyperbole, unbelievably powerful at transforming source data. Indeed,
it can carry out data ingestion and transformation tasks that used to be the preserve of
expensive products that required complex programming skills and powerful servers.
All of this can now be done using a code-free interface that assists you in taking the
messiest source data and delivering it to Excel as limpid tables of information ready to
work with. If you wish to become a Power Query super-user, then you can extend its
possibilities using the built-in M language.
• A worksheet: Power Query can place the data from each source
query into a separate worksheet. Once in a worksheet, it is perfectly
“normal” Excel data. From here on you can do what you want to
the data in Excel just as you normally would using all the Excel
techniques that you have learned over the years.
• The data model: Also referred to, often, as the Power Pivot data
model (which is the term that I prefer to use), this is an in-memory
data store. It can handle many more rows of data than Excel—tens
of millions in some cases—and is normally the basis for pivot table
output in Excel. When dealing with large source datasets, it is often
the ideal destination for data that you have accessed using Power
Query, as it is compressed in memory (and consequently takes up
less space when saved to disk) and can easily exceed the 1,048,576
row limit of Excel worksheets.
xxi
Introduction
The data model and Power Pivot are extensive subjects in their own right, and this
book will not be looking at either of them in detail.
• You can trigger manual data refreshes at any time—and these can be
total refreshes of every source connection in a workbook or refreshes
of a single source if you prefer.
So, as is the case for nearly all your Excel-based work, you are likely to build once
and use often.
xxii
Introduction
of the product. However, it will mean that certain aspects of the Excel interface that you
use to launch Power Query will be slightly different from those described in Chapters 1
through 5. These differences are essentially minor and should not present any
difficulties to experienced Excel users.
This is made possible due to the fact that Power Query is accessed using a separate
interface. It is called from inside Excel, but exists in its own parallel universe. This
ensures a consistent look and feel whatever the version of Excel that you are using. The
entry point into Power Query may change with Excel versions—but the product itself
remains the same. Just remember that the range of available data sources will depend on
the version of Excel that you are using. Some of the “enterprise-level” data sources are
only available in Pro and Enterprise subscriptions to Excel.
xxiii
Introduction
xxiv
CHAPTER 1
• Fast
• Decentralized
• Intuitive
• Interactive
• Delivery
1
© Adam Aspin 2020
A. Aspin, Data Mashup with Microsoft Excel Using Power Query and M,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6018-0_1
Chapter 1 Using Power Query to Discover and Load Data into Excel
Using the techniques described in this book, you can discover and load data from
a multitude of external sources. You can then, quickly and intuitively, transform and
cleanse this raw data to make it structured and usable. Once ready for use, you can load
it into either Excel worksheets or the Power Pivot data model in Excel and start using the
tool you already know so well—Excel—to provide detailed analytics.
It follows that this book is written from the perspective of the user. Essentially it is
all about empowerment—letting users define their own requirements and satisfy their
own needs simply and efficiently by building on their existing skills. The amazing thing
is that you can do all of this using Excel without needing any other tools or utilities. Your
sources could be in many places and in many formats. Nonetheless, you need to access
them, sample them, select them, and, if necessary, transform or cleanse them in order to
deliver your analyses. All of this is enabled by Power Query.
Power Query
Power Query is one of the most recent additions to the Excel toolkit. Now fully integrated
into Excel, it allows you to discover, access, and consolidate information from varied
sources. Once your data is selected, cleansed, and transformed into a coherent table, you
can then place it in an Excel worksheet for detailed analysis or load it directly into Power
Pivot (the Excel data model), which is a natural repository for data when you want to
“slice and dice” it interactively.
Power Query allows you to do many things with source data, but the four main steps
are likely to be
• Shape data into the columns and records that suit your use cases.
There was a time when these processes required dedicated teams of IT specialists.
Well, not any more. With Power Query, you can mash up your own data so that it is the
way you want it and is ready to use as part of your self-service solution.
2
Chapter 1 Using Power Query to Discover and Load Data into Excel
• Data loading: Select the data you have examined and load a subset
into Power Query for shaping.
• Data modification: Modify the structure of each dataset that you have
imported.
Although I have outlined these three steps as if they are completely separate and
sequential, the reality is that they often blend into a single process. Indeed, there could
be many occasions when you will examine the data after it has been loaded into Excel—
or clean datasets before you load them. The core objective will, however, always remain
the same: find some data and then sample it in Power Query where you can tweak, clean,
and shape it before loading it into Excel.
This process could be described simplistically as “First, catch your data.” In the world
of data warehousing, the specialists call it ETL, which is short for Extract, Transform, and
Load. Despite the reassuring confidence that the acronym brings, this process is rarely
a smooth, logical progression through a clear-cut series of steps. The reality is often
far messier. You may often find yourself importing some data, cleaning it, importing
some more data from another source, combining the second dataset with the first one,
removing some rows and columns, and then repeating these operations, as well as many
others, several times over.
In this and the following few chapters, I will try to show you how the process can
work in practice using Power Query. I hope that this will make the various steps that
comprise an ETL process clearer. All I am asking is that you remain aware that the
range of options that Power Query includes make it a multifaceted and tremendously
capable tool. The science is to know which options to use. The art is to know when to
use them.
3
Chapter 1 Using Power Query to Discover and Load Data into Excel
3. Click Get Data. The Get Data popup menu will appear, as shown
in Figure 1-1.
4
Chapter 1 Using Power Query to Discover and Load Data into Excel
Figure 1-2. The Import Data dialog when loading data from an Excel workbook
5
Chapter 1 Using Power Query to Discover and Load Data into Excel
10. Click Load. The data will be loaded from the external Excel
workbook into a new worksheet inside the current workbook.
You will see the Excel window, like the one shown in Figure 1-4. The external data is
now an Excel table (named BaseData, as this was the name of the source data table). You
can see that the connection to the external workbook now appears on the right of the
Excel spreadsheet data in the new Queries & Connections pane. I will explain this new
element in a couple of pages once I have explained exactly why Power Query is such a
cool solution to data ingestion challenges.
6
Chapter 1 Using Power Query to Discover and Load Data into Excel
I imagine that loading this data took a few seconds at most. Yet you now have a
complete set of external data in Excel that is ready to be used for analysis and reporting.
However, for the moment, I would like to pause and explain exactly what you have seen
so far.
• Import multiple datasets from external data sources at the same time
7
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
and procedure, with all our well-known safeguards of the rights of the
subject and the dignity and sanctity of law, must be a great
improvement on the old haphazard Burmese system, and must
afford far greater protection to the innocent, and a greater probability
of detecting and punishing the guilty. In point of impartiality and
freedom from corruption, too, there must be a great change for the
better. Since the country has begun to thoroughly settle down, and
the necessity for a speedy and summary decision in criminal cases
is no longer felt, a Judicial Commissioner has been appointed for
Upper Burma, a trained civilian of high position and experience,
whose duty it is to revise the proceedings of the subordinate courts,
and, if necessary, alter the findings. This precaution Government
takes to ensure that the cases shall have full and mature
consideration, and that in the name of justice, justice shall be done.
An illustration of the improved methods of legal procedure, after
Western models, introduced under the British administration, is the
compulsory registration of deeds relating to immovable property.
This measure operates to prevent fraud and secure and simplify
titles. The deed being registered, and a copy of it being kept in
Government records, forgery and other methods of cheating are
made far more difficult. Under the Burman rule deeds were not used,
the theory being that all property belonged to the king. It can readily
be imagined what confusion of title resulted from that primitive
method, and how necessary it was to make enactments that should
minimise the risk of fraud, dispute and litigation.
The survey of the whole country has made good progress. Year by
year, despite the disturbed state of the country, and the consequent
danger of travelling, survey parties have been diligently employed in
that important business. Triangulation has been carried over 84,000
square miles, and the whole country has been mapped on a scale of
four miles to the inch.
Experimental farming is, in Upper Burma, a new undertaking
which necessarily falls to the lot of Government, in the absence of
the requisite knowledge and enterprise on the part of the people.
With a view to increasing the products of the country, and bettering
the position of the people, an experimental farm has been
established in the Shan States. Various products, new to Burma, are
receiving a trial; for instance, English fruit trees on some of the hill
stations, and at various other places potatoes, American maize,
wheat, barley, and English garden vegetables. The successful
introduction of some of these new products may mean a great deal
for the prosperity of the country. Attention has also been paid to the
rearing of cattle, sheep and horses, and veterinary assistants are
employed, at the expense of Government, in combating cattle
disease, and their work has given satisfaction to the people.
There is no branch of the public service for which there is more
need in a new country than that of the Department of Public Works.
A country recently come under British rule presents a wide field for
the talents and energies of the civil engineer. The principal public
works of the Burmans consisted of the construction of reservoirs for
that great necessity of life, water, both for drinking purposes and for
irrigation, and the formation of channels for conducting the water to
the fields. These works were found only in a few favoured places,
and though not finished in first-rate engineering style, exhibited no
small amount of ingenuity and skill. Beyond this their engineering
manifested itself rather in religious edifices than in works of general
public utility.
There was therefore great need to supplement what the Burmans
had left lacking. The country was without a single good road. Even in
Mandalay itself there was not a road worthy of the name. Now some
hundreds of miles of good road have been constructed, the streams
bridged, and communications opened up on the principal lines of
travel. An extensive system of new irrigation works is under
construction or in contemplation. In every principal station barracks
for the soldiers and the police, and jails have been built, and in every
town, market houses, court houses, public offices and hospitals
provided; so that already there is not a town of any considerable size
which does not show abundant outward signs of the change which
has come over the country.
Railways were of course unknown in Upper Burma before the
advent of British rule; and they are likely to prove a powerful stimulus
to the development of the country. There was a line of railway
already finished in Lower Burma from Rangoon to Toungoo, 166
miles, and the extension of this line to Mandalay, 220 miles farther,
was one of the first great public works projected. It was sanctioned in
November 1886; the survey was pushed on and completed by the
summer of 1887; the work was begun on each section as soon as
the estimates were sanctioned; and so rapidly was the work carried
on that an engine ran through from Toungoo to Mandalay by May
1st, 1888. The line was finally completed and opened for traffic in
March 1889. The cost was a little over twenty millions of rupees.
At the beginning the work practically lay through an enemy’s
country, but survey parties and working parties were carefully
guarded, and no successful attacks were made upon the many
thousands of labourers on the work. The construction gave
employment and wages to a large number of Burmans, at a time
when the labouring classes would have been otherwise in great
straits. The finding of honest remunerative work for so many people
was, in itself, a great check on dacoity. Since the railway was
opened the districts through which it runs have been the quietest in
Upper Burma, although previously so greatly disturbed.
From every point of view this first introduction of railways into
Upper Burma must be pronounced a great success. From the very
first this line paid its working expenses, and in conjunction with the
rest of the state railways in Burma, 4 per cent. on the capital
invested. If it could do that at the outset it will do much more when
other railway extensions are carried out, and roads are made as
feeders to the traffic. To all this must be added the great
convenience it affords to the public and to Government, and the
impulse it gives to commerce, besides its strategic importance from
a military point of view.
Encouraged by this result, another line, called the Mu Valley
extension, is already well on towards completion. It starts from
Sagaing, on the opposite side of the Irrawaddy to Mandalay,
proceeds in a northerly direction, and will ultimately go as far as
Mogaung in the far north of the country, some 300 miles from
Sagaing. The laying of this line through the territory of the semi-
independent little state of Wuntho was the last straw that broke the
back of the loyalty of the sawbwa. From the first he had been
awkward, and had given trouble, but the prospect of having a railway
through his dominions was too much for him, and he broke out into
open rebellion. There was nothing for it but to put down the
insurrection, annex his petty state, and administer it. Civilisation and
the general welfare cannot be expected to come to a standstill at the
bidding of an ignorant little chieftain like Wuntho.
Another extension of the Mandalay line, from Meiktila to Myingyan
on the Irrawaddy, is about to be taken in hand; and a second and
more detailed survey is shortly to be made for that very important
extension from Mandalay up to the hills, and across the Shan
plateau in a north-easterly direction, to open up the rich Shan
country, and eventually, in all probability, to connect Upper Burma
with Yunan, the great westerly province of China, with eleven
millions of inhabitants.
Railways bring new life to a country like Burma, and arouse men
from the sleep of centuries. They pay well; they civilise the people by
bringing together, in an amicable way and for their mutual benefit,
races and tribes that formerly were enemies; they render it easier to
get an honest living than to live by robbery; they not only stimulate
trade, they create it; they help to solve the difficulties of demand and
supply in the labour question, by making it cheap and easy for the
people to get to and fro; and when times of scarcity and famine
come round, they enable the Government to cope with them, and
prevent or mitigate their horrors.
The post, the telegraph and the telephone, which are now
amongst the necessities of civilised life, have all been established in
Upper Burma, and are now in thorough working order. In fact, so
civilised has Upper Burma become, that a movement is on foot for a
private company to lay down several miles of tramway in the streets
of Mandalay, and start a service of trams; and another scheme has
been submitted for lighting the principal streets with electricity.
A government in an Oriental country, to be successful, must,
before everything else, be strong, and nothing contributes more to
this than an efficient police. At the outset, the establishment of order
was largely a military work, and the brunt of it rested on our British
and Sepoy troops. But gradually as the country settled down, the
troops were reduced, and the police took over the work of keeping
order. Here was considerable scope for organisation. In most of the
countries where English rule has been established, we have
managed to organise a police out of the materials the country
supplied. But the Burmans do not prove very tractable for this, so
that whilst there has been special need for a strong police to keep
matters in order, it so happens that we have a people specially
wanting in the qualities necessary for this work. The police officers
complain that the Burmans in the force “cannot be trusted to oppose
a larger force of dacoits, or to do sentry work.” The Burman finds
great difficulty in submitting to discipline or carrying out any regular
routine whatever in a reliable manner. He loves to have his own way,
to feel free to come and go just when he likes, and generally to go on
in a careless and casual manner.
After the annexation of Pegu in 1853, an attempt was made to
raise a military battalion of Burmese. By an unintentional irony it was
called “The Pegu Light Infantry.” It was found that they were
altogether too light and lacking in the spirit of discipline ever to make
good soldiers, and the Pegu Light Infantry was accordingly
disbanded.
For this reason Government has had to look elsewhere for its
police, and they have been recruited chiefly from amongst the
warlike races of Northern India, with a sprinkling of Burmans, who
are necessary for the detection of crime, and for such work as their
knowledge of their own people and language the better fits them.
During the troublous times of 1886-89 there has been a force of
twenty thousand civil and military police, about two-thirds of whom
were natives of India. But as the number of crimes of violence
decreases, it becomes possible greatly to reduce this number.
Of all the numerous innovations on Oriental methods of
government which we have introduced, that of local self-government,
as applied to municipalities, is perhaps the most noteworthy, not for
what it does at present, but for what it leads up to. This little seedling
of representative government we are sedulously planting everywhere
throughout our Indian Empire, and nurturing it with patient and
sympathetic care; and he would indeed be worthy of the name of
prophet who could say whereunto it will grow. Never under any
Indian or Burmese rule was there a vestige of representative
government, but we think it well to train them up to it.
The schoolboy in India has the History of England put into his
hands, and there he learns what Englishmen think of liberty and self-
government; and he finds that the ruling power has broadened down
in the course of ages from the one to the few, from the few to the
many, and from the many to the whole population, who now really
govern themselves. Our British policy is to organise municipalities in
every considerable town. We, the governing power, call together a
native municipal committee, as representative as we can make it by
nomination, and then we say in effect, “Now we have called you in to
consult with us, the leading English representatives of government,
and by your votes to show your opinions on such questions as the
cleaning, the lighting, the paving, and the sanitation of the town, its
water supply, the regulation of its markets, and a number of other
local matters, and we ask you to vote supplies of money for these
things, and to levy taxes and rates accordingly.”
All these things are matters of course to the Englishman in his own
country, and if any of them were conducted without consulting him
through his elected representatives, he would soon want to know the
reason why. But not so with the Oriental; they are to him innovations
of an unheard-of character. Neither he nor any of his forefathers
were ever asked to do such a thing as vote before. It is no wonder,
therefore, if our worthy native citizen takes his seat as he is bidden in
the municipal council-chamber of his town, bewildered at first with
this unwonted experience, voting to the best of his ability as he
thinks the worthy president, the English Deputy Commissioner of the
district, would desire him to vote. But in course of time he comes to
see what it all means, for the Oriental is by no means deficient in
perception. He sees that the measures proposed and carried affect
him and his kindred and his neighbours, and he begins to see that a
voice and a vote mean power, and that these are questions which
touch his pocket and circumstances.
By-and-by the people find that the municipal ordinance provides
for the expression of their opinions in a more direct and effective
way. The rule is, that “as soon as any town desires to elect its
members it is permitted to do so.” In many towns in India they are
now elected. We have in Upper Burma seventeen municipalities, but
in no case yet is there any election of members; they are all
appointed by nomination. The change from the full-blown doctrine of
the divine right of kings, in its completest form, to representative
government, is too sudden for them to realise where they are as yet.
But it will come. All the teaching we give them, both by precept and
example, is in effect this: that the true ideal of government is
government by the people, and that all other forms of government
are only temporary expedients leading up to it.
We cannot wonder if in time they follow the path where it logically
leads them to a wider outlook than merely municipal affairs. “If in
municipal why not in national affairs?” they will naturally ask. The
National Congress in India is the natural sequence of all this. It is the
feeling after some arrangement or institution that shall give effect to
the will of the people, on many more matters than they are at present
consulted upon. It may be silly sometimes, and selfish, and
reactionary, and stupidly conservative, and childish, but whatever its
faults, its follies, and its weaknesses, it is at all events our own
bantling, the child of our own careful nurture and instruction. It is no
use our attempting to frown it out of countenance; what we have to
do is to take it by the hand, and guide it until it reaches years of
discretion.
BURMESE WOMAN ON HER WAY TO THE WELL TO DRAW WATER.
CHAPTER VIII.
INTOXICANTS IN BURMA—THE LIQUOR
QUESTION.
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