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 Integration of IoT with Cloud
Computing for Smart Applications

Integration of IoT with Cloud Computing for Smart Applications provides an integrative over-
view of the Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing to be used for the various futuristic and
intelligent applications. The aim of this book is to integrate IoT and cloud computing to translate
ordinary resources into smart things. Discussions in this book include a broad and integrated per-
spective on the collaboration, security, growth of cloud infrastructure, and real-time data monitoring.

Features:

• Presents an integrated approach to solve the problems related to security, reliability, and
energy consumption.
• Explains a unique approach to discuss the research challenges and opportunities in the field
of IoT and cloud computing.
• Discusses a novel approach for smart agriculture, smart healthcare systems, smart cities
and many other modern systems based on machine learning, artificial intelligence, and big
data, etc.
• Information presented in a simplified way for students, researchers, academicians and sci-
entists, business innovators and entrepreneurs, management professionals and practitioners.

This book can be great reference for graduate and postgraduate students, researchers, and academi-
cians working in the field of computer science, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, etc.
Chapman & Hall/CRC Cloud Computing for Society 5.0
Series Editor: Vishal Bhatnagar and Vikram Bali

Digitalization of Higher Education using Cloud Computing

Edited by: S.L. Gupta, Nawal Kishor, Niraj Mishra, Sonali Mathur, Utkarsh Gupta
Cloud Computing Technologies for Smart Agriculture and Healthcare
Edited by: Urmila Shrawankar, Latesh Malik, Sandhya Arora
Cloud and Fog Computing Platforms for Internet of Things
Edited by: Pankaj Bhambri, Sita Rani, Gaurav Gupta, Alex Khang
Cloud based Intelligent Informative Engineering for Society 5.0
Edited by: Kaushal Kishor, Neetesh Saxena, Dilkeshwar Pandey
Cloud based Multi-Modal Information Analytics: A Hands-on Approach
Authors: Srinidhi Hiriyannaiah, Siddesh G M, Srinivasa K G
Integration of IoT with Cloud Computing for Smart Applications
Edited by: Rohit Anand, Sapna Juneja, Abhinav Juneja, Vishal Jain, Ramani Kannan

or more information about this series please visit: https://www.routledge.com/Chapman--

F
HallCRC-Cloud-Computing-for-Society-50/book-series/CRCCCS
 Integration of IoT with
Cloud Computing for Smart
Applications

Edited by
Rohit Anand
Sapna Juneja
Abhinav Juneja
Vishal Jain
Ramani Kannan
Designed cover image: © ShutterStock
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
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CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2023 selection and editorial matter, Rohit Anand, Sapna Juneja, Abhinav Juneja, Vishal Jain and Ramani Kannan; indi-
vidual chapters, the contributors
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Anand, Rohit, editor. | Juneja, Sapna, editor. | Juneja, Abhinav,
editor. | Jain, Vishal, 1983- editor. | Kannan, Ramani, editor.
Title: Integration of IoT with cloud computing for smart applications /
edited by Rohit Anand, Sapna Juneja, Abhinav Juneja, Vishal Jain, Ramani Kannan.
Description: Boca Raton : Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, 2023. | Series: Cloud
computing for Society 5.0 | Includes bibliographic references. |
Summary: “Integration of IoT with Cloud Computing for Smart Applications
provides an integrative overview of Internet-of-Things (IoT) and Cloud
Computing to be used for the various futuristic and intelligent
applications. The aim of this book is to integrate IoT and cloud
computing to translate the ordinary resources into smart things.
Discussions in this book include a broad and integrated perspective on
the collaboration, security, growth of cloud infrastructure and
real-time data monitoring”-- Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2023000907 (print) | LCCN 2023000908 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781032328676 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032333434 (paperback) |
ISBN 9781003319238 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Internet of things | Cloud computing. | Application software.
Classification: LCC TK5105.8857 .I5275 2023 (print) | LCC TK5105.8857
(ebook) | DDC 005.3--dc23/eng/20230301
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023000907
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023000908
ISBN: 978-1-032-32867-6 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-33343-4 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-31923-8 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003319238
Typeset in Times
by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive)
Contents
Preface...............................................................................................................................................vii
Notes on the Editors...........................................................................................................................ix
Contributors.......................................................................................................................................xi

Chapter 1 Novel Techniques Using IoT and Cloud Computing in Agriculture........................... 1

T. Ratha Jeyalakshmi, Kunal Dey, and Gokul Thanigaivasan

Chapter 2 A Comparative Analysis on Performance Factors for Communicating

Devices in a MIPv6 Environment under Smart City Model...................................... 21
Shweta Singh, Manish Bhardwaj, Arun Kumar Tripathi, and Shivali Tyagi

Chapter 3 Futuristic Trends in Vehicle Communication Based on IoT and

Cloud Computing....................................................................................................... 33
Chhote Lal Prasad Gupta and Shashank Gaur

Chapter 4 Towards Resolving Privacy and Security Issues in IoT-Based Cloud

Computing Platforms for Smart City Applications................................................... 53
Soma Saha and Bodhisatwa Mazumdar

Chapter 5 Challenges and Opportunities Toward Integration of IoT with Cloud Computing..... 81
Manoj Kumar Patra, Anisha Kumari, Bibhudatta Sahoo, and
Ashok Kumar Turuk

Chapter 6 Multi-variant Processing Model in IIoT.................................................................... 99

N. Ambika

Chapter 7 Mobile Health: Roles of Sensors and IoT in Healthcare Technology..................... 111
Amit Kumar Singh, Anshul Gaur, Maya Datt Joshi, and M. Marieswaran

Chapter 8 IoT and Cloud Computing: Two Promising Pillars for Smart Agriculture
and Smart Healthcare............................................................................................... 131
A. Sherly Alphonse, S. Abinaya, Ani Brown Mary, and D. Jeyabharathi

Chapter 9 Splitter with Cryptographic Model for Cloud Data Transmission Security............ 147
Ashima Arya, Mitu Sehgal, Aarzoo, Sangeeta, and Junaid Rashid

Chapter 10 IoT in Connected Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities............................................... 161

Manish Bhardwaj, Shweta Singh, and Yu-Chen Hu

v
viContents

Chapter 11 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Smart Farming Using
Cloud Computing..................................................................................................... 181
Sapna Juneja, Abhinav Juneja, Arti Sharma, Vishal Jain, and Amena Mahmoud

Chapter 12 Parivem–Parivahan Emulator................................................................................... 191

Dimple Chawla and Yukta Malhotra

Chapter 13 Building Integrated Systems for Healthcare Considering Mobile Computing

and IoT..................................................................................................................... 203
Rohit Anand, Ashy V. Daniel, A. Lenin Fred, Tarun Jaiswal, Sapna Juneja,
Abhinav Juneja, and Ankur Gupta

Chapter 14 Clustering of Big Data in Cloud Environments for Smart Applications................. 227
Rohit Anand, Vipin Jain, Anushi Singh, Disha Rahal, Prachi Rastogi,
Avinash Rajkumar, and Ankur Gupta

Index............................................................................................................................................... 249
Preface
This book has focused on the emerging and futuristic need of modern-day computational require-
ments which can be resolved through the amalgamation of cloud computing and Internet of Things
(IoT). There is an increasing trend in the technological world to make better and smarter applica-
tions based on human and societal needs. These smart applications are nowadays based on data
being captured by smart sensors of varied types, which is being further used for smart decision
making and to control our processes. We are using IoT-driven systems to manage personal, societal,
and environmental processes. The data we generate through sensors is enormous and it needs to be
systematically stored and available as and when needed by the user. Cloud computing makes this
possible by being omnipresent over the Internet across the globe. So, with these two technologies
working cohesively, a lot of new dimensions in modern-day processing are evolving.
The book comprises 14 chapters and each chapter will surely add a lot of value to your journey
of exploring IoT and cloud computing for smart applications.
Chapter 1 focuses on how IoT and cloud computing strategies work together to support farmers
in their daily tasks. The chapter showcases the primary needs for implementing IoT and cloud-based
agriculture. It also discusses some novel techniques that can be used to turn traditional agriculture
into smart agriculture.
Chapter 2 provides an insight into data transmission and the various factors to take into account
for the security and reliability of data in the context of smart cities. In this chapter to achieve the
reliability and security, a proxy is applied in the IoT-based environment with MIPv6 protocol.
Chapter 3 discusses an important privilege of cloud computing, i.e., fog computing, which
improves the energy consumption of vehicular communication networks and thus the latency of the
communicating packet between the vehicles improves.
Chapter 4 showcases the various security aspects of components of secured cloud computing-
based smart systems, including smart meters, smart healthcare management systems, and smart
transportation management systems which find their applications in our day-to-day life.
Chapter 5 brings out an introduction to fundamentals of cloud computing and the IoT. The chap-
ter provides an architecture model for integrating the IoT with cloud computing and outlines the
different challenges and opportunities this presents and also refers to some research challenges in
this field.
Chapter 6 is focused on multi-variant detection in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) which
is one of the prominent developments for cloud applications.
Chapter 7 explores the various smart applications of IoT technology in medical applications
through the use of smart sensors. These sensors can capture vital data and provide useful decision
making with the help of machine learning methods for better monitoring and control of medical-
related issues.
Chapter 8 explores the use of IoT and cloud computing for modern-day control and monitoring of
our health infrastructure and applications. The chapter opens various issues related to the topic and
also offers a vision of exploring the usability of the technology for human convenience in healthcare
operations.
Chapter 9 provides a novel method of implementing a splitter with cryptography to ensure the
secure transmission of data over cloud-based applications. To ensure security, data packets are split
and then a cryptographic algorithm is applied to the portions in the proposed work.
Chapter 10 focuses on the use of IoT for the connectivity of electric vehicles in upcoming smart
cities. The IoT diminishes the need for human intervention in monitoring and control of smart sys-
tems. The chapter discusses the use of smarter technologies in the implementation of smart solutions
for electric vehicles and also discusses various challenges and opportunities.

vii
viiiPreface

Chapter 11 explores the various prospects and capabilities of wireless IoT sensors with the adop-
tion of artificial intelligence and machine learning for smart agriculture and farming. The chapter
makes a detailed overview of opportunities as well as the challenges which the farming industry can
face when combining this approach with a conventional farming approach.
Chapter 12 proposes a smart tag-based system that embeds a pollution-level meter in the vehicle
dashboard. The meter displays the pollution level measured using MQ-7 and MQ-2 sensors embed-
ded in the vehicle outlet. These sensors collect the relevant data on pollution levels emitted by the
vehicle and store it in the cloud for analysis and sharing.
Chapter 13 proposes an integrated mobile computing environment that takes into account the
usage of artificial intelligence and machine learning with the vital data being generated through the
smart sensing IoT-based applications. The chapter proposes techniques which can provide an overall
solution to the user for their medical and healthcare needs.
Chapter 14 discusses the adoption of clustering techniques in the management of big data over
the cloud. There are typical challenges in managing the large volume of data we come across in all
modern-day applications. Clustering of similar types of data may simplify the cloud operations to
large extent.
All the chapters included in the book explore new horizons for adding new dimensions to the
understanding of the technologies related to cloud computing and smart IoT-based systems. The edi-
tors are thankful to all the authors for their wonderful contribution and effort in writing meaningful
chapters for the readers.
Happy Learning …

Editors
Rohit Anand
Abhinav Juneja
Sapna Juneja
Vishal Jain
Ramani Kannan
Notes on the Editors
Rohit Anand is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering at G. B. Pant DSEU Okhla-1 Campus (formerly G.B.Pant Engineering
College), New Delhi, India. He has more than 21 years’ teaching experience including UG and
PG Courses. He is a Life Member of the Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE). He has
published thirteen book chapters in reputed books and 19 research papers in Scopus/SCI Indexed
Journals. He has chaired sessions in fifteen International Conferences. He received the Best Paper
Presentation award in an international conference and has awards such as the Indian and Asian
Record holder, Integral Humanism award and Best Teacher award. His research areas include elec-
tromagnetic field theory, antenna theory and design, wireless communication, image processing,
optical fiber communication, IoT, etc.

Sapna Juneja is a Professor in the Department of CS at KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR,

Ghaziabad, India. Earlier she worked as a Professor in the Department of CSE at IITM Group of
Institutions and BMIET, Sonepat. She has more than 17 years of teaching experience. She completed
her masters and doctorate in Computer Science and Engineering from M.D. University, Rohtak in
2010 and 2018, respectively. Her broad area of research is software reliability of embedded systems.
Her areas of interest include software engineering, computer networks, operating systems, database
management systems, and artificial intelligence, etc. She has guided several research theses of UG
and PG students in Computer Science and Engineering. She is editing a book on recent technologi-
cal developments.

Abhinav Juneja is currently working as a Professor in the Department of CSIT at KIET Group of
Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, India. Before this, he worked as Associate Director & Professor
in the Department of CSE at BMIET, Sonepat. He has more than 21 years of experience teaching
postgraduate and undergraduate engineering students. He completed his Doctorate in Computer
Science and Engineering from M.D. University, Rohtak in 2018 and has a masters in Information
Technology from GGSIPU, Delhi. He has research interests in the field of software reliability, IoT,
machine learning and soft computing. He has published several papers in reputed national and inter-
national journals. He has been reviewer of several journals of repute and has been on various com-
mittees of international conferences.

Vishal Jain is presently working as an Associate Professor at the Department of Computer Science
and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, U. P.,
India. Before that, he worked for several years as an Associate Professor at Bharati Vidyapeeth’s
Institute of Computer Applications and Management (BVICAM), New Delhi. He has more than
14 years of academic experience and has earned several degrees: PhD (CSE), MTech (CSE), MBA
(HR), MCA, MCP, and CCNA. He has authored more than 95 research papers in professional
journals and conferences. He has authored and edited more than 30 books with various reputed
publishers, including Elsevier, Springer, Apple Academic Press, CRC, Taylor and Francis Group,
Scrivener, Wiley, Emerald, River Publishers, and IGI-Global. His research areas include information
retrieval, semantic web, ontology engineering, data mining, ad hoc networks, and sensor networks.
He received a Young Active Member Award for the year 2012–13 from the Computer Society of
India, Best Faculty Award for the year 2017, and Best Researcher Award for the year 2019 from
BVICAM, New Delhi.

Ramani Kannan is currently working as a Senior Lecturer in the Center for Smart Grid Energy
Research, Institute of Autonomous Systems, University Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Malaysia.

ix
x Notes on the Editors

Dr. Kannan completed a Ph.D. (Power Electronics and Drives) from Anna University, India in 2012,
M.E. (Power Electronics and Drives) from Anna University, India in 2006, B.E. (Electronics and
Communication) from Bharathiyar University, India in 2004. He has more than 15 years of experi-
ence in prestigious educational institutes. Dr. Kanan has published more than 130 papers in various
reputed national and international journals and conferences. He is the editor, co-editor, guest editor
and reviewer of various books including for Springer Nature, Elsevier, etc. He has received an award
for best presenter in CENCON 2019, IEEE Conference on Energy Conversion (CENCON 2019),
Indonesia.
Contributors
Aarzoo Ankur Gupta
PIET Vaish College of Engineering
Samalkha, Panipat, India Rohtak, India
S. Abinaya Chhote Lal Prasad Gupta
Vellore Institute of Technology Bansal Institute of Engineering and Technology
Chennai, India Lucknow, India
A. Sherly Alphonse
Vellore Institute of Technology Yu-Chen Hu
Providence University
N. Ambika Taiwan
St. Francis College
Vipin Jain
Rohit Anand Teerthanker Mahaveer University
G.B. Pant DSEU Okhla-1 Campus Moradabad, India
New Delhi, India
Ashima Arya Vishal Jain
CSIT Department Sharda School of Engineering and Technology,
KIET Ghaziabad, India Sharda University
Greater Noida, India
Manish Bhardwaj
KIET Group of Institutions Delhi-NCR Tarun Jaiswal
Ghaziabad, India National Institute of Technology
Raipur, India
Dimple Chawla
Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies D. Jeyabharathi
New Delhi, India Sri Krishna College of Technology
Ashy V. Daniel Coimbatore, India
Mar Ephraem College of Engineering & Maya Datt Joshi
Technology GLA University
Marthandam, India Mathura, India
Kunal Dey
Abhinav Juneja
Jain Deemed to be University
KIET Group of Institutions
Bangalore, India
Ghaziabad, India
A. Lenin Fred
Mar Ephraem College of Engineering & Sapna Juneja
Technology KIET Group of Institutions
Marthandam, India Ghaziabad, India

Anshul Gaur Anisha Kumari

Uttarakhand Technical University National Institute of Technology
Uttarakhand, India Rourkela, India
Shashank Gaur Amena Mahmoud
Bansal Institute of Engineering and Technology Kafrelsheikh University
Lucknow, India Egypt

xi
xiiContributors

Yukta Malhotra Sangeeta

Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies PIET, Samalkha
New Delhi, India Panipat, India
M. Marieswaran Mitu Sehgal
National Institute of Technology PIET, Samalkha
Raipur, India Panipat, India

Ani Brown Mary Arti Sharma

Sarah Tucker College KIET Group of Institutions
Tirunelveli, India Ghaziabad, India

Bodhisatwa Mazumdar Anushi Singh

IIT Indore Teerthanker Mahaveer University
Indore, India Moradabad, India

Manoj Kumar Patra Shweta Singh

National Institute of Technology KIET Group of Institutions DELHI-NCR
Rourkela, India Ghaziabad, India
Amit Kumar Singh
Disha Rahal
Biomedical Engineering Department VSB
Teerthanker Mahaveer University
Engineering College
Moradabad, India
Karur, India
Avinash Rajkumar
T. Ratha Jeyalakshmi
Teerthanker Mahaveer University
Jain Deemed to be University
Moradabad, India
Bangalore, India
Junaid Rashid Gokul Thanigaivasan
Kongju National University Jain Deemed to be University
South Korea Bangalore, India
Prachi Rastogi Arun Kumar Tripathi
Teerthanker Mahaveer University KIET Group of Institutions DELHI-NCR
Moradabad, India India
Soma Saha Ashok Kumar Turuk
VIT Bhopal University National Institute of Technology
India Rourkela, India
Bibhudatta Sahoo Shivali Tyagi
National Institute of Technology KIET Group of Institutions DELHI-NCR
Rourkela, India India
1 Novel Techniques Using
IoT and Cloud Computing
in Agriculture
T. Ratha Jeyalakshmi, Kunal Dey, and Gokul Thanigaivasan
Jain Deemed to be University, Bangalore, India

CONTENTS
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Role of Sensors in Agriculture .................................................................................................. 4
1.3 Types of Sensors in Agriculture ................................................................................................ 5
1.3.1 Location Sensors ........................................................................................................... 5
1.3.2 Electromagnetic Sensors ............................................................................................... 5
1.3.3 Optical Sensors ............................................................................................................. 6
1.3.4 Mechanical Sensors ...................................................................................................... 6
1.3.5 Dielectric Soil Moisture Sensors .................................................................................. 7
1.3.6 Airflow Sensor .............................................................................................................. 7
1.3.7 Acoustic Sensors ........................................................................................................... 7
1.4 Needs of the Cloud in IoT-Based Agriculture .......................................................................... 8
1.4.1 Use of Infrastructure as a Service in Agriculture .......................................................... 8
1.4.2 Use of Software as a Service in Agriculture ................................................................. 8
1.4.3 Use of Platform as a Service in Agriculture ................................................................. 8
1.5 Types of Cloud Architecture and Their Uses in Agriculture ....................................................9
1.5.1 Features of Public Cloud .............................................................................................. 9
1.5.2 Features of Private Cloud .............................................................................................. 9
1.5.3 Features of Community Cloud ...................................................................................... 9
1.5.4 Features of Hybrid Cloud ............................................................................................. 9
1.6 Applications ............................................................................................................................ 10
1.6.1 Crop Recommendation ............................................................................................... 10
1.6.2 Cattle Tracking ............................................................................................................ 11
1.6.3 Precision Farming ....................................................................................................... 11
1.6.4 Soil Monitoring ........................................................................................................... 12
1.6.5 Ripening of Fruits ....................................................................................................... 13
1.6.6 Smart Greenhouses ..................................................................................................... 13
1.6.6.1 Applications of Smart Greenhouses ............................................................. 13
1.6.6.2 Advantages of Smart Greenhouses .............................................................. 15
1.6.7 Choosing Crops Based on Soil Texture and Weather ................................................. 15
1.6.8 Crop Protection ........................................................................................................... 15
1.7 Future Scope ........................................................................................................................... 16
1.7.1 Optimized Usage of Scarecrows ................................................................................. 16
1.7.2 SONAR for Creature Detection at Night .................................................................... 16
1.7.3 Proper Weather Forecasting ........................................................................................ 16

DOI: 10.1201/9781003319238-1 1
2 Integration of IoT with Cloud Computing

1.7.4 Drones for Farm Management .................................................................................... 16

1.7.5 Combining Solar Panels with IoT Devices to Enhance Power Usage ........................ 16
1.7.6 Weed-Killing Using New Techniques ......................................................................... 16
1.7.7 Soil Heat Maintenance ................................................................................................ 17
1.8 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 17
References ........................................................................................................................................ 17

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The Internet of Things (IoT) consists of many devices linked together as a network. The components
of IoT are sensors, software, and other technologies which help in the exchange of data between
various devices, software and systems connected together over the Internet. IoT finds its usage in
various household as well as industrial applications. IoT provides facilities to make the systems
work with autonomy which enables us to collect voluminous data that can be analyzed and pro-
cessed generating various kinds of reports which needs less interaction.
The data in the IoT is collected by sensors. A sensor is a small device that detects or measures
external environmental signals. These can be factors such as speed, velocity, pressure, tempera-
ture, or light which will either be converted into analogue or digital representation. Data collected
from sensors is used for various applications, such as home appliances, business systems, indus-
trial equipment, agriculture, etc. IoT uses sensors in agriculture for effective farming which can be
termed smart agriculture. These sensors are known as agriculture sensors. These agricultural sensors
provide various relevant data in agriculture which help the farmers to observe and optimize crop
production with the various environmental factors and challenges. These agricultural sensors can be
easily installed in relevant places like soil, trees, etc., to capture the data. They can be accessed and
used properly by the mobile apps which are developed for this purpose. We need either Wi-Fi or cel-
lular towers to use the mobile apps. With the advancement of technology and the rising popularity of
the cloud services, use of IoT became an interesting field for researchers. Big data analysis can lead
to better precision farming and cultivation management – the ‘iFarm’ cultivation management sys-
tem to enable effective farming management [1]. Smartphone applications, web-based applications,
and a cloud server make up the system. Using smartphones, farmers in the field can easily refer to
their plans and enter the data into the cloud server. Furthermore, the data collected by the system is
projected to provide big data for precision agriculture.
The cloud services can be quite advantageous in the agronomic setting as it includes publicly
available modules, even various agricultural enablers; FIWARE is specifically the cloud provider
used [2]. Using the FIWARE components, a program was created and tested in a semi-arid region of
southern Spain on real crops with the goal of lowering irrigation water usage. FIWARE’s benefits,
as opposed to those of traditional systems, are thoroughly examined and emphasized here. There
is also discussion on the advantages of FIWARE over other well-known cloud service providers.
An additional advantage for the food and agriculture industries is the FIWARE cloud, which pro-
vides a group of specific enablers that allow stakeholders to transfer agricultural information in
a standardized, consistent, and secure manner. To show the suggested architecture’s performance
advantages, prototype was created [3]. The cloud computing concept was reviewed [4] with respect
to the features, deployment methodology, cloud service model, cloud advantages, and challenges
in agriculture. Also, demonstration of an Internet of Things architecture adapted for applications in
precision agriculture. The three-layer architecture is designed to collect the data needed and transmit
it to a cloud-based backend for processing and analysis. Depending on the evaluated data, feedback
actions may be sent back to the frontend nodes.
A cloud-based database is used to store the agricultural data that is gathered through the IoT
devices. The assessment of data, such as fertilizer requirements, crop analysis, market and stock
requirements for the crop, is done using big data analysis in the cloud server. A data mining approach
Novel Techniques in Agriculture 3

is then used to create the forecast, and the information is subsequently sent to the farmer via a mobile
app [5] to maximize crop productivity while limiting agricultural costs using projected information.
The suggested smart model for agriculture is made to predict crop yield and select the optimal crop
sequence based on information about previous crop sequences on the same farmland and the pres-
ent state of the soil’s nutrients. Real-time soil sampling will allow farmers to determine the current
fertilizer needs for their agricultural crops.
A cloud-based software architecture [6] has the goal of facilitating the deployment and validation
of a whole crop management system. The design contained modules built with Google App Engine
that enable information to be quickly collected and processed, as well as agricultural chores to be
correctly specified and scheduled. A condensed method for improving agricultural resources using
the cloud-based observation of relevant variables also exists [7]. Experts talk about how cloud com-
puting will be used in the agriculture industry. There is evidence that, in light of the growing effects
of climate change, Sustainable Precision Agriculture [8] and Environment – which could make use
of previous technologies as well as big data analysis – is the force behind the next revolution in pre-
cision agriculture. By evaluating each essential stage, from data collection in crop fields to variable
rate applications [9], the present condition of sophisticated farm management systems is assessed to
enable producers to make the best decisions possible to save costs while preserving the environment.
A broad overview of 5G technology in agricultural production was covered in the necessity of smart
precision farming [10] and the function of predictive maintenance.
Agriculture cloud and IT services supply farmers with specialized knowledge on crop cultivation,
price, fertilizers, disease details, and treatment methods. Scientists working in agriculture will share
their findings, ideas for current agricultural practices, and fertilizer usage, as well as the region’s
history. An agri-cloud-based tool [11] for agriculture increases agricultural output and the acces-
sibility of data related to failed research projects. Agri-CLOUD was developed [12] to help farmers
analyze crop problems, acquire the advice they need, and locate the best fertilizers for their crops at
the lowest possible cost. The benefits of IoT may be realized through developing unique applications
in healthcare sectors, transportation facilities, agricultural fields, and smart environments (home,
office, or plant). A paradigm for maximizing agricultural resources (water, fertilizers, pesticides, and
human labor) through the usage of IoT appears in [13]. AgriTech is a framework consisting of smart
devices, WSN, and the Internet that will automate agricultural activities. With a cellphone in hand,
the farmer may better monitor their crops and farmland without ever being there. The farmer may
manage agricultural instruments such as an automatic water sprayer to be utilized in the field using
smart mobile phones. There is also the feasibility of using categorized raster maps derived from
hyperspectral data to generate a work task for precision fertilizer application [14].
An extensive Decision Support System implemented a combination of GIS and cloud computing
technology [15] to govern agricultural data needed for fertility of soil to show the distribution of
various nutrients and other elements in the soil and their spatial variability so that recommendations
can be made for fertilizers using equations of Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) for higher yields.
Monitoring environmental conditions, which includes temperature and humidity in agricultural
fields with sensors with a CC3200 single chip [16], is a key role in improving the output of efficient
crops. Current issues with traditional agriculture include low irrigation water use and management
levels that are too low. To address these issues [17], an intelligent big data system that integrates
irrigation of water and fertilizer has been established using the Internet of Things, big data, and other
technologies. A unique sensor for Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium (NPK) in combination with a
Light Dependent Resistor and Light Emitting Diodes for an IoT-based system is incorporated. To
track and evaluate the nutrients in the soil, colorimetric theory is applied [18]. To enable quick data
retrieval, the built NPK sensor sends data from the chosen agricultural areas to a Google cloud
database.
Monitoring and measuring agricultural factors in real time are critical for agricultural devel-
opment. There is an Android-based [19] cloud-based solution for measuring and monitoring soil
4 Integration of IoT with Cloud Computing

moisture utilizing IoT and a multidisciplinary strategy for smart agriculture [20] employing five
essential technologies: IoT, sensors, cloud computing, mobile computing, and big data analysis.
Farmers will be able to determine the crop’s current fertilizer needs through real-time soil sampling.
This is a crucial demand for the Indian agricultural industry in order to boost crop yield while
reducing fertilizer costs and maintaining soil health [20]. A method for extracting new insights
from precision agricultural data using a big data approach exists [21]. In order to collect massive
amounts of data in an agricultural big data context, a scenario for the uses of information and com-
munication technology (ICT) services is needed [21]. There is a system design and implementation
of a cloud-based remote environment monitoring system with distributed weather stations [22], and
an architecture for cloud-based decision support and automation systems that can take data from
many sources, make decisions tailored to certain applications, and control field equipment from
the cloud [23]. A weather station was created and set up at an edamame farm [24] which compared
the meteorological data to that of the Davis Vantage Pro2 that was placed commercially at the
same farm. The system’s design encourages low-income farmers to include it into their methods of
climate-smart farming. The IoT ecosystem and how DA and IoT work together to enable smart agri-
culture is described in [25] and in addition, upcoming tendencies and chances that are divided into
technological advancements, application scenarios, business, and marketability. Applying a cloud
construct application in light of agriculture was necessary for the review [26]. This is dependent on
agro-cloud, which improves agricultural generation and the accessibility of information related to
research expands in the field [26]; doing so will save costs and save time, making communication
easier and quicker.
An IoT system makes use of variables such as soil type, groundwater level, local population,
daily and seasonal demands of the locals, labor resources of the farmer, range of the same plantation,
and range of agricultural land in the area [27], studied to benefit soil scientists and boost agricultural
output. To accelerate and mobilize the user contact with an application frontend, an application for
smart mobile devices [28] has been released that provides users with weather information, gives
them quick access to check the moisture available in the soil, and offers the capability to input
applied irrigation quantities into WISE. Since it allows easy access to the application within any
cellular data network, this program will be valuable to potential users like irrigation managers, agri-
cultural producers, and researchers. Creating an IoT platform that gathers plant photos and analyses
the abrupt changes that occur during the development of an illness, either on the leaves in the shape
of light brown and pale green borders or on the leaves [29], enhanced the application. Brown patches
that are left behind by the fungus can kill young plants or break adult stems [29]. The goal of cloud
computing is to share computations in a networked environment [30]. Cloud computing networks
[30] have access to a shared pool of reconfigurable networks, servers, storage, services, applications,
and other crucial computing resources.

1.2 ROLE OF SENSORS IN AGRICULTURE

Sensors can be used in agriculture to monitor a variety of parameters, including soil temperature
at different depths, rainfall, leaf moisture content, atmospheric pressure, chlorophyll content, the
direction of the wind, solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, etc. IoT can be used to find
out the deficiency of nutrients so that proper fertilizer could be applied when it is required. It can be
used to apply pesticides at regular intervals. It can also be used to find the ripened fruits. Toxic sub-
stances can be detected by which we are moved to bring the remedies for it. Water can be analyzed to
find out factors like pH value to make the water suitable for irrigation. The microbes play a big role
in boosting the soil nutrients. So, it is necessary to find out the deficiency of microbes which helps
to find a resolution. The data which is collected from the sensors is stored in cloud storage so that all
the farmers and researchers at various locations can make use of it and benefit.
Application of smart agriculture in association with IoT and cloud computing is depicted in
Figure 1.1
Novel Techniques in Agriculture 5

FIGURE 1.1 Smart agriculture.

1.3 TYPES OF SENSORS IN AGRICULTURE

Various types of sensors can be used in agriculture to implement the concept of smart agriculture –
some of the common ones are as follows.

1. Location Sensors,
2. Electromagnetic Sensors,
3. Optical Sensors,
4. Mechanical Sensors,
5. Dielectric Soil Moisture Sensors,
6. Airflow Sensors,
7. Acoustic Sensors.

1.3.1 Location Sensors
The location sensor can be attached to cattle which can be used for tracking their location which
is needed if we find that the animal is missing. It could also be used to find out if it is necessary to
give first aid if the animal meets with an accident or it could not move after falling sick unexpect-
edly or after giving birth. These sensors can also be used for giving the location information of the
soil which is deficient in water and other nutrients when it is attached with a soil analyzing sensor.

1.3.2 Electromagnetic Sensors

The electrical conductivity, or EC, of a substance, can be used to estimate the concentration of
charged molecules in a solution. By running an alternating electrical current between two elec-
trodes and observing the resistance value, the EC can be easily calculated. The ratio of the distance
between the electrodes to their area is multiplied by the conductance to arrive at the EC (Table 1.1).
The medium’s dielectric permittivity around the sensor is measured by an electromagnetic field.
The sensor has got prongs through which a 70-MHz oscillating wave is supplied and this charges
the dielectric part. The output value of dielectric permittivity is obtained by a microprocessor avail-
able in the sensor which measures the charge. Due to the fact that EC’s absolute value depends on a
variety of chemical and physical soil characteristics –namely salt content, water content, fineness of
the soil etc. – the EC value cannot be used directly as such. In addition to this, there are other aspects
6 Integration of IoT with Cloud Computing

TABLE 1.1
Applications of Electromagnetic Sensors
Soil Properties Determined by the Sensor Applications

Soil texture, organic content level, drainage conditions Smart soil sampling
Topsoil depth, soil fertility, organic content Seeding
Soil texture, drainage conditions Nutrient application
Soil texture, organic content Pesticide application
Water content of the plant Estimation of yield
Electrolyte in the soil Soil salinity diagnosis
Water retention capacity of the soil Drainage remedial plan

of soil qualities that can be assessed by electromagnetic sensors, such as cation exchange capacity
(CEC), texture of soil, drainage conditions, salt content, various proportions of organic matter, etc.
These electromagnetic sensors can evaluate the ability of the various components of soil to conduct
or store electrical charge. Contact and non-contact methods exist to measure this. In contact mode,
the electrodes in the sensor are buried in soil so that it can measure the electrical charge. In non-
contact mode, the sensor is installed on a device and pulled by a vehicle which is provided with a
GPS receiver. It is the preferred sensor because of its accuracy in measuring the electrical charge of
the soil. The only demerit is that it is not applicable for the fields when the area is too large or too
small. The measured electrical charge of the soil does not have direct effect either on the growth
of the crops or its yield. However, it would be useful for the farmers to determine the specific soil
properties which may affect the crop yield.

1.3.3 Optical Sensors

There are many optical sensors applied in agriculture, such as sensors used to analyze soil proper-
ties and sensors used to measure how healthy the plants are by processing the light reflected by the
plants. There are two main types of optical sensors, namely Active Optical Sensors (AOSs) and
Passive Optical Sensors (POSs). AOSs are fitted with specialized components that transmit light at a
certain wavelength to the target and detect light reflections on the photo-detector component of the
sensor. The fundamental benefit of an AOS is that measurements may be done at any time, under
any background illumination condition. In a POS, the target must be visible under enough ambient
light. The sensor’s irradiance readings are influenced by the amount of sunshine, azimuth angles,
and the sensor’s position in relation to the target (view angle, altitude). Clouds and other shadows
should not block the distant target while passive satellite sensors are being used. In addition to that
the atmospheric conditions also have impact if canopy optical characteristics are measured.
Optical sensors have various applications. They characterize soil by its ability to reflect light.
These sensors can detect the reflectance of polarized, mid-infrared, or near-infrared light. The same
basic methodology is used by vehicle-based optical sensors as in remote sensing. They can perform
a variety of remote sensing tasks that require measuring soil reflectance with a satellite or UAV.
Crop data can be measured and recorded in real time using optical sensors. The amount of organic
matter present in the soil determines its nitrogen content. The sensors can measure the nitrogen con-
tent of plants and direct the applicators to provide the required amount of nitrogen to the plants.

1.3.4 Mechanical Sensors

These sensors are used to give a rough estimation of the soil compaction. When the mechanism
found in this type of sensor penetrates the soil, it measures the mechanical resistance with the strain
Novel Techniques in Agriculture 7

gauges which are found as components of the sensor. This is used to find out the amount of force
that is exerted by the roots of the crops to absorb water and this data can be used to determine the
optimal tilling and watering method for the crops. When the tractor is used to till the soil in the early
stages of the life cycle of the crop, this measured resistance is used to determine the right amount of
pressure that is exerted by the tractor to get the maximum yield over a long duration.

1.3.5 Dielectric Soil Moisture Sensors

Soil’s dielectric constant is observed by this sensor to measure moisture levels in the soil. This
sensor can be either a portable or stationary model, such as a hand-held probe. Portable soil mois-
ture probes can be used to detect soil moisture at various locations while stationary sensors can
be installed at the necessary depths and locations in the land. The LC resonance circuit theory is
applied in the dielectric property approach. The sensor element in the resonance circuit is connected
in series to the external fixed inductance Lf. The capacitance of the sensor element is assumed as
LC. The soil dielectric constant changes along with changes in the soil moisture in probe plates. This
capacitance value can be achieved by altering the circuit’s resonance state, and the soil’s volumetric
water content will then be determined.

1.3.6 Airflow Sensor

Air permeability is measured using these sensors. They are portable or can be deployed in a fixed
place. Airflow sensors are used to measure the soil air permeability on-the-go. Good airflow is
needed to control temperature and remove excess humidity from crop growing fields which helps
to maintain ideal growing and sustaining conditions essential for producing quality and profitable
crops. This is an essential method in indoor farms which are engineered for specific plantings and
where climate management systems with airflow and humidity sensing, as well as irrigation and
lighting systems, are required. The cultivator must be very careful in controlling all the factors of
the growing process in order to achieve consistent, quality crops as well as to protect plants from
undesirable effects of mold, mildew, and other fungal diseases. Every soil has different air perme-
ability depending on the structure of the soil, its compaction, water content, and soil type. Airflow
sensors can easily measure the air permeability in the soil which is required by the farmers to moni-
tor health of the crops by providing the information necessary to calculate the optimum fertilizer
requirements.

1.3.7 Acoustic Sensors

An acoustic sensor use sound pulses to detect the objects as we find in a medical stethoscope. It has
the ability to receive and feel vibrations from moving object. It has sufficient intelligence to find the
object’s movement as well as the distance it moves. Acoustic sensors can be used to monitor flow
through the entire seeder to ensure even sowing. An acoustic sensor can also be used to detect pests
because it senses the sound produced by them. The sensors are fixed in the field which are connected
to a base station. A threshold will be fixed and if the sound intensity of the pest crosses the threshold,
the sensor informs the station in the control room by transmitting a signal. From the signal received,
the control room will be able to find out the damaged area. It is quite natural that any device installed
in the field will become dirty. Some sensors can be covered to protect them from dust, which can
prevent them from accurately detecting blockages. Acoustic sensors are not affected by dust and
hence they need not be covered by something to protect them from dust. So, they can provide more
accurate, consistent information, and since they don’t require any thing for protection, they don’t
need much maintenance. This level of performance also makes acoustic sensors work well with
small seeds that flow at a low rate, like mustard, alfalfa, or other cover crops. Reliability, sensitiv-
ity, and easy maintenance are the advantages of acoustic sensors when compared to other sensors.
8 Integration of IoT with Cloud Computing

Water is more capable of reflecting sound than soil and hence if water is present on the soil, it will
be easily sensed by the sensor. Porosity and resistance for water flow are the most important features
that affect acoustic impedance. The strength of the reflected sound wave is directly proportional to
the saturation of the soil. The availability of free water in the soil can be detected by varying the
reflectance of the sound waves and it is feasible to have robust water sensing for irrigation systems
by erecting acoustic sensors.

1.4 NEEDS OF THE CLOUD IN IOT-BASED AGRICULTURE

Cloud computing is an on-demand and “pay-per-use” resource like software or hardware over the
Internet. One can get to use the needed hardware without even actually buying it and can use IT
infrastructures and services like storage space, computational power, software application, and vari-
ous kinds of database over the Internet without the hassle of maintaining and buying the actual
product. From the viewpoint of agriculture, the combination of IoT devices and cloud computing
plays a major role. There are various services provided by the cloud, these are:

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS),

2. Software as a Service (SaaS),
3. Platform as a Service (PaaS).

1.4.1 Use of Infrastructure as a Service in Agriculture

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) can be used by big agricultural farms or companies, which can
make their own application as well as let that application be used by someone else over the Internet.
In IaaS, the customer has the flexibility to choose the infrastructure of the system, including the hard-
ware and software, and change it as and when required. IaaS is helpful for large farms or agricultural
organizations, when full flexibility is needed in storing, computing, and analyzing the results, the
data of which directly comes as an input from the agricultural farms from the various sensors.

1.4.2 Use of Software as a Service in Agriculture

With the use of Software as a Service (SaaS), small farm owners can use pre-built software directly
in the cloud. One does not need to buy this software but pay for it on a regular basis as per the usage.
This software can be used to keep track of all the agricultural work which includes the farm manage-
ment software, or it can be weather forecasting or pest tracker software. It can be also used to keep
track of the sales all around the year, which can be later used to analyze the profits over the year. This
software is pre-built and it does not need any configuration in any system, all it needs is an account,
so that the data from anywhere can be stored in it. These services can also be used to create commu-
nities between people with similar interests and it can be used to connect them all around the globe.
The advantage of using SaaS is that, without the need of any installation or buying anything, one
can directly start using it without even taking care about the hardware or the necessary software part.

1.4.3 Use of Platform as a Service in Agriculture

Platform as a Service (PaaS) can be used in those cases when the customer needs more flexibility
over the system they are using. By system, this means that the hardware and the software can now
be configured by the customer over the cloud. Virtualization technology is used to share a cloud
server between all the customers who requested the service. This service can be used in those cases
when the customer needs to get a server with some computation power and storage space to use
Novel Techniques in Agriculture 9

their custom applications, which can be made specifically to cater to their agricultural needs. PaaS
provides much more flexibility when anyone needs to make an application based on specific agri-
cultural needs.

1.5 TYPES OF CLOUD ARCHITECTURE AND THEIR USES IN AGRICULTURE

Basically, there are four types of cloud architecture which can find uses in agriculture:

1. Public cloud,
2. Private cloud,
3. Community cloud, and
4. Hybrid cloud.

1.5.1 Features of Public Cloud

1. This is a shared platform which is accessible to the general public through the Internet.
2. Cloud service providers administer public clouds as a pay-per-use model.
3. Public cloud facilitates the same storage for multiple users using it at the same time.
4. Use of public clouds can be seen in various businesses, government organizations, and
even in the agricultural industry.

1.5.2 Features of Private Cloud

1. Private cloud is generally owned to get a private internal network mostly within an organi-
zation or for some selected users.
2. It provides high security as compared to the public cloud architecture and data privacy is
the key feature of this. It also makes sure that anyone outside the organization cannot get
access to the data kept in the private cloud.
3. In the field of agriculture, the sensitive data related to sales of the crops or by-products
owned by one agricultural company can be stored.

1.5.3 Features of Community Cloud

Community cloud architecture allows the services and the systems to be available for a particular
set of people which may or may not belong to the same organization but will have some common
interest. The various organizations and their members who are accessing this cloud architecture own
and manage it.

1.5.4 Features of Hybrid Cloud

Hybrid cloud is an architecture which combines the features of both the public and private cloud. In
this architecture, non-sensitive content is stored and computation is done in the public cloud while
the sensitive data is stored and computed in the private cloud.
In general, all these cloud architectures and services mentioned above would not be used as a
stand-alone system in the field of agriculture. Instead, it is the IoT devices with the sensors that will
gather data based on the surrounding environment and interact with the cloud service.
The cloud is not only responsible for storing all this data from the sensors, but it has the capa-
bility and computation power for analyzing the data and giving some output based on which some
essential decisions can be taken.
10 Integration of IoT with Cloud Computing

1.6 APPLICATIONS
1.6.1 Crop Recommendation
Precision agriculture is an improved agricultural strategy that combines data from soil features, soil
types, crop production statistics, and meteorological variables to recommend the best crop to pro-
duce in a given time period to farmers. This technique can help in reducing the failure of crops and
this technique will also help farmers to get insights on the current crop requirements. Farmers may
utilize cloud and IoT technologies to choose the best crop to grow. A smart sensor that can detect
ripe fruits may be installed to aid in timely harvesting. IoT and cloud computing solutions that may
be used together to help farmers with their everyday activities.
The soil dataset that Kulkarni et al. [31] proposed, principally consists of soil physical and chem-
ical parameters, combined with climate information.
Out of 9,000 observations, 2,100 observations have complete dataset and 6,900 observations
have missing data. Based on the complete dataset we used EDA and found out that the variables
don’t have a high correlation among themselves. Table 1.2 shows the summary of the dataset used.
Each observation is trained and tested on the decision tree (DT), logistic regression (LR), and
random forest (RF) shown in Table 1.3. The average accuracy of crop prediction by the given dataset
and given techniques is approximately 96%

TABLE 1.2
Summary of the Dataset Used
N P K Temperature Humidity pH Rainfall

Mean 50.55 53.36 48.15 25.62 71.48 6.47 103.46

Std 36.92 32.99 50.65 5.06 22.26 0.77 54.96
Max 140.00 145.00 205.00 43.68 99.98 9.94 298.56
Min 5.00 5.00 5.00 8.83 14.26 3.50 20.21

TABLE 1.3
DT, LR, RT Accuracy for Crop Recommendation is 95%
Decision Tree’s Accuracy is: 90%

Precision Recall f1-score Support

Accuracy 0.9 440

Macro avg 0.84 0.88 0.85 440
Weighted avg 0.86 0.9 0.87 440
Logistic Regression’s Accuracy is: 95%
Accuracy 0.95 440
Macro avg 0.95 0.95 0.95
Weighted avg 0.95 0.95 0.95 440
Weighted avg 0.86 0.9 0.87 440
Random Forest’s Accuracy is: 99%
Accuracy 0.99 440
Macro avg 0.99 0.99 0.99 440
Weighted avg 0.99 0.99 0.99 440
Weighted avg 0.86 0.9 0.87 440
Novel Techniques in Agriculture 11

1.6.2 Cattle Tracking

Cattle tracking is a common application of IoT and cloud services in the field of agricultural indus-
try. Cattle generally have tags in their ears to identify and count them, the traditional tags just having
the unique ID of that particular cattle, but with the help of IoT devices, tags are now equipped with
location and temperature sensors. The ear of the cattle has a specific normal temperature, which can
change in the case of any sickness or even in the case of severe injury and blood loss. So, the tem-
perature sensor can keep track of the temperature and sense it constantly while the location sensor
will give the current location of the cattle as well as the places it went meaning the tags, containing
both the temperature and the location sensor, can be used not only to track down lost cattle but also
to alert farmers or concerned persons in case of any injury or sickness of the cattle and can give the
exact location of it. Figure 1.2 shows an example of this application.

1.6.3 Precision Farming

Precision farming (PF) is the modern method of farm management. It uses recent technologies like
GPS, drones, satellite images, IoT, cloud computing, and mobile computing to cultivate crops and
nourish the soil adequately to achieve maximum productivity. The main objective of PF is to obtain
income, sustainability, and conservation of the environment. In PF, the farmers obtain information
about crop status, weather data, environmental conditions, etc., using sensors from the IoT devices.
PF uses modern technology to collect real-time data about the status of the crops, soil, air, weather
conditions, labor costs, and resources. In this type of farming, data analytics is applied to provide
farmers with guidance about the right time for planting, harvesting times, crop rotation, and the
management of soil. IoT sensors are used in fields to measure the porosity, moisture content, nutri-
tion, texture, and temperature of the soil and surrounding environment. Satellites and robotic drones

FIGURE 1.2 Tag for cattle location and temperature tracking.

12 Integration of IoT with Cloud Computing

FIGURE 1.3 Precision farming as well as cattle tracking can be done using IoT and cloud architecture.

are used to capture images of the crops that can be processed with efficient software and that data
can be provided to sensors and mobile apps which can be used to determine the amount of manure,
water, pesticide, etc., to be given for a particular crop in a location. This helps the farmer to manage
the resources optimally, guaranteeing that the soil contains the correct proportions of materials for
optimum health, costs, and conservation of the environment. Thus, PF helps the farmers to improve
the quantity and quality of the agricultural products with minimum costs [32]. Figure 1.3 shows an
example of precision farming.

1.6.4 Soil Monitoring

With the help of IoT devices soil can be monitored to empower the farmers and other stakeholders
to produce the maximum yield from a given land as well as to decrease the disease rate and optimize
the resources like irrigation water, fertilizers, etc. [33, 34]. The state-of-art IoT sensors can measure
the NPK concentration, temperature of the soil, the water content in the soil, photosynthetic radia-
tion, soil water retention capacity, and soil oxygen content which can be helpful in understanding the
porosity of the soil as well. These sensors constantly sense the data from the surrounding soil and
this data is transmitted to the cloud for storage and analysis for visualization of the various issues or
the trends or also to use deep learning or machine learning to predict something useful which can
lead to important decisions related to that land. Here are a few examples where IoT is applied for
soil monitoring in agriculture:

1. Soil Temperature: The temperature of the soil is one of the most essential factors which
influences root growth, respiration, decomposition, and also the intake of nitrogen from the
soil. Various IoT sensors can predict the soil temperature by measuring the air temperature
and various other factors, however an accurate way of measurement is to use a device that
can be fitted down in the soil. Depending on the structure of the root of the particular crop,
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En toch is juist niet veel daarmeê gedaan.
Wat aan het niets het hoofd ook bied’,
Dees plompe wereld, ’t stoflijk iet,—
Hoe veel ’k ook reeds heb ondernomen,
Ik wist haar nooit te na te komen
Met golven, stormen, schokken, brand—
Kalm bleef toch eindlijk zee en land.
En dat vervloekte tuig, dat dier- en menschgebroed,
Daarmede kan ik niets beginnen. [38]
Hoe velen palmde ik niet al binnen,
En altijd stroomt een nieuw en frisscher bloed.
Zoo gaat het voort, hoe weinig men ook spaarde.
Uit lucht, uit water en uit de aarde
Ontwikkelt kiem bij kiem zich achtereen;
’t Was weinig wat mijne oogen niet aanschouwden.
Zoo ik mij niet de vlam had voorbehouden,
Ik had niets voor mijzelv’ alleen.

FAUST.
Dus wildet gij de Magt der magten
Bestrijden, schoon zij eeuwig schept,
Met uwe kleine duivelskrachten,
Waarmeê ge vruchteloos u rept?
O, zie wat anders te beginnen,
Gij wonderlijke chaos-man!

MEPHISTOPHELES.
’k Zal inderdaad mij eens bezinnen;
Een andermaal iets meer daarvan!
Maar mag ik thans u wel verlaten?
FAUST.
Mij dunkt, dat is geen vragenswaard;
Ik heb u nu toch in de gaten.
Kom vrij terug, als ’t vreugde u baart.
Hier is het venster, daar de deur;
Een schoorsteen is hier ook voorhanden.

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Ja, maar ’t verlaten dezer wanden
Staat niet zoo daadlijk in mijn keur.
De Drudenvoet daar op uw drempel.….

FAUST.
Dat pentagram houdt u terug? [39]
Maar zeg mij dan, gij hel-exempel,
Hoe kwaamt gij hier dan straks zoo vlug?
Wat kon een geest, als u, hier in den val zoo lokken?

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Beschouw het wel! Het is niet goed getrokken.
Die eene hoek, daar aan de buitenzij,
Is, zoo gij ziet, een weinig open.

FAUST.
Dat heeft het toeval in uw nadeel zoo doen loopen,
En mijn gevangene zijt gij;
Ja, dat zijn van die vreemde dingen!

MEPHISTOPHELES.
De poedel merkte niets, toen hij kwam binnenspringen.
Nu is de zaak geheel verbruid:
De duivel kan het huis niet uit!
FAUST.
Maar waarom gaat gij niet door ’t venster klimmen?

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Het is een wet voor helsche schimmen,
Dat de ingang, die ze bragt in een vertrek,
Ze ook wederom tot uitgang strekk’.
In ’t eerste zijn wij vrij; bij ’t andre zijn wij knechten.

FAUST.
Dus heeft ook zelfs de hel haar regten?
Dat vind ik goed; dan liet zich een accoord,
En zeker wel met u, o heeren sluiten?

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Men houdt wat men belooft; niets gaat daarbuiten;
Zoo is de zaak als zij behoort. [40]
Maar dat is niet in eens zoo uit te leggen;
Daarvan dus op een andren keer!
Maar nu verzoek ik u, mijnheer,
Voor ditmaal u vaarwel te mogen zeggen!

FAUST.
O, blijf nog even, om mij vlug,
Zoo ’t kan, mijn horoskoop te lezen!

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Laat mij nu vrij; ik kom weldra terug;
Dan antwoord ik, hoe veel ’t moog’ wezen.

FAUST.
Gij bragt u zelf hier binnen, en niet ik,
En liept vrijwillig in den strik.
Hij houdt den duivel, die hem eenmaal mogt erlangen,
Daar men hem niet zoo ligt ten tweede maal zal vangen.

MEPHISTOPHELES.
O, gaarne wil ik, zoo dit u verblijdt,
Voor uw gezelschap hier wat blijven;
Doch met beding om u den tijd
Door mijne kunsten waardig te verdrijven.

FAUST.
Ik mag dit wel, en ’t staat u vrij,
Mits slechts de kunst behaaglijk zij.

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Gij zult, mijn vriend, voor uwe zinnen
In dit half uurtje meer gewinnen
Dan anders in een jaargetij.
Wat u de geesten doen aanschouwen,
De zangen, die ze uw oor vertrouwen,
Zij zijn geen ijdel tooverspel. [41]
Ook uw gehemelt’ zal men streelen,
Uw reuk zal in ’t genoegen deelen;
En dan verrukt zich uw gestel.
Geen toebereidsel hoeft vooraf te gaan;
Wij zijn bijeen. Komt, geesten! vangt maar aan!

GEESTEN.

Weg nu, bestoven

Zoldring daarboven!
Heerlijker stare
Vriendlijk de klare
 Ether hier neêr!
Ware het donker
Wolkfloers geweken,
’t Sterrengeflonker
Zou niet verbleeken,
Tot ons zou spreken
’t Hemelsche heer.
Godlijke zonen,
Heerlijke schoonen,
Wie zich vertoonen,
Zweeft hier voorbij;
Smachtend verlangen,
Volg gij de rij.
Prachtige kleêren,
Linten en veêren,
Ziet men bedekken
Zalen, vertrekken,
Andere plekken,
Onder abeelen
En in prieelen,
Waar in gedachten
Minnenden smachten.
Heerlijke druiven,
Werp, als gij rijp zijt,
U in den persbak! [42]
Schuimende wijnen
Storten in beken,
Midden door godlijke,
Heerlijke streken,
Laten de bergen
Achter zich liggen,
Breiden tot geurige
Meren zich uit.
 En het gevogelte
Klapwiekt het zonlicht,
Vliegt de verruklijke
Eilanden tegen,
Die zich op golfjes
Dobbrend bewegen;
Waar wij de koren
Juichende hooren,
Of in landouwen
Dansers aanschouwen,
Die spelemeijen
Of zich verspreijen.
Deze beklimmen
Bergen en boomen;
Anderen zwemmen
Over de stroomen;
Anderen zweven
Al tot het leven;
Al om een verre,
Minnende sterre
Hulde te biên.

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Hij ’s ingesluimerd! Goed zoo, beste jongen!
Gij, geesten, hebt hem trouw in slaap gezongen;
Voor dit concert sta ik bij u in ’t krijt.
Ja, Faust! ik wist wel, dat ge nog de man niet zijt
Om zoo gemakkelijk den duivel in te toomen. [43]
Wat droomgegoochel, en gij zijt hem kwijt.
Maar om thans hier van daan te komen,
Moet mij een rat ten dienste staan.
Waar haal ik nu zoo’n beest op eens van daan?
Maar stil! Daar hoor ’k er een; ik zal zijn les hem leeren,
En hem maar dadelijk bezweren.
De heer der muizen en der ratten,
Der vliegen, torren, kikkers, katten,
Beveelt u daadlijk op te dagen
En gindschen drempel te doorknagen,
En dat terstond wel en op slag!
Ah zie! Daar komt ge al voor den dag!
Nu frisch aan ’t werk! Wat mij hier bant
Zit heel vooraan, aan d’ andren kant.
Één beet nog, en het is geschied!
Droom voort nu, Faust, tot gij mij wederziet.

FAUST, wakker wordende.

Ben ik dan andermaal bedrogen?

Verdween aldus de magt, die zoo in slaap mij zong?
Heeft mij een droom de duivel voorgelogen,
Of was het slechts een poedel, die me ontsprong?

[44]

[Inhoud]

Studeervertrek.
FAUST. MEPHISTOPHELES klopt.

FAUST.
Alweêr wat!—Binnen!—Ach, wie komt mij nu weêr storen!
MEPHISTOPHELES.
Ik ben het.

FAUST.
Binnen!

MEPHISTOPHELES.
’k Moet dit driemaal hooren.

FAUST.
Nu, binnen dan!

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Zoo is het goed.
Wij zullen, hoop ik, vrienden blijven;
Want u de grillen te verdrijven,
Is de oorzaak, die met zoo veel spoed
Mij heden bij u komen doet,
En ik u in een dos begroet,
Zoo als een jonker wezen moet.
Een haneveêr prijkt op mijn hoed; [45]
Mijn roode rok is fraai en net
Met gouden boordsel afgezet;
Mijn manteltje is van witte zijde,
Mijn degen of ik toog ten strijde.
Nu moest gij, van den dag van heden,
U, beste vriend, ook zoo gaan kleeden,
Opdat gij, los en frank en vrij,
Moogt leeren wat het leven zij.

FAUST.
In ieder kleed heb ik den knel
Van ’t aardsche leven toch te duchten;
Ik ben reeds te oud voor kinderspel,
Te jong nog om de vreugd te ontvlugten.
Wat is het heil, dat de aard mij biedt!
Ontberen zult ge, steeds ontberen:
Dit is ’t vervelend, eeuwig lied,
Waarmeê men ieder, die geniet,
Wil zaligmaken en bekeeren.
’k Sta ’s morgens op met wee en ach,
En voel mij reeds het harte bloeden,
Als ik vooruitzie hoe de dag
Weêr zonder vreugd ten eind zal spoeden,
Geen wensch vervuld wordt, hoe gering,
Die in mijn boezem op komt wellen,
Maar ik, vol angst en foltering,
Met duizend zorgen mij moet kwellen.
Ja, ook nog in het nachtlijk uur,
Als ’k op mijn sponde me uit ga strekken,
Dan zullen, zonder rust of duur,
Mij wilde droomen telkens wekken.
De god, die in mijn boezem woont,
Kan wel mijn ziel in oproer brengen,
Maar Hij, die boven starren troont,
Hij kan geen laafdronk voor mij plengen.
Zoo is het leven mij een last; [46]
O, wierd ik door den dood verrast!

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Toch is de dood geen aangename gast.

FAUST.
Gelukkig wie, na roemvol streven,
Den heldendood op ’t slagveld vindt,
Of, na een kort, maar zalig leven,
In d’arm van haar, die hij bemint!
O, ware ik, door de hooge kracht
Verrukt, al stervend neêrgezonken!

MEPHISTOPHELES.
En toch heeft zeker iemand in dien nacht
Het bruine vocht niet uitgedronken.

FAUST.
Het spionneeren is, naar ’t schijnt, uw lust.

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Alwetend ben ik niet; toch is mij veel bewust.

FAUST.
Wanneer uit sombre mijmeringen
Een zoete toon mij somtijds wekt,
Die uit mijn vroege erinneringen
In me opdoemt en mijne aandacht trekt
Dan vloek ik alles, wat ons harte
Met waan en goochelarij omspant,
En in dit hol van ramp en smarte
Ons door zijn vleijerijen bant.
Vloek zij vooreerst het hoog gevoelen,
Waarmeê de geest zichzelv’ omringt,
’t Verblindingswerk van heilbedoelen,
Dat zich aan onze zinnen dringt! [47]
Vloek wat een droom ons voor kan liegen
Van roem en eer, van gunst en lof,—
Wat als bezit ons kan bedriegen,
Als vrouw en kind, als huis en hof!
Vloek zij de Mammon, die ons streelde,
Door schatten onze daden stut,
Of na een dag van lust en weelde
De zachte peluw voor ons schudt!
Vloek zij des wijnstoks zinverdooven!
Vloek liefde, die ons hart vervult!
Vloek zij de hoop, vloek zij ’t gelooven,
Maar vloek zij bovenal ’t geduld!

GEESTEN, onzigtbaar.

Wee! wee!
Gij hebt haar verstoord,
De schoone wereld,
Die ieder bekoort!
Zij valt—zinkt ineen!
Een halfgod heeft haar verslagen!
Wij dragen
De puin naar ’t onbekende heen,
En klagen
Thans over ’t schoon, dat wij verloren.
Magtiger
Lot zij haar beschoren;
Prachtiger
Worde zij herboren!
Zij vervulle uwen boezem met hoop!
Een nieuwen levensloop
Moet gij thans beginnen
Met heldere zinnen,
Dan zult gij verwinnen
Wat anders u sloop’,

[48]
MEPHISTOPHELES.

Dit zijn mijne vrinden,

Die mij komen vinden.
Hoor hoe zij u raden
Tot vreugde en tot daden!
In ’s werelds gewoel,
Uit dezen jammerpoel,
Ver van dit letterblokken,
Willen zij u lokken.

Houd op uw hartzeer toe te geven,

Dat als een gier uw borst aan flarden rijt;
Gezelschap, hoe ’t ook zij, zal u doen leven:
Voel dat ge een mensch met menschen zijt!
Maar ’t is daarom mijn meening niet
U bij ’t gemeen te doen verstikken.
Ik ben eenvoudig, zoo ge ziet;
Wilt gij nu onder mijn gebied
Aan ’t werklijk leven u verkwikken,
Dan kunt gij over mij beschikken.
Zeg! Stemt ge toe in dit verbond,
Dan ben ik tot uw dienst terstond.
Sla toe; ik meen ’t met u opregt;
Ik ben uw dienaar en uw knecht.

FAUST.
En waarmeê moet ik u daarvoor beloonen?

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Dat later; nu daarover niet getwist!

FAUST.
Neen, neen! De duivel is een egoïst,
En zal om niet wel niemand dienst betoonen.
Zeg mij uw meening duidelijk en klaar: [49]
Zulk een bediende brengt het huis ligt in gevaar.

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Ik wil mij hier tot uwe dienst verbinden,
Mij steeds op uw bevel en wenken spoên;
Als wij daarginds elkander wedervinden,
Zult gij voor mij het zelfde doen.

FAUST.
Om ’t ginds zal ik mij niet bekommeren noch plagen:
Hebt ge eenmaal deze wereld stukgeslagen,
Laat dan eene andre ontstaan of niet!
Deze aarde kent mijn vreugde en mijn verblijden;
De zon beschijnt mijn rampen en mijn lijden:
Als eenmaal aarde of zon me ontvliedt,
Is ’t mij het zelfde wat geschiedt.
Ik wil er verder niets van hooren,
Of men ook ginder haat en mint,
En of men bij de hemelkoren
Ook rang en stand en afkomst vindt.

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Wel nu, dan kunt ge ’t veilig wagen:
Verbind u, en ik zal in deze dagen
Mijn kunsten u te aanschouwen biên;
Ik geef u wat geen mensch nog heeft gezien.

FAUST.
Wat wilt gij, arme duivel, geven!
Werd wel eens menschen geest, in ’t hooge streven,
Door uws gelijken ooit begrepen zoo ’t behoort?
Toch hebt gij spijze van de soort,
Die niet verzadigt: goud, dat altijd voort
Gelijk kwikzilver in de hand vervliet,—
Een lot, dat uitkomt met een niet;
Een meisje, dat, aan mijne borst gezonken, [50]
Alreeds mijn buurman toe gaat lonken;
De ontembre drift naar roem en eer—
Men staart er op, en ze is niet meer.
Wijs mij de vrucht, die rot eer men haar plukt,
Of een leeuwin met meer dan twee paar welpen!

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Zulk een verlangen maakt mij niet bedrukt;
Aan ’t een en ’t ander kan ’k u helpen.
Maar, goede vriend, de tijd komt ook eens aan,
Waarin wij ’t leven in zijn vreugde willen smaken.

FAUST.
Begin ik immer naar gemak te haken,
Dan zij ’t met mij terstond gedaan!
Kunt gij mij vleijend ooit beliegen,
Dat ik mijzelv’ bevallen mag,—
Kunt gij mij met genot bedriegen—
Dan zij ’t voor mij de laatste dag!
Dat zij gewed nu!

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Top!

FAUST.
 En slag op slag!
Als ’k ooit in zwijmel weg mag zinken
Voor ’t heden, dat mijn ziel bekoort,
Dan moogt gij mij in boeijen klinken,
Dan hebt gij me, en wat mij behoort.
Dat dan de doodsklok voor mij schalle!
Dan zijt ge van uw dienstwerk vrij.
Het uurwerk sta, de wijzer valle!
Dan zij voor mij de tijd voorbij!

[51]

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Bedenk u wel; wij zullen ’t niet vergeten.

FAUST.
Gij zijt daartoe volkomen in uw regt,
En ’k heb mij niet al te onbedacht vermeten:
Volhard ik dus, dan ben ik knecht—
Van wien—dat wordt eerst later uitgelegd.

MEPHISTOPHELES.
’k Zal reeds van daag, bij ’t doctoraal ontbijten,
Als dienaar van mijn pligt mij kwijten;
Ik doe mijn woord hierin gestand.
Één ding nog slechts: bij leven of bij sterven,
Verzoek ik een paar regels van uw hand.

FAUST.
Ook zwart op wit verlangt gij nog, pedant?
Moet gij het denkbeeld van een man van eer nog derven?
Is ’t niet genoeg, dat mijn gesproken woord
Mij heilig is, en nimmer zal verzwinden?
Zendt niet de wereld steeds haar stroomen voort,
En mij zou een belofte binden?
Maar deze waan schonk ons natuur tot gift;
En gaarne wil men daarop bouwen.
Wien reine trouw is in het hart gegrift,
Geen offer zal hem ooit berouwen;
Alleen een perkament, een goed gezegeld schrift,
Dat is een spook, dat wij met vrees beschouwen.
Het woord besterft reeds in de veder;
Wij bukken onder was en leder.
Wat wilt ge dus,—zeg, helgriffier!
Erts, marmer, perkament, papier?
Moet ik met griffel, pen of beitel schrijven?
’k Geef u de keus voor alle drie.

[52]

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Wat draaft ge door! O Faust, ontzie
U toch, de zaak zoo te overdrijven!
Geloof mij, ieder blaadje is goed:
Gij onderteekent met een dropje van uw bloed.

FAUST.
Zoo dit het eenige is, wat u genoegen doet,
Dan mag het bij die gekheid blijven.

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Bloed heeft een zeer bijzondre magt.

FAUST.
Wees maar niet bang, dat mij berouw zal plagen.
Het streven toch van al mijn kracht
Is wat ik aan u op wil dragen.
Te hoog schatte ik mij inderdaàd;
In uwen rang behoor ’k alleen.
De Groote Geest heeft mij versmaad:
Ik zocht natuur, doch vond er geen.
Mijn denkkracht is vaneengereten;
Ik walg reeds lang van al het weten.
Kom, laten we in de zinlijkheid
Voldoening voor ons streven zoeken!
In ondoordringbre tooverdoeken
Zij ieder wonder straks bereid!
Kom, werpen we ons in ’t aardsch gewoel;
Dat zij ons trachten, dat ons doel!
Daar mag dan smart, daar mag genot,
Daar mag erkenning, daar mag spot,
Afwisselen zoo veel het kan:
Slechts rustloos werkzaam zij de man!

[53]

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Weet dat ik paal noch perk u stel;
Geniet waar gij genot kunt vinden;
Laat u door schroom noch zorgen binden:
Wat u bevalt, bekome u wel!
Zie overal wat op te vangen.

FAUST.
Gij weet, geen vreugde is mijn verlangen.
Ik wijd me aan wat vergald genot mij biedt,
Verliefden haat, verkwikkend zielsverdriet.
Mijn boezem, nu van wetenslust genezen,
Zal voor de smart voortaan óók vatbaar wezen,
En ’t heil, dat voor een ander open staat,
Wil ’k ook genieten, mij ten baat.
Ik wil mijn geest aan hoog en laag verzaden,
Hun lief en leed op mijnen schedel laden,
Om dus mijzelv’ zoo veel ’t kan uit te zetten,
En in dien roes ten laatste te verpletten.

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Geloof toch mij, die vele duizend jaren
Aan deze harde spijs reeds kaauwt,
Dat levenslang—ik kan het u verklaren—
Den mensch dit zuurdeeg steeds benaauwt.
’t Heelal, gij moogt het vrij gelooven,
Is voor een God alleen gemaakt;
Hij woont en heerscht in eeuwgen glans daarboven,
En wij zijn in de duisternis geraakt:
Nu zijt gij de eenge, die naar beide haakt.

FAUST.
Maar ’k wil!

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Ik ben een vriend van daden; [54]
Doch slechts voor één ding ben ik bang:
De tijd is kort, de kunst is lang.
Mij dunkt, gij moest u laten raden.
Verbind u met een dichter, arm als Job:
Die voere zijn verbeelding dan ten top,
En hoope dan wat goed is, schoon en edel,
Door u betaald, u op den schedel.
Der leeuwen moed,
De snelheid van de hinde,
Der Italianen vurig bloed,
En wat men verder vinde.
Laat hij u ook ’t geheim verklaren
Om grootheid met arglistigheid te paren,
En u dan met de drift der jeugd
Te wijden aan de minnevreugd.
’k Geloof zelfs zulk een heer te weten,
En zal hem Mikrokosmus heeten.

FAUST.
Wat zou ik zijn, indien ’t niet mooglijk waar’
Mij meester van de kroon te maken,
Waarnaar toch alle zinnen haken?

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Gij zijt een regte sukkelaar.
Zet u een pruik op met millioenen lokken,
Uit haar van geiten of van bokken:
Gij zijt en blijft onhandelbaar.

FAUST.
’k Gevoel het. Vruchtloos heb ik alle schatten
Van ’t menschlijk brein bijeenvergaard,
En zie, hoe ’k met gepeins me ook af moog’ matten,
Geen nieuwe kracht, die zich in me openbaart;
Ik ben met al mijn tobben, droomen
Geen haarbreed verder nog gekomen.

[55]

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Mijn goede heer, gij ziet de zaken
Zoo in, als dat altijd geschiedt:
Wij moeten dat heel anders maken
Vóór ons des levens vreugde ontvliedt.
Wat drommel! Zeker, hand en voeten
En al de rest behooren u;
Maar wat mij ’t leven kan verzoeten,
Behoort dat ook mij niet? Wel nu!
Als ik zes hengsten kan betalen,
Mag ik daarmede dan niet pralen?
Ik span ze voor, en rij daarhenen,
Als had ik vier-en-twintig beenen.
Weg fratsen dus! Maak een begin,
En frisch met mij de wereld in!
Geloof me, een man, die nimmer zich ontspant,
Is als een dier op dorre heide,
Dat door een boozen geest wordt rondgevoerd in ’t zand,
En daaromheen ziet men een schoone weide.

FAUST.
Hoe vangen wij dat aan?

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Wij gaan er nu naar toe.
Wat is dit voor een akelig gedoe!
Waartoe den kluisnaar hier te spelen,
U en de jongens te vervelen?
Gun dat maar aan een pruikenbent!
Waartoe nog langer onzin uit te leggen?
Het beste, wat gij weet en kent,
Moogt gij uw jongens toch niet zeggen.
Ik hoor al een daar in den gang.

FAUST.
Hij moet zijn leerlust maar wat rekken.
[56]

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Die arme jongen wacht reeds lang;
Hij mag niet ongetroost vertrekken.
Kom! Geef me uw toga en uw muts;
Dat masker zal mij goed bedekken.

Hij verkleedt zich.

Zie zoo, mijn vriend! Vertrek nu flus.

Een klein kwartiertje slechts, dan kunt gij wederkeeren;
Steek u intusschen als een jonker in de kleêren.

Faust vertrekt.

MEPHISTOPHELES, in de kleeding van Faust.

Dat gij maar geest en wetenschap veracht,

Des menschen allerhoogste kracht,—
Laat maar in blind- en tooverwerken
U door den logengeest versterken—
Dan heb ik u volkomen in mijn magt.
Hem heeft Natuur een geest gegeven,
Die rustloos voortdrong dag aan dag,
En wiens al te ongebreideld streven
Geen aardsche vreugde kende of zag:
Dien sleep ik door het wilde leven,
Door plat- en onbeduidendheid;
Ik laat hem spartlen, gapen, kleven,
En in zijne onverzaadlijkheid
Zal spijs en drank voor gierge lippen zweven,
Maar lafenis is hem ontzegd;
En ook al had hij zich niet mij ten prooi gegeven,
Toch kwam niets goeds van hem te regt.

EEN LEERLING, binnentredende.

Ik ben hier nog maar kort, mijnheer!

En kom met al ’t betoon van eer,
Om zelf een man te kennen en te roemen,
Wiens naam wij slechts met eerbied noemen.

[57]

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Uw goede dunk verblijdt mij zeer.
Gij ziet een man als andren meer.
Hebt gij reeds elders school gegaan?

LEERLING.
Ik bid u, neem u mijner aan!
Ik kom bij u met goeden moed,
Met eenig geld en jeugdig bloed.
Mijn moeder liet me ongaarn vertrekken;
Wil gij tot leeraar mij verstrekken!

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Tot leeren zijt gij hier te regt.

LEERLING.
En toch bevalt het mij hier slecht;
Hier, tusschen deze sombre wanden,
Raakt heel mijn denkenskracht aan banden.
Ik voel mij afgemat en loom;
Men aâmt geen lucht hier, ziet geen boom;
Ver van aandachtig aan te hooren,
Is ’t meeste voor mij wis verloren.

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Veel is gewoonte, en dat met grond.
Het is daarmede als met een kind:
’t Neemt niet de moederborst terstond,
Waaraan ’t welras zijn laafnis vindt.
Wilt ge u dus aan de wijsheid laven,
Hier zijt gij in de regte haven.

LEERLING.
’k Wil gaarne aan uwe lippen hangen;
Doch zeg mij, hoe ik ’t aan moet vangen!

[58]

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Geef me eerst op ééne zaak bescheid:
Wat kiest gij voor een faculteit?

LEERLING.
Ik tracht naar wijsheid en haar schatten,
En wenschte gaarne ’t al te omvatten:
Het wereldruim en zijn bestuur,
De wetenschap en de natuur.

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Dan zijt gij op het regte spoor;
Maar heb vooral een luistrend oor!

LEERLING.
Ik ben er bij met ziel en lijf;
Maar wat mij toch wel zou behagen,
Is vrijheid en wat tijdverdrijf
Des zomers met vacantiedagen.

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Gebruik den tijd, die ras vervliet;
Doch orde leert veel tijd u winnen:
Ik raad u, vriend, verzuim dus niet
Met Logica uw lessen te beginnen.
Dan wordt uw geest behoorlijk gedresseerd,
In Spaansche laarzen ingeregen,
En door u de voorzigtigheid verkregen,
Die uw gedachtenloop regeert,
Zoo dat ge niet, nu hier, dan daar,
Rondhaspelt als een broddelaar.
Dan leert men u ook, wat geschiê,
Om deze of gene zaak te ontvouwen,
Terwijl ge er anders, een, twee, drie,
Maar op zoudt hebben ingehouwen. [59]
Toch is ’t met der gedachten veld
Als met een weefgetouw gesteld:
Daar gaan de draden op en neder;
De schietspoel glijdt al heen en weder;
Al de eersten door een enklen tred,
Terwijl de laatste op ’t weefsel let.
Zoo komt de wijsgeer, als ge alleen zit,
Bewijst u, dat het zoo ineen zit:
Eerst was het zoo, en toen weêr zus;
Toen werd zoo weêr, toen weêr dus,
En wanneer een en twee ontbraken,
Zou drie noch vier ’t geheel volmaken.
Dit wijzen ze aan op rekenborden;
Maar wevers zijn zij niet geworden.
Wie iets, dat leeft, wil kennen en beschrijven,
Zoeke eerst den geest er uit te drijven:
Dan heeft hij al de stukken in zijn hand;
Alleen ontbreekt de geest hem en ’t verband.
Dit heet nu Logica bij lieden van het vak,
Maar zelf toch vinden zij het larie slechts en lak.

LEERLING.
Ik kan u niet te best verstaan.

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Dat zal, mijn vriend, wel beter gaan,
Wanneer gij zijt aan ’t reduceeren
En aan het goed classificeeren.

LEERLING.
’k Word van dat al zoo warlig en verdoofd,
Alsof een molenrad mij ronddraaide in het hoofd.

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Voorts, vriendlief, op de Logica
Volgt nu de Metaphysica. [60]
Dan leert ge duidlijk, wat niet past
In ’s menschen brein of hersenkast;
Hetgeen daar al of niet behoort,
Betoogt ge met een prachtig woord.
Doch neem in ’t eerste halve jaar
Toch alle mooglijke orde waar:
Vijf uren hebt gij elken dag;
Wees binnen met der klokken slag.
Heb u eerst goed geprepareerd,
Paragraphos wel bestudeerd,
Opdat men u niet voor de broek slaat,
Wanneer ge iets zegt, dat niet in ’t boek staat,
Maar zorg dat ge altijd schrijft en leest,
Als dicteerde u de Heiige Geest.

LEERLING.
Dat alles kan mij regt behagen:
Ik ben een vriend van zwart op wit;
Want als men eenmaal dit bezit,
Kan men ’t getroost naar huis toe dragen.

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Maar noem mij nu uw keus; want dat is hier de zaak!

LEERLING.
De regtsgeleerdheid valt niet in mijn smaak.

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Ik kan ’t u niet ten kwade reeknen,
Daar ’k weet wat regt en wet beteeknen:
Die leer plant zich, van oord tot oord,
Gelijk een eeuwge smetkoorts voort;
De zonen erven haar van de ouders over,
En denken dat het zoo behoort.
Een vriend des menschdoms wordt bij hen een roover;
Verstand wordt onzin; weldaad, moord. [61]
Spreekt men van ’t regt, dat ons is aangeboren,
Dan praat men voor der dooven ooren.

LEERLING.
Mijn afkeer van dit vak wordt thans door u vermeerd;
Gelukkig hij, dien gij dus leert!
Maar nu theologie—daar zou ’k mij wel in vinden.
MEPHISTOPHELES.
’k Wil om de zaak geen doekjes winden.
Als gij hier alles wikt en schift,
Dan valt het moeilijk den verkeerden weg te mijden.
Dees wetenschap heeft veel geheim vergift;
Die zich haar wijdt, is geenszins te benijden.
Het beste is hier ook, dat u één slechts leert,
En gij bij ’s meesters woorden zweert.
In ’t kort, wil slechts tot woorden u bepalen,
Dan gaat gij veilig, ’t kan niet falen,
Den tempel der gewisheid in.

LEERLING.
Maar woorden eischen toch een zin.

MEPHISTOPHELES.
Heel goed; maar daarom niet van angst bezweken;
Want waar begrip en zin ontbreken,
Daar valt het woord ons in te regter tijd.
Een bol is ’t, die met woorden strijdt;
Met woorden kan men alle haren kloven;
Aan woorden laat zich ’t best gelooven;
Geen jota kan men van een woord ontrooven.

LEERLING.
Vergeef me; ik hou u op met al dat vragen,
Maar ’k moet toch nog van iets gewagen,
’k Zag gaarne nog door u vermeld, [62]
Hoe ’t met geneeskunst is gesteld.
Een korte tijd toch is drie jaren,
En ’t veld is naauwlijks af te staren;
Dus, als ik maar een wenk ontvang,
Dan heb ik al wat ik verlang.

MEPHISTOPHELES, bij zichzelven.

Die drooge toon begint mij te vervelen;

’k Moet maar eens weêr voor duivel spelen.

Overluid.

Geneeskunde? O, ’t is goed dat gij dat vraagt:

Dat veld is maklijk te bezaaijen en te maaijen:
Gij bestudeert den mensch, en laat het verder waaijen
Zoo ’t God behaagt.
’t Is vruchtloos dat ge u wetenschaplijk plaagt:
Een ieder leert slechts wat hij leeren kan;
Hij echter, die slechts durft en waagt,
Dat is de regte man.
Gij zijt heel flink, als men u zoo beschouwt,
En dat gij durft, wil ’k ook wel wedden:
Als ge eerst nu maar uzelv’ vertrouwt,
Zal zich al ’t andere wel redden.
Tracht bovenal—hiermeê moet gij beginnen—
Der vrouwen gunst te winnen.
Nu scheelt haar dit, dan weder dat;
Zij weten zelf niet hoe of wat.
Geeft gij wat toe aan ieders luim,
Dan hebt gij ze onder uwen duim.
Eerst moet gij u haar kenbaar maken,
Dat uwe kunst veel kunsten achterlaat;
Dan vraagt gij haar naar deze en gene zaken,
Waarbij een ander zich veel jaren lang beraadt.
Voel haar den pols, en zie haar schalksch in de oogen;
Vat haar om ’t midden dan, om, met haar leed bewogen,
Te weten bij ervarenis,
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