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MICRO IRRIGATION
SCHEDULING AND
PRACTICES
Innovations and Challenges in Micro Irrigation

MICRO IRRIGATION
SCHEDULING AND
PRACTICES

Edited by
Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE
Balram Panigrahi, PhD
Sudhindra N. Panda, PhD
Apple Academic Press, Inc. Apple Academic Press, Inc.
3333 Mistwell Crescent 9 Spinnaker Way
Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Canada Waretown, NJ 08758 USA
© 2017 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press, a member of Taylor & Francis Group
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-552-2 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-315-207384 (eBook)
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
electric, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and re-
cording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publish-
er or its distributor, except in the case of brief excerpts or quotations for use in reviews or critical articles.
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material
is quoted with permission and sources are indicated. Copyright for individual articles remains with the
authors as indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish
reliable data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for
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and identification without intent to infringe.

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Micro irrigation scheduling and practices / edited by Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE, Balram Panigrahi, PhD,
Sudhindra N. Panda, PhD.
(Innovations and challenges in micro irrigation ; volume 7)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Issued in print and electronic formats.
ISBN 978-1-77188-552-2 (hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-315-20738-4 (PDF)
1. Microirrigation--Management. I. Goyal, Megh Raj, editor II. Panigrahi, Balram, author, editor III.
Panda, Sudhindra N., editor V. Series: Innovations and challenges in micro irrigation v. ; 7
S619.T74M525 2017 631.5'87 C2017-900753-X C2017-900754-8

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Goyal, Megh Raj, editor. | Panigrahi, Balram, editor. | Panda, Sudhindra N., editor.
Title: Micro irrigation scheduling and practices / editors: Megh R. Goyal, Balram Panigrahi, Sudhindra
N. Panda.
Other titles: Innovations and challenges in micro irrigation ; [v. 7] Description: Waretown, NJ : Apple
Academic Press, 2017. | Series: Innovations and challenges in micro irrigation ; [volume 7] | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017002978 (print) | LCCN 2017005255 (ebook) | ISBN 9781771885522 (hardcover
: alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315207384 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Microirrigation. | Irrigation scheduling.
Classification: LCC S619.T74 M526 2017 (print) | LCC S619.T74 (ebook) | DDC 31.5/87--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017002978
Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears
in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products,
visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com
CONTENTS

List of Contributors...................................................................................... ix
List of Abbreviations....................................................................................xv
List of Symbols........................................................................................... xix
Preface 1 by Megh R. Goyal.................................................................... xxiii
Preface 2 by Balram Panigrahi...............................................................xxvii
Preface 3 by Sudhindra N. Panda.............................................................xxix
Warning/Disclaimer..................................................................................xxxi
About the Senior Editor-in-Chief........................................................... xxxiii
About the Editor: Dr. Balram Panigrahi................................................. xxxv
About the Editor: Dr. Sudhindra Nath Panda........................................xxxvii
Other Books on Micro Irrigation Technology.........................................xxxix

PART I: PERFORMANCE OF VEGETABLE CROPS.................................. 1

1. Performance of Winter Vegetables Under Gravity-Fed Drip
Irrigation System......................................................................................... 3
Lala I. P. Ray, I. Suting, K. Siangshai, A. K. Singh, Ram Singh, and
P. K. Bora
2. Performance of Drip Irrigated Capsicum Under Protected
Cultivation Structures.............................................................................. 23
L. N. Sethi and H. Chakraborty
3. Water Use Efficiency for Drip Irrigated Chili Under
Polyethylene Mulching............................................................................. 49
M. M. Deshmukh, M. U. Kale, S. B. Wadatkar, V. A. Bhadane, and
S. M. Ghawade
4. Performance of Watermelon Under Mulching, Subsurface and Surface
Drip Irrigation Systems in Semi-Arid Region........................................ 57
Mallikarjun Reddy, M. S. Ayyanagowder, M. G. Patil, B. S. Polisgowdar,
M. Nemichandrappa, M. Anantachar, and S. R. Balanagoudar
vi Contents

PART II: PERFORMANCE OF FRUIT AND ROW CROPS...................... 71

5. Drip Irrigation Scheduling of Citrus reticulata Blanco (Kinnow):
Using Low Cost Plant Leaf Temperature Sensor................................... 73
M. Debnath, A. K. Mishra, and N. Patel
6. Response of Drip Irrigated Banana to Different Irrigation
Regimes...................................................................................................... 85
S. K. Pattanaaik
7. Hydraulic Performance of Litchi and Banana Under
Drip Irrigation........................................................................................... 99
C. K. Saxena, Arpna Bajpai, A. K. Nayak, S. K. Pyasi,
Ramadhar Singh, and S. K. Gupta
8. Micro Irrigation Practices in Rice Grown Under the SRI Method.... 117
D. Mahapatra, N. Sahoo, and B. Panigrahi
9. Water Use Efficiency for Sugarcane Under Drip Irrigation............... 173
R. Gupta
10. Water Use Efficiency of Sorghum Under Drip Irrigation................... 185
U. M. Khodke
11. Water Use Efficiency for Marigold Flower (Tagetes erecta L.)
Under Furrow and Drip Irrigation Systems......................................... 195
Ayyanna D. Siddapur, B. S. Polisgowdar, M. Nemichandrappa,
M. S. Ayyanagowder, U. Satishkumar, and A. Hugar

PART III: PRACTICES IN DRIP IRRIGATION DESIGN........................ 207

12. Development of Software for Multi Crop Drip Irrigation Design...... 209
A. Behera, Ch. R. Subudhi, and B. Panigrahi
13. Planning, Layout and Design of Drip Irrigation System..................... 253
Kishor Choudhari
14. Head Loss in Double Inlet Lateral of a Drip Irrigation System......... 299
K. S. Mohanty, B. Panigrahi, and J. C. Paul
15. Fertigation in a Drip Irrigation System: Evaluation of
Venturi Injectors and Its Simulation Study.......................................... 343
S. V. Chavan, B. S. Polisgowdar, A. B. Joshi, M. S. Ayyanagowder,
U. Satishkumar, and V. B. Wali
Contents vii

16. Canal Water Based Pressurized Irrigation Systems in High

Rainfall Areas.......................................................................................... 357
R. C. Srivastava and S. Mohanty

Index.......................................................................................................... 373
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

M. Anantachar
Professor and Head, FMPE Department, College of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agricultural
Sciences, Raichur – 584101, India, Mobile: +91-9480163906; E-mail: anantachar3@gmai.com

M. S. Ayyanagowder
Professor, Soil and Water Engineering Department, College of Agricultural Engineering, University of
Agricultural Sciences, Raichur – 584101, India, Mobile: +91-9448001138; E-mail: msaswe@gmail.com

Arpna Bajpai
Former MTech Student, Department of Soil and Water Engineering, College of Agricultural
Engineering, Jabalpur 482004, MP, India, Mobile: +91-8989428391; E-mail: arpnabajpai@gmail.com

S. R. Balanagoudar
Assistant Professor, SAC Department, College of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agricultural
Sciences, Raichur – 584101, India, Mobile: +91-9845013517; E-mail: balanagoudar@yahoo.com
Anuradha Behera
Former MTech Student, Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of
Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology,
Bhubaneswar – 751003, Odisha, India, Mobile: +91-9234207011; E-mail: radhambsr17@gmail.com

V. A. Bhadane
Research Scholar, Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh
Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola – 444104 (Maharashtra), India, Mobile: +91-7385071199; E-mail:
vinitbhadane2310@gmail.com
P. K. Bora
Associate Professor, College of Agricultural Engineering and Postharvest Technology, Ranipool,
Gangtok – 737135, Sikkim, India, E-mail: pradip66@gmail.com

Hillolmoy Chakraborty
PhD Research Scholar (Water Resources Development and Management), Department of Agricultural
Engineering, Triguna Sen School of Technology, Assam University (Central University), Silchar –
788011, Cachar, Assam, India, Mobile: +91-9435588268, E-mail: hillolmoychakraborty@gmail.com
S. V. Chavan
Assistant Professor, SIT – Kolhapur, Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College
of Agricultural Jainapur, Kolhapur – 416101, India, Mobile: +91-9975322017; E-mail: chavan664@
gmail.com

Kishor Choudhari
Design and Project Engineer, Jain Irrigation System Ltd., Jain Plastic Park, N.H. No. 6, BAMBHORI,
Jalgaon – 425001, Maharashtra, India; Tel.: +91-2572258011; Mobile: +91-9767778468; E-mail:
kishorchoudhari19@gmail.com

Manish Debnath
PhD Research Scholar (Soil and Water Conservation Engineering), ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research
Institute (IARI), New Delhi – 110012, India, Mobile: +91-8750761616; E-mail: debnathmanish55@
gmail.com
x List of Contributors

M. M. Deshmukh
Associate Professor, Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh
Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola – 444104 (Maharashtra), India, Mobile: +91-9921130260; E-mail:
mahendradeshmukh@yahoo.com
S. M. Ghawade
Breeder cum Horticulturist, Chili and Vegetable Unit, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Akola – 444104 (Maharashtra), India, Mobile: +91-9657725844; E-mail: smghawade@gmail.com

Megh R. Goyal
Retired Professor in Agricultural and Biomedical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico – Mayaguez
Campus; and Senior Technical Editor-in-Chief in Agriculture Sciences and Biomedical Engineering,
Apple Academic Press, Inc., PO Box 86, Rincon – PR – 00677 – USA. E-mail: goyalmegh@gmail.com
Rajendra Gupta
Scientist, Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Raibareli Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow – 226002,
UP, India. Tel.: +91-522-2480726; E-mail: iisrlko@sancharnet.in; gupta_iisr@mail.com

S. K. Gupta
INAE Distinguished Professor and Former Project Coordinator, AICRP on SAS & USWA, Central
Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal – l131001, India, Mobile: +91-9416081613; E-mail: s.gupta@
icar.gov.in
A. Hugar
Professor, Department of Horticulture, ACR – Raichur, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur –
584104, Karnataka, India, Mobile: +91-9448757567; E-mail: ashok2_5_62@yahoo.co.in

A. B. Joshi
Manager, Department of Product development, Jain Irrigation systems Ltd, Jalgaon, Maharashtra,
India, Mobile: +91-942283402; E-mail: abhijitjoshi@jains.com

M. U. Kale
Assistant Professor, Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh
Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola – 444104 (Maharashtra), India, Mobile: +91-9422767788; E-mail:
kale921@gmail.com

U. M. Khodke
Associate Dean and Principal, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology; Head of Dept. of
Agri. Eng.; Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani – 431402, India, Mobile: +91-
9422178025 Tel.: +91-2452–223230; E-mail: umkhodke@rediffmail.com
Dinaranjan Mahapatra
PhD Research Scholar, Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of
Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT),
Bhubaneswar – 751003, Odisha, India, Mobile: +91- 9439205010; E-mail: dinaranjan@gmail.com

Anil Kumar Mishra

Principal Scientist, Water Technology Centre, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI),
New Delhi – 110012, India, Mobile: +91-9868846577; E-mail: dranilkumarmishra1@gmail.com
Kirti Sundar Mohanty
Former MTech Student, Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of
Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Orissa University of Agricultural & Technology,
Bhubaneswar – 751003, Odisha, India. Current Address: Kirti Group, Kacaramal, Nakara, Cuttack –
754001; Mobile: +91-9937746130; E-mail: agrokirtigroup@gmail.com
List of Contributors xi

Sheelabhadra Mohanty
Senior Scientist, ICAR-Indian Institute of Water Management, Opp. Rail Vihar, Chandrasekharpur,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha – 751023, India, Mobile: 91–9438008253; E-mail: smohanty_wtcer@yahoo.
co.in; smohanty.wtcer@gmail.com
A. K. Nayak
Scientist, Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural
Engineering, Bhopal 462038, MP, India, Mobile: +91-8989206421; E-mail: anayak62@gmail.com

M. Nemichandrappa
Professor, Soil and Water Engineering Department, College of Agricultural Engineering, University of
Agricultural Sciences, Raichur – 584101, India, Mobile: +91-9448303255; E-mail: Nemichandrappa@
gmail.com
Sudhindra N. Panda
Director, National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research (NITTTR), [Ministry
of Human Resources Development, Govt. of India], CSIR Road, Taramani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
600113, India, Tel.: +91-44–22541982; E-mail: dir@nitttrc.ac.in; sudhindra.n.panda@gmail.com;
Website: www.nitttrc.ac.in/

Balram Panigrahi
Professor and Head, Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Agricultural
Engineering and Technology, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar
– 751003, Odisha, India, Mobile: +91-9437882699; E-mail: kajal_bp@yahoo.co.in

Neelam Patel
Principal Scientist, Water Technology Centre, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI),
New Delhi – 110012, India, Mobile: +91-9868060359; E-mail: np_wtc@yahoo.com

M. G. Patil
Professor, Horticulture Department, College of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agricultural
Sciences, Raichur – 584101, India, Mobile: +91-9741855127; E-mail: dr.patil_mg@rediffmail.com

Saroj Kumar Pattanaaik

Assistant Professor (Senior Scale), College of Horticulture & Forestry, Central Agricultural University,
Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh – 791102, India, Mobile: +91-9436630596; E-mail: saroj_swce@
rediffmail.com

J. C. Paul
Associate Professor, Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Agricultural
Engineering and Technology, Orissa University of Agricultural and Technology, Bhubaneswar –
751003, Odisha, India, Mobile: +91-9437762584; E-mail: jcpaul66@gmail.com

B. S. Polisgowdar
Professor, Department of Soil and Water Engineering, College of Agril. Engineering, University
of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur – 584104, Karnataka, India, Mobile: +91-9448570701; E-mail:
polisgowdar61@yahoo.com
S. K. Pyasi
Principal Scientist, Department of Soil and Water Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering,
Adhartal, Jabalpur 482004, MP, India, Mobile: +91-9301320977; E-mail: skpyasi@gmail.com

Lala I. P. Ray
Assistant Professor (Water Resource Management), School of Natural Resource Management,
College of Postgraduate Studies (Central Agricultural University at Imphal), Umiam, Barapani –
793103, Meghalaya, India. Tel.: +91-364–2570031/2570614; Fax: +91-364–2570030; Mobile: +91-
9436336021; E-mail: lalaipray@rediffmail.com
xii List of Contributors

Mallikarjun Reddy
PhD Student, Soil and Water Engineering Department, College of Agricultural Engineering,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur – 584101 India, Mobile: +91-8861433579; E-mail:
mallureddycae2026@gmail.com
N. Sahoo
Associate Professor, Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Agricultural
Engineering and Technology, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar
– 751003, Odisha, India, Mobile: +91- 9437191308; E-mail: narayan_swce@yahoo.co.in

U. Satishkumar
Professor, Department of Soil and Water Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering, University
of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur – 584104, Karnataka, India, Mobile: +91-9448973765; E-mail:
uskrcrcae01@gmail.com

C. K. Saxena
Senior Scientist, Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural
Engineering, Bhopal 462038, MP, India. Tel.: +91-7552521152; Fax: +91-755–2734016; Mobile:
+91-9407554272; E-mail: cksaxena@gmail.com, Chandra.Saxena@icar.gov.in

Laxmi Narayan Sethi

Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Triguna Sen School of Technology,
Assam University (Central University), Silchar – 788011, Cachar, Assam, India, Mobile: +91-
9864372058, 9401847943; E- mail: lnsethi06@gmail.com

K. Siangshai
Project Assistant, DST (Water Technology Initiative) Project, College of Postgraduate Studies, Umiam
– 793103, Meghalaya, India, E-mail: kesparsiangsh@gmail.com

Ayyanna D. Siddapur
PhD Research Scholar, Department of Soil and Water Engineering, College of Agricultural
Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur – 584104, Karnataka, India, Mobile: +91-
8105130846; E-mail: ayyasiddapur@gmail.com

A. K. Singh
Assistant Professor, School of Natural Resource Management, College of Postgraduate Studies,
Umiam – 793103, Meghalaya, India, E-mail: adityakumar1972@yahoo.co.in

Ram Singh
Associate Professor, School of Social Sciences, College of Postgraduate Studies, Umiam – 793103,
Meghalaya, India, E-mail: ramsingh.cau@gmail.com

Ramadhar Singh
Principal Scientist, Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Division, ICAR-Central Institute
of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal 462038, MP, India, Mobile: +91-9685636309; E-mail:
rsingh067bpl@gmail.com

R. C. Srivastava
Vice-Chancellor, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar – 848125, India. Tel.: +91-
6274–240226; Mobile: +91-9040033323; E-mail: ramesh_cari@yahoo.co.in, vcraupusa@gmail.com

Ch. R. Subudhi
Associate Professor, Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Agricultural
Engineering and Technology, Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar – 751003,
Odisha, India, Mobile: 91–9437645234; E-mail: rsubudhi5909@gmail.com
List of Contributors xiii

I. Suting
Junior Research Fellow, DST (Water Technology Initiative) Project, College of Postgraduate Studies,
Umiam – 793103, Meghalaya, India, E-mail: iba.suting@rediffmail.com

S. B. Wadatkar
Professor and Head, Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh
Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola – 444104 (Maharashtra), India, Mobile: +91-9423129093; E-mail:
wadatkarsb@rediffmail.com

V. B. Wali
Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur – 584104, Karnataka,
India, Mobile: +91-9901500145; E-mail: vbw06@rediffmail.com
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AICRP All India Co-ordinated Research Project

APEDA Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export
Development Authority
ARV air release valve
ASCE America Society of Civil Engineers
ASM available soil moisture content
BCE Before the Common Era
CCU Christiansen’s coefficient of uniformity
CD critical difference
CEFV coefficient for emitter flow variation
CFD computational fluid dynamics
CPE cumulative pan evaporation
CV coefficient of variation
CWPF crop water production functions
DAP days after planting
DAS days after sowing
DC direct current
DI duration of irrigation
DIS drip irrigation system
DU double union
EC electrical conductivity
EGL energy gradient line
ET evapotranspiration
et al. et alibi
FDR frequency domain reflectrometry
FYM farm yard manure
GDIS gravity-fed drip irrigation system
GI galvanized iron
GP galvanized pipe
HDPE high density polyethylene
HP horse power
xvi List of Abbreviations

IC integrated circuit
ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research
IDE Integrated Development Environment
IIT Indian Institute of Technology
IMD Indian Meteorological Department
INAE Indian National Academy of Engineering
ISAE Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers
IW irrigation depth
LAI leaf area index
LCD liquid crystal display
LDPE low-density polyethylene
LED light emitting diodes
LLDPE linear low density polyethylene
LM monolithic
MAD management allowable deficit
MIS micro irrigation system
MP Madhya Pradesh
MSL mean sea level
MT million ton
N nitrogen
NER north eastern region
NRV non return valve
OC organic carbon
OOP object oriented programming
OUAT Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology
P phosphorous
PE maximum pan evaporation
PM polyethylene mulch
ppm parts per million
PVC poly vinyl chloride
PWR peak water requirement
RDF recommended dose of fertilizer
REGL revised energy gradient line
RTC real time clock
SAS&USWA salt affected soil and use of saline water in agriculture
SCU statistical coefficient of uniformity
List of Abbreviations xvii

SDI sub-surface drip irrigation

SDUlq low quarter distribution uniformity
SMW Standard Meteorological Week
SRI System of Rice Intensification
SSDI Subsurface drip irrigation
TDR time domain reflectrometry
TSS total soluble salts
TTT temperature-time-threshold
U.S.A. United States of America
UK United Kingdom
US$ United States Dollar
UV ultra violet
VR variable resistors
WR water requirement
WRC crop water requirement for the growing period
WSCU Wilcox–Swailes coefficient of uniformity
WUE water use efficiency
LIST OF SYMBOLS

∆Hlateral head loss in lateral

∆Hmain head loss in main
∆Hsubmain friction loss in submain
ηmotor motor efficiency
ηpump pump efficiency
µ dynamic viscosity of water
ρ density of water
Φ diameter
% percentage
A area allocated to each plant
A area of the crop
A daily evapotranspiration
a efficiency of motor
A2 cross sectional area of throat
Ac plant canopy area
Ap effective area irrigated
B canopy factor
B crop factor (depends on growth stage and foliage caver)
b efficiency of pump
B inlet diameter
B:C Benefit:Cost
C canopy factor
C crop coefficient
C Hazen–William constant (140 for PVC pipe)
cc crop-to-crop spacing
Cd coefficient of discharge
cm centimeter
D crop area (row-to-row spacing in m crop-to-crop spacing)
d diameter of pipe
D elevation difference
D internal diameter of pipe, cm
xx List of Symbols

d throat diameter
df degree of freedom
Dlateral inside diameter of the lateral
Dsubmain inside diameter of the submain
E efficiency of drip irrigation
E efficiency of irrigation system
E emission uniformity of drip irrigation system
e total number of emitters
Ea water application efficiency
Ep pan evaporation
ET0 reference crop evapotranspiration
ETc crop evapotranspiration
Eu emission uniformity of drip system
Eu water use efficiency
f friction factor
F outlet factor
F reduction factor due to multiple openings in pipe
Fx mass force in x direction
Fy mass force in y direction
Fz mass force in z direction
g acceleration due to gravity
g gram
Ge ground water contribution
h operating pressure head of drip system
H total head
ha hectares
Hd delivery head
HE head loss due to elevation difference
He operating pressure of emitters
Hf head loss due to friction
Hf (100) head loss due to friction per 100 meter of pipe length
Hlateral friction loss in lateral
Hp power of the pump
Hs suction head
In net irrigation requirement of the crop
K constant
K potassium
List of Symbols xxi

Kc crop factor or crop coefficient

Kg kilogram
kg/cm2 kilogram per centimeter square
kgf cm–2 Kg force per square centimeter
Kp pan coefficient
kPa Kilo Pascal
L length of the land
Lateral flow rate in the lateral
lh–1 liter per hour
lit/m/day liter per meter per day
Llateral length of lateral
Llateral1 length of lateral 1
Llateral2 length of lateral 2
lph liter per hour
lph/day liter per hour per day
lps liter per second
Lsub main length of submain
m meter
M ha million hectare
m3/h meter cube per hour
mg milligram
mg/l milligram per liter
Mha million hectare
micron 10–6 meter
mm millimeter
mm/day millimeter per day
n number of dripper required per tree
Nl total number of lateral on sub main
Nm nano meter
P precipitation
p pressure of fluid tiny body
P1 inlet pressure
P2 throat pressure
pH power of hydrogen
Q flow of water in pipe, lps
q peak water requirement
Q quantity of water applied
xxii List of Symbols

q Quintal, 1.00 q = 100 kg

Q1 discharge rate of one lateral
Qact actual motive flow
Qcfd actual motive flow calculated by computation fluid
dynamics
Qlateral discharge rate of one lateral
qmin minimum emitter flow rate
Qsubmain flow rate in the sub main
Qthe theoretical motive flow
R surface runoff
Re effective rainfall
rr row-to-row spacing
Rs. Indian Rupees (1 US$ = 60.00 Rs.)
T total irrigation time
T treatment
t ha–1 ton per hectare
t(s) time
Tp total number of plant
u velocity at x direction
U velocity vector
V net depth of irrigation
V total volume of water applied
v velocity at y direction
v velocity of water in pipe
w velocity at z direction
w wetted area of the crop
W wetting fraction
W width of the land
Wb soil moisture contribution
Wf water delivered to the field
Ws water stored in the root zone
X1, X2, X3 root length at active tillering stage, flowering stage, and
maturity stage, respectively
X4 panicle length
X5 test weight
Y yield of the crop
PREFACE 1 BY MEGH R. GOYAL

Clogging is a serious chronic cause of failure of micro

irrigation systems.
However if the irrigator uses the tools that are available,
he can live a full productive and joyful life.
Giving back is very important to me, as it defines who I am.
I am an ordinary irrigation expert, as I still live like the reader.
I just can’t see you, but I can enjoy that you have read my books
on micro irrigation.
God bless you as you browse through my books
that have been prepared for you only.
I can assure you that drip irrigation can potentially provide
high application efficiency and application uniformity.
—Megh R. Goyal, Drip Man

This will naturally reduce the speed of your mental thoughts and then
help to … dams, the same flooded water becomes the source of energy
generation and irrigation. In the same way, when we channelize
our positive thought pattern we get …
—B. K. Chandra Shekhar

During March 13 through March 17 of 2016, I along with my wife

visited Jaipur (dЗaipuər; Devanāgarī: जयपुर; Nickname: The Pink City),
capital city of Rajasthan in India. My eyes were widened to observe that
micro irrigation is in operation at most of the historic sites of this city.
Following information is available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur.

The city of Jaipur was founded in 18 November 1727 by Jai Singh II,
the Raja of Amer who ruled from 1688 to 1758. He planned to shift his
capital from Amer, 11 km from Jaipur to accommodate the growing
population and increasing scarcity of water. Jai Singh consulted sev-
eral books on architecture and architects while planning the layout of
Jaipur. Under the architectural guidance of Vidyadhar Bhattacharya,
xxiv Preface 1 by Megh R. Goyal

Jaipur was planned. The construction of the city began in 1727 and
took four years to complete the major roads, offices and palaces. The
city was divided into nine blocks, two of which contained the state
buildings and palaces, with the remaining seven allotted to the pub-
lic. Huge ramparts were built, pierced by seven fortified gates.
During the rule of Sawai Ram Singh, the city was painted pink to
welcome the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII, in 1876. Many of the
avenues remained painted in pink, giving Jaipur a distinctive appear-
ance and the epithet Pink city. In the 19th century, the city grew rap-
idly and by 1900 it had a population of 160,000. The wide boulevards
were paved and its chief industries were the working of metals and
marble, fostered by a school of art founded in 1868. The city had
three colleges, including a Sanskrit college (1865) and a girls’ school
(1867) opened during the reign of the Maharaja Ram Singh II.
In 2011, the city had a population of 3.1 million, making it the tenth
most populous city in the country. Located at a distance of 260 km from
the Indian capital New Delhi, it forms a part of the Golden Triangle
tourist circuit along with Agra (240 km). Jaipur is a popular tourist des-
tination in India and serves as a gateway to other tourist destinations in
Rajasthan such as
Jodhpur (348 km),
Jaisalmer (571 km)
and Udaipur (421
km)…
Jaipur Exhibi-
tion and Conven-
tion Centre (JECC)
is Rajasthan’s big-
gest convention
and exhibition cen-
ter. Visitor attrac-
tions in Jaipur
include: the Hawa
Mahal, Jal Mahal,
City Palace, Amer
Fort, Jantar Man-
Preface 1 by Megh R. Goyal xxv

tar, Nahargarh Fort, Jaigarh Fort, Galtaji, Govind Dev Ji Temple,

Garh Ganesh Temple, Sri Kali Temple, Birla Mandir, Sanganeri Gate
and the Jaipur Zoo. The Jantar Mantar observatory and Amer Fort are
one of the World Heritage Sites. Hawa Mahal is a five-story pyramidal
shaped monument with 953 windows that rises 15 meters (50 feet) from
its high base. Sisodiya Rani Bagh and Kanak Vrindavan are the major
parks in Jaipur.

Readers might wonder what these historic sites have to do with micro
irrigation. In 1727, Jai Singh II was aware of problems of water scarcity,
and he hired an architect (may be irrigation engineers were not available
in those days) to cope with this rampant problem. The city water supply
in Jaipur is one of the best in India. Water scarcity problems continue
to cause headache to the city planners even today. Let us all join hands
together to plan intelligent use of this rich resource of water.
My vision for micro irrigation technology has expanded globally. I am
astonished to observe how this is expanding to tourist regions and espe-
cially to archeological sites with the number of visitors exceeding one mil-
lion per year. Although no emphasis is made to draw attention of visitors
to this valuable technology, yet there is a potential audience.
This book volume, Micro Irrigation Scheduling and Practices, pres-
ents: performance of vegetable, fruit and row crops; and practices in drip
Irrigation design. The mission of this book volume is to serve as a ref-
erence manual for graduate and undergraduate students of agricultural,
biological and civil engineering, horticulture, soil science, crop science
and agronomy. I hope that it will be a valuable reference for professionals
that work with micro irrigation and water management; and for profes-
sional training institutes, technical agricultural centers, irrigation centers,
agricultural extension services, and other agencies that work with micro
irrigation programs. I cannot guarantee the information in this book series
will be enough for all situations.
After my first textbook, Drip/Trickle or Micro Irrigation Management
by Apple Academic Press, Inc., and response from international readers,
Apple Academic Press, Inc. has published for the world community the
10-volume series on Research Advances in Sustainable Micro Irrigation,
edited by M. R. Goyal. The website http://appleacademicpress.com gives
details on these ten book volumes. This book volume is one of the future
xxvi Preface 1 by Megh R. Goyal

volumes under book series, Innovations and Challenges in Micro Irrigation.

Both book series are musts for those interested in irrigation planning and
management, namely researchers, scientists, educators and students.
The contributions by the cooperating authors to this book series have
been most valuable in the compilation of this volume. Their names are
mentioned in each chapter and in the list of contributors. This book would
not have been written without the valuable cooperation of Dr. Balram Pani-
grahi and Dr. Sudhindra N. Panda (both co-editors of this book) and these
investigators, many of whom are renowned scientists who have worked in
the field of micro irrigation throughout their professional careers.
I would like to thank editorial staff, Sandy Jones Sickels, Vice Presi-
dent, and Ashish Kumar, Publisher and President at Apple Academic
Press, Inc., for making every effort to publish the book when the diminish-
ing water resources are a major issue worldwide. Special thanks are due to
the AAP Production staff for the quality production of this book.
We request the reader to offer us your constructive suggestions that
may help to improve the next edition. The reader can order a copy of this
book for the library, the institute or for a gift from http://appleacademic-
press.com.
I express my deep admiration to my wife, Subhadra Devi Goyal, for
understanding and collaboration during the preparation of this book. As
an educator, there is a piece of advice to one and all in the world: “Permit
that our almighty God, our Creator, excellent Teacher and Micro Irriga-
tion Designer, irrigate our life with His Grace of rain trickle by trickle,
because our life must continue trickling on…”
—Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE
Senior Editor-in-Chief
PREFACE 2 BY BALRAM PANIGRAHI

Water is the most critical input for agriculture and plays a crucial role
in maximizing production and productivity of crops. Since the demand
of water in the non-agricultural sector is increasing day by day, its share
for agriculture is decreasing at a faster rate. Its efficient utilization is
basic to the survival of mankind and is highly essential for sustenance
of agricultural production. It is necessary to economize the use of water
for agriculture in order to bring more area under irrigation. Formulation
of efficient and economically viable irrigation management strategies in
order to irrigate more area with the existing limited water resources is the
call of the day. Introduction of micro irrigation accelerates water saving
and increases the water application efficiency up to 90%, thereby increas-
ing the crop irrigated area, cropping intensity, production and productivity
of crops, and consequently enhancing the socio-economic status of the
farmers.
Innovations are essential for refinement and upgradation of existing
technology in all fields, including micro irrigation. Although the micro irri-
gation technology has been popularized in many countries, there is not yet
much documentation available, which needs to be spread to the farming
community for its wider adoption. To provide a complete and comprehen-
sive knowledge on micro irrigation, the authors have attempted to bring out
this book, Micro Irrigation Scheduling and Practices by Apple Academic
Press, Inc.
The book contains three parts with 16 chapters. Part I, entitled Per-
formance of Vegetable Crops, contains four chapters; Part II, entitled
Performance of Fruit and Row Crops, contains seven chapters; and Part
III, entitled Practices in Drip Irrigation Design, contains five chapters.
Micro irrigation scheduling and practices have been discussed in various
chapters of the book for various fruit, row and vegetables crops and flow-
ers, including capsicum, chili, watermelon, banana, kinnow, litchi, rice,
sugarcane, sorghum, marigold, etc. In addition, the design principles of
micro irrigation considering discharge, pressure variations and head loss
xxviii Preface 2 by Balram Panigrahi

are discussed. A software program for design of drip irrigation for multi
crops is presented in this book.
The book will serve as an invaluable resource for graduate and under-
graduate students in the field of agriculture, agricultural, biological and
water resources engineering. The book will be helpful for all academi-
cians, researchers, practicing engineers, agronomists, and extension per-
sonnel. The contributions by the authors of different chapters of this book
are very valuable, and without their support this book would have not
been published successfully. Their names are mentioned in each chapter
and also separately in the list of contributors and are duly acknowledged.
I take the opportunity to offer my heartfelt obligations to Prof. Megh R.
Goyal, “Father of Irrigation Engineering of 20th Century in Puerto Rico”,
who has benevolently given me an opportunity to serve as an editor of the
book. He has been instrumental in spreading this technology to commu-
nities involved in micro irrigation throughout the world. We all applaud
his efforts. I am also thankful to Prof. S. N. Panda who has contributed to
bring out this book in the present form as an editor. My special thanks to
all the editorial staff of Apple Academic Press, Inc. for making every effort
to publish the book.
I express my deep obligations to my family, friends, and colleagues for
their help and moral support during preparation of the book. Readers are
requested to offer constructive suggestions that may help to improve the
next edition.
—Balram Panigrahi, PhD
Editor
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
the sea from the doomed cruiser. The submarine was the British
H29.
Below, at his post in the conning-tower, Lieutenant Ingoldsby
watched all that was going on about him. He had been prepared to
send his last remaining torpedo into the Schiller, but this was now
unnecessary. He watched the Sarpedon's boats coming to the rescue
of the struggling Germans, whom he could not himself attempt to
save. He watched the cruiser sinking.
There appeared to be only a very few living beings left on board
of her. A couple of officers stood under the wreckage of her fore-
bridge. There was a lonely figure on her quarter-deck, dimly visible
amid the smoke and flames. He, too, looked like an officer, though
little could be seen of his uniform, excepting a broad band of gold on
his sleeve. His head was bare. He held his hands pressed to his
eyes, as if he were blinded by the smoke, or as if he were unwilling
to look upon what little remained of the ship.
Suddenly, while Ingoldsby watched, he saw one of the officers
under the bridge climb up by a stanchion and leap over into the sea.
The other ran aft into the smoke, disappeared for a moment, and
then again was seen staggering along the red hot deck with his cap
held over his mouth, dodging in and out amongst the wreckage.
For an instant he stood in hesitation, and Ingoldsby saw that he
was only a youth, a midshipman. Then again he ran as with some
madly hopeless purpose aft towards the quarter-deck. He was lost in
the smoke for a while, but once more he appeared, crawling
perilously along the narrow strip of coaming at the edge of the
flame-swept deck.
 Had the boy wanted to save his own life he might have done so
many times by leaping down into the sea. But such most surely was
not his design. Lieutenant Ingoldsby understood his intention, and
thrilled with admiration as he saw it most bravely fulfilled. Dashing
through the smoke, the lad at last reached the officer who had stood
alone on the quarter-deck; caught him by the arm, spoke to him
imploringly, and then led him gently to the vessel's side. They stood
together, an admiral and a midshipman. Together they leapt into the
waves.
"About the pluckiest act I've ever witnessed!" declared
Lieutenant Ingoldsby. "Desmond, you ought to have seen it."
"Seen what, sir?" Lieutenant Desmond inquired.
"I'll tell you about it afterwards," returned Ingoldsby, still gazing
intently into the periscope mirror. "Hullo! She's gone down!"
Just at this juncture, as the Schiller sank, a large German
armoured cruiser, coming out of the mist, opened fire upon the
Sarpedon, whose two boats were busy picking up survivors. To save
his ship, and in obedience to orders he had received to retire, the
British commanding officer steamed off, abandoning his two boats
with the officer in charge of them, nine seamen, and the prisoners
whom they had so far rescued.
Lieutenant Ingoldsby set his electric motor to work and started
off to attack the enemy cruiser, but the latter altered course to the
northward before the submarine could be brought within torpedo
range. Ingoldsby thereupon returned to the boats, emptying his
ballast tanks and rising awash close beside them, greatly to the
astonishment of their occupants.
 He stepped out on the deck of the conning-tower, followed by
his sub-lieutenant and quarter-master.
"I'm sorry I haven't got anything like room for the lot of you,
sir," he said to the officer in charge of the boats. "What had we
better do?"
"We have twenty-five survivors," the other answered, "most of
them badly wounded. Three of them are officers. One, indeed, is an
admiral. You'd better make sure of him, in any case."
"I think I shall be justified in making sure of my own
countrymen first," returned Ingoldsby. "Yourself and your men.
That's ten all told. Well, perhaps I can make room for the admiral
and his two officers; but no more. You see, we may have to
submerge. We can let the rest of them have the boats. I can give
them water, biscuits, and a compass, and set them a course back to
Heligoland. They're not all of them wounded, are they? Some of
them look as if they could work the oars. Which is the admiral?"
He looked across at the farther boat and saw a red-bearded
man at the stern lying back with his head resting on the gunwale,
while a youth in midshipman's uniform, kneeling at his side, was
bathing his eyes with a bit of rag dipped in sea water. Like the rest
of the rescued Germans, they were woefully bedraggled and wet,
their scorched clothes hanging in tatters.
"Ah!" exclaimed Lieutenant Ingoldsby, recognising the man
whom he had seen on the quarterdeck. "It's the same. And that's
the boy who saved him. I'm glad you picked them up. Draw the boat
alongside and let us get them aboard."
The midshipman turned a wan face towards him, gazed at him
with red and swollen eyes, and shrank back.
 "Queer!" murmured Lieutenant Ingoldsby in perplexity. "I'm
almost certain I've seen that boy before, somewhere!"
He went below to plan how the additions to his ship's company
could be accommodated and to send up provisions for the boats.
The British sailors were brought on board.
"The admiral will share my cabin," he said. "Bring him down,
Desmond."
"He refuses to come, sir," declared Lieutenant Desmond, "or,
rather, the middy refuses for him. The middy speaks wonderfully
good English."
Ingoldsby, still more puzzled, went back on deck. The admiral
was now sitting up in the stern sheets of the boat, blinking his
inflamed eyes, and looking exceedingly miserable.
"Won't you come on board, sir?" Ingoldsby invited, speaking in
the best German he could muster.
It was the midshipman who answered.
"No," he said. "We will not be indebted to our enemies. It would
be better for us to die here and now."
Lieutenant Ingoldsby gave a curious start of recognition and
stood staring into the youth's haggard face.
"Max Hilliger!" he cried. "You—here! Why, you were at home in
Haddisport only a couple of days ago! How did you come to be
aboard a German cruiser—and dressed as an officer, too? You used
to be a Scout—an English Sea Scout. You haven't the right to wear
the uniform of an officer, even an officer in the German navy."
"I have the right to fight for my own country," Max answered
boldly. "And if I wear an officer's uniform, that is my affair and the
affair of my uncle, Admiral von Hilliger."
 "Ah!" rejoined Ingoldsby. "He is your uncle. is he? That explains.
I had forgotten you had an uncle in the Kaiser's service. But you did
a jolly plucky thing when you saved him just now, Max; as plucky a
thing as I've ever seen. While I watched you doing it I was wishing
that you were British. You were really as brave as a Briton. I hope
you didn't get badly burnt."
Max glanced downward to his left leg. The bare skin was
scorched. His left arm, too, was blistered from elbow to wrist.
"You had better come aboard here and I will give you some
dressing," Lieutenant Ingoldsby advised. "Bring Admiral von Hilliger
with you. We haven't much accommodation. But we shall not be
very long getting across to England."
Max Hilliger frowned.
"I suppose you mean us to go aboard as your prisoners of war?"
he said. "Perhaps you could force us, since we are helpless. But you
cannot take us all. It would be better if you took some of our
severely wounded. My uncle and I very much prefer to stay where
we are and to find our own way back to Germany, or die on the
way."
"Oh, I'm not going to force you!" returned Lieutenant Ingoldsby.
"A submarine is not supposed to carry passengers or to take
prisoners. Remain in the boat if you wish. But at least you will not
object to our attending to the wounded before we part."
So shockingly hurt were many of the Germans that it seemed
almost a hopeless task to give them even ordinary first-aid. But for
half an hour or so the British officers and men were occupied in
doing the best they could. They were short of bandages, but with
true British sympathy for their unfortunate enemies, they stripped
themselves of everything but their trousers, and tore up their clothes
with which to bind the wounds.
In the circumstances, Lieutenant Ingoldsby could not have been
blamed for giving Admiral von Hilliger and his nephew their liberty.
But had he foreseen what their freedom was to cost in innocent lives
it is probable that he would have acted differently.

CHAPTER XV.
TREASURE TROVE.

"In the very probable event of an invasion," asserted Mr. Croucher,

addressing a group of four Sea Scouts who had gathered at the
lookout station on the sea-front, "in the very probable event of an
invasion, we are totally unprepared and defenceless. As I was saying
to Mrs. Daplin-Gennery only the other day, we ought to have big
guns stationed at intervals all along the coast. A few newly-enlisted
Territorials are billeted in the town; but what good will they be when
the Germans come over here in force?"
"They could give the alarm, sir," suggested Ned Quester, whose
brother was a Territorial.
"Give the alarm?" repeated Mr. Croucher with contempt. "And
what then? No amount of alarm would repel an invading army. We
want guns—guns, and men who can handle them. Civilians are not
allowed to take up arms. Look at what has happened in Belgium! We
ought to have realised long ago that the Germans intended to make
war on us. They've been planning it for years. My argument is that
we ought to have batteries posted all along the coast."
"Aren't warships, that can move about, as good as fixed
batteries, sir?" questioned Darby Catchpole.
"Warships are no good against Zeppelins," declared Mr.
Croucher. "Take my word for it, the enemy have got many more
airships than we've any idea of; and every one of them capable of
carrying a company of soldiers with heavy artillery. Then they have
their flat-bottomed barges; hundreds of them, which they will use as
transports."
"But we have our battleships and submarines, sir," interposed
Mark Redisham, "and it isn't at all likely that the enemy can get past
them."
"Don't be too sure, Redisham," urged Mr. Croucher. "Don't be
too sure. They can slip past them in a sea mist and land troops here
on Haddisport beach. And when they do, we shall be annihilated. It's
no good thinking that our dwelling houses are any protection. One
shell from a German cruiser, one explosive bomb from a Zeppelin,
would smash any of the houses along this esplanade. I wonder
people are so callous as to live in houses that are little better than
targets to be aimed at from both sea and air!"
Darby Catchpole ran his eye along the exposed dwellings.
"Sunnydene is about the best target of the lot," he smiled. "It
would be funny if the enemy were to bombard the property of the
brother of one of their own admirals!"
Mr. Croucher shook his head wisely.
"They won't bombard Sunnydene," he affirmed. "Young Max
Hilliger, who, it seems, was rescued with his uncle from the Schiller,
will see to it that the house is not harmed."
"In that case, Sunnydene would be a safe refuge for us," Mark
Redisham declared. "At the first alarm we ought to round up all the
women and children and corral them in the grounds."
"The chances are that the Germans would batter Sunnydene to
bits in aiming at your own house, Mark," laughed Darby.
"For my own part," resumed Mr. Croucher, "I am getting a man
to dig a refuge trench in my back garden. He'd nearly finished it
yesterday, only unfortunately in the heavy rain last night the sides
fell in for want of supports. The corporation ought to have proper
trenches dug on the denes where the inhabitants could fly in case of
danger."
"And get killed while they're flying," mischievously suggested
Seth Newruck.
"Mrs. Daplin-Gennery is going to have one dug in her kitchen-
garden," observed Mark Redisham. "Her gardener has enlisted,
however, so we Scouts are going to do a good turn by digging it.
Indeed, we are now on our way down to the beach to have a bit of
practice and plan out the thing."
"Ah!" said Mr. Croucher, "I expect you'll do it so well that you'll
have all the neighbourhood asking you to dig trenches in their
gardens. Well, it's for the good of the community. If the War Office
and the Admiralty together won't look after us, we must look after
ourselves."
Mark got three spades from his own tool shed and borrowed
another from Mrs. Daplin-Gennery's chauffeur. Armed with these
implements, he and his companions went down to the foot of the
cliff.
 It was useless to think of digging even an experimental trench
in the loose sand of the beach, so they selected a piece of more
solid ground between the foreshore and the grass land. They chose
the spot almost at random. Even Darby Catchpole did not realise at
first how near they were to the groin from which Max Hilliger had
escaped into the boat with his case of charts.
Mark Redisham staked out the ground and they began to dig,
piling the soil on the side nearest the sea. It was decided that when
the trench was deep enough, it should be roofed in with cross planks
and brushwood, upon which the soil should be heaped to resist the
impact of bombs from the air or shells from the sea; but at present
the work was only undertaken as practice in excavation. The cross
planks, the sap trench, and the means of entrance and exit would be
properly applied when the dug-out came to be made in Mrs. Daplin-
Gennery's garden.
They had been digging for about half an hour, when Seth
Newruck's spade chipped against something that was neither soil nor
stone. He looked down at the thing in wonder, then grabbed at it.
"Darby! Mark!" he cried. "See what I've found! A cigarette case!
It's silver!"
His companions all crowded up to him to look at it over his
shoulder. Certainly it was a silver cigarette-case, and a very
handsome one. There was a monogram engraved in the centre of its
chased surface.
"It isn't even tarnished," declared Mark Redisham. in surprise.
"It's almost new. It can't have been buried very long. How deep did
you find it?"
 "Just here," Seth explained, pointing out the spot about two
feet down.
"That's queer!" resumed Mark. "I can't understand—unless
some one has been digging here before us, quite lately, and dropped
it by accident. Some of the Territorials, perhaps."
"Now that I come to think of it," said Darby Catchpole, "the
ground did look as if it had been disturbed. There was no grass
growing on top."
Mark Redisham had opened the case. It contained three
cigarettes, held in place by a band of blue elastic. He took one of
them out and examined it.
"I've seen a cigarette like this before," he averred. "They're
Egyptian, see! 'Vafiadi, Cairo.' Who was it that I saw smoking one?
Not Lieutenant Ingoldsby: not Captain Damant." He looked again at
the monogram, and gave a long, low whistle of astonishment. "Oh, I
know, I know now! Keep on digging, you chaps," he ordered. "Here
you are, Seth. Findings are keepings."
He seized his spade and continued digging until his back ached
and the perspiration rolled down his sunburnt cheeks. He moved
from place to place in the trench, keeping it at a uniform depth.
They had got below the dark soil to the soft sea sand.
"You're making it too wide, Mark," Darby objected.
Mark went down on his knees and began to sniff about.
"Don't you smell something?" he questioned, scratching at the
sand with his hands. Then he pulled and tugged at something heavy.
"Eureka!" he shouted. "Look here, Darby! Petrol! a tin of petrol! two
tins—a whole lot of them!"
 Darby leant over from the side of the trench and saw the
exposed tops of a number of square red canisters.
"Enough to keep a motor-car going for a year," he declared.
"Yes," added Mark, "or a German submarine for a month."
"Why German?" Darby asked.
Mark laughed.
"Because," he answered, "I don't suppose Herr Hilliger would
have been so considerate as to keep a secret store of petrol for the
accommodation of his enemies. Yes, you may stare. But even if the
letters 'H.H.' on that silver case didn't stand for Heinrich Hilliger, I
should still have known that the cigarettes were of the same brand
as the remains of one that I found on the floor of his pigeon-loft."
He vaulted out of the trench.
"Newruck and Quester will keep watch here," he said to Darby.
"I want you to come along with me to the naval base."

CHAPTER XVI.
THE BOMB-PROOF SHELTER.

Nothing was said in Haddisport concerning the discovery and

removal of the secret store of petrol buried in the sand on Alderwick
Denes. The reason for the silence was that no one unconnected with
the naval base knew anything about the matter.
Any day during the herring season carts may be seen on the
denes carrying to and fro the fleets of nets that are spread out to
dry on the grass; and if two heavily-laden carts in particular were
noticed being drawn along the lower road towards the town, no one
was any the wiser as to their contents, since the red-painted tins of
petrol which they carried were successfully hidden under cover of
herring nets. Mark Redisham and his fellow scouts knew too well the
importance of their discovery to say anything about it, even in their
homes.
One thing which the members of the Lion Patrol had especially
laid to heart from the beginning of the war was the necessity of
keeping silence when in the performance of their duties they
chanced to come into possession of a naval or a military secret.
They had shown that they could be trusted with information
which never came to the knowledge of the ordinary reader of
newspapers or of local gossips such as Constable Challis and old Mr.
Croucher. Amongst themselves they might indeed talk and compare
notes; but only within limits. Mark Redisham, for example, knew
many things which he never mentioned to Darby Catchpole, while
Darby was similarly silent towards Mark.
"Strictly between ourselves, sir," said Constable Challis, meeting
Mr. Croucher on the esplanade, "I believe young Mark Redisham
knows exactly where Sir John Jellicoe's Grand Fleet is at this
moment, and what our submarines are doin' across there under the
very noses of the enemy's forts. He knows a lot, sir. But you can
take it from me, you might as well try to get blood out of a stone as
information out of him."
"It's the same with young Catchpole," nodded Mr. Croucher
significantly. "Time after time I've asked that boy to tell me in
confidence things which I'm certain he knows—things about our
ships and their mysterious movements, things about our awful
disasters at sea which are being systematically hidden from us; but
it's useless, Challis—useless, and we are kept in the dark; always
kept in the dark."
"Talking about bein' in the dark, sir," resumed the constable,
"have you seen the trench as the Scouts have been makin' in Mrs.
Daplin-Gennery's kitchen-garden? You ought to. It's a room that you
could live in, with four feet of sand piled on the roof as a refuge
from bombs and shells. It's so comfortable and safe, sir, that Mrs.
Daplin-Gennery threatens to invite her friends to take afternoon tea
with her in it. And there's what they calls a sap trench—a tunnel
leadin' from it right up to the kitchen door, so that the household can
escape into it on the first alarm, and be as safe as a rabbit in its
burrow."
"Indeed?" said Mr. Croucher. "But mightn't it fall in, as mine
did?"
"Not a bit of it, sir," declared Chain's. "You could mount a 6-inch
gun on top of it. Those Sea Scouts knew what they was doin' when
they planned and built it. It's not an ordinary dug-out, sir, like yours
and the vicar's. First of all they quarried a deep pit and shifted the
bicycle shed into it. They packed the shed round with sandbags,
roofed it with cross planks, covered it with brushwood, and then
piled a mound of sea sand on top. Even supposin' a Zeppelin bomb
was to drop on it, there'd be no explosion. If a shell from an enemy
ship was to smash the house, the people in the underground shed
would be safe, bein' too far off for the chimneys and bricks and
things to fall on them. Of course, it can never be really needed. The
Germans'll never come here."
 "Don't be too sure about that, Challis," Mr. Croucher retorted
warmly. "Mrs. Daplin-Gennery and her household may have to go
into their refuge any day, any night. As I have argued all along, if
the enemy's battleships break through, we are doomed. We can't
resist them, either on sea or land, let alone the air. We are in
constant danger. Look at what they're doing on the Continent!
They've already occupied Brussels, you know. Antwerp has fallen,
too. They will take the Channel ports next—Ostend, Calais, and
Boulogne—and then, Challis, it will be the invasion of England, and
they will serve us just as they have served the poor Belgians—
perhaps worse."
Constable Challis shook his head and smiled compassionately
upon the timid, old gentleman.
"You may take it from me, sir," he averred, "the Germans will
never get to Calais. The Allies won't let 'em. And try how they will,
they'll always be brought up against the British Navy. Not but what
Mrs. Daplin-Gennery is quite right to have that trench made. It
comforts her and her servants to know that it's there."
"They may have need for it much sooner than you think,
Constable," declared Mr. Croucher, turning in at Mrs. Daplin-
Gennery's gateway.
In the garden he encountered Seth Newruck.
"Is Redisham in the trench?" he inquired. "I have come to have
a look at it."
"There is nobody there now, sir," Seth answered. "Mark
Redisham is out at sea with the mine-sweepers. I've just been
making things a bit tidy. I'm sorry I haven't time to stay, sir; but I've
got to go down to the naval base to see our Scoutmaster. Mrs.
Daplin-Gennery has gone into the town in her motor-car; but I
daresay if you ask the cook she will show you into the trench, or," he
reflected that Mr. Croucher was lame, "you could get into it yourself
easily enough if you're careful about how you go down the ladder."
Mr. Croucher looked somewhat disappointed. He had resolved to
ask Mark Redisham to dig a similar refuge in his garden at Rose
Cottage.
"Gone out mine-sweeping, has he?" he ruminated. "When will
he be back?"
"I don't know, sir. Perhaps in a week; perhaps in a day or two."
"That reminds me," pursued Mr. Croucher, detaining Seth with a
grip on the boy's shoulder. "Is it true that Redisham has invented a
new contrivance for picking up German mines, and that the
Admiralty have adopted it?"
"They're always making improvements of one sort or another,"
Seth answered evasively.
"Yes, I suppose so. But I understand that this invention of
Redisham's is not only an improvement, but an entirely new idea, on
the principle of a torpedo net, and that it's the means of saving
dozens of valuable lives. I have noticed some of the mine-sweeping
boats going out with curious gear at their prows. How is it worked?"
Seth Newruck was not quite sure whether or not he was
expected to regard the matter as a naval secret.
"How is it worked, eh?" repeated Mr. Croucher. "I am sure you
know."
"I'm afraid it would take too long to explain, sir," Seth answered
guardedly. "You should go down to the harbour and get one of the
naval officers to show you. But there's the cook at the kitchen door,
sir. I must be off. Good-morning, sir."
Mr. Croucher's puffy eyes followed the boy as he ran off.
"Just the same as the rest of them," he complained. "There's no
worming information out of any of them. One would think that they
were all bound down by an oath of secrecy."
Seth Newruck had spoken quite truthfully when he said that he
had no time to spare. He was glad to have such a valid excuse to
escape from the inquisitive questioning of the old gossip. He was
due to report himself for duty at the naval base at eleven o'clock,
when Mr. Bilverstone would probably send him on some errand to
the coastguards or to the police-station, or give him some piece of
clerical work to perform. It was already half-past ten, and he had a
long walk through the town.
As he went at scout's pace along the esplanade, he glanced
eastward across the sea to a grey-painted gunboat which he quickly
recognised as H.M.S. Rapid. She was steaming northward, followed
by a flotilla of mine-sweepers. He wished that he might be on board
of her, little dreaming that she was destined never again to return to
her moorings in Haddisport harbour. He heard a whirring in the air
and looked back for a moment to watch a seaplane flying overhead.
Very soon the seaplane passed above him, and by something in its
colour and structure he knew it to be the machine of which
Lieutenant Aldiss was the pilot—Lieutenant Aldiss who had lately
done such wonderful, daring things in the aerial raid over Düsseldorf.
The aeroplane presently circled round and seemed to hover above
some dark-sailed boats outside of Haddisport, as if the pilot were
inspecting them with suspicion.
 Seth Newruck looked at the boats curiously as he ran, but they
were soon hidden from view beyond the trees of the park. He
walked through the park and down the long High Street. At the top
of each of the narrow scores leading downward to the beach, there
was a group of people, eagerly looking out to sea. Beyond the Town
Hall, Seth paused and mingled with a group at the top of
Fisherman's Score.
"What are they looking at?" he questioned of a man in khaki. "Is
it a wreck?"
"Nobody seems to know," the soldier answered. "It's something
about those boats out there."
The boats were certainly curious enough to excite interest. Seth
Newruck had never seen any exactly like them before, although he
prided himself on his knowledge of sailing craft and the varieties of
rig. The nearest resemblance to them that he knew were galliots in a
Dutch picture at home. They were clumsy, untidy-looking vessels,
with bluff bows and weather boards, tall masts, and patched, ill-
fitting sails. He counted thirty at the least.
He thought for an instant of Mr. Croucher's often-repeated
statement about the flat-bottomed boats in which the Germans were
expected to bring over their invading troops. Could these be raiding
Germans? he wondered. Then, as one of the sloops turned
shoreward, he saw a flag at the peak of her mast. It was black,
yellow, and red.
"They're Belgian!" he cried, and ran off down the town.
While he ran he recollected something which he had read in the
newspaper that morning. Antwerp had fallen and was occupied by
the Germans. The Belgian Army and British troops had retired. The
Belgian people, driven from their homes, had fled to the coast, and
now the enemy had reached Ostend.
A glimmer of the truth was revealed to him. These boats which
he had seen making for Haddisport were surely Flemish fishing
smacks bringing the hard-pressed, homeless Belgians across to the
friendly refuge of England.

CHAPTER XVII.
TOLD THROUGH THE TELEPHONE.

Seth Newruck's belief was confirmed when he reached the harbour

and met his Scoutmaster and Darby Catchpole.
"Give whatever help you can, Newruck," said Mr. Bilverstone.
"These boats coming in are from Ostend, with Belgian refugees, who
will want food. Many of them will be ill, some wounded. The boats
will be brought up alongside the Kingfisher, first of all. Then the
people will be taken to the public hall."
The jetties and quays were crowded with townsfolk, watching
the trawlers drift slowly in to the outer harbour. As the first boat
came alongside the quay there was an audible gasp of pity for the
forlorn victims of war. The little craft was thronged with women and
children, looking miserably ill and hungry, and still showing in their
grim faces the lingering horror of all they had gone through, mingled
with doubt as to the manner in which they would be received in a
foreign land.
 Then caps were raised in silent salute, handkerchiefs were
waved in welcome, and the townsfolk pressed forward eagerly to
throw down tins of biscuits, bags of buns, bananas, and chocolate,
and to pass cans of hot coffee and milk.
Among the most eager was Mrs. Daplin-Gennery, who had
loaded her motor-car with food from a neighbouring confectioner's
and got Darby Catchpole to help her to distribute it as each boat was
warped in. All the time, tears of sympathy and sorrow were running
down her cheeks, and she spoke to the Belgians in French, which
some of them understood. Once, when a particular boat was
passing, crowded with women, all of whom seemed to be ill, she
took off her rich coat and threw it down to one of them and then
returned to her car to buy yet more food.
There were over fifty boats in all, bringing considerably more
than a thousand of the poorest refugees from all parts of Belgium,
with such little treasures as they had been able to snatch from their
desolated homes. Many of them had brought their dogs, their cats,
and their canaries. Many were wounded, and had to be taken to the
hospitals. Some were taken to houses in the town, but most of them
were driven in cars to the public hall, where they were well cared
for.
Mr. Arnold Bilverstone, taking temporary leave from his duties at
the naval base, had mustered all the Scouts in the town to give help
in attending to the distressed refugees. He was busy in the public
hall, making a list of the Belgians' names, when Seth Newruck went
hurriedly up to him and plucked at his sleeve.
"Mr. Bilverstone, I've got something to tell you, sir," began Seth.
 Mr. Bilverstone laid aside his fountain pen and prepared to
listen.
"Yes," he smiled, "what is it? Some more families got
accidentally mixed up? Children separated from their mothers and
sent to the wrong billets?"
"No, sir, it's not that," Seth went on haltingly, as if fearing that
after all his communication was of no importance. "It's something
I've seen. I don't know if you noticed one of the Belgian boats, a
small, yawl-rigged vessel, called La Belle Pucelle, of Blankenberghe?
She was one of the last that came in, and about the most untidy of
the lot. She was like a floating rag-bag."
"I didn't see her to my knowledge," returned Mr. Bilverstone,
turning back a page of his list, "but I wrote her name within the last
half-hour. Here it is, La Belle Pucelle, with the names of the thirty-
nine refugees who crossed in her—twenty-two women, five children,
four infants in arm's, three men, apart from a crew of four men and
a boy, and two dogs of doubtful breed. That's the lot."
Seth Newruck was looking at the list over the Scoutmaster's
shoulder.
"That is eight men, including the boy," he said. "But as a matter
of fact, sir, there were nine, and you haven't got the ninth man's
name, because he didn't get registered. He didn't come ashore in
the same way as the rest of them. I watched him, sir. The reason
why I took particular notice of him was that he looked of a different
class from the others, and was about the only refugee of military
age, apart from the fishermen who did the seamen's work."
"Well?" urged Mr. Bilverstone.
 "He wore a very shabby overcoat," Seth continued, "but
beneath it he had a good tweed suit. Just as the boat came
alongside the quay he slipped behind the mainsail; and when he
appeared again, he had taken off the overcoat, changed his cloth
cap for a bowler, and was carrying a brown leather handbag. While
the other refugees were pressing forward to receive the food that
was handed down to them, he got round to the stern, stepped on
the quarter rail, and from that on to the quay, where he quickly
disappeared in the crowd."
"I expect he was an Englishman who had missed the passenger
steamers and come over by the only way possible," suggested Mr.
Bilverstone.
"No, sir," insisted Newruck, "he wasn't an Englishman, nor yet a
Belgian. He wasn't even a genuine refugee. I'm rather good at
remembering faces, sir, and I knew I'd seen his face before,
somewhere; though it wasn't until he'd gone that I realised who he
was. I'm certain, now, however, I know that he was an alien enemy,
a German, and a spy. I know that he was Fritz Seligmann—Herr
Hilliger's secretary."
Mr. Bilverstone looked up sharply.
"Indeed?" he cried. "You are sure?"
"Certain." Seth Newruck nodded emphatically. "I believe he has
smuggled himself over here to do some spying work."
The Scoutmaster was silent for some moments. He took up his
pen, but did not use it.
"Look here, Seth," he said presently. "There may be more in this
than appears on the surface. That man has come over here for no
good. He ought to be tracked. Unfortunately, I can't leave this work
just now. But you can be spared, I think. Suppose you go up to
Sunnydene. That's where he'll make for. Go up and have a look at
the house. If you see anything to show that some one has entered—
any smoke from the chimneys, if the gate has been left open, if
there are any new footprints on the garden path—let me know at
once. Mrs. Daplin-Gennery will let you use her telephone. I expect I
shall be at the naval base until about midnight. If I don't hear from
you before then, I shall understand that nothing has happened, or
that you have made a mistake in supposing that the man was
Hilliger's secretary."
Mrs. Daplin-Gennery had taken into her home a family of the
Belgian refugees. They were people of good class, from Bruges; and
after all the misery they had endured in their flight to Ostend, and
the hardships of their crossing the North Sea in a crowded, open
boat, she was unwilling to allow them to undergo the further
discomfort of being, as she said, "herded" in the public hall. So she
had brought them, a mother and two daughters, to Green Croft,
providing them with new clothes, giving up to them two of her best
bedrooms, and entertaining them with the most dainty dinner that
her cook could serve.
During the meal they had told her so many thrilling and
shocking stories of the German invasion and occupation of Belgium
that she was worked up into a condition of extreme nervousness and
began to dread more than ever the possibility of the enemy
extending their march of ruthless conquest and destruction by
coming over to England.
When her three guests had retired for the night, and she was
left alone, her nervousness increased; she started at every little
sound that broke the silence of the house, and when at length there
came a violent ring at an electric bell, she clutched the arms of her
chair, trembling.
The ring was repeated. Some one was at the front door. She
tried to master her fears. Rising unsteadily from her chair, she crept
silently out into the unlighted hall and stood listening.
Again came a ring. She strode across to the hall table, opened
its drawer and took out the loaded revolver which she had kept
there since the beginning of the war in case of emergency. Gripping
the weapon tightly, she approached the door and drew the bolt.
"Who's there?" she demanded. "What do you want at this time
of night?"
"It's Seth Newruck," came the answer. "I want to know if you
will allow me to use your telephone, ma'am, to speak to the naval
base?"
With all her courage coming back to her, Mrs. Daplin-Gennery
flung open the door.
"Goodness gracious, boy!" she cried, hardly able to see him in
the pitch darkness. "Whatever are you doing out alone at such an
hour? Come inside, quick! Yes, of course you can use the
telephone."
She led him into the morning-room, where she lighted a candle,
bright lights being prohibited. There she left him with the telephone
receiver at his ear.
He was not long in getting into communication with Mr.
Bilverstone.
"I've been watching Sunnydene since dusk, sir," he reported.
"One of the window blinds had been moved. I knew there was some
one in the house. But nothing happened for hours, until, at last, just
as I was thinking of going home to bed, I saw a man come out of
the grounds by the side gate with a spade over his shoulder. He
went down the cliff to the denes. I took cover and followed him. He
was making straight for the place where we discovered the petrol,
but stopped half way. There was a patrol of Territorials on the
beach. He'd seen or heard them, and he had to turn back. As he
passed the bush where I was hiding, I saw him more distinctly; but
it's fearfully dark, and I could only judge by his figure and walk that
he was Fritz Seligmann."
"That's all right, so far," Mr. Bilverstone interposed across the
telephone. "Did he go back to the house?"
"Well, sir," Seth continued, "he went by a round-about way, and
I lost sight of him for a long time and couldn't move for fear he
should see me. While I waited, a very queer thing happened, sir.
There were no ships anchored in the Roads, and of course there
were none under weigh; and yet when I looked out to sea, I noticed
a tiny, green light somewhere about the middle of Alderwick shoal. It
disappeared as suddenly as it came. And then, sir, there was a
curious grunting noise from the same spot. Are you listening, sir?"
"Yes. What sort of a noise do you say it was?"
"I said grunting, sir; but if it had come from deeper water I
should have said that it was the sound made by a submarine
emptying or filling her ballast tanks. Do you think it could have
been?"
"Wait. Let me consider." There was a long pause. "It's just
possible. You've to remember that secret store of petrol. There is no
doubt that Heinrich Hilliger intended it to be used by a German
submarine. In that case it's not wildly improbable that a German
submarine is hanging round with the intention of lifting it, not
knowing that it has already been removed. But they can't very well
come ashore for it while the sentries are patrolling the beach.
Neither can Seligmann do any digging, unless he's desperate enough
to shoot the sentries first, and so get them out of the way. Now, if it
was indeed a submarine that you heard—a German submarine—and
if she is short of petrol, she will wait there, submerged. In that case
we may be able to drop on her. Do you understand?"
"Yes, sir," returned Seth. "And I understand, or rather guess,
something else. I guess that if she has come to fill her petrol tanks
from Alderwick beach, she must have been piloted there by some
one who knows every fathom of that shoal. Don't you think it's likely
that Max Hilliger is aboard of her, sir?"
"Listen!" Mr. Bilverstone's voice responded. "I will send a couple
of marines along to keep watch, while you cut home and dress
yourself up as a fisher boy and come down to me here at the naval
base."
"A fisher boy, sir?" Seth inquired in wonder.
"Yes," came the answer. "At the first gleam of daylight you are
going out with me in a shrimping boat, to fish for shrimps round
about Alderwick shoal. You understand? Right."

CHAPTER XVIII.
A SHRIMPING ADVENTURE.
"Not such a bad take for the first, eh?" said Arnold Bilverstone,
emptying the pocket of the shrimping net into the basket between
the thwarts. "If you're fond of shrimps, Seth, you can have a good
feed at teatime."
Seth Newruck, astern at the tiller, bent forward to examine the
catch of the dim light of the early dawn.
"I should like them very much better if they weren't so beastly
difficult to peel, sir," he answered. "I nearly always break them."
"That is probably because you don't go the right way about it,"
rejoined Mr. Bilverstone, glancing shoreward. "You should press the
head and tail firmly towards each other, giving them a gentle half
turn. That loosens the scales, and you can draw the shrimp free as
easily as drawing your finger out of a glove. Luff!"
Seth luffed, and the lugger came up to the wind and bowled
forward with a musical gurgle of water along her strakes.
Mr. Bilverstone was in no hurry to add to the little pile of
jumping, wriggling crustaceans in the basket. He was much less
intent upon catching shrimps than watching the growing light in the
eastern sky and calculating the boat's distance from Alderwick Knoll.
"When we get abreast of the lighthouse," he said, "we'll put out
the gear again and creep along the shore. Don't stare about too
much. We must pretend to be tremendously interested in our work.
But keep your ears open. When we've passed Sunnydene we shall
tack out as if we were making for the north end of the shoal. If a
periscope pops up, we'll just go ahead as if we hadn't noticed it. A
submarine couldn't torpedo a cockleshell like this, and unless she
comes up awash we're just as safe from gunfire."
 "What I don't understand," said Seth, "is that, supposing a
German submarine to be lying submerged out there in the shoal
water; supposing she has come to refill her petrol tanks, how could
she get the petrol on board? She couldn't come alongside the beach;
and submarines don't carry boats."
"The new German ones do," Mr. Bilverstone informed him.
"They keep a collapsible boat stowed in a hatchway abaft the
conning-tower. But, of course, it could only be launched when the
submarine is awash. As for getting the petrol aboard, you may be
sure they'd manage it somehow if it were still where they think it is."
"They can't find out that we've removed it, unless they come
ashore to look," Seth reflected.
Mr. Bilverstone paid out the lugsail sheet an inch or two and
perched himself on the windward gunwale.
"As a matter of fact," he said, "I believe they know already. I
didn't tell you; but an hour ago, while you were having a sleep under
my writing-table, we had a report from the two marines patrolling
Alderwick beach. At about two o'clock they saw an electric light
signal flashed from the foreshore, near one of the groins. There
were no ships in sight, and no answering signal was seen. Still the
light kept on flashing. The two marines crept up, one on either side
of the groin. They got so near that one of them called out a
challenge. As there was no response he fired. The light went out
then. There was no cry, no sound, no movement. Nobody was shot;
yet nobody ran away. The two marines and two Territorial sentries
searched, but found absolutely no trace of the chap who had been
signalling. He had vanished as completely as if the tide had come up
and swallowed him."
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