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 ENGINEERING
INTERVENTIONS
IN AGRICULTURAL
PROCESSING
Innovations in Agricultural and Biological Engineering

ENGINEERING
INTERVENTIONS
IN AGRICULTURAL
PROCESSING

Edited by
Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE
Deepak Kumar Verma
Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc.
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© 2018 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Engineering interventions in agricultural processing / edited by Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE, Deepak
Kumar Verma.
(Innovations in agricultural and biological engineering)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Issued in print and electronic formats.
ISBN 978-1-77188-556-0 (hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-315-20737-7 (PDF)
1. Agricultural processing. I. Goyal, Megh Raj, editor II. Verma, Deepak Kumar, 1986-, editor
III. Series: Innovations in agricultural and biological engineering
S698.E54 2017 630.2 C2017-903235-6 C2017-903236-4

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Goyal, Megh Raj, editor. | Verma, Deepak Kumar, 1986- editor.
Title: Engineering interventions in agricultural processing / editors: Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE;
Deepak Kumar Verma.
Description: Waretown, NJ : Apple Academic Press, 2017. | Series: Innovations in agricultural &
biological engineering | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017021024 (print) | LCCN 2017022126 (ebook) | ISBN 9781315207377
(ebook) | ISBN 9781771885560 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Agricultural processing.
Classification: LCC S698 (ebook) | LCC S698 .E54 2017 (print) | DDC 630.2--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017021024
Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears
in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products,
visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com
CONTENTS

List of Contributors..................................................................................... vii

List of Abbreviations.................................................................................... xi
List of Symbols.......................................................................................... xvii
Foreword 1 by R. K. Sivanappan............................................................... xxi
Foreword 2 by Murlidhar Meghwal......................................................... xxiii
Foreword 3 by Khursheed Alam Khan.......................................................xxv
Preface 1 by Megh R. Goyal....................................................................xxvii
Preface 2 by Deepak Kumar Verma..........................................................xxxi
Warning/Disclaimer................................................................................. xxxv
About Senior Editor-in-Chief.................................................................xxxvii
About Co-Editor......................................................................................xxxix
Book Endorsements..................................................................................... xli
Books on Agricultural and Biological Engineering
from Apple Academic Press, Inc...............................................................xliii
Editorial..................................................................................................... xlv

PART I: AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING: INTERVENTIONS

IN ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES................................................... 1
1. Machine Vision Technology in Food Processing Industry:
Principles and Applications—A Review.................................................... 3
P. S. Minz, Charanjiv Singh, and I. K. Sawhney
2. Cold Plasma Technology: An Emerging Non-Thermal Processing
of Foods—A Review.................................................................................. 33
R. Mahendran, C. V. Kavitha Abirami, and K. Alagusundaram
3. Technology of Ohmic Heating in Meat Processing................................ 57
Asaad Rehman Saeed Al-Hilphy
vi Contents

4. Technology of Solid State Fermentation in Dairy Products:

Production of β-Galactosidase from Mold Aspergillus oryzae............... 71
Alaa Jabbar Abd Al-Manhal, Ali Khudhair Jaber Alrikabi,
Gheyath H. Majeed, and Abdullah M.Alsalim
5. Nano-Particle Based Delivery Systems:
Applications in Agriculture.................................................................... 107
Deepak Kumar Verma, Shikha Srivastava, Vipul Kumar,
Bavita Asthir, Mukesh Mohan, and Prem Prakash Srivastav
6. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from
Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus niger.................................................... 131
Poonam Rani and Vedpriya Arya

PART II: NOVEL PRACTICES IN AGRICULTURAL

PROCESSING......................................................................................... 145
7. Practices in Bioleaching: A Review on Clean and
Economic Alternative for Safe and Green Environment..................... 147
Sunita Devi, Bindu Devi, and Seema Verma
8. Practices in Seed Priming: Quality Improvement of
Oil Seed Crops......................................................................................... 179
Hasnain Nangyal and Nighat ZiaUdin
9. Modified Pearl Millet Starch: A Review on Chemical
Modification, Characterization and Functional Properties................ 191
Mandira Kapri, Deepak Kumar Verma, Ajesh Kumar,
Sudhanshi Billoria, Dipendra Kumar Mahato, Baljeet Singh Yadav,
and Prem Prakash Srivastav

PART III: AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING:

HEALTH BENEFITS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS............................. 227
10. Potential Health Benefits of Tea Polyphenols—A Review................... 229
Brij Bhushan, Dipendra Kumar Mahato, Deepak Kumar Verma,
Mandira Kapri, and Prem Prakash Srivastav
11. Potential Health Benefits of Lemon Grass—A Review........................ 283
Nighat Zia Udin and Hasnain Nangyal
Glossary.................................................................................................... 295
Index.......................................................................................................... 305
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

K. Alagusundaram, PhD
Deputy Director General (Agricultural Engineering), Division of Agricultural Engineering,
ICAR, Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan II, New Delhi – 110012, India. Tel.: +91-11-25843415;
E-mail: ddgengg@icar.org.in
Asaad Rehman Saeed Al-Hilphy, PhD
Assistant Professor, Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah,
Basra City, Iraq. Mobile: +00-96-47702696458; E-mail: aalhilphy@yahoo.co.uk

Alaa Jabbar Abd Al-Manhal, PhD

Assistant Professor, Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah,
Basra City, Iraq. Tel.: +964-7808785772; E-mail: alaafood_13@yahoo.com

Ali Khudhair Jaber Alrikabi, PhD

Assistant Professor, Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah,
Basra City, Iraq. Tel.: +964-7716733405; E-mail: alikhudhair2012@yahoo.com

Abdullah M. Alsalim, PhD

Lecturer, Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basra City,
Iraq. Tel.: +964-7705504849; E-mail: abdullahphd@yahoo.com

Vedpriya Arya, PhD

Scientist E, Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Yogpeeth, Phase I, Haridwar,
Uttrakhand; Formerly Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Girls College,
Model Town, Ludhiana-141001, Punjab, India, Mobile: +91-7060472471;
E-mail: ved.nano2008@gmail.com
Brij Bhushan, MSc
Senior Research Fellow, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa campus, New Delhi 110012,
India. Mobile: +91-8586935562, +91-8802118902; E-mail: bhushanmishra909@gmail.com

Sudhanshi Billoria, MSc

Research Scholar, Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,
Kharagpur – 721302, West Bengal, India. Mobile: +91-8768126479;
E-mail: sudharihant@gmail.com

Bindu Devi, MSc

Assistant Professor (Microbiology), Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences,
CSK, Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur – 176062, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Mobile: +91-9882191747; E-mail: bindu.thakur111@gmail.com
Sunita Devi, PhD
Assistant Professor (Microbiology), Department of Basic Sciences, College of Forestry,
University of Horticulture and Forestry- Nauni, Solan – 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Mobile: +91-9418014742; E-mail: sunitachamba@gmail.com
viii List of Contributors

Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE

Retired Professor in Agricultural and Biomedical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico –
Mayaguez Campus; and Senior Technical Editor-in-Chief in Agriculture Sciences and Biomedical
Engineering, Apple Academic Press Inc., PO Box 86, Rincon – PR – 00677, USA;
E-mail: goyalmegh@gmail.com

Mandira Kapri, MSc

Junior Project Assistant, Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology, Kharagpur – 721302, West Bengal, India. Mobile: +91-9051245266; E-mail:
kaprimandira@gmail.com

C. V. Kavitha Abirami, PhD

Associate Professor, Department of Food Packaging and System Development, Indian Institute
of Crop Processing Technology, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India,
Pudukottai Road, Thanjavur – 613005, Tamil Nadu, India. Mobile: +91-9750968412;
E-mail: kaviabi@iicpt.edu.in

Khursheed Alam Khan, PhD

Assistant Professor (Agricultural Engineering), College of Horticulture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia
Agriculture University (RVSKVV), Mandsaur – 458001, Gwalior, India, Mobile: +91-9425942903;
E-mail: khan_undp@yahoo.ca

Ajesh Kumar, MTech

Research Scholar, Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,
Kharagpur – 721302, West Bengal, Mobile: +91-8900479007; Telephone: +91-3222-281673;
Fax: +91-3222-282224; E-mail: ajeshmtr@gmail.com

Vipul Kumar, PhD

Assistant Professor (Plant Protection), Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture,
Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab – 144411, India. Mobile: +91 7525969981;
E-mail: vipulpathology@gmail.com

Dipendra Kumar Mahato, MSc

Senior Research Fellow, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi – 110012,
India. Mobile: +91 9911891494, +91-9958921936; E-mail: kumar.dipendra2@gmail.com

R. Mahendran, PhD
Assistant Professor, Department of Food Packaging and System Development, Indian Institute
of Crop Processing Technology, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India,
Pudukottai Road, Thanjavur – 613005, Tamil Nadu, India. Mobile: +91-9750968418;
E-mail: mahendran@iicpt.edu.in

Gheyath H. Majeed, PhD

Professor, Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basra City,
Iraq. Tel.: +964-7801009828; E-mail: ghmajeed@yahoo.com
Murlidhar Meghwal, PhD
Assistant Professor, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food
Technology Entrepreneurship & Management, Kundli -131028, Sonepat, Haryana, India; Mobile:
+91 9739204027; Email: murli.murthi@gmail.com

P. S. Minz, MTech
Scientist, Machine Vision Lab, Dairy Engineering Division, ICAR – National Dairy Research
Institute, Karnal – 132001, Haryana, India. Mobile: +91-9992454593, Tel.: 0184-2259281;
E-mail: psminz@gmail.com
List of Contributors ix

Mukesh Mohan, PhD

Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, C. S. Azad University of Agriculture
and Technology, Kanpur – 208002, India; E-mail: drmukeshmohan@rediffmail.com
Hasnain Nangyal, MSc
Research Scholar, Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra,
32040 (Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa), Pakistan. Mobile: +92-3468982308, Tel.: +92-45618658,
Fax: +92-419200764; E-mail: hasnain308@gmail.com
Nighat Nangyal, MSc
Research Scholar, Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040
(Punjab) Pakistan. Mobile: +92-3027060966, Fax: +92-419200764; E-mail: nighatzia72@gmail.com
Poonam Rani, MSc
Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Girls College, Model Town,
Ludhiana-141001, Punjab. Mobile: +91-9876326036; E-mail: vermarishi69@gmail.com
A.K. Sawhney, PhD
Emeritus Scientist, Dairy Engineering Division, ICAR – National Dairy Research Institute,
Karnal-132001, Haryana, India. Mobile: +91-9896440784; E-mail: charanjiv_cjs@yahoo.co.in
Charanjiv Singh, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute
of Engineering and Technology (SLIET), Longowal – 148106, Sangrur, Punjab, India.
Mobile: +91-9872980044; E-mail: charanjiv_cjs@yahoo.co.in
R. K. Sivanappan, PhD
Former Professor and Dean, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore. Current mailing address: Consultant, 14, Bharathi
Park, 4th Cross Road, Coimbatore, TN – 641 043, India. E-mail: sivanappanrk@hotmail.com
Prem Prakash Srivastav, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology, Kharagpur – 721302, West Bengal, India. Mobile: +91-9434043426.
Tel.: +91-3222-283134, Fax: +91-3222-282224; E-mail: pps@agfe.iitkgp.ernet.in
Shikha Srivastava, MSc
Research Scholar, Department of Botany, Deen Dyal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University,
Gorakhpur 273 009, Uttar Pradesh, India; E-mail: shikha.sriv13@gmail.com
Deepak Kumar Verma, MSc
Research Scholar, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology,
Kharagpur – 721302, West Bengal, India. Tel.: +91-3222-281673. Mobile: +91-7407170260,
+91-9335993005. Fax: +91-3222-282224; E-mail: deepak.verma@agfe.iitkgp.ernet.in;
rajadkv@rediffmail.com
Seema Verma, MSc
Technical Assistant, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Forestry, University of Horticulture
and Forestry, Nauni, Solan – 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India. Mobile: +91-9418553489; E-mail:
seema121274@gmail.com
Baljeet Singh Yadav, PhD
Associate Professor and Head, Department of Food Technology, Maharishi Dayanand University,
Rohtak, Haryana – 124001, India, Mobile: +91-9896360766; E-mail: baljeetsingh.y@gmail.com
Nighat Ziaudin, MSc
Research Scholar, Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040
(Punjab), Pakistan. Mobile: +92 3027060966; E-mail: nighatzia72@gmail.com
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1D one dimensional
2D two dimensional
A-CoA acetyl-CoA
AC alternative current
AC amylose content
AD Alzheimer’s disease
AMD acid mine drainage
ANT adenine nucleotide translocase
AOS active oxygen species
APP amyloid precursor protein
APPJ atmospheric pressure plasma jet
Ar argon
ATP adenosine triphosphate
Aβ fibrils amyloid-β fibril formation
B blue
BT black tea
C-CoA coumaroyl-coa
CAT catalase
CCD charged coupled device
Cd cadmium
Cg catechin gallate
CHI chalcone flavanone isomerase
CHS chalcone synthase
CIE Commission Internationale de L´eclairage (International
Commission on Illumination)
CMOS complementary metal oxide semiconductor
COMT catechol-o-methyltransferase
COX-2 cyclo-oxygenase
CVD cardiovascular disease
DA dopamine
DBD dielectric barrier discharge
xii List of Abbreviations

DC direct current
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
DS degree of substitution
DTT dithiothreitol
EC epicatechin
ECg epicatechin gallate
ECG epicatechin-3-gallate
EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
EGC epigallocatechin
EGCG epigallocatechin-3-gallate
EPS exopolymeric substance
EPS exopolysaccharide substance
ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase
FAK focal adhesion kinase
FAO food and agriculture organization:
GA gibblaric acid
GC gallocatechin
GCg gallocatechin gallate
GHz giga hertz
GJIC gap-junctional intercellular communication
GLUT-1 glucosetransporter 1
GR glutathione reductase
GSK-3β glycogen synthase kinase-3β
GT green tea
GTC green tea catachin
GTP green tea polyphenol
HCAs heterocyclic amines
HSI hue saturation intensity
HSI hyperspectral imaging
HSV hue saturation value
IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor-1
IGFBP-3 IGF-binding protein-3
IP intra peritoneal
ISL in-situ leaching
K potassium
KCL potassium chloride
List of Abbreviations xiii

LGC least gelation concentration

lpm liter per minute
LPS lipopolysaccharides
LTE local thermodynamic equilibrium
LWIR long wavelength infrared
M-CoA malonyl-CoA
MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase
MC moisture content
MEs micro-emulsions
MHCD micro hollow cathode discharge
MLR multiple linear regression
MMP mitochondrial membrane permeabilization
MPa mega Pascal
mRNA messenger RNA
MSC multiplicative scatter correction
MSCs mesenchymal stem cells
MSNs meso-porous silica nano-particles
MVS machine vision system
MWIR mid wavelength infrared
N nitrogen
NaCl sodium chloride
NaClO sodium hypochlorite
NDEA nitrosodiethylamine
NEs nano-emulsions
NF-κB nuclear factor-κb
NIR near infrared
NLCs nano-structure lipid carriers
NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
NNK 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
NTP non-thermal plasma
OAUGDP one atmospheric uniform glow discharge plasma
ODN endozepineoctdecaneuropeptide
OH ohmic heating
OH• hydroxyl radical
ONPG ortho-nitrophenyl-β-galactoside
OT oolong tea
xiv List of Abbreviations

PCR polymerase chain reaction

PD Parkinson’s disease
PEG poly-ethoxy glycol
PG polyethylene glycol
PGE2 prostaglandin E2
PGRs plant growth regulators
PI3K phosphoinositide 3-kinase
PKC protein kinase C
PLS partial least square
PNPG 4-nitrophenyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside
PNs polymeric nano-particles
POCl3 phosphorus oxychloride
POCl3 phosphoryl chloride
PPARα peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
PV peak viscosity
rDNA ribosomal DNA
RF radio frequency
RGB red green blue
RNA ribonucleic acid
ROI region of interest
ROS reactive oxygen species
rRNA ribosomal RNA
sAPPα soluble amyloid precursor protein α
SCLC small cell lung carcinoma
SDBD surface dielectric barrier discharge
SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate
SLNs solid lipid nano-particles
SMP solid matrix priming
SOD super oxide dismutase
sRGB adobe red green blue
STMP sodium trimetaphosphate
STPP sodium tripolyphosphate
STZ streptozotocin
SV swelling volume
SWIR short wavelength infrared
TA100/TA98 typhimurium salmanella strains
List of Abbreviations xv

TCA tricarboxylic acid

TEAC troloxequivalent antioxidant activity assay
TIFF tagged image file format
TLC thin layer chromatography
TNFα tumor necrosis factor
TRs thearubigins
USA United States of America
USA-FDA United States of America, Food and Drug Administration
UV ultra violet
VDAC voltage-dependant anion channel
VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
VIS visible spectrum
VSMCs vascular smooth muscle cells
W watt
WBC water binding capacity
WHO World Health Organization
WT white tea
XRD x-ray diffraction
Zn zinc
LIST OF SYMBOLS

a (–) greenness value in hunter color meter, dimensionless

a (+) redness value in hunter color meter, dimensionless
aw water activity
b (–) blueness in hunter color meter, dimensionless
b (+) yellowness in hunter color meter, dimensionless
Br2 bromine
C3H5ClO epichlorohydrin
Ca(NO3)2 calcium nitrate
CaCl2 calcium chloride
CaSO4 calcium sulfate
CO2 carbon dioxide
Cr chromium
Cu copper
Cu2S copper sulfide
CuFeS2 chalcopyrite
CuSO4 copper sulfate
Ea activition energy
Fe iron
FeS2 pyrite
Free Enz. free enzyme
G green
H2 hydrogen
H2O2 hydrogen peroxide
He helium
Hg mercury
HK2O4P dipotassium hydrogen phosphate
Hz hertz
I current, amperes
IKK-β IκB kinase-β
Imm. Enz. immobilized enzyme
xviii List of Symbols

IO4 iodate
keV kilo electron volt
kGy kilogray
km Michaelis constant
KMnO4 permanganate
KNO3 potassium nitrate
kV kilo voltage
‘L’ bright/dark color, dimensionless (hunter color meter)
mA Milli Amphere
MgSO4 magnesium sulfate
Mn manganese
MoS2 molybdenite
ne density of electrons
NH3 ammonia
(NH4)2SO4 ammonium sulfate
Ni nickel
O2 oxygen
O2•– superoxide anion
P phosphorus
Pa Pascal
Pb lead
PbS galena
Pgp p-glycoprotein
R red
R2 coefficient of determination
Rm relative mobility
T neutral gas temperature
Te temperature of electrons
TF1 theaflavin
TF2a theaflavin-3-gallate
TF2b theaflavin-3’-gallate
TF3 theaflavin 3,3”-gallate
Tg overall temperature of the gas
Th temperature of heavy particles
Ti temperature of ions
Tp temperature of plasma
List of Symbols xix

v voltage
V-I voltage current characteristics
Ve elution volume
Vmax maximal velocity
Vmin minimum breakdown voltage
VO void volume
YCbCr luminance, chroma blue, chroma red
ZnS sphalerite
FOREWORD 1 BY
R. K. SIVANAPPAN

Agricultural processing constitutes a significant sector of the economy of

both developed and developing nations around the world. In the wake of
rapid globalization, about 25% of food produced crosses national bound-
aries, which makes it imperative to evolve innovative methods of address-
ing food handling, food safety, processing and other related issues. Viewed
against this background, engineering interventions or practices for agricul-
tural processing continue to evolve, and novel technologies appear on the
food industrial landscape.
Engineering Interventions in Agricultural Processing is a timely book
covering the latest technologies in agricultural process engineering. This
vital area of agricultural engineering has to address a whole range of post-
production challenges throughout the world. Technological innovation has
enabled crop production to achieve phenomenal growth, and global agri-
cultural and food processing technologies are demanded at a faster rate
than ever before.
Better handling of harvested produce using the latest technologies so
as to minimize postharvest losses is a national agenda in many countries.
Novel technologies in handling, storing and processing of food crops are
vigorously sought by farmers, traders and food processors. Ever since
agricultural engineering was introduced in agricultural universities 100
years ago, the engineers have played a commendable role in designing
improved processing and postharvest equipment particularly suitable for
marginal and small farmers. We are now at the threshold of making a foray
into latest food processing technologies.
This book covers the important novel technologies that are likely to
occupy the center stage of food processing in the near future. This book
is organized in three parts. In Part 1, an attempt has been made to cover
the latest developments in food manufacturing and processing such as
non-thermal processing, Ohmic heating of meat products, fermentation of
dairy products, machine vision based automation technologies and nano-
technology. A comprehensive overview of clean and economic alternative
xxii Foreword 1 by R. K. Sivanappan

technologies has also been attempted in Part 2. Processing of medicinal

plants and herbs is also gaining popularity due to the perceived health ben-
efits. A brief coverage of potential health benefits of tea and lemon grass
has also been made in Part 3.
This book has been edited by Dr. Megh Raj Goyal, a renowned agri-
cultural engineer with many years of field experience in all branches of
agricultural engineering. I have acquaintance with Dr. Goyal for more than
30 years. He is known for his excellence, hard work and dedication in his
profession. Also joining him is Deepak Kumar Verma as Coeditor, who is
a budding engineer. This book will be handy tool for students, postgradu-
ate teachers and researchers in the area of agricultural processing.

R. K. Sivanappan, PhD, DSc (Hon)

Founder and Former Director of Water Technology,
Centre; and Former Dean of College of
Agricultural Engineering,
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore – 641043, TN, India
Mobile: +91-9443716255
E-mail: sivanappanrk@hotmail.com
FOREWORD 2 BY
MURLIDHAR MEGHWAL

Agricultural processing, auto-mechanization, and its economic values are

very important factors for the healthy growth of any country because this
sector is the backbone of any country. Food grains can only be grown in
the earth and that need lots of efforts. In the current modern situation more
and more stress is given on mechanization of the auto-mechanization of
agricultural practices because people's life styles have, and fewer changed
a lot people are available to hande the manual laborious work. It means
much food and agricultural processing has become mechanized and that
leads to fast processing and production. It is a matter of great pleasure
for me to write a foreword for the book, Engineering Interventions in
Agricultural Processing, by Megh R. Goyal and Deepak Kumar Verma,
under book series Innovations in Agricultural and Biological Engineering.
This reference book can bring a significant and useful message to readers.
Agricultural processing is one of the major segments of agro-base
industry. Its significant contribution to the National GDP depends on auto-
mechanization and introduction of innovative technologies feasible for
transformation of raw agricultural material into new products exhibiting
higher value addition in terms of nutrition, safety, security, consistent sup-
ply and money. Agricultural production and processing has become an
important primary source of income for millions of people all over the
world. The accelerated socio-economic development during the 21st cen-
tury is associated with challenging issues like food security, food safety,
quality and their linkages with national and international markets to com-
pensate with increased demand.
This book volume encompasses a good number of chapters on vari-
ous aspects of engineering interventions in agricultural processing and
technology. The chapters are authored by scientists actively engaged in
their respective area of specialization. The predominant chapters in this
book provide interesting insights for budding entrepreneurs, policymak-
ers, investors and students. It is an excellent resource on the subject.
xxiv Foreword 2 by Murlidhar Meghwal

Murlidhar Meghwal, PhD (IIT Kharagpur)

Assistant Professor, Department of Food
Science and Technology, National Institute
of Food Technology Entrepreneurship &
Management, Kundli - 131028, Sonepat,
Haryana, India; Mobile: +91 9739204027;
Email: murli.murthi@gmail.com

Graduate students in engineering interventions in foods under Dr.

Meghwal’s supervision
FOREWORD 3 BY
KHURSHEED ALAM KHAN

We are living in the twenty-first century, an era of new technologies.

Engineering Interventions in Agricultural Processing covers new technol-
ogy such as machine vision, cold plasma, and ohmic heating design that
are the future of food processing world, making human life simple because
these technologies are compatible with the nature. We have achieved a lot
with the help of engineering technologies. For example, Machine Vision
Technology can help in programmed harvesting of crops such as in apple
picking, monitoring the quality of food products during processing (color
of baked products and analyzing the cell structure for breads), thereby
reducing the cost of production with less fatigue to manpower.
Cold plasma technology emerged as a powerful tool that has signifi-
cant benefits. The most noticeable application is the disinfection of sur-
faces in particular equipment, such as packaging, food contact surfaces or
even food itself. Compatibility with food products could allow shelf-life
extension or online disinfection of processing equipment to reduce cross-
contamination and the establishment of biofilms on equipment. Plasma
treatment requires no liquids, making this technology an ideal disinfec-
tion tool for manufacturers of low water activity products. Ohmic heating
technology has the potential to cook meat in a much shorter time than
conventional cooking methods, thereby reducing the energy consumption
and number of man-hours used while processing.
Ingestion of certain plants such lemon grass and tea polyphenols has
been proved beneficial to the health of people. Nutritionally, lemon grass
is a good source of vitamins A and C, folic acid, magnesium, zinc, cop-
per, iron, potassium, phosphorus, calcium and manganese. It has many
beneficial medicinal properties, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory,
antidepressant, antipyretic, antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal, astringent,
carminative, diuretic, febrifuge, insecticidal, sedative, and anti-cancer
properties. The leaves, stems and bulb of lemongrass are used in various
xxvi Foreword 3 by Khursheed Alam Khan

treatments. Polyphenolic compounds present in tea may reduce the risk of

a variety of illnesses, including cancer and coronary heart disease.
Finally, I would like to applaud the authors, who have exerted enor-
mous effort and sincere work to publish this book.
Khursheed Alam Khan, PhD,
Assistant Professor (Agricultural Engineering),
College of Horticulture, Rajmata Vijayaraje
Scindia Agriculture University (RVSKVV),
Mandsaur-45800, Gwalior, India
Mobile: +91-9425942903
E-mail: khan_undp@yahoo.ca
PREFACE 1 BY MEGH R. GOYAL

According to http://asabe.org: “Agricultural and Biological Engineering

(ABE) is an engineering that applies engineering principles and the fun-
damental concepts of biology to agricultural and biological systems and
tools, for the safe, efficient and environmentally sensitive production, pro-
cessing, and management of agricultural, biological, food, and natural
resources systems. Process engineers combine design expertise with man-
ufacturing methods to develop economical and responsible processing
solutions for agricultural industry. Also food and process engineers look
for ways to reduce waste by devising alternatives for treatment, disposal
and utilization.”
In 1955, S. M. Henderson and R. L. Perry published their first classical
book on Agricultural Process Engineering. In their book on pages vii–
viii, they define agricultural processing as, “any processing activity that
is or can be done on the farm or by local enterprises in which the farmer
has an active interest—any farm or local activity that maintains or raises
the quality or changes the form of a farm product may be considered as
processing. Agricultural processing activities may include cleaning/sort-
ing/grading/treating/drying/grinding or mixing/milling/canning/pack-
ing/dressing/freezing/conditioning/and transportation, etc. Specific farm
product may involve a specific activity(ies).” This focus has evolved over
the years as new technologies have become available.
Each one of us eats a processed food daily. In today’s era of engineer-
ing interventions in agriculture, processing of agricultural produce has
become a necessity of our daily living. I am not an exception, as I have
seen and tasted all kinds of processed food (except meat and fish as I am
a vegetarian).
The Mango Festival was held at the Agricultural Experiment Station of
the University of Puerto Rico, Juana Diaz (http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/
search.do?recordID=US201300631580) during July 11–12 of 1987 (http://
www.worldcat.org/title/2do-festival-del-mango-sab-11-dom-12-julio-
87-fortuna-subestacion-experimental-agricola-juana-diaz-puerto-rico/
xxviii Preface 1 by Megh R. Goyal

oclc/19783599), under my leadership as Program Chairman. I felt proud

of my culinary skills as I was able develop, cook, display and sell about
20 processed products from mango fruits (first time outside my profes-
sion). I am not a professional cook, however I love to cook. My wife has
prohibited me to enter into her kitchen as it has been too expensive for her
(kitchen has been on fire three times, as I leave the food unattended most
of the times: Of course my bad habit). Of course, our children love my
food.
Apple Academic Press Inc. published my first book on Management
of Drip/Trickle or Micro Irrigation, a 10-volume set under the book series
Research Advances in Sustainable Micro Irrigation, in addition to other
books in the focus areas of agricultural and biological engineering. The
mission of this book volume is to introduce the profession of agricultural
and biological engineering.
At 49th annual meeting of the Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers
at Punjab Agricultural University during February 22–25 of 2015, a group
of ABEs convinced me that there is a dire need to publish book volumes
on the focus areas of agricultural and biological engineering (ABE). This
is how the idea was born on new book series, Innovations in Agricultural
and Biological Engineering.
The contributions by cooperating authors to this book volume have
been most valuable in the compilation. Their names are mentioned in each
chapter and in the list of contributors. This book would not have been writ-
ten without the valuable cooperation of these investigators, many of whom
are renowned scientists who have worked in the field of ABE throughout
their professional careers.
Deepak Kumar Verma is pursuing a PhD degree as a DST INSPIRE
Fellow at Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute
of Technology, Kharagpur, India. He joins me as coeditor of this book
volume. He is a frequent contributor to my book series and a staunch sup-
porter of my profession. His contribution to the contents and quality of this
book has been invaluable.
I thank editorial staff, Sandy Jones Sickels, Vice President, and Ashish
Kumar, Publisher and President at Apple Academic Press, Inc., for making
every effort to publish the book when the diminishing water resources are
a major issue worldwide. Special thanks are due to the AAP Production
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 7. Or, do you fancy a soldier has nothing to do with judgment?
Will you say then (as poor Captain Uratz did, when he was ask’d a
few minutes before his death, if he had made his peace with God) “I
hope God will deal with me like a gentleman?” But God said unto
him, “Thou fool! I will deal with thee, as with all mankind. There is
no respect of persons with me. I reward every man according to his
works.” Thou also shalt receive of the righteous judge, according to
the things which thou hast done in the body. Death levels all; it
mingles in one dust the gentleman, soldier, clown and beggar; it
makes all these distinctions void. When life ends so do they. Holy or
unholy is the one question then. Lo! the books are opened, that all
the dead may be judged according to the things that are written
therein! O may thy name be found written in the book of life!
 8. For, have soldiers nothing to do with hell? Why then is it so
often in thy mouth? Dost thou think God does not hear the prayer?
And how often hast thou prayed him, To damn thy soul? Is his ear
waxed heavy that it cannot hear? I fear thou wilt find it otherwise.
Was not he a soldier too, (and a terrible one) to whom God said of
old, “Hell from beneath is moved for thee, to meet thee at thy
coming?” And what marvel? For sin is the high road to hell. And
have soldiers nothing to do with sin? Alas! How many of you wallow
therein, yea and glory in your shame? How do you labour to work
out your own damnation! O poor work, for poor wages! The wages
of sin is death; the wages of cursing, of swearing, of taking the
name of God in vain, of sabbath-breaking, drunkenness, revenge, of
fornication, adultery, and all uncleanness. Now, art thou clear of
these? Does not thy own heart smite thee? Art thou not condemned
already? What voice is that which sounds in thine ears? Is it not the
voice of God? Shall I not visit for these things, saith the Lord? Shall
not my soul be avenged on such a sinner as this? It is a fearful thing
to fall into the hands of the living God! Be very sure that thou art
stronger than he, before thou fliest in his face! Do not defy God,
unless thou canst overcome him. But canst thou indeed? O no. Do
not try. Do not dare him to do his worst. Why should he destroy
both thy body and soul in hell? Why shouldst thou be punished with
everlasting destruction, from the presence of the Lord and from the
glory of his power?

*9. But if there were no other hell, thou hast hell enough within
thee. An awakened conscience is hell. Pride, envy, wrath, hatred,
malice, revenge; what are these but hell upon earth? And how often
art thou tormented in these flames? Flames of lust, envy, or proud
wrath? Are not these to thy soul, when blown up to the height, as it
were a lake of fire, burning with brimstone? Flee away before the
great gulph is fixt: escape, escape for thy life! If thou hast not
strength, cry to God, and thou shalt receive power from on high:
and he whose name is rightly called Jesus, shall save thee from thy
sins.
 10. And why should he not? Has a soldier nothing to do with
heaven? God forbid that you should think so! Heaven was designed
for you also. God so loved your soul, that he gave his only begotten
Son, that you, believing in him, might not perish, but have
everlasting life. Receive then the kingdom, prepared for you from
the foundation of the world! This, this is the time to make it sure;
this short, uncertain day of life. Have you then an hour to spare? No;
not a moment. Arise, and call upon thy God. Call upon the Lamb
who taketh away the sins of the world, to take away thy sins. Surely
he hath borne thy griefs, and carried thy sorrows! He was wounded
for thy transgressions, and bruised for thy iniquities. He hath paid
the ransom for thy soul. Believe in him, and thou shalt be saved. Art
thou a sinner? He came, not to call the righteous, but sinners to
repentance. Art thou a lost, undone sinner? He came to seek and to
save that which was lost. May he that gave himself for thee, give
thee ears to hear, and a heart to understand his love! So shalt thou
also say, “The life I now live, I live by faith in the Son of God.” So
shall the love of God be shed abroad in thy heart, and thou shalt
rejoice with joy unspeakable. Thou shalt have the mind that was in
Christ, and shalt so walk as he also walked; till having fought the
good fight, and finished thy course, thou receive the crown that
fadeth not away!

The End of the Ninth Volume.

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