Download the full version of the ebook at ebookname.

com

Ruby Developers Guide 1st Edition Syngress

https://ebookname.com/product/ruby-developers-guide-1st-
edition-syngress/

OR CLICK BUTTON

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Download more ebook instantly today at https://ebookname.com

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

Ruby for Rails Ruby techniques for Rails developers David

Black

https://ebookname.com/product/ruby-for-rails-ruby-techniques-for-
rails-developers-david-black/

ebookname.com

Head First Ruby A Brain Friendly Guide 1st Edition

Mcgavren

https://ebookname.com/product/head-first-ruby-a-brain-friendly-
guide-1st-edition-mcgavren/

ebookname.com

Metaprogramming Ruby program like the Ruby pros 1st

Edition Paolo Perrotta

https://ebookname.com/product/metaprogramming-ruby-program-like-the-
ruby-pros-1st-edition-paolo-perrotta/

ebookname.com

Free Radical Effects on Membranes 1st Edition Sadis

Matalon (Eds.)

https://ebookname.com/product/free-radical-effects-on-membranes-1st-
edition-sadis-matalon-eds/

ebookname.com
Language Development An Introduction 8th Edition Allyn
Bacon Communication Sciences and Disorders Robert E. Owens

https://ebookname.com/product/language-development-an-
introduction-8th-edition-allyn-bacon-communication-sciences-and-
disorders-robert-e-owens/
ebookname.com

Our Energy Future Resources Alternatives and the

Environment Wiley Survival Guides in Engineering and
Science 1st Edition Christian Ngo
https://ebookname.com/product/our-energy-future-resources-
alternatives-and-the-environment-wiley-survival-guides-in-engineering-
and-science-1st-edition-christian-ngo/
ebookname.com

How to Cheat in Photoshop The art of creating

photorealistic montages 3rd Edition Steve Caplin

https://ebookname.com/product/how-to-cheat-in-photoshop-the-art-of-
creating-photorealistic-montages-3rd-edition-steve-caplin/

ebookname.com

The Company of Strangers A Natural History of Economic

Life Revised Edition Paul Seabright

https://ebookname.com/product/the-company-of-strangers-a-natural-
history-of-economic-life-revised-edition-paul-seabright/

ebookname.com

Search Engine Optimization Bible 2nd Edition Edition Jerri

L. Ledford

https://ebookname.com/product/search-engine-optimization-bible-2nd-
edition-edition-jerri-l-ledford/

ebookname.com
Convict Hell Macquarie Harbour 1822 1833 1st Edition David
W. Cameron

https://ebookname.com/product/convict-hell-macquarie-
harbour-1822-1833-1st-edition-david-w-cameron/

ebookname.com
 1 YEAR UPGRADE
BUYER PROTECTION PLAN

RUBY D e v e l o p e r ’s
Guide

Everything You Need to Develop and Deliver Ruby Applications

• Complete Case Studies with Ready-to-Run Source Code and Full
Explanations

• Hundreds of Developing & Deploying Sidebars, Ruby FAQs, and Ruby

Sample Applications

• Complete Coverage of Ruby GUI Toolkits:Tk, GTK+, FOX, SWin/Vruby

Extensions, and Others

Robert Feldt
Lyle Johnson
Michael Neumann Technical Editor
183_Ruby_FM.qxd 1/7/02 4:04 PM Page i

solutions@syngress.com

With more than 1,500,000 copies of our MCSE, MCSD, CompTIA, and Cisco
study guides in print, we continue to look for ways we can better serve the
information needs of our readers. One way we do that is by listening.

Readers like yourself have been telling us they want an Internet-based ser-
vice that would extend and enhance the value of our books. Based on
reader feedback and our own strategic plan, we have created a Web site
that we hope will exceed your expectations.

Solutions@syngress.com is an interactive treasure trove of useful infor-

mation focusing on our book topics and related technologies. The site
offers the following features:
■ One-year warranty against content obsolescence due to vendor
product upgrades. You can access online updates for any affected
chapters.
■ “Ask the Author” customer query forms that enable you to post
questions to our authors and editors.
■ Exclusive monthly mailings in which our experts provide answers to
reader queries and clear explanations of complex material.
■ Regularly updated links to sites specially selected by our editors for
readers desiring additional reliable information on key topics.

Best of all, the book you’re now holding is your key to this amazing site.
Just go to www.syngress.com/solutions, and keep this book handy when
you register to verify your purchase.

Thank you for giving us the opportunity to serve your needs. And be sure
to let us know if there’s anything else we can do to help you get the
maximum value from your investment. We’re listening.

www.syngress.com/solutions
183_Ruby_FM.qxd 1/7/02 4:04 PM Page ii
183_Ruby_FM.qxd 1/7/02 4:04 PM Page iii

1 YEAR UPGRADE
BUYER PROTECTION PLAN

Ruby
D e v e l o p e r ’s G u i d e

Robert Feldt
Lyle Johnson
Michael Neumann Technical Editor
183_Ruby_FM.qxd 1/7/02 4:04 PM Page iv

Syngress Publishing, Inc., the author(s), and any person or firm involved in the writing, editing, or
production (collectively “Makers”) of this book (“the Work”) do not guarantee or warrant the results to be
obtained from the Work.
There is no guarantee of any kind, expressed or implied, regarding the Work or its contents.The Work is
sold AS IS and WITHOUT WARRANTY. You may have other legal rights, which vary from state to state.
In no event will Makers be liable to you for damages, including any loss of profits, lost savings, or other
incidental or consequential damages arising out from the Work or its contents. Because some states do not
allow the exclusion or limitation of liability for consequential or incidental damages, the above limitation
may not apply to you.
You should always use reasonable care, including backup and other appropriate precautions, when working
with computers, networks, data, and files.
Syngress Media®, Syngress®,“Career Advancement Through Skill Enhancement®,” and “Ask the Author
UPDATE®,” are registered trademarks of Syngress Publishing, Inc. “Mission Critical™,”“Hack Proofing™,”
and “The Only Way to Stop a Hacker is to Think Like One™” are trademarks of Syngress Publishing, Inc.
Brands and product names mentioned in this book are trademarks or service marks of their respective
companies.
KEY SERIAL NUMBER
001 UJG4TFR2T5
002 AKJ7T4MAS4
003 VMERF3854N
004 SGD34BK9HN
005 85DFMU6N7H
006 NFG438GEM4
007 BAQ2HTR46T
008 CV5TR56KMR
009 83N5M4BT6Y
010 GT67FRWFEC
PUBLISHED BY
Syngress Publishing, Inc.
800 Hingham Street
Rockland, MA 02370
The Ruby Developer’s Guide
Copyright © 2002 by Syngress Publishing, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or
distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior
written permission of the publisher, with the exception that the program listings may be entered, stored,
and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
ISBN: 1-928994-64-4
Technical Editor: Michael Neumann Cover Designer: Michael Kavish
Acquisitions Editor: Catherine B. Nolan Page Layout and Art by: Reuben Kantor and Shannon Tozier
Developmental Editor: Kate Glennon Copy Editor: Jesse Corbeil
Indexer: Robert Saigh
Distributed by Publishers Group West in the United States and Jaguar Book Group in Canada.
183_Ruby_FM.qxd 1/7/02 4:04 PM Page v

Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the following people for their kindness and support
in making this book possible.
Richard Kristof and Duncan Anderson of Global Knowledge, for their generous
access to the IT industry’s best courses, instructors, and training facilities.
Ralph Troupe, Rhonda St. John, and the team at Callisma for their invaluable insight
into the challenges of designing, deploying and supporting world-class enterprise
networks.
Karen Cross, Lance Tilford, Meaghan Cunningham, Kim Wylie, Harry Kirchner,
Kevin Votel, Kent Anderson, and Frida Yara of Publishers Group West for sharing
their incredible marketing experience and expertise.
Mary Ging, Caroline Hird, Simon Beale, Caroline Wheeler,Victoria Fuller, Jonathan
Bunkell, and Klaus Beran of Harcourt International for making certain that our
vision remains worldwide in scope.
Annabel Dent of Harcourt Australia for all her help.
David Buckland,Wendi Wong, Marie Chieng, Lucy Chong, Leslie Lim, Audrey Gan,
and Joseph Chan of Transquest Publishers for the enthusiasm with which they receive
our books.
Kwon Sung June at Acorn Publishing for his support.
Ethan Atkin at Cranbury International for his help in expanding the Syngress
program.
Jackie Gross, Gayle Vocey, Alexia Penny, Anik Robitaille, Craig Siddall, Darlene
Morrow, Iolanda Miller, Jane Mackay, and Marie Skelly at Jackie Gross & Associates
for all their help and enthusiasm representing our product in Canada.
Lois Fraser, Connie McMenemy, and the rest of the great folks at Jaguar Book Group
for their help with distribution of Syngress books in Canada.

v
183_Ruby_FM.qxd 1/7/02 4:04 PM Page vi

Technical Editor’s
Acknowledgements
I’d like to thank the Syngress staff for their support, and John Small, who
encouraged me in overseeing the writing of this book. I’d like to thank
Matz for creating such a wonderful language; Dave and Andy for two
really great books about programming in general, and Ruby; Kentaro
Goto for his tutorial that directed me three years ago to Ruby; and
Hiroshi Nakamura for many valuable comments and explanations about
SOAP4R. Finally, thank you to the team of Merlin.zwo for being patient
with me, as well as to the whole Ruby community for letting me partici-
pate in such a great development.

vi
183_Ruby_FM.qxd 1/7/02 4:04 PM Page vii

Contributors

Jason Wong is the Chief Executive Officer of ionami design, a Web

development and design firm headquartered in Berkeley, CA. His respon-
sibilities include developing and maintaining client relationships, project
management, application development and support, and operations man-
agement. Previously, he managed all aspects of 3dfxgamers.com, the 3dfx
interactive community Web site. Jason holds a bachelor’s degree from the
University of California at Berkeley. He would like to thank Joyce,Ted
and Tim, and his parents for all their support.

Lyle Johnson is a Software Team Leader at ResGen, Invitrogen

Corporation in Huntsville, AL. Prior to his employment at ResGen, Lyle
served as Group Leader for Graphical User Interface Development at
CFD Research Corporation. Lyle has worked primarily in commercial
software development for computational fluid dynamics and bioinfor-
matics applications, but has also managed and contributed to a number of
open-source software projects.
Lyle holds a bachelor’s degree in Aerospace Engineering from Auburn
University and a master’s of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering
from the Georgia Institute of Technology. He currently lives in Madison,
AL with his wife, Denise.

Jonothon Ortiz is Vice President of Xnext, Inc. in Winter Haven, FL.

Xnext, Inc. is a small, privately owned company that develops Web sites
and applications for prestigious companies such as the New York Times
Company. Jonothon is the head of the programming department and
works together with the CEO on all company projects to ensure the best
possible solution. Jonothon lives with his wife, Carla, in Lakeland, FL.

Robert Feldt is a Software Engineering Researcher at Chalmers

University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden. His professional
interest is in how to produce robust, reliable software. Robert’s research
vii
183_Ruby_FM.qxd 1/7/02 4:04 PM Page viii

focuses on what can be learned from applying the complex but robust
systems found in nature to tools and methods for developing and testing
software. Robert also teaches courses on software engineering to students
in the Computer Science and Computer Engineering programs at
Chalmers University.
Robert holds a master’s degree from Chalmers University and is a
member of the IEEE. He has previously worked as a consultant software
engineer. He programs mostly in C, Haskell, and Ruby and uses Ruby
frequently in his research since its dynamic nature allows him to easily test
new ideas. He is working on a number of larger Ruby projects, including
the Rockit compiler construction toolkit and the RubyVM project, to
build a set of plug-and-play components for assembling Ruby virtual
machines.
Robert currently resides in Gothenburg, Sweden with his wife,
Mirjana, and daughter, Ebba. He wants to acknowledge them for their
support and love.

Stephen Legrand (Ph.D.) has both an academic and commercial back-

ground. He was a post-doctoral fellow at MIT and has lectured both
mathematical and computer science related subjects at the university level.
He has taught graduate and undergraduate courses in such diverse areas as
assembly language, automata theory, computability, discrete mathematics,
computer graphics, and in mathematical subjects such as differential equa-
tions, advanced calculus, financial mathematics, and model theory. In addi-
tion, Stephen has over 10 years of software development expertise in such
areas as fixed income derivatives, interest rate modeling, artificial intelli-
gence, and telecommunications. He has authored computer graphics
engines, computer chess games, option pricing engines, cellular propaga-
tion models, and workflow management systems. He is currently con-
sulting on the IRROS project and on J2EE-related technologies in the
Washington, DC area.

viii
183_Ruby_FM.qxd 1/7/02 4:04 PM Page ix

Technical Editor and Contributor

Michael Neumann is a Database and Software Developer for

Merlin.zwo InfoDesign GmbH in Germany (near Stuttgart). He is also
studying computer science at the University of Karlsruhe. Merlin.zwo
develops large-scale database applications based on Oracle products.
With more than 10 years of experience in software development,
Michael has specialized in many different domains, from system-near
programming, administration of Unix systems, and database develop-
ment with several RDBMSs, to OOA/OOD techniques, and design and
implementation of distributed and parallel applications. One of his
greatest interests lies is the design principles of programming languages.
Before he was employed at Merlin.zwo, he was a Database/Web
Developer and Principal of Page-Store.

ix
183_Ruby_FM.qxd 1/7/02 4:04 PM Page x
183RubyToC.qxd 1/7/02 4:31 PM Page xi

Contents

Foreword xxiii
Chapter 1
■ Ruby’s design
Booting Ruby 1
philosophy is known
as the Principle of Introduction 2
Least Surprise. That An Overview of Ruby 2
means that Ruby Installing Ruby and its Tools 3
works the way that
you expect it to Installing Ruby on Unix 5
work. The more you Installing Ruby from Source Code 5
develop with Ruby, Installing from Packages 7
the more you’re
going to realize that Installing Ruby on a Windows System 7
you’re spending Installing Applications and Libraries
time producing from RAA 8
code—real code
which works, is IDE and Editor Support in Ruby 10
readable, and solves Emacs 11
the problems at VIM 12
hand.
Other Editors 12
RubyWin 12
Ruby Development Environment (RDE) 13
Additional Tools a Rubyist Must Have 13
Ruby Interactive (Ri) 14
Interactive Ruby (IRb) 15
Debugging Ruby Applications
with debug.rb 17
A Short Syntax Style Guide 22
Using Comments 22
Naming 23
Iterators 24
Indentation, Spacing, Parentheses 24
xi
183RubyToC.qxd 1/7/02 4:31 PM Page xii

xii Contents

Dangerous Ruby 25
Local Variables versus Methods 25
More Whitespace Issues 25
Block Local Variables 26
Comparing Ruby 26
Java 26
Perl 32
Language Constructs 32
Object-Oriented Programming 33
Access Control 34
Arrays and Hashes 35
Hashes 36
Iterators 36
Convincing Management to Use Ruby 37
Summary 39
Solutions Fast Track 39
Frequently Asked Questions 41
Chapter 2
GUI Toolkits for Ruby 43
Introduction 44
Using this Book’s Sample Applications 45
Using the Standard Ruby GUI:Tk 46
Obtaining Tk 46
Ruby/Tk Basics 47
Creating Responses to Tk’s Callbacks
and Events 48
Working with Ruby/Tk’s Layout Managers 50
Ruby/Tk Sample Application 54
Using the SpecTcl GUI Builder 67
Obtaining Tk Extensions:Tix and BLT 68
Using the GTK+ Toolkit 68
Obtaining Ruby/GTK 69
Ruby/GTK Basics 70
Programming Signals and Signal Handlers 71
Working with Ruby/GTK’s Layout Managers 72
Ruby/GTK Sample Application 76
183RubyToC.qxd 1/7/02 4:31 PM Page xiii

Contents xiii

Using the Glade GUI Builder 87

Using the FOX Toolkit 90
Obtaining FOX and FXRuby 90
FXRuby Basics 91
Targets and Messages 93
Master the Grid Layout
Manager
Working with FOX’s Layout Managers 95
Fox Sample Application 99
Using the SWin/VRuby Extensions 111
Obtaining SWin and VRuby 112
VRuby Library Basics 112
Layout Managers 116
Event Handling 118
VRuby Sample Application 120
Other GUI Toolkits 127
Choosing a GUI Toolkit 128
Summary 129
Solutions Fast Track 130
Frequently Asked Questions 132
Chapter 3
Accessing Databases with Ruby 135
Introduction 136
Accessing Databases with Ruby/DBI 136
Obtaining and Installing Ruby/DBI 140
Programming with Ruby/DBI 141
Understanding Ruby/DBI Architecture
and Terminology 143
Connecting to Databases 144
Using Driver URLs and
Datasource Names 146
Preparing and Executing SQL Statements 148
Fetching the Result 156
Performing Transactions 162
Handling Errors 164
Tracing the Execution of
DBI Applications 166
Accessing Metadata 169
183RubyToC.qxd 1/7/02 4:31 PM Page xiv

xiv Contents

Using Driver-specific Functions

and Attributes 171
Accessing Databases Remotely Using
DBD::Proxy 174
Copying Table Data between
Different Databases 175
Getting Binary Objects Out of a Database 176
Transforming SQL-query Results to XML 179
Accessing Databases with Ruby/ODBC 190
Accessing LDAP Directories with Ruby/LDAP 195
Using Ruby/LDAP 195
Adding an LDAP Entry 196
Modifying an LDAP Entry 196
Deleting an LDAP Entry 197
Modifying the Distinguished Name 197
Performing a Search 197
Answers to Your Ruby Handling Errors 199
Database Questions
Utilizing Other Storage Solutions 199
Q: Using Ruby/DBI, I
Reading and Writing Comma-Separated
have set the tracing Value Files 199
level to 2 and Using Berkeley DBM-file Databases 200
output to standard
error, but nothing
Using the Berkeley DB Interface BDB 201
happened. What’s Storing Ruby Objects in a Relational
wrong? Database 205
A: You may have
forgotten to require
Summary 208
the dbi/trace file at Solutions Fast Track 208
the top of your Frequently Asked Questions 209
program.
Chapter 4
XML and Ruby 211
Introduction 212
Why XML? 212
Making XML Manageable 214
Validation though DTD 214
Validating With XML-Schemas 216
XPath 218
XML Parser Architectures and APIs 218
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
trial on the 13th December. ... Not only did the whole
interior of the province of Buenos-Aires rise against Lavalle,
under the direction of Rosas, but also a large part of other
Provinces considered this event as a declaration of war, and
the National Congress, then assembled at Santa-Fé, declared
Lavalle's government illegal. The two parties fought with real
fury, but in 1829, after an interview between Rosas and
Lavalle, a temporary reconciliation was effected. ... The
legislature of Buenos-Aires, which had been convoked on
account of the reconciliation between Lavalle and Rosas,
elected the latter as Governor of the Province, on December
6th, 1829, and accorded to him extraordinary powers. ...
During this the first period of his government he did not
appear in his true nature, and at its conclusion he refused a
re-election and retired to the country. General Juan R.
Balcarce was then--17th December, 1832--named Governor, but
could only maintain himself some eleven months: Viamont
succeeded him, also for a short time only. Now the moment had
come for Rosas. He accepted the almost unlimited Dictatorship
which was offered to him on the 7th March, 1835, and reigned
in a horrible manner, like a madman, until his fall. Several
times the attempt was made to deliver Buenos-Aires from his
terrible yoke, and above all the devoted and valiant efforts
of General Lavalle deserve to be mentioned; but all was in
vain; Rosas remained unshaken. Finally, General Justo José De
Urquiza, Governor of the province of Entre-Rios, in alliance
with the province of Corrientes and the Empire of Brazil, rose
against the Dictator. He first delivered the Republic of
Uruguay, and the city of Monte Video--the asylum of the
adversaries of Rosas--from the army which besieged it, and
thereafter passing the great river Parana, with a relatively
large army, he completely defeated Rosas at Monte-Caseros,
near Buenos-Aires, on the 3rd February, 1852. During the same
day, Rosas sought and received the protection of an English
war-vessel which was in the road of Buenos-Aires, in which he
went to England, where he still [1876] resides. Meantime
Urquiza took charge of the Government of the United Provinces,
under the title of 'Provisional Director,' and called a
general meeting of the Governors at San Nicolás, a frontier
village on the north of the province of Buenos-Aires. This
assemblage confirmed him in his temporary power, and called a
National Congress which met at Santa-Fé and made a National
Constitution under date of 25th May, 1853. By virtue of this
Constitution the Congress met again the following year at
Parana, a city of Entre-Rios, which had been made the capital,
and on the 5th May, elected General Urquiza the first
President of the Argentine Confederation. ... The important
province of Buenos-Aires, however, had taken no part in the
deliberations of the Congress. Previously, on the 11th
September 1852, a revolution against Urquiza, or rather
against the Provincial Government in alliance with him, had
taken place and caused a temporary separation of the Province
from the Republic. Several efforts to pacify the disputes
utterly failed, and a battle took place at Cepeda in Santa-Fé,
wherein Urquiza, who commanded the provincial troops, was
victorious, although his success led to no definite result. A
short time after, the two armies met again at Pavon--near the
site of the former battle--and Buenos-Aires won the day. This
secured the unity of the Republic of which the victorious
General Bartolomé Mitre was elected President for six years
from October, 1862. At the same time the National Government
was transferred from Paraná to Buenos-Aires, and the latter
was declared the temporary capital of the Nation. The Republic
owes much to the Government of Mitre, and it is probable that
he would have done more good, if war had not broken out with
Paraguay, in 1865 [see PARAGUAY]. The Argentines took part in
it as one of the three allied States against the Dictator of
Paraguay, Francisco Solano Lopez. On the 12th October, 1868,
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento succeeded Gen. Mitre in the
Presidency. ... The 12th October, 1874, Dr. Nicolas Avellaneda
succeeded him in the Government."

R. Napp, The Argentine Republic, chapter 2.

 ALSO IN:
D. F. Sarmiento, Life in the Argentine Republic in the
Days of the Tyrants.

J. A. King, Twenty-four years in the Argentine

Republic.

{129}

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1880-1891.

The Constitution and its working.
Governmental corruption.
The Revolution of 1890, and the financial collapse.

"The Argentine constitutional system in its outward form

corresponds closely to that of the United States. ... But the
inward grace of enlightened public opinion is lacking, and
political practice falls below the level of a self-governing
democracy. Congress enacts laws, but the President as
commander-in-chief of the army, and as the head of a civil
service dependent upon his will and caprice, possesses
absolute authority in administration. The country is governed
by executive decrees rather than by constitutional laws.
Elections are carried by military pressure and manipulation of
the civil service. ... President Roca [who succeeded
Avellaneda in 1880] virtually nominated, and elected his
brother-in-law, Juarez Célman, as his successor. President
Juarez set his heart upon controlling the succession in the
interest of one of his relatives, a prominent official; but
was forced to retire before he could carry out his purpose.
... Nothing in the Argentine surprised me more than the
boldness and freedom with which the press attacked the
government of the day and exposed its corruption. ... The
government paid no heed to these attacks. Ministers did not
trouble themselves to repel charges affecting their integrity.
... This wholesome criticism from an independent press had one
important effect. It gave direction to public opinion in the
capital, and involved the organization of the Unión Cívica. If
the country had not been on the verge of a financial
revulsion, there might not have been the revolt against the
Juarez administration in July, 1890; but with ruin and
disaster confronting them, men turned against the President
whose incompetence and venality would have been condoned if
the times had been good. The Unión Cívica was founded when the
government was charged with maladministration in sanctioning
an illegal issue of $40,000,000 of paper money. ... The
government was suddenly confronted with an armed coalition of
the best battalions of the army, the entire navy, and the Unión
Cívica. The manifesto issued by the Revolutionary Junta was a
terrible arraignment of the political crimes of the Juarez
Government. ... The revolution opened with every prospect of
success. It failed from the incapacity of the leaders to
co-operate harmoniously. On July 19, 1890, the defection of
the army was discovered. On July 26 the revolt broke out. For
four days there was bloodshed without definite plan or
purpose. No determined attack was made upon the government
palace. The fleet opened a fantastic bombardment upon the
suburbs. There was inexplicable mismanagement of the insurgent
forces, and on July 29 an ignominious surrender to the
government with a proclamation of general amnesty. General
Roca remained behind the scenes, apparently master of the
situation, while President Juarez had fled to a place of
refuge on the Rosario railway, and two factions of the army
were playing at cross purposes, and the police and the
volunteers of the Unión Cívica were shooting women and
children in the streets. Another week of hopeless confusion
passed, and General Roca announced the resignation of
President Juarez and the succession of vice-President
Pellegrini. Then the city was illuminated, and for three days
there was a pandemonium of popular rejoicing over a victory
which nobody except General Roca understood. ... In June,
1891, the deplorable state of Argentine finance was revealed
in a luminous statement made by President Pellegrini. ... All
business interests were stagnant. Immigration had been
 diverted to Brazil. ... All industries were prostrated except
politics, and the pernicious activity displayed by factions
was an evil augury for the return of prosperity. ... During
thirty years the country has trebled its population, its
increase being relatively much more rapid than that of the
United States during the same period. The estimate of the
present population [1892] is 4,000,000 in place of 1,160,000
in 1857. ... Disastrous as the results of political government
and financial disorder have been in the Argentine, its
ultimate recovery by slow stages is probable. It has a
magnificent railway system, an industrious working population
recruited from Europe, and nearly all the material appliances
for progress."

I. N. Ford. Tropical America, chapter 6.

See CONSTITUTION, ARGENTINE.

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1892.

Presidential Election.

Dr. Luis Saenz-Pena, former Chief Justice of the Supreme

Court, and reputed to be a man of great integrity and ability,
was chosen President, and inaugurated October 12, 1892.

----------ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: End----------

ARGINUSAE, Battle of.

See GREECE: B. C. 406.

ARGONAUTIC EXPEDITION, The.

"The ship Argo was the theme of many songs during the oldest
periods of the Grecian Epic, even earlier than the Odyssey.
The king Æêtês, from whom she is departing, the hero Jason,
who commands her, and the goddess Hêrê, who watches over him,
enabling the Argo to traverse distances and to escape dangers
which no ship had ever before encountered, are all
circumstances briefly glanced at by Odysseus in his narrative
to Alkinous. ... Jason, commanded by Pelias to depart in quest
of the golden fleece belonging to the speaking ram which had
carried away Phryxus and Hellé, was encouraged by the oracle
to invite the noblest youth of Greece to his aid, and fifty of
the most distinguished amongst them obeyed the call. Hêraklês,
Thêseus, Telamôn and Pêleus, Kastor and Pollux, Idas and
Lynkeus--Zêtês and Kalaïs, the winged sons of
Boreas--Meleager, Amphiaraus, Kêpheus, Laertês, Autolykus,
Menœtius, Aktor, Erginus, Euphêmus, Ankæus, Pœas,
Periklymenus, Augeas, Eurytus, Admêtus, Akastus, Kæneus,
Euryalus, Pêneleôs and Lêitus, Askalaphus and Ialmenus, were
among them. ... Since so many able men have treated it as an
undisputed reality, and even made it the pivot of systematic
chronological calculations, I may here repeat the opinion long
ago expressed by Heyne, and even indicated by Burmann, that
the process of dissecting the story, in search of a basis of
fact, is one altogether fruitless."

G. Grote, History of Greece, volume 1, part 1, chapter 13.

"In the rich cluster of myths which surround the captain of

the Argo and his fellows are preserved to us the whole life
and doings of the Greek maritime tribes, which gradually
united all the coasts with one another, and attracted Hellenes
dwelling in the most different seats into the sphere of their
activity. ... The Argo was said to have weighed anchor from a
variety of ports--from Iplcus in Thessaly, from Anthedon and
Siphæ in Bœotia: the home of Jason himself was on Mount Pelion
by the sea, and again on Lemnos and in Corinth; a clear proof
of how homogeneous were the influences running on various
coasts. However, the myths of the Argo were developed in the
greatest completeness on the Pagasean gulf, in the seats of
the Minyi; and they are the first with whom a perceptible
movement of the Pelasgian tribes beyond the sea--in other
 words, a Greek history in Europe--begins."

E. Curtius, History of Greece, book 1, chapter 2-3.

{130}

ARGOS.--ARGOLIS.--ARGIVES.

"No district of Greece contains so dense a succession of

powerful citadels in a narrow space as Argolis [the eastern
peninsular projection of the Peloponnesus]. Lofty Larissa,
apparently designed by nature as the centre of the district,
is succeeded by Mycenæ, deep in the recess of the land; at the
foot of the mountain lies Midea, at the brink of the sea-coast
Tiryns; and lastly, at a farther distance of half an hour's
march, Nauplia, with its harbour. This succession of ancient
fastnesses, whose indestructible structure of stone we admire
to this day [see Schliemann's 'Mycenæ' and 'Tiryns'] is clear
evidence of mighty conflicts which agitated the earliest days
of Argos; and proves that in this one plain of Inachus several
principalities must have arisen by the side of one another,
each putting its confidence in the walls of its citadel; some,
according to their position, maintaining an intercourse with
other lands by sea, others rather a connection with the inland
country. The evidence preserved by these monuments is borne
out by that of the myths, according to which the dominion of
Danaus is divided among his successors. Exiled Prœtus is
brought home to Argos by Lycian bands, with whose help he
builds the coast-fortress of Tiryns, where he holds sway as
the first and mightiest in the land. ... The other line of the
Danaidæ is also intimately connected with Lycia; for Perseus.
... [who] on his return from the East founds Mycenæ, as the
new regal seat of the united kingdom of Argos, is himself
essentially a Lycian hero of light, belonging to the religion
of Apollo. ... Finally, Heracles himself is connected with the
family of the Perseidæ, as a prince born on the Tirynthian
fastness. ... During these divisions in the house of Danaus,
 and the misfortunes befalling that of Prœtus, foreign families
acquire influence and dominion in Argos: these are of the race
of Æolus, and originally belong to the harbour-country of the
western coast of Peloponnesus--the Amythaonidæ. ... While the
dominion of the Argive land was thus sub-divided, and the
native warrior nobility subsequently exhausted itself in
savage internal feuds, a new royal house succeeded in grasping
the supreme power and giving an entirely new importance to the
country. This house was that of the Tantalidæ [or PELOPIDS,
which see], united with the forces of Achæan population. ...
The residue of fact is, that the ancient dynasty, connected by
descent with Lycia, was overthrown by the house which derived
its origin from Lydia. ... The poetic myths, abhorring long
rows of names, mention three princes as ruling here in
succession, one leaving the sceptre of Pelops to the other,
viz., Atreus, Thyestes and Agamemnon. Mycenæ is the chief seat
of their rule, which is not restricted to the district of
Argos."

E. Curtius, History of Greece, book 1, chapter 3.

After the Doric invasion of the Peloponnesus (see GREECE: THE

MIGRATIONS; also, DORIANS AND IONIANS), Argos appears in
Greek
history as a Doric state, originally the foremost one in power
and influence, but humiliated after long years of rivalry by
her Spartan neighbours. "Argos never forgot that she had once
been the chief power in the peninsula, and her feeling towards
Sparta was that of a jealous but impotent competitor. By what
steps the decline of her power had taken place, we are unable
to make out, nor can we trace the succession of her kings
subsequent to Pheidon [8th century B. C.]. ... The title [of
king] existed (though probably with very limited functions) at
the time of the Persian War [B. C. 490-479]. ... There is some
ground for presuming that the king of Argos was even at that
time a Herakleid--since the Spartans offered to him a third
part of the command of the Hellenic force, conjointly with
their own two kings. The conquest of Thyreates by the Spartans
[about 547 B. C.] deprived the Argeians of a valuable portion
of their Periœkis, or dependent territory. But Orneæ and the
remaining portion of Kynuria still continued to belong to
them: the plain round their city was very productive; and,
except Sparta, there was no other power in Peloponnesus
superior to them. Mykenæ and Tiryns, nevertheless, seem both
to have been independent states at the time of the Persian
War, since both sent contingents to the battle of Platæa, at a
time when Argos held aloof and rather favoured the Persians."
G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, chapter 8 (volume 2).

ARGOS: B. C. 496-421.
Calamitous War with Sparta.
Non-action in the Persian War.
Slow recovery of the crippled State.

"One of the heaviest blows which Argos ever sustained at the

hand of her traditional foe befell her about 496 B. C., six
years before the first Persian invasion of Greece. A war with
Sparta having broken out, Cleomenes, the Lacedæmonian king,
succeeded in landing a large army, in vessels he had extorted
from the Æginetans, at Nauplia, and ravaged the Argive
territory. The Argeians mustered all their forces to resist
him, and the two armies encamp cd opposite each other near
Tiryns. Cleomenes, however, contrived to attack the Argeians
at a moment when they were unprepared, making use, if
Herodotus is to be credited, of a stratagem which proves the
extreme incapacity of the opposing generals, and completely
routed them. The Argeians took refuge in a sacred grove, to
which the remorseless Spartans set fire, and so destroyed
almost the whole of them. No fewer than 6,000 of the citizens
of Argos perished on this disastrous day. Cleomenes might have
captured the city itself; but he was, or affected to be,
hindered by unfavourable omens, and drew off his troops. The
loss sustained by Argos was so severe as to reduce her for
some years to a condition of great weakness; but this was at
the time a fortunate circumstance for the Hellenic cause,
inasmuch as it enabled the Lacedæmonians to devote their whole
energies to the work of resistance to the Persian invasion
without fear of enemies at home. In this great work Argos took
no part, on the occasion of either the first or second attempt
of the Persian kings to bring Hellas under their dominion.
Indeed, the city was strongly suspected of 'medising'
tendencies. In the period following the final overthrow of the
Persians, while Athens was pursuing the splendid career of
 aggrandisement and conquest that made her the foremost state
in Greece, and while the Lacedæmonians were paralyzed by the
revolt of the Messenians, Argos regained strength and
influence, which she at once employed and increased by the
harsh policy ... of depopulating Mycenæ and Tiryns, while she
compelled several other semi-independent places in the Argolid
to acknowledge her supremacy. During the first eleven years of
the Peloponnesian war, down to the peace of Nicias (421 B.
C.), Argos held aloof from all participation in the struggle,
adding to her wealth and perfecting her military organization.
As to her domestic conditions and political system, little is
known; but it is certain that the government, unlike that of
other Dorian states, was democratic in its character, though
there was in the city a strong oligarchic and philo-Laconian
party, which was destined to exercise a decisive influence at
an important crisis."

C. H. Hanson, The Land of Greece, chapter 10.

ALSO IN:
G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, chapter 36 (volume 4).

{131}

ARGOS: B. C. 421-418.
League formed against Sparta.
Outbreak of War.
Defeat at Mantinea.
Revolution in the Oligarchical and Spartan interest.

See GREECE: B. C. 421-418.

ARGOS: B. C. 395-387.
Confederacy against Sparta.
The Corinthian War.
Peace of Antalcidas.
 See GREECE: B. C. 399-387.

ARGOS: B. C. 371.
Mob outbreak and massacre of chief citizens.

See GREECE: B. C. 371-362.

ARGOS: B. C. 338.
Territories restored by Philip of Macedon.

See GREECE: B. C. 357-336.

ARGOS: B. C. 271.
Repulse and death of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus.

See MACEDONIA: B. C. 277-244.

ARGOS: B. C. 229.
Liberated from Macedonian control.

See GREECE: B. C. 280-146.

ARGOS: A. D. 267.--Ravaged by the Goths.

See GOTHS: A. D. 258-267.

ARGOS: A. D. 395.--Plundered by the Goths.

See GOTHS: A. D. 395.

ARGOS: A. D. 1463.
Taken by the Turks, retaken by the Venetians.

See GREECE: A. D. 1454-1479.

ARGOS: A. D. 1686.--Taken by the Venetians.

 See TURKS: A. D. 1684-1696.

----------ARGOS: End----------

ARGYRASPIDES, The.

"He [Alexander the Great] then marched into India, that he

might have his empire bounded by the ocean, and the extreme
parts of the East. That the equipments of his army might be
suitable to the glory of the Expedition, he mounted the
trappings of the horses and the arms of the soldiers with
silver, and called a body of his men, from having silver
shields, Argyraspides."

Justin, History (translated by J. S. Watson),

book 12, chapter 7.

ALSO IN:
C. Thirlwall, History of Greece, chapter 58.

See, also, MACEDONIA: B. C. 323-316.

ARGYRE.

See CHRYSE.

ARIA.--AREIOS.--AREIANS.

The name by which the Herirud and its valley, the district of
modern Herat, was known to the ancient Greeks. Its inhabitants
were known as the Areians.

M. Duncker, History of Antiquity, book 7, chapter 1.

ARIANA.

"Strabo uses the name Ariana for the land of all the nations
 of Iran, except that of the Medes and Persians, i. e., for the
whole eastern half of Iran."--Afghanistan and Beloochistan.

M. Duncker, History of Antiquity,

volume 5, book 7, chapter 1.

ARIANISM.--ARIANS.

From the second century of its existence, the Christian church

was divided by bitter controversies touching the mystery of
the Trinity. "The word Trinity is found neither in the Holy
Scriptures nor in the writings of the first Christians; but it
had been employed from the beginning of the second century,
when a more metaphysical turn had been given to the minds of
men, and theologians had begun to attempt to explain the
divine nature. ... The Founder of the new religion, the Being
who had brought upon earth a divine light, was he God, was he
man, was he of an intermediate nature, and, though superior to
all other created beings, yet himself created? This latter
opinion was held by Arius, an Alexandrian priest, who
maintained it in a series of learned controversial works
between the years 318 and 325. As soon as the discussion had
quitted the walls of the schools, and been taken up by the
people, mutual accusations of the gravest kind took the place
of metaphysical subtleties. The orthodox party reproached the
Arians with blaspheming the deity himself, by refusing to
acknowledge him in the person of Christ. The Arians accused
the orthodox of violating the fundamental law of religion; by
rendering to the creature the worship due only to the Creator.
... It was difficult to decide which numbered the largest body
of followers; but the ardent enthusiastic spirits, the
populace in all the great cities (and especially at
Alexandria) the women, and the newly-founded order of the
monks of the desert ... were almost without exception
partisans of the faith which has since been declared orthodox.
... Constantine thought this question of dogma might be
decided by an assembly of the whole church. In the year 325,
he convoked the council of Nice [see NICÆA, COUNCIL OF], at
which 300 bishops pronounced in favour of the equality of the
Son with the Father, or the doctrine generally regarded as
orthodox, and condemned the Arians to exile and their books to
the flames."

J. C. L. de Sismondi, Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter 4.

"The victorious faction [at the Council of Nice] ... anxiously

sought for some irreconcilable mark of distinction, the
rejection of which might involve the Arians in the guilt and
consequences of heresy. A letter was publicly read and
ignominiously torn, in which their patron, Eusebius of
Nicomedia, ingeniously confessed that the admission of the
homoousion, or consubstantial, a word already familiar to the
Platonists, was incompatible with the principles of their
theological system. The fortunate opportunity was eagerly
embraced. ... The consubstantiality of the Father and the Son
was established by the Council of Nice, and has been
unanimously received as a fundamental article of the Christian
faith by the consent of the Greek, the Latin, the Oriental and
the Protestant churches." Notwithstanding the decision of the
Council of Nice against it, the heresy of Arius continued to
gain ground in the East. Even the Emperor Constantine became
friendly to it, and the sons of Constantine, with some of the
later emperors who followed them on the eastern throne, were
ardent Arians in belief. The Homoousians, or orthodox, were
subjected to persecution, which was directed with special
bitterness against their great leader, Athanasius, the famous
bishop of Alexandria. But Arianism was weakened by
hair-splitting distinctions, which resulted in many diverging
creeds. "The sect which asserted the doctrine of a 'similar
substance' was the most numerous, at least in the provinces of
Asia. ... The Greek word which was chosen to express this
mysterious resemblance bears so close an affinity to the
orthodox symbol, that the profane of every age have derided
the furious contests which the difference of a single
 diphthong excited between the Homoousians and the
Homoiousians."
{132}
The Latin churches of the West, with Rome at their head,
remained generally firm in the orthodoxy of the Homoousian
creed. But the Goths, who had received their Christianity from
the East, tinctured with Arianism, carried that heresy
westward, and spread it among their barbarian neighbors--
Vandals, Burgundians and Sueves--through the influence of the
Gothic Bible of Ulfilas, which he and his missionary
successors bore to the Teutonic peoples. "The Vandals and
Ostrogoths persevered in the profession of Arianism till the
final ruin [A. D. 533 and 553] of the kingdoms which they had
founded in Africa and Italy. The barbarians of Gaul submitted
[A. D. 507] to the orthodox dominion of the Franks: and Spain
was restored to the Catholic Church by the voluntary
conversion of the Visigoths [A. D. 589]."

E. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,

chapters 21 and 37.
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25717

Theodosius formally proclaimed his adhesion to Trinitarian

orthodoxy by his celebrated edict of A. D. 380, and commanded
its acceptance in the Eastern Empire.

See ROME: A. D. 379-395.

A. Neander, General History of Christian. Religion

and Church, translated by Torry, volume 2, section 4.

ALSO IN:
J. Alzog, Manual of Univ. Ch. History, section 110-114.

W. G. T. Shedd, History of Christian Doctrine, book 3.

J. H. Newman, Arians of the Fourth Century.

 A. P. Stanley, Lectures on the History of the
Eastern Church, lectures 3-7.

J. A. Dorner, History of the Development of the Doctrine

of the Person of Christ, division 1 (volume 2).

See, also,
GOTHS: A. D. 341-381;
FRANKS: A. D. 481-511;
also, GOTHS (VISIGOTHS): A. D. 507-509.

ARICA, Battle of (1880).

See CHILE: A. D. 1833-1884.

ARICIA, Battle of.

A victory won by the Romans over the Auruncians, B. C. 497,

which summarily ended a war that the latter had declared
against the former.

Livy, History of Rome, book 2, chapter 26.

ARICIAN GROVE, The.

The sacred grove at Aricia (one of the towns of old Latium,

near Alba Longa) was the center and meeting-place of an early
league among the Latin peoples, about which little is known.

W. Ihne, History of Rome, book 2, chapter 3.

Sir. W. Gell, Topography of Rome, volume 1.

"On the northern shore of the lake [of Nemi] right under the
precipitous cliffs on which the modern village of Nemi is
perched, stood the sacred grove and sanctuary of Diana
 Nemorensis, or Diana of the Wood. ... The site was excavated
in 1885 by Sir John Saville Lumley, English ambassador at
Rome. For a general description of the site and excavations,
see the Athenæum, 10th October, 1885. For details of
the finds see 'Bulletino dell' Instituto di Corrispondenza
Archeologica,' 1885.--The lake and the grove were
sometimes known as the lake and grove of Aricia. But the town
of Aricia (the modern La Riccia) was situated about three
miles off, at the foot of the Alban Mount. ... According to
one story, the worship of Diana at Nemi was instituted by
Orestes, who, after killing Thoas, King of the Tauric
Chersonese (the Crimea), fled with his sister to Italy,
bringing with him the image of the Tauric Diana. ... Within
the sanctuary at Nemi grew a certain tree, of which no branch
might be broken. Only a runaway slave was allowed to break
off, if he could, one of its boughs. Success in the attempt
entitled him to fight the priest in single combat, and if he
slew him he reigned in his stead with the title of King of the
Wood (Rex Nemorensis). Tradition averred that the fateful
branch was that Golden Bough which, at the Sibyl's bidding,
Æneas plucked before he essayed the perilous journey to the
world of the dead. ... This rule of succession by the sword
was observed down to imperial times; for amongst his other
freaks Caligula, thinking that the priest of Nemi had held
office too long, hired a more stalwart ruffian to slay him."

J. G. Frazer, The Golden Bough, chapter 1, section 1.

ARICONIUM.
A town of Roman Britain which appears to have been the
principal mart of the iron manufacturing industry in the
Forest of Dean.

T. Wright, The Celt, the Roman and the Saxon,

page 161.
ARII, The.

See LYGIANS.

ARIKARAS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

ARIMINUM.

The Roman colony, planted in the third century B. C., which

grew into the modern city of Rimini. See ROME: B. C.
295-191.--When Cæsar entered Italy as an invader, crossing the
frontier of Cisalpine Gaul--the Rubicon--his first movement
was to occupy Ariminum. He halted there for two or three
weeks, making his preparations for the civil war which he had
now entered upon and waiting for the two legions that he had
ordered from Gaul.

C. Merivale, History of the Romans, chapter 14.

ARIOVALDUS, King of the Lombards, A. D. 626-638.

ARISTEIDES, Ascendancy of.

See ATHENS: B. C. 477-462.

ARISTOCRACY.--OLIGARCHY.

"Aristocracy signifies the rule of the best men. If, however,

this epithet is referred to an absolute ideal standard of
excellence, it is manifest that an aristocratical government
is a mere abstract notion, which has nothing in history, or in
nature, to correspond to it. But if we content ourselves with
taking the same terms in a relative sense, ... aristocracy ...
will be that form of government in which the ruling few are
distinguished from the multitude by illustrious birth,
 hereditary wealth, and personal merit. ... Whenever such a
change took place in the character or the relative position of
the ruling body, that it no longer commanded the respect of
its subjects, but found itself opposed to them, and compelled
to direct its measures chiefly to the preservation of its
power, it ceased to be, in the Greek sense an aristocracy; it
became a faction, an oligarchy."

C. Thirlwall, History of Greece, chapter 10.

ARISTOMNEAN WAR.

See MESSENIAN WARS, FIRST AND SECOND.

ARIZONA: The Name.

"Arizona, probably Arizonac in its original form, was the

native and probably Pima name of the place of a hill, valley,
stream, or some other local feature--just south of the modern
boundary, in the mountains still so called, on the head waters
of the stream flowing past Saric, where the famous Planchas de
Plata mine was discovered in the middle of the 18th century,
the name being first known to Spaniards in that connection and
being applied to the mining camp or real de minas. The
aboriginal meaning of the term is not known, though from the
common occurrence in this region of the prefix 'ari,' the root
'son,' and the termination 'ac,' the derivation ought not to
escape the research of a competent student. Such guesses as
are extant, founded on the native tongues, offer only the
barest possibility of a partial and accidental accuracy; while
similar derivations from the Spanish are extremely absurd. ...
The name should properly be written and pronounced Arisona, as
our English sound of the z does not occur in Spanish."

H. H. Bancroft, History of the Pacific States,

volume 12, page 520.
{133}

ARIZONA:
Aboriginal Inhabitants.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PUEBLOS, APACHE GROUP,

SHOSHONEAN
FAMILY, AND UTAHS.

ARIZONA: A. D. 1848.
Partial acquisition from Mexico.

See MEXICO: A. D. 1848.

ARIZONA: A. D. 1853.
Purchase by the United States of the southern part from Mexico.
The Gadsden Treaty.

"On December 30, 1853, James Gadsden, United States minister

to Mexico, concluded a treaty by which the boundary line was
moved southward so as to give the United States, for a
monetary consideration of $10,000,000, all of modern Arizona
south of the Gila, an effort so to fix the line as to include
a port on the gulf being unsuccessful. ... On the face of the
matter this Gadsden treaty was a tolerably satisfactory
settlement of a boundary dispute, and a purchase by the United
States of a route for a southern railroad to California."

H. H. Bancroft, History of the Pacific States, volume 12,

chapter 20.

----------ARIZONA: End----------

ARKANSAS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: SIOUAN FAMILY.

ARKANSAS: A. D. 1542
Entered by Hernando de Soto.

See FLORIDA: A. D. 1528-1542.

ARKANSAS: A. D. 1803.
Embraced in the Louisiana Purchase.

See LOUISIANA: A. D. 1798-1803.

ARKANSAS: A. D. 1819-1836.
Detached from Missouri.
Organized as a Territory.
Admitted as a State.

"Preparatory to the assumption of state government, the limits

of the Missouri Territory were restricted on the south by the
parallel of 36° 30' North. The restriction was made by an act
of Congress, approved March 3, 1819, entitled an 'Act
establishing a separate territorial government in the southern
portion of the Missouri Territory.' The portion thus separated
was subsequently organized into the second grade of territorial
government, and Colonel James Miller, a meritorious and
distinguished officer of the Northwestern army, was appointed
first governor. This territory was known as the Arkansas
Territory, and, at the period of its first organization,
contained an aggregate of nearly 14,000 inhabitants. Its
limits comprised all the territory on the west side of the
Mississippi between the parallels 33° and 36° 30', or between
the northern limit of Louisiana and the southern boundary of
the State of Missouri. On the west it extended indefinitely to
the Mexican territories, at least 550 miles. The Post of
Arkansas was made the seat of the new government. The
population of this extensive territory for several years was
comprised chiefly in the settlements upon the tributaries of
White River and the St. Francis; upon the Mississippi, between
New Madrid and Point Chicot; and upon both sides of the
 Arkansas River, within 100 miles of its mouth, but especially
in the vicinity of the Post of Arkansas. ... So feeble was the
attraction in this remote region for the active, industrious,
and well-disposed portion of the western pioneers, that the
Arkansas Territory, in 1830, ten years after its organization,
had acquired an aggregate of only 30,388 souls, including
4,576 slaves. ... The western half of the territory had been
erected, in 1824, into a separate district, to be reserved for
the future residence of the Indian tribes, and to be known as
the Indian Territory. From this time the tide of emigration
began to set more actively into Arkansas, as well as into
other portions of the southwest. ... The territory increased
rapidly for several years, and the census of 1835 gave the
whole number of inhabitants at 58,134 souls, including 9,630
slaves. Thus the Arkansas Territory in the last five years had
doubled its population. ... The people, through the General
Assembly, made application to Congress for authority to
establish a regular form of state government. The assent of
Congress was not withheld, and a Convention was authorized to
meet at Little Rock on the first day of January, 1836, for the
purpose of forming and adopting a State Constitution. The same
was approved by Congress, and on the 13th of June following
the State of Arkansas was admitted into the Federal Union as
an independent state, and was, in point of time and order, the
twenty-fifth in the confederacy. ... Like the Missouri
Territory, Arkansas had been a slaveholding country from the
earliest French colonies. Of course, the institution of negro
slavery, with proper checks and limits, was sustained by the
new Constitution."

J. W. Monette, Discovery and Settlement of the Valley of

the Mississippi, book 5, chapter 17 (volume 2).

See, also, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1818-1821.

ARKANSAS: A. D. 1861 (March).

Secession voted down.
 See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (MARCH-APRIL).

ARKANSAS: A. D. 1861 (April).

Governor Rector's reply to President Lincoln's call for
troops.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (APRIL).

ARKANSAS: A. D. 1862 (January-March).

Advance of National forces into the State.
Battle of Pea Ridge.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1862

(JANUARY-MARCH: MISSOURI-ARKANSAS).

ARKANSAS: A. D. 1862 (July-September).

Progress of the Civil War.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:

A. D. 1862 (JULY-SEPTEMBER: MISSOURI-ARKANSAS).

ARKANSAS: A. D.1862(December).
The Battle of Prairie Grove.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D.

1862 (SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER: MISSOURI-ARKANSAS).

ARKANSAS: A. D. 1863 (January).

The capture of Arkansas Post from the Confederates.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1863 (JANUARY:

ARKANSAS).

ARKANSAS: A. D. 1863 (July).

The defence of Helena.
 See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1863
(JULY: ON THE MISSISSIPPI).

ARKANSAS: A. D. 1863 (August-October).

The breaking of Confederate authority.
Occupation of Little Rock by National forces.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1863

(AUGUST-OCTOBER: ARKANSAS-Missouri).

ARKANSAS: A. D. 1864 (March-October).

Last important operations of the War.
Price's Raid.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864

(MARCH-OCTOBER: ARKANSAS-MISSOURI).

{134}

ARKANSAS: A. D. 1864.
First steps toward Reconstruction.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1863-1864

(DECEMBER-JULY).

ARKANSAS: A. D. 1865-1868.
Reconstruction completed.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:

A. D.1865 (MAY-JULY), to 1868-1870.

----------ARKANSAS: End----------

ARKITES, The.

A Canaanite tribe who occupied the plain north of Lebanon.

ARKWRIGHT'S SPINNING MACHINE, OR WATER-FRAME, The
invention of.

See COTTON MANUFACTURE.

ARLES: Origin.

See SALVES.

ARLES: A. D. 411.--Double siege.

See BRITAIN: A. D. 407.

ARLES: A. D. 425.--Besieged by the Goths.

See GOTHS (VISIGOTHS): A. D. 419-451.

ARLES: A. D. 508-510.
Siege by the Franks.

After the overthrow of the Visigothic kingdom of Toulouse, A.

D. 507, by the victory of Clovis, king of the Franks, at
Voclad, near Poitiers, "the great city of Aries, once the
Roman capital of Gaul, maintained a gallant defence against
the united Franks and Burgundians, and saved for generations
the Visigothic rule in Provence and southern Languedoc. Of the
siege, which lasted apparently from 508 to 510, we have some
graphic details in the life of St. Cæsarius, Bishop of Aries,
written by his disciples." The city was relieved in 510 by an
Ostrogothic army, sent by king Theodoric of Italy, after a
great battle in which 30,000 Franks were reported to be slain.
"The result of the battle of Aries was to put Theodoric in
secure possession of all Provence and of so much of Languedoc
as was needful to ensure his access to Spain"--where the
Ostrogothic king, as guardian of his infant grandson,
Amalaric, was taking care of the Visigothic kingdom.
 T. Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, book 4, chapter 9.

ARLES: A. D. 933.
Formation of the kingdom.

See BURGUNDY: A. D. 843-933.

ARLES: A. D. 1032-1378.
The breaking up of the kingdom and its gradual absorption in
France.

See BURGUNDY: A. D. 1032, and 1127-1378.

ARLES: 1092-1207.
The gay court of Provence.

See PROVENCE: A. D. 943-1092, and 1179-1207.

----------ARLES: End----------

ARMADA, The Spanish.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1588.

ARMAGEDDON.

See MEGIDDO.

ARMAGH, St. Patrick's School at.

See IRELAND: 5th to 8th CENTURIES.

ARMAGNAC, The counts of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1327.

ARMAGNACS.
 See FRANCE: A. D. 1380-1415, and 1415-1419.

ARMENIA:

"Almost immediately to the west of the Caspian there rises a

high table-land diversified by mountains, which stretches
eastward for more than eighteen degrees, between the 37th and
41st parallels. This highland may properly be regarded as a
continuation of the great Iranean plateau, with which it is
connected at its southeastern corner. It comprises a portion
of the modern Persia, the whole of Armenia, and most of Asia
Minor. Its principal mountain ranges are latitudinal, or from
west to east, only the minor ones taking the opposite or
longitudinal direction. ... The heart of the mountain-region,
the tract extending from the district of Erivan on the east to
the upper course of the Kizil·Irmak river and the vicinity of
Sivas upon the west, was, as it still is, Armenia. Amidst
these natural fastnesses, in a country of lofty ridges, deep
and narrow valleys, numerous and copious streams, and
occasional broad plains--a country of rich pasture grounds,
productive orchards, and abundant harvests--this interesting
people has maintained itself almost unchanged from the time of
the early Persian kings to the present day. Armenia was one of
the most valuable portions of the Persian empire, furnishing,
as it did, besides stone and timber, and several most
important minerals, an annual supply of 20,000 excellent
horses to the stud of the Persian king."

G. Rawlinson, Five Great Monarchies: Persia, chapter 1.

Before the Persians established their sovereignty over the

country, "it seems certain that from one quarter or another
Armenia had been Arianized; the old Turanian character had
passed away from it; immigrants had flocked in and a new
people had been formed--the real Armenians of later times,
and indeed of the present day." Submitting to Alexander, on
 the overthrow of the Persian monarchy, Armenia fell afterwards
under the yoke of the Seleucidæ, but gained independence about
190 B. C., or earlier. Under the influence of Parthia, a
branch of the Parthian royal family, the Arsacids, was
subsequently placed on the throne and a dynasty established
which reigned for nearly six hundred years. The fourth of
these kings, Tigranes, who occupied the throne in the earlier
part of the last century B. C., placed Armenia in the front
rank of Asiatic kingdoms and in powerful rivalry with Parthia.
Its subsequent history is one of many wars and invasions and
much buffeting between Romans, Parthians, Persians, and their
successors in the conflicts of the eastern world. The part of
Armenia west of the Euphrates was called by the Romans Armenia
Minor. For a short period after the revolt from the Seleucid
monarchy, it formed a distinct kingdom called Sophene.

G. Rawlinson, Sixth and Seventh Great Oriental

Monarchies.

ARMENIA: B. C. 69-68.
War with the Romans.
Great defeat at Tigranocerta
Submission to Rome.

See ROME: B. C. 78-68, and 69-63.

ARMENIA: A. D. 115-117.

Annexed to the Roman Empire by Trajan and restored to

independence by Hadrian.

See ROME: A. D. 96-138.

ARMENIA: A. D. 422 (?).

Persian Conquest.
Becomes the satrapy of Persarmenia.
 See PERSIA: A. D. 226-627.

ARMENIA: A. D. 1016-1073.
Conquest and devastation by the Seljuk Turks.

See TURKS (SELJUKS): A. D. 1004-1063, and 1063-1073.

ARMENIA: 12th-14th Centuries.

The Mediæval Christian Kingdom.

"The last decade of the 12th century saw the establishment of

two small Christian kingdoms in the Levant, which long
outlived all other relics of the Crusades except the military
orders; and which, with very little help from the West,
sustained a hazardous existence in complete contrast with
almost everything around them. The kingdoms of Cyprus and
Armenia have a history very closely intertwined, but their
origin and most of their circumstances were very different. By
Armenia as a kingdom is meant little more than the ancient
Cilicia, the land between Taurus and the sea, from the
frontier of the principality of Antioch, eastward, to
Kelenderis or Palæopolis, a little beyond Seleucia; this
territory, which was computed to contain 16 days' journey in
length, measured from four miles of Antioch, by two in
breadth, was separated from the Greater Armenia, which before
the period on which we are now employed had fallen under the
sway of the Seljuks, by the ridges of Taurus.
{135}
The population was composed largely of the sweepings of Asia
Minor, Christian tribes which had taken refuge in the
mountains. Their religion was partly Greek, partly Armenian.
... Their rulers were princes descended from the house of the
Bagratidæ, who had governed the Greater Armenia as kings from
the year 885 to the reign of Constantine of Monomachus, and
had then merged their hazardous independence in the mass of
the Greek Empire. After the seizure of Asia Minor by the
Seljuks, the few of the Bagratidæ who had retained possession