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Selenium Fundamentals

Speed up your internal testing by automating user interaction with

browsers and web applications
Diego Molina
BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
Selenium Fundamentals
Copyright © 2018 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief
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First Published: September 2018
Production Reference: 1291018

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

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ISBN 978-1-78980-381-5

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About the Author
Diego Molina is a software engineer in Test, specialized in testing
tool development, advising, and training teams how to test better.
He worked initially as a software developer for 8 years before
switching completely to testing, where he has been during the last 7
years. He is one of the maintainers of the official Docker-Selenium
project and a Selenium contributor.

He also co-created Zalenium, a dynamic, ready to use Selenium Grid.

He spends most of his time working with different teams and finding
ways to do UI testing in a more simple way. Additionally, he is often
attending the Selenium conferences, either presenting or
collaborating with the on-site workshops. You can find him often in
the IRC/Slack channel for Selenium.
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Table of Contents
Title Page

Copyright and Credits

Selenium Fundamentals

Packt Upsell

Why Subscribe?

Packt.com

Contributors

About the Author

Packt Is Searching for Authors Like You

Preface
Who This Book Is For

What This Book Covers

To Get the Most out of This Book

Download the Example Code Files

Conventions Used

Get in Touch

Reviews

1. Getting Started

Software Automation

Going the Automation Way

Activity: Automation Brainstorming

Selenium Overview

The WebDriver API

The Selenium Server

Selenium Glossary

Activity: Selenium Planning

Environment Configuration

Browser Drivers

Downloading and preparing browser drivers

Maven Project

Creating a Maven project

 Verifying That the Development Environment Is Ready

Summary

2. WebDriver Functionality

Instantiating a WebDriver – Chrome

Creating the Main Structure of Your First Selenium Automation Script

An Overview of Frequently Used Methods

Activity: Starting and Finalizing a Script

Controlling the Browser Window

Navigation

Navigating in an Automation Script

Resizing

Resizing Windows in an Automation Script

Managing Alerts

Managing Alerts in an Automation Script

Managing Frames and iFrames

Managing Frames in an Automation Script

Managing Windows

Managing Windows in an Automation Script

Activity: Resizing and Moving Windows with a Selenium Automation Scr

ipt

Summary

3. WebElement Functionality

Using Browser Developer Tools – Chrome

Inspecting a Web Page with Chrome Devtools

Overview of WebElement Functionality

Handling the StaleElementReferenceException

Interacting with Elements on a Page

Interacting with Textboxes and Textareas Elements

Interacting with Textboxes and Textareas During an Automation

Script

Interacting with Dropdown and Lists

Interacting with Dropdown and Lists During an Automation Scrip

t
Interacting with Radio Buttons and Radio Button Groups

Interacting with Radio Buttons and Radio Buttons Groups During

an Automation Script
 Interacting with Checkboxes
Interacting with Checkboxes During an Automation Script

Activity: Filling in a Form and Submitting it

Element Locator Types – ID, Names, XPath, CSS, and So On

Activity: Locating Elements

Summary

4. Advanced Element Location

Navigating the DOM

Understanding the DOM's Structure

The Relationship between Selenium and the DOM

Identifying Elements and Creating Locators for Dom Elements

Retrieve Information from a Table

Searching Within Previously Found Elements

Locating Elements Based on Their Relationships

Searching for Elements Through Known Elements

Creating Complex Locators to Reach Any Element

Common Ways to Use CSS Selectors

Finding Elements by Using Class Attributes and IDs

Locating Elements by Their Attributes

Creating Complex Selectors for Unique Locators

Activity: Automating Checkout

Summary

5. Waiting for Elements

Implicit Waits

Creating an Implicit Wait

Explicit Waits

Activity: Creating an Explicit Wait

Implicit Versus Explicit Waits

Waiting for an Element with a Custom Written Condition

Creating Custom Waits for Finding Elements

Creating a Custom Wait (Waiting for an Element)

Creating Custom Waits so That an Element's Attribute Values Can Be U

pdated
Creating a Custom Wait (Waiting for an Element's Attribute Upd

ates)
Creating Custom Waits for an Element's Visibility
 Creating a Custom Wait (Waiting for an Element's Visibility)
Summary

6. Page Object Model

Introduction to the Page Object Model

Understanding the Architecture of Web Applications

Applying Web Application Architecture to Test Automation Scripts
Modeling a Web Application Using Page Objects

Creating a Page Object

Creating a Page Object For Age Calculator
Creating an Automation Script
Creating an Automation Script for Age Calculator

Activity: Implementing the POM on a Multi-Page Application

Implementing Nested Page Object Instances
Activity: Implementing Nested Page Object Instances
Summary

7. Writing Tests
What is a Test Framework?
Choosing a Test Framework
Creating Test Scripts and Suites

Annotations
The TestNG.xml File
Activity: Creating a TestNG Test
Validating and Viewing Results

Activity: Viewing the Results

Summary
8. Analysis and Troubleshooting
Analyzing a Test Report

General Recommendations
Analyzing a Test Result
Tracking Down Timing Errors
How to Deal with Potential Timing Errors

Tracking Down Timing Errors with Synchronization Points

Separating Real Issues from Flaky Tests
Identifying Flaky Tests
Decreasing the Chances of Flaky Tests

Summary
9. Using a Selenium Grid
Configuring and Connecting to a Local Grid
Launching the Grid Hub

Verifying That the Grid Hub Is Running

Adding Selenium Nodes to the Grid Hub
Verifying That a Selenium Instance Has Been Registered

Activity: Running a Script Against a Grid Hub

Configuring and Connecting to a Network Grid
Adding Selenium Nodes Instances Running on Different Machines to the
Grid Hub

Activity: Creating a Small Selenium Grid with a Remote Node

Connecting to a Third-Party Service
Activity: Running a Test on a Third-party Service
Summary

Solutions
Chapter 1: Getting Started
Activity: Automation Brainstorming
Activity: Selenium Planning

Chapter 2: WebDriver Functionality

Activity: Starting and Finalizing a Script
Activity: Resizing and Moving Windows with a Selenium Automation Scr
ipt

Chapter 3: WebElement Functionality

Activity: Filling in a Form and Submitting It
Activity: Locating Elements
Chapter 4: Advanced Element Location

Activity: Automating Checkout

Chapter 5: Waiting for Elements
Activity: Creating an Explicit Wait
Chapter 6: Page Object Model

Activity: Implementing the POM on a Multi-Page Application

Activity: Implementing Nested Page Object Instances
Chapter 7: Writing Tests
Activity: Creating a TestNG Test

Chapter 9: Using a Selenium Grid

Activity: Running a Script Against a Grid Hub
 Activity: Creating a Small Selenium Grid with a Remote Node
Activity: Running a Test on a Third-Party Service

Other Books You May Enjoy

Leave a Review - Let Other Readers Know What You Think
Preface
Automated testing is more efficient than manual testing, and more
and more industries in the IT sector are opting for automated tests
for applications, whether desktop or web.

Selenium is the most popular tool used to automate browsers, and

as it is currently on the path to become a W3C standard, its
importance in the testing world will only grow. Selenium is open
source, platform independent, and can be used to interact in a
programmatic way with web applications through any major vendor
browser (such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer,
Safari, Microsoft Edge, and Opera).
Who This Book Is For
This book is designed for software quality assurance and
development personnel who want to learn how to automate browser
activity and web-based user interface tests with Selenium.
What This Book Covers
, Getting Started, deals with what automation is and why it is
Chapter 1

important. It then covers the how to use the Selenium WebDriver,

and then finally focuses on how to configure the development
environment for Selenium.

, WebDriver Functionality, takes you deeper into the details

Chapter 2

of Selenium, covering each of the main WebDriver class methods

and objects for the most commonly used browsers. Lastly, the
chapter focuses on how to open and manipulate a browser window
and navigate to a web page.

, WebElement Functionality, talks about how to use browser

Chapter 3

developer tools to review the code behind a web page and how to
find and interact with elements to later write and perform tests on
them.

, Advanced Element Function, covers how to navigate,

Chapter 4

search, and identify different elements in a web application by using

effective element locators.

Chapter 5, Waiting For Elements, trains the students on how to write a

stable automation script by waiting for an element to be present. It
discusses the differences between implicit and explicit waits, and
finally shows how to effectively synchronize a script in a custom
condition.

, Page Object Model, covers the principles behind Page

Chapter 6

Object Model, and how to model and implement an automation

script.

, Writing Tests, talks about test frameworks and how to

Chapter 7

choose them; as well as how to create test scripts and how to

validate results.

Chapter 8, Analysis and Troubleshooting, discusses the root cause of a

test failure by analyzing a test report, and tracking down errors It
also covers how to separate real issues from flaky tests.

, Using a Selenium Grid, focuses on how to configure and

Chapter 9

connect to the Selenium Local Grid, as well as the Selenium Network

Grid. Afterwards, covering how to connect to third party services.
To Get the Most out of This
Book
To complete this book successfully, students will require computer
systems with at least an Intel Core i5 processor or equivalent, 8 GB
RAM, and 4 GB available storage space. Along with this, you would
require the following software:

Operating System: Windows or above

Browser: Google Chrome (latest version)
Selenium WebDriver
Google ChromeDriver
IntelliJ IDEA
Download the Example Code
Files
You can download the example code files for this book from your
account at www.packt.com. If you purchased this book elsewhere, you
can visit www.packt.com/support and register to have the files emailed
directly to you.

You can download the code files by following these steps:

1. Log in or register at www.packt.com.

2. Select the SUPPORT tab.
3. Click on Code Downloads & Errata.
4. Enter the name of the book in the Search box and follow the
onscreen instructions.

Once the file is downloaded, please make sure that you unzip or
extract the folder using the latest version of:

WinRAR/7-Zip for Windows

Zipeg/iZip/UnRarX for Mac
7-Zip/PeaZip for Linux

The code bundle for the book is also hosted on GitHub at https://githu
b.com/TrainingByPackt/Beginning-Selenium/tree/master/docs. In case there's an

update to the code, it will be updated on the existing GitHub

repository.

We also have other code bundles from our rich catalog of books and
videos available at https://github.com/PacktPublishing/. Check them out!
Conventions Used
There are a number of text conventions used throughout this book.

: Indicates code words in text, database table names, folder

CodeInText

names, filenames, file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user

input, and Twitter handles. Here is an example: "The WebDriver class
provides constructors for each browser."

A block of code is set as follows:

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code

block, the relevant lines or items are set in bold:
private static void checkFrames(){

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

try {
driver.get("https://trainingbypackt.github.io/
Beginning-Selenium/lesson_2/exercise02_concept_04.html");

driver.switchTo().frame("info");

Bold: Indicates a new term, an important word, or words that you

see onscreen. For example, words in menus or dialog boxes appear
in the text like this. Here is an example: "If a user clicks on the Your
Account option on the Home Webpage, the application will check
whether they have already logged in."

Warnings or important notes appear like this.

Tips and tricks appear like this.

Get in Touch
Feedback from our readers is always welcome.

General feedback: If you have questions about any aspect of this

book, mention the book title in the subject of your message
and email us at customercare@packtpub.com.

Errata: Although we have taken every care to ensure the accuracy

of our content, mistakes do happen. If you have found a mistake in
this book, we would be grateful if you would report this to us. Please
visit www.packt.com/submit-errata, selecting your book, clicking on the
Errata Submission Form link, and entering the details.

Piracy: If you come across any illegal copies of our works in any
form on the Internet, we would be grateful if you would provide us
with the location address or website name. Please contact us at
copyright@packt.com with a link to the material.

If you are interested in becoming an author: If there is a topic

that you have expertise in and you are interested in either writing or
contributing to a book, please visit authors.packtpub.com.
Reviews
Please leave a review. Once you have read and used this book, why
not leave a review on the site that you purchased it from? Potential
readers can then see and use your unbiased opinion to make
purchase decisions, we at Packt can understand what you think
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For more information about Packt, please visit packt.com .

Getting Started
The more robust and complex web applications get, the more robust
and complex the process of testing them becomes. As a crucial part
of software development, the testing phase must be as bulletproof
as possible, while also providing processes that simplify the
management and execution of tests. In this chapter, you will learn
what software automation is and how important it is to the
development cycle. You will be introduced to Selenium WebDriver,
the most commonly used browser automation tool, which is on its
way to becoming a W3C standard. You will also learn how to
configure a testing environment for Selenium WebDriver.

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

Explain what automation is and why it is important

Use the Selenium WebDriver
Configure the development environment for Selenium
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