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 Ying Tan
Yuhui Shi
Qirong Tang (Eds.)
LNCS 10943

Data Mining
and Big Data
Third International Conference, DMBD 2018
Shanghai, China, June 17–22, 2018
Proceedings

123
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 10943
Commenced Publication in 1973
Founding and Former Series Editors:
Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board
David Hutchison
Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
Takeo Kanade
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Josef Kittler
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Jon M. Kleinberg
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Friedemann Mattern
ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
John C. Mitchell
Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Moni Naor
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
C. Pandu Rangan
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
Demetri Terzopoulos
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Doug Tygar
University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Gerhard Weikum
Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7409
Ying Tan Yuhui Shi
•

Qirong Tang (Eds.)

Data Mining
and Big Data
Third International Conference, DMBD 2018
Shanghai, China, June 17–22, 2018
Proceedings

123
Editors
Ying Tan Qirong Tang
Peking University Tongji University
Beijing Shanghai
China China
Yuhui Shi
Southern University of Science
and Technology
Shenzhen
China

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Computer Science
ISBN 978-3-319-93802-8 ISBN 978-3-319-93803-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93803-5

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018947325

LNCS Sublibrary: SL3 – Information Systems and Applications, incl. Internet/Web, and HCI

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the
material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
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The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are
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give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or
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published maps and institutional affiliations.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG
part of Springer Nature
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Preface

This volume (LNCS vol. 10943) constitutes the proceedings of the Third International
Conference on Data Mining and Big Data (DMBD 2018), which was held in con-
junction with the 9th International Conference on Swarm Intelligence (ICSI 2018),
during June 17–22, 2018, in Anting Crowne Plaza Holiday Hotel, Shanghai, China.
The Third International Conference on Data Mining and Big Data (DMBD 2018)
serves as an international forum for researchers and practitioners to exchange the latest
advances in the theories, technologies, and applications of data mining and big data.
The theme of DMBD 2018 was “Serving Life with Data Science.” DMBD 2018 was
the third event after the successful first event (DMBD 2016) at Bali, Indonesia, and
second event (DMBD 2017) at Fukuoka, Japan.
Data mining refers to the activity of going through big data sets to look for relevant
or pertinent information. This type of activity is a good example of the axiom “looking
for a needle in a haystack.” The idea is that businesses collect massive sets of data that
may be homogeneous or automatically collected. Decision-makers need access to
smaller, more specific pieces of data from these large sets. They use data mining to
uncover the pieces of information that will inform leadership and help chart the course
for a business. Big data contains a huge amount of data and information and is worth
researching in depth. Big data, also known as massive data or mass data, refers to the
amount of data involved that are too large to be interpreted by a human. Currently, the
suitable technologies include data mining, crowdsourcing, data fusion and integration,
machine learning, natural language processing, simulation, time series analysis, and
visualization. It is important to find new methods to enhance the effectiveness of big
data. With the advent of big data analysis and intelligent computing techniques we are
facing new challenges to make the information transparent and understandable
efficiently.
DMBD 2018 provided an excellent opportunity and an academic forum for aca-
demics and practitioners to present and discuss the latest scientific results, methods, and
innovative ideas and advantages in theories, technologies, and applications in data
mining, big data, and intelligent computing. The technical program covered many
aspects of data mining, big data, and swarm intelligence as well as intelligent com-
puting methods applied to all fields of computer science, machine learning, data mining
and knowledge discovery, robotics, data science, etc.
DMBD 2018 took place in the Anting Crowne Plaza Holiday Hotel in Shanghai,
which is the first five-star international hotel in the Jiading District of Grand Shanghai
in China. It is located within the immediate vicinity of the Shanghai Automobile
Exhibition Center and strategically situated near Shanghai International Circuit, with
easy access via Metro Line 11. The hotel blends nature and state-of-the-art design with
extensive facilities and amenities, which ensures a memorable experience. Shanghai,
Hu for short, also known as Shen, is the largest and the most developed metropolis with
both modern and traditional Chinese features in China. It is also a global financial
VI Preface

center and transport hub. Shanghai offers many spectacular views and different per-
spectives. It is a popular travel destination for visitors to sense the pulsating devel-
opment of China. The participants of DMBD 2018 had the opportunity to enjoy
traditional Hu operas, beautiful landscapes, and the hospitality of the Chinese people,
Chinese cuisine, and a modern Shanghai.
DMBD 2018 received 126 submissions and invited manuscripts from about 358
authors in 35 countries and regions (Algeria, Aruba, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Brazil,
Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, China, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Egypt, France,
Germany, Honduras, Chinese Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Malaysia,
New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Singapore, South Korea,
Spain, Chinese Taiwan, UK, USA, Venezuela, Vietnam) across six continents (Asia,
Europe, North America, South America, Africa, and Oceania). Each submission was
reviewed by at least two reviewers, and on average 2.3 reviewers. Based on rigorous
reviews by the Program Committee members and reviewers, 74 high-quality papers
were selected for publication in this proceedings volume with an acceptance rate of
58.73%. The papers are organized in 16 cohesive sections covering major topics of data
mining and big data.
On behalf of the Organizing Committee of DMBD 2018, we would like to express
sincere thanks to Tongji University, Peking University, and Southern University of
Science and Technology for their sponsorship, and to the Robotics and Multi-body
System Laboratory at the School of Mechanical Engineering of Tongji University, the
Computational Intelligence Laboratory of Peking University, and the IEEE Beijing
Chapter for its technical co-sponsorship, as well as to our supporters: International
Neural Network Society, World Federation on Soft Computing, Beijing Xinghui
Hi-Tech Co., Bulinge Co. and Springer.
We would also like to thank the members of the Advisory Committee for their
guidance, the members of the international Program Committee and additional
reviewers for reviewing the papers, and the members of the Publications Committee for
checking the accepted papers in a short period of time. We are particularly grateful to
the Springer for publishing the proceedings in the prestigious series of Lecture Notes in
Computer Science. Moreover, we wish to express our heartfelt appreciation to the
plenary speakers, session chairs, and student helpers. In addition, there are still many
more colleagues, associates, friends, and supporters who helped us in immeasurable
ways; we express our sincere gratitude to them all. Last but not the least, we would like
to thank all the speakers, authors, and participants for their great contributions that
made DMBD 2018 successful and all the hard work worthwhile.

May 2018 Ying Tan

Yuhui Shi
Qirong Tang
 Organization

General Co-chairs
Ying Tan Peking University, China
Russell C. Eberhart IUPUI, USA

Program Committee Chair

Yuhui Shi Southern University of Science and Technology, China

Organizing Committee Chair

Qirong Tang Tongji University, China

Advisory Committee Chairs

Gary G. Yen Oklahoma State University, USA
Qidi Wu Ministry of Education, China

Technical Committee Co-chairs

Haibo He University of Rhode Island Kingston, USA
Kay Chen Tan City University of Hong Kong, SAR China
Nikola Kasabov Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
Ponnuthurai N. Suganthan Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Xiaodong Li RMIT University, Australia
Hideyuki Takagi Kyushu University, Japan
M. Middendorf University of Leipzig, Germany
Mengjie Zhang Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Lei Wang Tongji University, China

Plenary Session Co-chairs

Andreas Engelbrecht University of Pretoria, South Africa
Chaoming Luo University of Detroit Mercy, USA

Invited Session Co-chairs

Maoguo Gong Northwest Polytechnic University, China
Weian Guo Tongji University, China
VIII Organization

Special Sessions Chairs

Ben Niu Shenzhen University, China
Yinan Guo China University of Mining and Technology, China

Tutorial Co-chairs
Milan Tuba John Naisbitt University, Serbia
Hongtao Lu Shanghai Jiaotong University, China

Publications Co-chairs
Swagatam Das Indian Statistical Institute, India
Radu-Emil Precup Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania

Publicity Co-chairs
Yew-Soon Ong Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Carlos Coello CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico
Yaochu Jin University of Surrey, UK

Finance and Registration Chairs

Andreas Janecek University of Vienna, Austria
Suicheng Gu Google Corporation, USA

Local Arrangements Co-chairs

Changhong Fu Tongji University, China
Lulu Gong Tongji University, China

Conference Secretariat
Xiangyu Liu Peking University, China

International Program Committee

Mohd Helmy Abd Wahab Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia
Miltos Alamaniotis Purdue University, USA
Carmelo J. A. Bastos Filho University of Pernambuco, Brazil
David Camacho Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain
Vinod Chandra S. S. College of Engineering Thiruvananthapuram, India
Xu Chen Jiangsu University, China
Shi Cheng Shaanxi Normal University, China
Jose Alfredo Ferreira Costa Federal University, UFRN, Brazil
Bogusaw Cyganek Wrocław University of Technology, Poland
 Organization IX

Ke Ding Peking University, China

Bei Dong Shaanxi Normal University, China
Wei Du East China University of Science and Technology,
China
Qinqin Fan Shanghai Maritime University, China
Wei Fang Jinan University, China
Kaizhou Gao Liaocheng University, China
Liang Gao Huazhong Univ. of Science and Technology, China
Shangce Gao University of Toyama, Japan
Teresa Guarda Universidad Estatal da Peninsula de Santa Elena,
Ecuador
Weian Guo Tongji University, China
Dariusz Jankowski Wrocław University of Technology, Poland
Mingyan Jiang Shandong University, China
Qiaoyong Jiang Xi’an University of Technology, China
Chen Junfeng Hohai University, China
Imed Kacem LCOMS, Université de Lorraine, France
Kalinka Kaloyanova University of Sofia, Bulgaria
Germano Lambert-Torres PS Solutions, USA
Bin Li University of Science and Technology of China, China
Yangyang Li Xidian University, China
Andrei Lihu Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania
Qunfeng Liu Dongguan University of Technology, China
Hui Lu Beihang University, China
Wenjian Luo University of Science and Technology of China
Lianbo Ma Northeastern University, China
Wojciech Macyna Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Vasanth Kumar Mehta SCSVMV University
Yi Mei Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Mohamed Arezki Mellal M’Hamed Bougara University, Algeria
Sanaz Mostaghim Institute IWS, Germany
Ben Niu Shenzhen university, China
Sheak Rashed Haider Noori Daffodil International University, Bangladesh
Somnuk Phon-Amnuaisuk Universiti Teknologi Brunei
Bo-Yang Qu Central College of Technology, China
Tianshu Qu Peking University, China
Gerald Schaefer Loughborough University, UK
Manik Sharma DAV University, India
Ivan Silva University of São Paulo, Brazil
Pramod Kumar Singh ABV-IIITM Gwalior, India
Yifei Sun Shaanxi Normal University, China
Ying Tan Peking University, China
Qirong Tang Tongji University, China
Zhang Tao Tianjin University, China
Ye Tian Biogen Idec, USA
X Organization

Andrysiak Tomasz University of Technology and Life Sciences (UTP),

Poland
Paulo Trigo ISEL, Portugal
Milan Tuba John Naisbitt University, Serbia
Agnieszka Turek Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Gai-Ge Wang Jiangsu Normal University, China
Guoyin Wang Chongqing University of Posts and
Telecommunications, China
Hong Wang Shenzhen University, China
Lei Wang Tongji University, China
Zhenzhen Wang Jinling Institute of Technology, China
Ka-Chun Wong City University of Hong Kong, SAR China
Michal Wozniak Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Guohua Wu National University of Defense Technology, China
Zhou Wu Chonqing University, China
Rui Xu Hohai University, China
Xuesong Yan China University of Geosciences, China
Yingjie Yang De Montfort University, UK
Zhile Yang Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, China
Guo Yi-Nan China University of Mining and Technology, China
Jie Zhang Newcastle University, UK
Qieshi Zhang Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, China
Xinchao Zhao Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,
China

Additional Reviewers

Augusto, Maria Fernanda Tian, Yanling

Bi, Ying Wang, Shusen
Cerrada, Mariela Xu, Gang
Junyi, Chen Yan, Shankai
Liu, Jing Yang, Zhile
Mahmud, S. M. Hasan Zhang, Jiao
 Contents

Database

Database Performance Tuning and Query Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Sadhana J. Kamatkar, Ajit Kamble, Amelec Viloria,
Lissette Hernández-Fernandez, and Ernesto García Cali

Profiling Analysis of 10 Years of Rare Disease Research

Using Scientific Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Hongmei Guo, Na Hong, Zhesi Shen, Wenfei Duan, and Zhixiong Zhang

Bibliometric Analysis of Social Innovation and Complexity

(Databases Scopus and Dialnet 2007–2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Mercedes Gaitán-Angulo, Jenny Cubillos Díaz, Amelec Viloria,
Jenny-Paola Lis-Gutiérrez, and Paula Alejandra Rodríguez-Garnica

Data Preprocessing

Methodology for the Reduction and Integration of Data in the Performance

Measurement of Industries Cement Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Noel Varela Izquierdo, Henrry Ricardo Cabrera,
Guillermo Lopez Carvajal, Amelec Viloria, Mercedes Gaitán Angulo,
and Maury-Ardila Henry

Models of Multivariate Regression for Labor Accidents

in Different Production Sectors: Comparative Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Omar Bonerge Pineda Lezama, Noel Varela Izquierdo,
Damayse Pérez Fernández, Rafael Luciano Gómez Dorta,
Amelec Viloria, and Ligia Romero Marín

Label Propagation Algorithm Based on Adaptive H Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Xiaoxiang Zhu and Zhengyou Xia

A Comparative Study Between Feature Selection Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Víctor Hugo Medina Garcia, Jorge Rodriguez Rodriguez,
and Miguel Angel Ospina Usaquén

Human Occupation as a Complex System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Yury Arenis Olarte Arias, Manuel-Ignacio Balaguera,
Mercedes Gaitán-Angulo, Jenny-Paola Lis-Gutiérrez, Amelec Viloria,
and Ana Hernández Chacín
XII Contents

Matrix Factorization

A Comparative Study of Network Embedding Based

on Matrix Factorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Xin Liu and Kyoung-Sook Kim

Explainable Matrix Factorization with Constraints on Neighborhood

in the Latent Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Shuo Wang, Hui Tian, Xuzhen Zhu, and Zhipeng Wu

Optimization Matrix Factorization Recommendation Algorithm Based

on Rating Centrality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Zhipeng Wu, Hui Tian, Xuzhen Zhu, and Shuo Wang

Data Analysis

An Entropy-Based Similarity Measure for Collaborative Filtering . . . . . . . . . 129

Soojung Lee

Three-Segment Similarity Measure Model for Collaborative Filtering. . . . . . . 138

Fangyi Hu

Factor Analysis of the Psychosocial Risk Assessment Instrument . . . . . . . . . 149

Nunziatina Bucci, Marisabel Luna, Amelec Viloria,
Judith Hernández García, Alexander Parody, Noel Varela,
and Luz A. Borrero López

Combination of Case-Based Reasoning and Data Mining

Through Integration with the Domain Ontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Tatiana Avdeenko, Ekaterina Makarova, and Samal Begenova

Hierarchical Ascending Classification: An Application to Contraband

Apprehensions in Colombia (2015–2016) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Jenny-Paola Lis-Gutiérrez, Harry Ernesto Reyna-Niño,
Mercedes Gaitán-Angulo, Amelec Viloria,
and Jairo Enrique Santander Abril

Dynamics of the Air Passenger Transportation Market in Colombia (2016). . . . 179

Jenny-Paola Lis-Gutiérrez, Jessica Paola Muñoz Segura,
Mercedes Gaitán-Angulo, Linda Carolina Henao, Amelec Viloria,
Luz-Elena Malagón, and Doris Aguilera-Hernández

Analysis of Patterns in the University World Rankings Webometrics,

Shanghai, QS and SIR-SCimago: Case Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Maritza Torres-Samuel, Carmen Luisa Vásquez, Amelec Viloria,
Noel Varela, Lissette Hernández-Fernandez, and Rafael Portillo-Medina
 Contents XIII

Visualization

Image Processing Pipeline for Web-Based Real-Time 3D Visualization

of Teravoxel Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Akanksha Ashwini and Jaerock Kwon

Big Data Visualization of the Alcohol Expenses in Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Chien-wen Shen, Thai-Ha Luong, Li-An Chien, and Jung-Tsung Ho

Visibility Analysis

Visibility of Research in Universities: The Triad

Product-Researcher-Institution. Case: Latin American Countries . . . . . . . . . . 225
Carmen Vásquez, Maritza Torres-Samuel, Amelec Viloria,
Tito Crissien Borrero, Noel Varela, Jenny-Paola Lis-Gutiérrez,
and Mercedes Gaitán-Angulo

Efficiency Analysis of the Visibility of Latin American Universities

and Their Impact on the Ranking Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Maritza Torres-Samuel, Carmen Vásquez, Amelec Viloria,
Tito Crissien Borrero, Noel Varela, Danelys Cabrera,
Mercedes Gaitán-Angulo, and Jenny-Paola Lis-Gutiérrez

Concentrations and Size Distributions of Fungal Bioaerosols

in a Municipal Landfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
W. B. Morgado Gamero, M. Castillo Ramírez, Alexander Parody,
Amelec Viloria, Milton Henrique Arrieta López,
and Sadhana J. Kamatkar

Web Visibility Profiles of Top100 Latin American Universities . . . . . . . . . . 254

Maritza Torres-Samuel, Carmen Vásquez, Amelec Viloria,
Jenny-Paola Lis-Gutiérrez, Tito Crissien Borrero, and Noel Varela

Clustering

Multiple Kernel Shadowed Clustering in Approximated Feature Space. . . . . . 265

Yin-Ping Zhao, Long Chen, and C. L. Philip Chen

Cluster of the Latin American Universities Top100 According to

Webometrics 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Carmen Vásquez, Maritza Torres-Samuel, Amelec Viloria,
Jenny-Paola Lis-Gutiérrez, Tito Crissien Borrero, Noel Varela,
and Danelys Cabrera

Data Mining Using Clustering Techniques as Leprosy Epidemiology

Analyzing Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Ygor Eugenio Dutra da Silva, Claudio Guedes Salgado,
Valney Mara Gomes Conde, and Guilherme Augusto Barros Conde
XIV Contents

Electronic and Traditional Savings Accounts in Colombia:

A Spatial Agglomeration Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Jenny-Paola Lis-Gutiérrez, Mercedes Gaitán-Angulo,
Melissa Lis-Gutiérrez, Amelec Viloria, Jenny Cubillos,
and Paula-Alejandra Rodríguez-Garnica

Determination of Dimensionality of the Psychosocial Risk Assessment

of Internal, Individual, Double Presence and External Factors
in Work Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Amelec Viloria, Nunziatina Bucci, Marisabel Luna,
Jenny-Paola Lis-Gutiérrez, Alexander Parody,
Darwin Eliecer Solano Bent, and Luz A. Borrero López

A Novel SPITters Detection Approach with Unsupervised

Density-Based Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Jianzhong Zhang, Jingjing Wang, Yu Zhang, Jingdong Xu,
and Huan Wu

An Improved PSO-Based Clustering Algorithm Inspired

by Tissue-Like P System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Tong Gao, Xiyu Liu, and Lin Wang

Prediction

Prediction and Learning Analysis Using Ensemble Classifier Based

on GA in SPOC Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Jia-Lian Li, Shu-Tong Xie, Jun-Neng Wang, Yu-Qing Lin,
and Qiong Chen

Influence of the Management of the Innovation in the Business

Performance of the Family Business: Application to the Printing Sector
in Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Mercedes Gaitán-Angulo, Amelec Viloria, Jenny-Paola Lis-Gutiérrez,
Dionicio Neira, Enrrique López, Ernesto Joaquín Steffens Sanabria,
and Claudia Patricia Fernández Castro

Prevention of Disasters Supported on the Internet of Things

and Early Warning Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Jimena Peña Muñoz and Roberto Ferro Escobar

Classification

Relation Classification via BiLSTM-CNN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

Lei Zhang and Fusheng Xiang
 Contents XV

A Transfer Learning Based Hierarchical Attention Neural Network

for Sentiment Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Zhaowei Qu, Yuan Wang, Xiaoru Wang, and Shuqiang Zheng

A Generic Model Based on Multiple Domains for Sentiment Classification . . . 393

Zhaowei Qu, Yanjiao Zhao, Xiaoru Wang, and Chunye Wu

Identification of Sentiment Labels Based on Self-training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

Zhaowei Qu, Chunye Wu, Xiaoru Wang, and Yanjiao Zhao

A Self-training Method for Detection of Phishing Websites . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

Xue-peng Jia and Xiao-feng Rong

Application of Data Mining for Behavior Pattern Recognition

in Telecommunication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Xingshen Wu, Yu Zhao, Qiang Gu, and Li Gao

Application of Classification Technique of Data Mining for Employee

Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Sadhana J. Kamatkar, Amarapali Tayade, Amelec Viloria,
and Ana Hernández-Chacín

A Rule-Based System to Classify Scheduling Problems and Solution

Techniques for Service Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Eduyn López-Santana, Germán Méndez-Giraldo,
and José Ignacio Rodriguez Molano

Pattern Discovery

Expert Finding in CQA Based on Topic Professional Level Model . . . . . . . . 459

Shuaiyang Wang, Di Jiang, Lei Su, Zhengyu Fan, and Xi Liu

Mining High Utility Sequential Patterns Using Maximal Remaining Utility. . . . 466
Wei Song and Keke Rong

Stance Detection on Microblog Focusing on Syntactic Tree Representation. . . . 478

Umme Aymun Siddiqua, Abu Nowshed Chy, and Masaki Aono

Determinants of the Impact Factor of Publications: A Panel Model

for Journals Indexed in Scopus 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Jenny Paola Lis-Gutiérrez, Carolina Henao, Álvaro Zerda,
Mercedes Gaitán, Juan Carlos Correa, and Amelec Viloria

Text Mining and Knowledge Management

Multi-question Negative Surveys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

Hao Jiang and Wenjiang Luo
XVI Contents

Company Family, Innovation and Colombian Graphic Industry: A Bayesian

Estimation of a Logistical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Mercedes Gaitán-Angulo, Jairo Enrique Santander Abril,
Amelec Viloria, Julio Mojica Herazo, Pedro Hernández Malpica,
Jairo Luis Martínez Ventura, and Lissette Hernández-Fernández

Formulation of Strategies for Efficient Cadastral Management . . . . . . . . . . . 523

Ramón Vargas, Maritza Torres-Samuel, Marisabel Luna,
Amelec Viloria, and Omar Sandoval Fernández

Knowledge Management Model to Support Software Development . . . . . . . . 533

Víctor Hugo Medina Garcia, Edwin Rivas Trujillo,
and José Ignacio Rodriguez Molano

Recommendation System in Social Media

A Deep Point-of-Interest Recommendation System in Location-Based

Social Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
Yuehua Wang, Zhinong Zhong, Anran Yang, and Ning Jing

Public Opinion Toward Social Business from a Social Media Perspective . . . 555
Chien-Wen Shen and Jung-Tsung Ho

Research on the Factors Influencing Users’ Adoption Intention

of E-commerce Recommendation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Xiaobing Gan, Yanmin Jiao, Lei Liu, and Yanhua Zhang

An Energy-Aware Routing Protocol with Small Overhead for Wireless

Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Yadong Yu and Jun Liu

Deep Learning

Bibliometric Analysis of the Deep Learning Research Status

with the Data from Web of Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Meixin Mao, Zili Li, Zhao Zhao, and Li Zeng

A Data-Driven Path Planner for Small Autonomous Robots

Using Deep Regression Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
Fredy Martínez, Angelica Rendón, and Mario Arbulú

Design Tool of Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Visual Inspection. . . 604
Fusaomi Nagata, Kenta Tokuno, Akimasa Otsuka, Takeshi Ikeda,
Hiroaki Ochi, Hisami Tamano, Hitoshi Nakamura, Keigo Watanabe,
and Maki K. Habib
 Contents XVII

Deep Stock Ranker: A LSTM Neural Network Model for Stock Selection . . . 614
Xiaolin Zhang and Ying Tan

Big Data

Big Data: An Exploration Toward the Improve of the Academic

Performance in Higher Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
Leonardo Emiro Contreras Bravo,
Giovanny Mauricio Tarazona Bermudez,
and José Ignacio Rodríguez Molano

Processing Missing Information in Big Data Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638

Yuxin Chen, Shun Li, and Jiahui Yao

Big Data Tools for Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649

José Ignacio Rodríguez-Molano, Leonardo Emiro Contreras-Bravo,
and Eduyn Ramiro López-Santana

Big Data and Blockchain Basis for Operating a New Archetype

of Supply Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
María Alejandra Rubio, Giovanny Mauricio Tarazona,
and Leonardo Contreras

Methodology for the Design of a Student Pattern Recognition Tool

to Facilitate the Teaching - Learning Process Through Knowledge
Data Discovery (Big Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Amelec Viloria, Jenny-Paola Lis-Gutiérrez, Mercedes Gaitán-Angulo,
Abel Ramiro Meza Godoy, Gloria Cecilia Moreno,
and Sadhana J. Kamatkar

Industry 4.0

Model for the Incorporation of Big Data in Knowledge Management

Oriented to Industry 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
Lizeth Juliana Arenas Cárdenas, Whitney Fernanda Tenjo Ramírez,
and José Ignacio Rodríguez Molano

Architecture Proposal for the Information Management in the Generation

of Energy in Industry 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694
Jorge Andrés Sánchez Naranjo, Jose Ignacio Rodríguez Molano,
and Karen Tatiana González Rojas

Impact of Implementing Industry 4.0 in Colombia’s Supply Chains. . . . . . . . 704

Jose Ignacio Rodriguez Molano, Stephanie Johanna García Moncada,
and Karol Daniela León Parra
XVIII Contents

Some Practical Applications

Research on the Calculation of Urban Transport Carbon Dioxide

Emissions: A Case Study of Guangzhou City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Hai-Xia Zhang and Wen-Yuan Liao

Application of an Experimental Design of D-Optimum Mixing Based

on Restrictions for the Optimization of the Pre-painted Steel Line
of a Steel Producer and Marketing Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
Alexander Parody, Amelec Viloria, Jenny Paola Lis, Luz Elena Malagón,
Ernesto García Calí, and Hugo Hernández Palma

Application of a Central Design Composed of Surface of Response

for the Determination of the Flatness in the Steel Sheets
of a Colombian Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
Alexander Parody, Amelec Viloria, Mercedes Gaitán,
Luz Elena Malagón, Maury-Ardila Henry, Hugo Hernández Palma,
and Ligia M. Castro Barrios

Effect of Vitamin A, Zinc and Multivitamin Supplementation on the

Nutritional Status and Retinol Serum Values in School-Age Children . . . . . . 748
Carmen Carrero, Jorymar Leal, Pablo Ortega, Alexander Parody,
Marilyn Montilla, Leandro Sierra, Amelec Viloria,
Tito Crissien Borrero, and Noel Varela

Conglomerates of Latin American Countries and Public Policies

for the Sustainable Development of the Electric Power Generation Sector . . . 759
Leadina Sanchez, Carmen Vásquez, Amelec Viloria, and Cmeza-estrada

Co-creation Model in Small and Medium Businesses: Case Study

of the Colombian Dairy Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
Alexandra Rodríguez Chala, Giovanny Mauricio Tarazona Bermudez,
and José Ignacio Rodríguez Molano

Greenhouse Gases Emissions and Electric Power Generation in Latin

American Countries in the Period 2006–2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
Leadina Sánchez, Carmen Vásquez, Amelec Viloria,
and Lizeth Rodríguez Potes

Use of the Industrial Property System for New Creations in Colombia:

A Departmental Analysis (2000–2016). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786
Jenny-Paola Lis-Gutiérrez, Melissa Lis-Gutiérrez,
Mercedes Gaitán-Angulo, Manuel-Ignacio Balaguera, Amelec Viloria,
and Jairo-Enrique Santander-Abril

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797

Database
 Database Performance Tuning
and Query Optimization

Sadhana J. Kamatkar1(&), Ajit Kamble1, Amelec Viloria2,

Lissette Hernández-Fernandez2, and Ernesto García Cali2
1
University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
sjkamatkar@mu.ac.in, ajit@ucc.mu.ac.in
2
Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
{aviloria7,lhernand31,egarcia29}@cuc.edu.co

Abstract. Today, IT professionals are challenged with the task of ongoing

improvements to achieve goals of businesses. Unfortunately, some
factor/Resources, skill environment does not dynamically grow as fast as
business needs. That sequence of events creates major obstacles for DB
infrastructure, deployment, administration and maintenance. This paper dis-
cusses the performance issues, different bottlenecks such as CPU bottlenecks,
Memory structures, Input output capacity issue, Database Design issues and
Indexing issues. Also this paper address Tuning stages and how SQL queries
can be optimized for better performance. In this paper we are focusing on query
tuning tips & tricks which can be applied to gain immediate performance gain
by creating Query Execution Flow Chart. We demonstrate the application of this
technique in an Employee Biometric Attendance Management System.

Keywords: Database management system
RDBMS
Database tuning

Query optimization
Database performance
Optimization techniques

1 Introduction

The goal of database performance tuning is to minimize the response time of queries by
making the best use of system resources. The best use of these resources involves
minimizing network traffic, disk I/O, and CPU time. This goal can only be achieved by
understanding the logical and physical structure of data, the applications used on
system, and how the conflicting uses of database might affect performance. Although
newer relational databases and faster hardware run most SQL queries with a signifi-
cantly small response time, there is always room for improvement. SQL performance
tuning can be an incredibly difficult task, particularly when working with large- scale
data where even the most minor change can have a dramatic - positive or negative
impact on performance. Since most relational databases share same design concepts
under their hood, this paper is not specific to any particular vendor. Although in our
example we talk about five databases, these tips apply to a wider range of RDBMS.
Database Management System (DBMS) is the main source of any Organization,
Institute or Company to run their business. One of the core value of any organization is
customer centricity, performance tuning is highly desirable and Customers’ needs to be

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018

Y. Tan et al. (Eds.): DMBD 2018, LNCS 10943, pp. 3–11, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93803-5_1
4 S. J. Kamatkar et al.

satisfied. Database performance tuning encompasses the steps one can take to optimize
performance with the goal of maximizing the use of system resources for greater
efficiency [1–4]. By fine- tuning certain database elements such as index use, query
structure, data models system configuration (e.g., hardware and OS settings) and
application design, one can significantly impact the overall performance of application
[5–8].

2 Performance Tuning

Database Tuning is the activity of making a database application run more quickly.
“More quickly” usually means higher throughput, though it may mean lower response
time for time-critical applications. SQL Statements are used to retrieve data from the
database. We can get same results by writing different SQL queries. But use of the best
query is important when performance is considered [9].

2.1 Performance Issues

See Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Performance issues

2.2 Typical Bottlenecks

One of the first tasks in database tuning is to understand the causes of the problems and
find the current bottlenecks and different factors [10].
• CPU Bottlenecks
CPU performance bottlenecks occur for a variety of reasons. They include having a
non-optimal query plan, an inadequate design application or database design, poor SQL
 Database Performance Tuning and Query Optimization 5

Server configuration or a lack of hardware resources. Review the operation system

CPU and processor counters for Processor Queue Length to verify that the number of
threads waiting for CPU cycles is eight or less. If this number is greater than 12, it
means that the CPU is causing the performance issue [11].
Once one have identified a CPU bottleneck, use sys.dm_os_wait_stats dynamic
management view (DMV) to identify the top ten worst-performing queries for the
CPU, as shown below.

One can then tune these queries and the underlying indexes to resolve the CPU
bottleneck. Also, configure SQL Server to use all available CPU machines. One can
also scale up SQL Server system by adding additional CPUs or upgrading to a new
server with more and faster CPUs.
• Memory Structures
Memory affects SQL Server performance more than any other piece of hardware.
Therefore, it is necessary to monitor memory usage regularly on SQL Server systems to
ensure that the percentage of memory available is higher than 20%. If users are
experiencing performance issues and the percentage of available memory drops below
20%, then the problem is insufficient memory allocation. Observe the average page life
expectancy performance counter and make sure it is always above 300 s (5 min).
Anything less indicates either poor index design leading to increased disk input/output
(I/O) and less effective use of memory or an actual shortage of memory. Monitor the
paging rates on the SQL Server system, and make sure they are regularly above 1,000
pages per second. Typically, small OLTP transactions do not require large memory
grants. Anything greater than a memory grant of zero for an OLTP transaction indicates
low memory in a SQL Server system [12].
One way to handle memory bottlenecks is to find memory-intensive processes,
which can be used to identify potential application problems such as memory leaks.
One can also review queries to optimize performance to consume less memory.
Another approach is to scale up the SQL Server environment by adding more physical
6 S. J. Kamatkar et al.

memory (RAM) to the SQL Server. Scaling up is usually a good approach to address
any performance bottleneck related to memory.
• I/O Capacity issue
Compared to other hardware resources, storage input/output is usually the slowest
of the system resources in SQL Server. Therefore, it is essential to investigate whether
one can optimize the design and configuration of the storage system to achieve scal-
ability and high performance, disk counters for Average Disk Sec/Read and Average
Disk.
Sec/Write. Make sure that the time a read or write takes is, ideally, less than 12 ms
for OLTP systems and higher for decision support systems.
As with memory, the easiest way to solve a disk I/O performance bottleneck is to
scale up the SQL Server environment by replacing existing disks with faster disks that
can better cope with the I/O load and that distribute the I/O load across multiple
spindles. Also, defragment the data disk regularly [13, 14].
• Database Design issues
Poor database design leads to inadequate database performance. For example, the
highly normalized database is associated with complex relational joins. This result in
long-running queries that waste system resources such as CPU, memory and disk I/O.
Thus a highly normalized database degrades SQL Server and database performance
significantly. The general rule for writing efficient queries is to redesign the database if
any operation requires five or more table joins.
• Indexing Issues
Indexes are the solution to many performance problems, but having too many
indexes on frequently updated tables can incur additional overhead because SQL
Server performs extra work to keep indexes up-to-date during insert/update/delete
operations. Thus the SQL Server database engine needs more time when updating data
in the table based on the number and complexity of the indexes. Also, index mainte-
nance can increase CPU and I/O usage, which can be harmful to performance in a
write-intensive system. One has to remove any duplicate and redundant indexes as they
are a draining the system resources.

2.3 Tuning Stages

These tuning stages describe the phases of the software cycle and the order in which
those phases are executed. Each phase produces deliverables required by the next phase
in the life cycle [15–17]. Requirements are translated into design. Code is produced
according to the design which is called development phase. After coding and devel-
opment, the testing verifies the deliverable of the implementation phase against
requirements. The management plays an important role to control and manage the
system as per the guidelines, to enhance the performance of the system (Fig. 2).
 Database Performance Tuning and Query Optimization 7

Fig. 2. Tuning stages

3 Query Optimization

Query optimization is the overall process of choosing the most efficient means of
executing a SQL statement.
SQL is a nonprocedural language, so the optimizer is free to merge, reorganize, and
process in any order. The database optimizes each SQL statement based on statistics
collected about the accessed data. The following are the causes for bottlenecks [18].

3.1 Causes
CPU Bottlenecks, database upgrade issue, database configuration issue, poor database
design, large table, indexing issue, key issue, unmanaged complex query, bad coding,
and data loads consuming lots of resources and time.

3.2 Query Optimization Techniques

There are some query optimization techniques as follows [15]: The SQL query
becomes faster if one uses the actual columns names in SELECT statement instead of
than ‘*’; HAVING clause is used to filter the rows after all the rows are selected. It is
just like a filter; Try to minimize the number of sub query block in one’s query; Use
operator EXISTS, IN and table joins appropriately in one’s query; Try to use
UNION ALL in place of UNION; Use DROP TABLE then CREATE TABLE instead
of DELETE FROM to remove all data from a table etc.
8 S. J. Kamatkar et al.

4 Employee Biometric Attendance Management System

Mumbai University has many more application with large Database and Applications.
Like “Employee Biometric Attendance Management System”. The Database of this
system stores the large amount of Employee attendance data and Leave Application
data. We generate many reports such as monthly report of “Employee Attendance
Statistics Report” (Fig. 4). In this Report the following are required fields: employee
code; employee name department name designation; total working days’ total present
days early going; late coming; total working hours and total leave taken.

4.1 Challenges
The BioHRM database has 90 tables which are inter related to each other. Those Tables
have large amount of employees’ attendance and leave application data. And BioHRM
System has categories into two category one is Teaching Staff (Total staff-230) and
another is Non-Teaching Staff (Total staff-1140). Writing the query to get employee
attendance statistics with their respective leaves taken in that particular month becomes
complex. It’s taking more time to produce or generate reports and consume lots of
resources.

Fig. 3. BioHRM database

 Database Performance Tuning and Query Optimization 9

To overcome the above challenges, we have tried to overcome the causes of bot-
tleneck and optimize the query execution techniques (Fig. 3).

4.2 Simplified Query Execution with Help of Flow Chart

The BioHRM database has 90 tables which are inter related to each other, therefore
writing a Query becomes complex work. Employee Attendance Management System
(BioHRM) requires to generate many reports such as Daily Attendance report, Report
of Late Coming employees, early going employees, over time report, shift wise report,
leave taken report, Leave balance report, etc. To generate these reports, it is essential to
study the Entity Relation Diagram and Data Flow Diagram.

4.2.1 Entity Relation Diagram

Then it has become very easy to write the following complex query, to generate
monthly Employee Attendance Statistics Report.
10 S. J. Kamatkar et al.

Fig. 4. Entity relation diagram

4.2.2 Data Flow Diagram

See Fig. 5.

Fig. 5. Data flow diagram

 Database Performance Tuning and Query Optimization 11

5 Conclusion

There are many factors or Administration management techniques which play an

important role to maintain and improve the performance and efficiency of the Systems
such as - System resources availability, Integration with system, Skill Manpower and
Different Techniques to give better results. Using this we achieve good performance in
reliable time and improve system productivity. The purpose of this paper is to provide
SQL scenarios to serve as a quick and easy reference guide during the development
phase and maintenance of the database queries. This paper discusses the performance
issues and different bottlenecks. This paper address Tuning stages at the different
phases of the software cycle and how SQL queries can be optimized for better per-
formance. In this paper we are focusing on performance gain by creating Query
Execution Flow Chart. We have explained this technique by giving real life example of
an Employee Biometric Attendance Management System.

References
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2. Shasha, D.: Tuning databases for high performance. AMC Comput. Surv. Baltimore 28
3. Groff, J.R., Weinberg, P.N.: SQL: The Complete Reference, Second Edition
4. Choudhuri, S., Narasayya, V.: Self-tuning database systems: a decade progress. Microsoft
Research (2007)
5. Satish, S.K., Saraswatipura, M.K., Shastry, S.C.: DB2 performance enhancements using
materialized query table for LUW systems. In: ICONS 2007 Second International
Conference, April 2007
6. Wiese, D., Rabinovitch, G.: Knowledge Management in autonomic database performance
tuning, 20–25 April 2009
7. Zhang, G., Chen, M., Liu, L.: A model for application–oriented database performance tuning
8. Rupley Jr., M.L.: Introduction to Query Processing and Optimization. Indiana University at
South Bend (2008)
9. Agarwal, S., Bruno, N., Chaudhari, S.: AutoAdmin: self tuning database system technology.
IEEE Data Eng. Bull. (2006)
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11. SQL Memory Management in Oracle9i, Hong Kong, China (2002)
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Endowment. ACM, 12–15 September 2006
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14. Bruno, N., Chaudhuri, S.: Exploiting statistics on query expressions for optimization. In:
Proceedings of ACMSIGMOD Conference. ACM (2002)
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top10performancetips.htm
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8547208/sql_server_optimization_tips-1.doc
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Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
BOOK VIII
 BOOK VIII
Charles marries his sister to the Prince of Hesse—He is besieged in
Stralsund and escapes to Sweden—The enterprise of Baron
Gortz his premier—Plans of reconciliation with the Czar—An
attack on England—Charles besieges Frederickshal in Norway
—He is killed—His character—Gortz is beheaded.

DURING these preparations the King gave his only surviving

sister in marriage to Frederic, Prince of Hesse-Cassel. The Queen
Dowager, his grandmother, aged fourscore years, did the honours of
the fête on the 4th of April, 1715, and died shortly afterwards. The
King could not attend the ceremony, as he was so busy finishing the
fortifications of Stralsund, which was in danger from the Kings of
Denmark and Prussia. But he made his brother-in-law generalissimo
of all the forces of Sweden. This Prince had served the States-
General in the French war, and was considered a good soldier, a
qualification for his sister’s hand in the eyes of Charles XII.
Misfortunes now followed as fast as victories had once done. In
June 1715 the English King’s German forces and those of Denmark
invested the strong town of Wismar; the Danes, Saxons and
Prussians, 36,000 of them, marched in a body to Stralsund to form a
siege. Not far from Stralsund, five Swedish ships were sunk by the
Danes and Prussians. The Czar held the Baltic with two large men-
of-war, and 150 transports, which had 30,000 men on board. He
threatened a descent on Sweden, appearing alternately on the coast
of Elsingburg and Stockholm. All Sweden was in arms, expecting an
invasion; his land forces were chasing the Swedes from the places
they held in Finland towards the Gulf of Bothnia, but he attempted
nothing further. At the mouth of the Oder, a river that divides
Pomerania, and, passing Stetin, falls into the Baltic, there is a little
island called Usedom. Its position makes it a place of considerable
importance, for it commands the Oder both on the right and the left,
and whoever holds it is master of the navigation of that river. The
King of Prussia had dislodged the Swedes, and was holding the
place as well as Stetin, saying that he did so purely for the sake of
peace. But the Swedes had retaken Usedom in May 1715, and held
two forts there, one called Suine, on a branch of the Oder of that
name, the other called Penamonder, of greater importance, on
another branch of the river. The forts were manned with only 250
Pomeranians, commanded by an old Swedish officer called Kuze-
Slerp, a man who deserves to be remembered. On the 4th of April
the King of Prussia sent 1,500 foot and 800 dragoons into the island.
They arrived and landed on the side of Suine without opposition. The
Swedish commander had left them this fort, as being the least
important, and, not being able to divide his small force, he withdrew
to the castle of Penamonder, resolving to await the worst.
So they were forced to make a formal siege. They shipped
artillery at Stetin, and sent in a reinforcement of 1,000 Prussian foot
and 400 horse. On the 18th, they opened the trenches in two places,
and a brisk battery was played by cannon and mortars. During the
siege a Swedish soldier, sent privately with a letter to Charles, found
means to land on the island and slip into the place. He gave the
letter to the commander. It was as follows: “Do not fire till the enemy
come to the edge of the ditch; defend yourselves to the last drop of
your blood.—Charles.”
Slerp read the note, resolved to obey, and die as he was bid in
his master’s service. On the 22nd, at daybreak, the assault was
made. The besieged did as they were told, and killed many, but the
ditch was full, the breach large, and the besiegers too numerous.
They entered at two different places at once.
The commander now thought that he had no further duty but to
obey orders and sell his life dear, so he abandoned the breaches,
entrenched his few troops, who all had honour and courage enough
to go with him, and placed them so that they should not be
surrounded.
The enemy hastened up, surprised that he did not ask for
quarter; but he fought a whole hour, and when he had lost half his
soldiers, was killed at last with his lieutenant and major. There were
then left 100 men and one officer; these asked that their lives might
be spared, and were taken prisoners. In the commander’s pocket
they found his master’s letter, which was taken to the King of
Prussia.
Just as Charles had lost Usedom, and the neighbouring islands
which were quickly taken, while Wismar was on the point of
surrender, with no fleet to lend aid, and Sweden in great danger, he
himself was at Stralsund, besieged by 36,000 men. Stralsund,
famous throughout Europe for the siege the King of Sweden
sustained there, is one of the strongest places in Pomerania. It is
built between the Baltic and the Lake of Franken, near the Straits of
Gella. There is no land passage to it but across a narrow crossway
defended by a citadel, and by retrenchments that were once thought
inaccessible. There was in it a garrison of 9,000 men, and, more
than all, the King of Sweden himself. The Kings of Denmark and
Prussia besieged it with an army of 36,000 men, consisting of
Saxons, Prussians and Danes. The honour of besieging Charles was
too great an incitement to them to make any task difficult, so the
trenches were opened on the night between the 19th and 20th of
October, 1715.
The King of Sweden said at first that he wondered how any place
well manned and fortified could be taken. True, he had taken many
towns himself in the course of his victories, but none by regular
attack. It was the fame of his exploits that gained them; besides, he
never judged others by his own standard, and always underrated his
enemies. The besiegers carried on their work with great alacrity, and
they were assisted by a curious chance.
It is well known that the Baltic has no flux and reflux. The
entrenchments of the town were thought impregnable, as there was
an impassable marsh on the west and the sea on the east.
No one had remarked before that in a strong westerly wind the
waves of the Baltic roll back so as to leave only three feet of water
under the entrenchment. They had always thought it deep. A soldier,
happening to fall from the top of the entrenchment, was surprised to
find a bottom; but having made that discovery, he concluded that it
might make his fortune. So he deserted, and going to the quarters of
Count Wakerbath, General of the Saxon forces, he told him that the
sea was fordable, and that it would be easy to carry the Swedes’
entrenchments. The King of Prussia was not slow to take the hint.
The next day the west wind was still blowing; Lieutenant-Colonel
Kepel entered the water with 1,800 men, and 2,000 advanced at the
same time on the causeway; all the Prussian artillery fired, and the
Prussians and Danes gave an alarm on the other side. The Swedes
were sure they could deal with those who were advancing with such
rashness by the causeway; but Kepel, coming in behind them from
the sea, enclosed them so that they could make no headway, and
the position was carried after terrible slaughter on both sides. Some
of the Swedes retired into the town, but they were pursued by the
besiegers, and some entered pell-mell with those that were fleeing.
Two officers and four Saxon soldiers were already on the
drawbridge, but they had just time to shut it, and took the men, and
so for that time the town was saved. They found four-and-twenty
pieces of cannon on the entrenchments, which they turned against
the town. After this success the siege was carried on eagerly, the
town being cannonaded and bombarded without remission.
Opposite Stralsund on the Baltic is the island of Ruegen, which is
a rampart of the place, whither the garrison and people could retire if
they only had boats. This island was of the first importance to
Charles, for he knew that if the enemy were masters of it he would
soon be invested both by sea and land, and probably buried in the
ruins of Stralsund, or else taken prisoner by those whom he had
formerly despised so much and used so harshly.
However, the wretched state of his affairs had prevented him
from sending a sufficient garrison to Ruegen, and there were not
more than 2,000 regular troops altogether on the island. For three
months the enemy had been making all the preparations for an
attack on it, but having built boats for the purpose, the Prince of
Anhalt, favoured by good weather, made a landing at last with
12,000 men on the 15th of November.
 The King, who was everywhere, was in this island; he joined
2,000 men who were entrenched near a little haven, about three
leagues from where the enemy had landed. He marched with them
at midnight, with great silence. The Prince of Anhalt had used what
seemed unnecessary caution to entrench his cannon. His officers
expected no attack by night, and had no idea but that Charles was
safe at Stralsund. But the Prince, who knew Charles much better,
ordered a deep ditch, with chevaux de frise on the edge, and took as
much care as if he had to do with a superior force.
At two in the morning Charles came to the enemy’s camp,
without the slightest noise. His soldiers said to one another, “Come,
let us pull up the chevaux de frise.” These words were overheard by
the sentinels; the alarm was quickly given, and the enemy stood to
arms. The King, raising the chevaux de frise, saw a great ditch. “Ah,”
he said, “impossible; this is more than I expected.” Not at all
discouraged, and knowing nothing of their numbers, nor they of his,
for the night favoured him in that, he decided at once, leaped into the
ditch, followed by some of the boldest. The chevaux de frise was
removed, the earth levelled with any trunks and branches they could
find, and the bodies of the dead for fascines. The King, generals,
and boldest of the officers and soldiers got on one another’s
shoulders as in assaults.
The fight began in the enemy’s camp; the vigour of the Swedes
threw the Danes and Prussians into disorder, but their numbers
being too disparate, the Swedes were repulsed in about a quarter of
an hour, and repaired to the ditch.
The unfortunate King rallied his troops in the field, and the fight
was renewed with equal warmth on both sides. He saw his favourite
Grothusen fall, and General Dardoff, and as he fought passed over
the body of the latter while he was still breathing. During, his
companion from Turkey to Stralsund, was killed before his face. The
King himself was shot near the left breast; Count Poniatowski, who
had been so lucky as to save his life before at Pultawa, had the good
fortune to do the same again, and gave him a new mount. The
Swedes retired to a part of the island named Alteferre, where they
still held a fort; from thence the King returned to Stralsund, obliged to
leave those brave troops who had served him so well in that
expedition; they were all prisoners of war two days later.
Among the prisoners was that unfortunate French regiment, the
débris of the battle of Hochstet, which had first served Augustus, and
afterwards Charles. Most of the soldiers were drafted into a new
regiment belonging to the son of the Prince of Anhalt, and he was
their fourth master. In Ruegen the commander of this vagrant
regiment was then the famous Count Villelongue, who had so nobly
risked his life at Adrianople to save Charles. He was taken with all
his men, and was ill rewarded for all his services, fatigues and
sufferings.
The King, having only weakened himself by all these prodigies of
valour, pent up in Stralsund and expecting to be taken, was yet the
same as he had been at Bender. Nothing could surprise him. All day
he was making ditches and entrenchments behind the walls, and at
night he sallied out against the enemy. The town was badly
damaged, bombs fell thick and fast, and half the town was in ashes.
The townsfolk, far from complaining, were full of admiration for their
master, whose temperance, courage and fatigues were astonishing;
they acted as soldiers under him, following to the attack, and were
now as good as another garrison.
One day, as the King was dictating to a secretary some
dispatches for Sweden, a bomb fell into the house, came through the
roof, and burst very near his room. Part of the floor fell in, but the
ante-room where he was at work, being attached to a thick wall, was
undisturbed, and by a lucky chance none of the splinters came in at
the door, though it was open. In this noise and confusion the
secretary dropped his pen, thinking that the house was coming
down. “What is the matter?” said the King calmly; “why are you not
writing?” The man could only stammer out, “The bomb, Sire!” “Well,”
said the King, “what has that to do with our writing? Go on.”
An ambassador of France, a M. de Croissy, was then shut up
with the King in Stralsund. To send a man on an embassy to Charles
was like sending him to the trenches. The King would talk with
Croissy for hours together, in the most exposed places, where
people were falling on all sides, killed by the bombs and cannon; the
King was unconscious of the danger, and the ambassador did not
care to say anything to make him chose a safer place for business.
Before the siege this minister tried his best to make a treaty between
the Kings of Sweden and Prussia; but the one expected too much,
and the other would not make any concessions. So that the only
satisfaction that Croissy got out of his embassy was the familiarity he
enjoyed with this remarkable man. He often slept on the same cloak
with him, and, as they shared so many dangers and fatigues, he was
outspoken with him. Charles encouraged this in the case of those he
liked, and would sometimes say to Croissy, “Veni, maledicamus de
rege.” “Come, let us talk scandal of Charles.”
Croissy stayed in the town till the 13th of November. Then, with
the permission of the enemy to pass with his baggage, he took leave
of Charles, whom he left among the ruins of Stralsund with only a
third of his garrison left, and fully resolved to stand an assault.
In fact, the assault on the horn-work was made in four days. The
enemy took it twice, and were twice beaten off.
At last numbers prevailed, and they became masters of it.
Charles stayed two days longer in the town, expecting every moment
a general assault; on the 16th he stayed till midnight in a little ravelin
quite destroyed by bombs and cannon; the day after the principal
officers begged him to stay no longer in this untenable situation, but
retreat was now as dangerous as to stay there. The Baltic was full of
Russian and Danish ships; in the port at Stralsund there was only
one boat with sails and oars. So many dangers made retreat
glorious, and determined Charles to go; he embarked on the evening
of December 20th, with ten persons aboard. They were obliged to
break the ice, and it was several hours before they could get away.
The enemy’s admiral had strict orders not to let Charles escape from
Stralsund. Happily they were to leeward of him, and could not
approach. He ran the most risk in passing a place called the
Barbette, in Ruegen, where the Danes had fixed a battery of twelve
cannon. They fired, and he made all the sail he could to get clear of
their range. Two men were killed close by him, and at another shot
the mast was shattered. In the midst of these dangers the King met
two of his ships that were cruising in the Baltic, and the next day
Stralsund was surrendered, and the garrison made prisoners of war.
The King landed at Isted in Scania, and came to Carlscrona, in a
very different state from that in which he had left it, ten years before,
when he started in a ship of twelve guns, to dictate to the North.
As he was so near his capital, it was concluded he would go
there after so long an absence. But he could not bear the thought of
it till he had gained some great victories. Nor did he want to see his
people who loved him, and to whose burdens he had perforce to add
to defend himself against his enemies. He only wanted to see his
sister, and he sent for her to meet him near Lake Wetter, in
Ostrogothia. He rode post-haste with one attendant, spent a day with
her, and returned.
At Carlscrona, where he passed the winter, he levied new forces
everywhere. He thought his subjects were only born to follow him to
war, and he had accustomed them to think so too. He enlisted many
of but fifteen years old. In many villages there were only old men,
women and children left; in some places the women ploughed
unaided. It was still more difficult to get a fleet. But to bring that
about commissions were given to privateers, who enjoyed great
privileges to the ruin of the country, but who provided him with some
ships. This was the last effort of Sweden to meet the great expense;
all the houses were searched, and half their provisions carried into
the King’s warehouses. All the iron in the country was bought up for
his use and paid for in paper, which he sold for ready money.
Whoever wore silk, or wigs, or gilded swords was taxed, and there
was a heavy hearth-rate.
A people thus loaded with taxation would have revolted under
any other King, but here the most miserable peasant knew that his
master was faring harder than he himself. So they quietly bore what
their King was always the first to bear. In the public danger, private
misfortunes were not thought of. They expected hourly an attack
from the Russians, Danes, Prussians, Saxons, and the English.
Their fear was so strong, and so well justified, that those who
possessed valuables buried them.
 It was a surprise to all Europe, who had still an eye on Charles,
when, instead of defending his country about to be attacked by so
many princes, he invaded Norway at the head of 20,000 men. Since
the time of Hannibal there had been no instance of a general who,
unable to hold his own against his enemies at home, had gone to
attack them in their own dominions. His brother-in-law, the Prince of
Hesse, accompanied him. There is no way from Sweden to Norway
except by dangerous by-ways, where at every turn one meets with
pools of water, formed by the sea between the rocks; bridges have to
be made every day. A very few Danes might have stopped the
Swedish army, but they were not ready for such a rapid invasion.
Europe was still more surprised to find the Czar so quiet, without
descending on Sweden as he had intended.
The reason was that he had a plan, which was one of the
greatest, and one of the most difficult to carry out, that has ever been
conceived.
Baron Gortz, a Franconian by birth, and Baron of the empire,
having done the King of Sweden important services during his
sojourn at Bender, was now his favourite and Prime Minister. He was
the boldest and the most diplomatic of men: full of resource in
adversity, ambitious in his plans, and active in his policy, no project
was too ambitious for him, no means too dear for his end; he was
prodigal with presents, oaths, truth and falsehood. From Sweden he
went to England, France, Holland, to himself lay the train which he
meant to use; he was able to inflame all Europe, and that was his
idea. What his master was at the head of an army, he was in the
cabinet, and this gave him more influence over Charles than any
minister had ever had before. This King, who from the age of twenty
had given orders to Court Piper, was now willing to receive them
from Baron Gortz, and was the more submissive because his
misfortunes had made it necessary for him to ask advice, and
because Gortz’s advice suited with his courageous disposition. He
found that of all the princes in league against him Charles felt
especially resentful to George of Hanover, King of England: because
he was the only one whom Charles had never injured, and had
entered into the affair only as a mediator, with intent to hold Bremen
and Verden, which he bought for a trifle from the King of Denmark.
It was early that he discovered the Czar’s secret discontent with
the allies, who all wanted to prevent his getting any footing in
Germany.
Since the year 1714 the Czar had been in a position to make a
descent on Sweden, but whether he could not agree with the Kings
of Poland, England, Denmark, and Prussia, allies whose suspicions
were justifiable, or whether he thought his troops not seasoned
enough to attack that people at home, whose very peasants had
beat the pick of the Danish forces, he still took care to put it off.
The want of money was what had hitherto delayed him. For the
Czar was one of the greatest monarchs in the world, but not one of
the richest, his revenue not amounting to more than 18,000,000
French francs. He had discovered gold, silver, iron and copper
mines, but the profit they yielded was uncertain, and the working of
them expensive. He had established a great trade, yet at first it did
not flourish; his new conquests increased his power and his fame,
but brought him very little treasure.
Time was necessary to bind up the wounds of Livonia, a fertile
country which had suffered much from a fifteen years’ war, by fire,
sword and plague—almost desolate of inhabitants, and a burden to
the conqueror. The fleets he now maintained; and every day some
new enterprise was exhausting all his treasures. He had been
reduced to the bad expedient of raising the value of the coinage, a
remedy which never cures the evil, and is particularly injurious to any
country where the imports exceed the exports. It was upon these
grounds that Gortz had laid the basis of a revolution; he was bold
enough to suggest to the King of Sweden that he should make
peace with the Czar, insinuating that the Czar was very angry with
the Kings of Poland and England, and that Peter and Charles
together might make the rest of Europe tremble.
There was no making peace with the Czar, unless he yielded a
good many provinces to the east and west of the Baltic, but he called
his attention to the fact that in yielding such places as the Czar
possessed already, and which he could not possibly regain, he might
have the honour of replacing Stanislas on the throne of Poland, and
setting James II’s son upon that of England, besides restoring the
Duke of Holstein.
Charles was pleased with all this, and without giving the matter
much consideration he gave the minister full powers to act: Gortz left
Sweden with carte blanche for any prince he wished to treat with. His
first business was to try how the Court of Moscow stood, which he
did through the Czar’s chief physician, a man devoted to the
Pretender’s interests, as most of the Scots are, where they are not in
the pay of the English Court. This physician represented to Prince
Menzikoff, with all the eagerness of a man much interested, the
greatness and importance of such a plan. Prince Menzikoff was
pleased with it, and the Czar approved it. Instead of an invasion of
Sweden he sent his troops to winter in Mecklenburg, and came there
himself on the pretext of settling some disputes between his nephew
the Duke and his nobles: his real object was to gain a principality in
Germany, for which he hoped to bargain with the Duke.
The allies were angry at this step, not caring to have so terrible
and formidable a neighbour, who, should he once gain German
provinces, might become Emperor and oppress the sovereigns. The
greater was their resentment, the more that Gortz’s plan flourished.
But he negotiated with all the confederates in order to conceal his
private intrigues. The Czar fed them all with vain hopes. Charles was
all this while with his brother-in-law in Norway at the head of 20,000
men, the country was defended by 110,000 Danes in separate
bands, which were routed by the King and Prince of Hesse. Charles
advanced to Christiania, the capital, and fortune smiled on him
again, but from want of provisions he was forced to retire to Sweden,
there to await the result of his minister’s plan.
This affair was to be carried through with profound secrecy, and
elaborate preparations were necessary: these two are incompatible.
Gortz planned to go as far as Asia in his quest, and though the
means seemed undesirable, it would at least bring men, money and
ships to Sweden, which could be used for an attack on Scotland.
 For some time the pirates of all nations, and especially the
English, had banded themselves together to infest the seas of
Europe and America; they had received no quarter and had retired to
Madagascar, a large island on the east coast of Africa; they were
quite desperate, and famed for actions which would have made them
heroes had they been legal. They wanted a prince to take them
under his protection, but international law shut them out from every
harbour.
When they heard that Charles XII was returned to Sweden they
hoped that, as he was devoted to war and forced to take share in it,
and needed a fleet and soldiers, he would be glad to make terms
with them. So they sent a deputy, who travelled to Europe in a Dutch
ship, to propose to Baron Gortz that they might be received at
Gothenburg, where they promised to prepare three-score ships
loaded with treasure.
The Baron persuaded the King to agree, and two Swedes were
sent to negotiate with them. Then more honourable and substantial
help came from Cardinal Alberoni, who directed the government of
Spain long enough for his own reputation but not for the good and
glory of that kingdom.
He took up the project of setting James II’s son on the English
throne with great enthusiasm. But as he had only just taken up the
ministry, and Spain was to be settled before he could attempt to
overthrow thrones, it appeared that there was no great likelihood of
his undertaking the task at present. Yet in two years he had done so
much for Spain, and had so raised her prestige in Europe that he
had got the Turks (it is reported) to attack the Emperor. Then he took
steps to remove the Duke of Orleans from the Regency and King
George from the English throne. Such danger lies in the power of
one single man who is absolute, and has the sense and capacity to
use his power.
Gortz, having made this beginning in the Courts of Russia and
Spain, went secretly to France, and thence to Holland, where he
interviewed representatives of the Pretender’s party. He got special
information concerning the strength, number, and position of the
disaffected in England, what money they could raise, and what men
they could put in the field. They only wanted 10,000 men, with which
they would feel assured of success. Count Gyllemburg, the Swedish
ambassador in England, acting under Gortz’s instructions, had
several meetings with the disaffected; he encouraged them and
promised them all they wanted. The Pretender’s party even
advanced considerable sums, which Gortz received in Holland, and
with which he bought ships and ammunition.
Then he secretly sent some officers to France, especially a
certain Folard, who, having served in thirty French campaigns
without mending his fortune, had volunteered with Charles, not with
any ulterior motive, but just to serve under a prince with such a
reputation. He especially hoped to get the Prince to adopt the new
discoveries he had made in the art of war, which he had studied
theoretically and had published views of in a commentary of
Polybius. Charles was pleased with his ideas, and, as he was never
governed by convention, he intended to make use of Folard in his
attack on Scotland.
The main point for Baron de Gortz was to settle a peace between
Charles and the Czar, in spite of the many difficulties in the way.
Baron Osterman, a man of weight in Russia, was not so ready to
agree with Gortz. He was as cautious as the other was enthusiastic.
One was for letting things gradually ripen, the other wanted to reap
and sow together. Osterman was afraid his master, pleased with the
plan, would grant too advantageous terms with Sweden, and so
delayed the conclusion of the matter. Luckily for Gortz the Czar
himself came to Holland at the beginning of 1717 on the way to
France, for he had yet to see this nation, criticized, envied, and
imitated by all Europe. He wanted to satisfy his insatiable curiosity,
but also he hoped to arrange some political matters.
Gortz had two talks with the Emperor at the Hague, and did more
by their means than he could have done in six months with
plenipotentiaries. Everything went well, his great plans seemed quite
unsuspected, and he hoped they would only be known to Europe in
their execution. The first who discovered these intrigues was the
Duke of Orleans, Regent of France, who had spies everywhere. The
Duke, having personal obligations to the King of England, made the
discovery of the whole plot against him. At the same time the Dutch,
having suspicions of Gortz’s behaviour, communicated them to the
English ministry. Gortz and Gyllemburg were getting on with their
schemes rapidly, when one was arrested at the Hague and the other
in London.
As Gyllemburg had broken international law by the conspiracy
they did not scruple in England to attack his person. But it was
thought exceedingly strange that the States-General imprisoned
Baron Gortz out of mere friendship for the King of England. They
even went so far as to appoint Count Velderen to question him. This
was going very far, and as it turned out, only added to their
confusion. Gortz asked Velderen if he knew him. “Yes,” said the
Dutchman. “Well, then,” he answered, “you must then be aware that
I shall only answer what I like.”
All the foreign ministers protested against the wrong done to the
persons of Gortz and Gyllemburg. Nothing could excuse the Dutch
from breaking so sacred a law in seizing the King of Sweden’s
premier, who had never done anything against them, and so violating
the spirit of freedom which has attracted so many strangers and has
been the cause of her greatness. The King of England acted within
his rights in seizing an enemy, so that the letters found among
Gyllemburg’s papers from him to Gortz were printed to justify the
King’s proceedings.
The King of Sweden was in Scania when the printed letters came
with the news of his ministers having been seized. He only smiled
and asked if his letters were printed too, and ordered the English
ambassador and all his family to be seized. But he could not take the
same vengeance on the Dutch, because they had no minister then at
the Court of Sweden. He kept a disdainful silence towards England
and Holland.
The Czar’s behaviour was just the opposite: as he was not
named but only hinted at by distant references in the letters of Gortz
and Gyllemburg, he wrote a long letter full of congratulations to the
King of England on the discovery, with assurances of his good-will.
King George received his protestations with incredulity, but
pretended to believe them. A plot laid by private men is at an end
when once discovered, but where kings are concerned a discovery
only makes it go further. The Czar came to Paris in 1717, and did not
spend all his time in viewing the wonders of art and nature there: the
academies, public libraries, cabinets of the antiquaries and royal
palaces. He made a proposal to the Regent which, had it been
accepted, would have put the finishing touch to the greatness of
Russia. It was this: to himself ally with the King of Sweden, who
would yield many countries to him, to take from the Danes their
power in the Baltic, to weaken England by a civil war, and to attract
to Russia all the trade of the North. He had thoughts, too, of setting
up Stanislas against King Augustus, so that when the fire was
kindled in all directions he could fan the flame or damp it as he saw
fit. With these views he proposed to the King’s Regent to mediate
between Sweden and Russia, and to make an offensive and
defensive alliance with them and Spain. The treaty, though so
natural and so useful to the nations concerned, putting into their
hands the balancing of power in Europe, was yet rejected by
Orleans, for he did just the opposite and made a league with the
Emperor and the King of England.
Political motives were then so powerful with all princes that the
Czar was going to declare war against his old friend Augustus, and
to help Charles his mortal enemy; while France, for the sake of the
English and Germans, was going to declare war against a grandson
of Louis XIV, after having so long supported him at great expenditure
of blood and treasure against those very enemies. All that the Czar
could obtain was that the Regent should interpose for the freeing of
Baron Gortz and Gyllemburg. He returned to Russia about the end of
June, having shown a rare example of an emperor travelling to
improve his mind. But what most of the French people saw of him
was a rough, unpolished exterior, the result of his education, while
they were blind to the legislator and the genius who had founded a
new nation. What he had sought for in Orleans he soon found in
Alberoni, who governed all Spain. Alberoni wanted to restore the
Pretender: first as the minister of Spain, so ill-used by the English,
and secondly because he had a personal quarrel with the Duke of
Orleans for his close alliance with England against Spain; besides,
he was a priest of that Church for which the Pretender’s father had
lost his crown.
The Duke of Ormond, as unpopular in England as the Duke of
Marlborough was admired, had left the country at the time of
George’s accession, and was now in Spain. He went with full powers
from the King of Spain to meet the Czar, in Courland, accompanied
by a certain D’Irnegan, an Englishman of ability and daring. The
business was to ask the Princess Anna, the Czar’s daughter, for
marriage with James’s son, in the hopes that such an alliance would
bring the Czar over to the King’s side. Baron Gortz, among his other
schemes, had intended this lady for the Duke of Holstein, who did
marry her later. As soon as he heard of the Duke of Ormond’s plan
he grew jealous and did what he could to defeat it.
He left prison in August with the Count Gyllemburg, without any
apology from the Swedish to the English King. At the same time the
English ambassador and his family were released at Stockholm,
where their treatment had been a great deal worse than
Gyllemburg’s in London.
Gortz at liberty was an implacable enemy, for besides his other
aims he now sought vengeance. He went post-haste to the Czar,
who was now better pleased with him than ever, for he undertook to
remove in less than three months all obstacles to a peace with
Sweden. He took up a map which the Czar had drawn himself, and,
drawing a line from Wibourg, by Lake Ladoga, up to the frozen
ocean, promised to bring his master to part with all that lay east of
that line, besides Carelia, Ingria, and Livonia. Then he mentioned the
marriage of the Czar’s daughter to the Duke of Holstein, holding out
hopes that the Duke would readily give his country instead, and if
once he became a member of the Empire the Imperial crown would,
of course, come to him or some of his descendants. The Czar
named the isle of Aland for the conferences between Osterman and
Gortz; he asked the English Duke of Ormond to withdraw lest the
English Court should take alarm. But D’Irnegan, his confidant,
remained in the town with many precautions, for he only went out at
night and never saw the Czar’s ministers but in the disguise of either
a peasant or a Tartar.
As soon as the Duke of Ormond went, the Czar impressed upon
the King his courtesy in having sent away the chief partisan of the
Pretender, and Baron Gortz returned to Sweden with great hopes of
success.
He found his master at the head of 30,000 troops with all the
coast guarded by militia. The King needed nothing but money, but he
had no credit at home or abroad. France, under the Duke of Orleans,
would give him none. He was promised money from Spain, but that
country was not yet in a position to support him.
Baron Gortz then tried a project he had tried before. He gave
copper the same value as silver, so that a copper coin whose
intrinsic value was a halfpenny might, with the royal mark, pass for
thirty or forty pence, just as the governors of besieged towns have
sometimes paid their soldiers with leather money till they could get
better. Such expedients may be useful in a free country, and have
often been the salvation of a republic, but they are sure to ruin a
monarchy, for the people quickly lose confidence, the minister is
unable to keep faith, the money paper increases, individuals bury
their specie, and the whole plan fails, often with disastrous results.
This was the case in Sweden. Baron Gortz had paid out his new coin
with discretion, but was soon carried beyond what he had intended
by forces he could not check. Everything became excessively dear,
so that he was obliged to multiply his copper coin. The more there
was of it the less was its value. Sweden was inundated with this
false money, and one and all complained of Gortz. So great was the
veneration of the people for Charles that they could not hate him, so
the weight of their displeasure fell on the minister who, as a foreigner
and financier, was sure to suffer their opprobrium.
A tax that he arranged on the clergy gave the final touch to the
universal hatred; priests are only too ready to plead that their cause
is God’s, and publicly declared him an atheist, because he asked for
their money. The new coins were embossed with the figure of
heathen gods, and hence they called them the gods of Gortz.
 The ministry joined in the universal hatred of him, all the more
ardently because they were powerless. None in the country liked him
except the King, whom his unpopularity confirmed in his affection.
He placed absolute confidence in him, giving him also his entire
confidence at home. He trusted to him, too, all negotiations with the
Czar, especially as to the conference at Aland, which of all things he
wished to urge on with the greatest haste.
As soon as Gortz had completed at Stockholm the arrangements
for the treasury which demanded his presence, he went away to
complete with Osterman the great work he had in hand. These were
the preliminaries of that alliance which was to have changed the face
of affairs in Europe, as they were found among Gortz’s papers.
The Czar was to keep Livonia, part of Ingria, and Carelia, leaving
the rest to Sweden. He was to join Charles in restoring Stanislas,
and to send to Poland 80,000 men to dethrone the very king on
whose side he had been fighting for so many years before; he was to
supply ships to carry 30,000 to Germany and 10,000 to England; the
forces of both were to attack the King of England’s German
dominions, especially Bremen and Verden; the same troops were to
restore the Duke of Holstein and force the King of Prussia to an
agreement by parting with a good deal of his new acquisitions.
Charles acted henceforth as if his own victorious troops had done
all this, and demanded of the Emperor the execution of the peace of
Altranstadt. But the Court of Vienna scarcely deigned an answer to
one whom they feared so little. The King of Poland was not
altogether so safe, but saw the storm coming. Fleming was the most
suspicious man alive and the least reliable. He suspected the
designs of the Czar and the King of Sweden in favour of Stanislas,
so he endeavoured to have him taken off to Deux Ponts, as James
Sobieski had been in Silesia. But Stanislas was on his guard, and
the design miscarried.
In the meantime Charles was making a second attempt upon
Norway in October 1718. He had so arranged matters that he hoped
to be master of the country in six months.
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