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Nanik Tolaram

Software Development with Go

Cloud-Native Programming using Golang with
Linux and Docker
Nanik Tolaram
Sydney, NSW, Australia

ISBN 978-1-4842-8730-9 e-ISBN 978-1-4842-8731-6

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-8731-6

© Nanik Tolaram 2023

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively
licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in
any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,

service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for
general use.

The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that
the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and
accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with
respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or
omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral
with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional
affiliations.
This Apress imprint is published by the registered company APress
Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY
10004, U.S.A.
I would like to dedicate this book to my late Dad who stood by me
and encouraged me to write my very first book when I was 17 years
old. To my dearest Mum who always supported me in pursuing my
dreams and encouraged me to keep on going no matter what life
brings. To my beautiful wife and best friend for allowing me the time
to write the book and supporting me in every step of our life. To both
my sons, Rahul and Manav, for allowing me to spend time in front of
the computer on weekends to chase my dream and passion. Last but
not least, to God for giving me this life and opportunity to be where I
am in this world.
Introduction
Go has been out for more than 10 years, and open source projects
were developed using Go. The aim of this book is to show you the
way to use Go to write a variety of applications that are useful in
cloud-based systems.
Deploying applications into the cloud is a normal process that
developers do every day. There are many questions that developers
ask themselves about the cloud, like

How do containers work in a cloud environment?

How do cloud monitoring applications knows how much
memory is left for my virtual machines?
How can I build a high performance networking server in
Linux environment?
How do I scan code before deploying to the cloud to stop
code deployment if it contains related information?

and many other cloud-relevant questions.

The book talk about different topics that are relevant in today’s
cloud environment. The approach is to explain each topic at a high
level and then help you understand it by going through the details
with the code. The book uses combination of open source projects
hosted in GitHub and sample code. The open source projects chosen
are relevant to the topic. You will get a good grasp about the tool and
also how the code works internally.
Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the
author in this book is available to readers on GitHub
(https://github.com/Apress). For more detailed information, please
visit www.apress.com/source-code.
Acknowledgments
Thanks to everyone on the Apress team who helped and guided me
so much. Special thanks to James Robinson-Prior who guided me
through the writing process and to Nirmal Selvaraj who made sure
everything was done correctly and things were on track.
Thanks to the technical reviewers for taking time from their busy
schedules to review my book and provide great feedback.
Finally, thanks to you, the reader, for spending time reading this
book and spreading the love of Go.
Table of Contents
Part I: System Programming
Chapter 1:​System Calls
Source Code
What Is a System Call?​
C System Call
sys/​unix Package
System Call in Go
Summary
Chapter 2:​System Calls Using Go
Source Code
Syscall Package
syscall Application
Checking Disk Space
Webserver with syscall
ELF Package
High-Level ELF Format
Dump Example
/​sys Filesystem
Reading AppArmor
Summary
Chapter 3:​Accessing proc File System
Source Code
Peeking Inside procfs
Reading Memory Information
Peeking Network Information
 Using the procfs Library
Code Sample
Inside the procfs Library
Summary
Part II: Containers
Chapter 4:​Simple Containers
Linux Namespace
cgroups
rootfs
Gontainer Project
Summary
Chapter 5:​Containers with Networking
Source Code
Network Namespace
Setting Up with the ip Tool
Containers with Networks
Summary
Chapter 6:​Docker Security
Source Code
seccomp Profiles
libseccomp
Docker seccomp
Docker Proxy
Container Attack Surface
Summary
Part III: Application Security
Chapter 7:​Gosec and AST
 Source Code
Abstract Syntax Tree
Modules
Sample Code
gosec
Inside gosec
Rules
Summary
Chapter 8:​Scorecard
Source Code
What Is Scorecard?​
Setting Up Scorecard
Running Scorecard
High-Level Flow
GitHub
GitHub API
GitHub Explorer
Summary
Part IV: Networking
Chapter 9:​Simple Networking
Source Code
TCP Networking
TCP Client
TCP Server
UDP Networking
UDP Client
UDP Server
 Concurrent Servers
Load Testing
Summary
Chapter 10:​System Networking
Source Code
Ping Utility
Code Walkthrough
DNS Server
Running a DNS Server
DNS Forwarder
Pack and Unpack
Summary
Chapter 11:​Google gopacket
Source Code
gopacket
Layer
Packet
Using gopacket
pcap
Networking Sniffer
Capturing With BPF
Summary
Chapter 12:​Epoll Library
Source Code
Understanding epoll
epoll in Golang
Epoll Registration
 Epoll Wait
Epoll Library
Summary
Part V: Securing Linux
Chapter 13:​Vulnerability Scanner
Source Code
Vulnerability Scanners
Using Vuls
Checking Out the Code
Running Scan
Learning From Vuls
Port Scan
Exec
SQLite
Summary
Chapter 14:​CrowdSec
Source Code
CrowdSec Project
Using CrowdSec
crowdsec.​db
Learning From CrowdSec
System Signal Handling
Handling Service Dependencies
GeoIP Database
Summary
Part VI: Terminal User Interface
Chapter 15:​ANSI and UI
 Source Code
ANSI Escape Code
ANSI-Based UI
Color Table
Styling Text
Open Source Library
Gookit
Spinner
Summary
Chapter 16:​TUI Framework
uiprogress
Code Flow
Updating Progress
Bubbletea
Init
Update
View
Summary
Part VII: Linux System
Chapter 17:​systemd
Source Code
systemd
systemctl
Hello Server systemd
go-systemd Library
Summary
Chapter 18:​cadvisor
 Source Code
Running cAdvisor
Web User Interface
Architecture
Initialization
Manager
Monitoring Filesystem
Information from /​sys and /​proc
Client Library
Summary
Index
About the Author
Nanik Tolaram
is a big proponent of open source software with over 20 years of
industry experience. He has dabbled in different programming
languages like Java, JavaScript, C, and C++. He has developed
different products from the ground up while working in start-up
companies. He is a software engineer at heart, but he loves to write
technical articles and share his knowledge with others. He learned to
program with Go during the COVID-19 pandemic and hasn’t looked
back.
About the Technical Reviewer
Fabio Claudio Ferracchiati
is a senior consultant and a senior analyst/developer using Microsoft
technologies. He works for BluArancio ( www.bluarancio.com ). He is a
Microsoft Certified Solution Developer for .NET, a Microsoft Certified
Application Developer for .NET, a Microsoft Certified Professional, and
a prolific author and technical reviewer. Over the past ten years, he’s
written articles for Italian and international magazines and
coauthored more than ten books on a variety of computer topics.
Part I
System Programming
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to APress Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023
N. TolaramSoftware Development with Go
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-8731-6_1

1. System Calls
Nanik Tolaram1

(1)
Sydney, NSW, Australia

Linux provides a lot of features and provides applications access to

everything that the operating system has access to. When discussing
system calls, most people will turn their attention to using C because
it is the most common language to use when interfacing with the
operating system.
In this chapter, you will explore what system calls are and how
you can program in Go to make system calls. By the end of this
chapter, you will have learned the following:

What a system call looks like in C

Understanding the sys/unix Go package
Exploring a project using system calls

If you are using Go for the first time, refer to the online
documentation at https://go.dev/doc/install. The online
documentation will walk you through the steps to install Go on your
local computer. Go through the Go tutorial that the Go documentation
provides at https://go.dev/doc/.

Source Code
The source code for this chapter is
available from the
https://github.com/Apress/Software-Development-Go repository.

What Is a System Call?

A system call is the interface provided by the underlying operating
system that your application is currently running on. Using this
interface, your application can communicate with the operating
system to perform an operation. In general, the operating system
provides numerous services that applications can take advantage of.
Figure 1-1 shows at a high level how an application uses system
calls to request some service operation to the operating system. The
user app will make a call to the provided system library, which in this
case is the Go library, and it will call the operating system service
through the provided interface. Data transfer flows in both directions
for the different components.
Figure 1-1 High-level view of a system call

Operating systems provide a large number of system calls that

applications can use. Figure 1-2 shows a snapshot list of system calls.
For a complete available Linux system call list, you can visit
https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/syscalls.2.xhtml.
Figure 1-2 Snapshot of a Linux system call

C System Call
In this section, you will briefly look at how system calls normally work
inside a C program. This will give you an idea of how system calls are
done in C compared to how they are done in Go.
You will see a simple example of using a socket to connect to a
server and read the response. The code can be found inside the
chapter1/c directory. The code creates a socket and uses it to
connect to a public website named httpbin.org and print the
response it receives to the screen. Listing 1-1 shows the sample
code.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<arpa/inet.h>
#include<netdb.h>

int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {

int socket_desc;
struct sockaddr_in server;
char * message, server_reply[2000];
struct hostent * host;
const char * hostname = "httpbin.org";
//Create socket
socket_desc = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (socket_desc == -1) {
printf("Could not create socket");
}

if ((server.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(hostname)) ==
0xffffffff) {
if ((host = gethostbyname(hostname)) == NULL) {
return -1;
}

memcpy( & server.sin_addr, host -> h_addr, host -> h_length);

}
 server.sin_family = AF_INET;
server.sin_port = htons(80);

if (connect(socket_desc, (struct sockaddr * ) & server,

sizeof(server)) < 0) {
puts("connect error");
return 1;
}
puts("Connected\n");
//Send some data
message = "GET / HTTP/1.0\n\n";
if (send(socket_desc, message, strlen(message), 0) < 0) {
puts("Send failed");
return 1;
}
puts("Data Send\n");
//Receive a reply from the server
if (recv(socket_desc, server_reply, 2000, 0) < 0) {
puts("recv failed");
}
puts("Reply received\n");
puts(server_reply);
return 0;
}

Listing 1-1 Sample Code

To test the code, make sure you have a C compiler installed in

your machine. Follow the instructions outlined on the GCC website to
install the compiler and tools (https://gcc.gnu.org/). Use the
following command to compile the code:

cc sample.c -o sample

The code will be compiled to an executable named sample, and

it can be run by just typing ./sample on the command line. After a
successful run, it will print out the following:

Connected

Data Send

Reply received

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Tue, 01 Mar 2022 10:21:13 GMT
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 9593
Connection: close
Server: gunicorn/19.9.0
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true

The code sample shows the system call that it uses to resolve
the address of httpbin.org to an IP address by using the
gethostbyname function. It also uses the connect function to use the
newly created socket to connect to the server.
In the next section, you will start exploring Go by using the
standard library to write code using system calls.

sys/unix Package
The sys/unix package is a package provided by the Go language that
provides a system-level interface to interact with the operating
system. Go can run on a variety of operating systems, which means
that it provides different interfaces to applications for different
operating systems. Complete package documentation can be found at
https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/sys/unix. Figure 1-3 shows
different system calls in different operating systems, in this case
between Darwin and Linux.
Figure 1-3 System calls in Linux vs. Darwin

Listing 1-2 shows how to use system calls using the sys/unix
package.
package main

import (
u "golang.org/x/sys/unix"
"log"
)

func main() {
c := make([]byte, 512)

log.Println("Getpid : ", u.Getpid())

log.Println("Getpgrp : ", u.Getpgrp())
log.Println("Getppid : ", u.Getppid())
log.Println("Gettid : ", u.Gettid())

_, err := u.Getcwd(c)

if err != nil {
log.Fatalln(err)
}

log.Println(string(c))
}

Listing 1-2 Go System Call

The code prints out information that it obtained by calling the

following system calls:

Getpid Obtains the process id of the current running sample app

Getpgrp Obtains the group process id of the current running app

Getppid Obtains the parent process id of the current running app

Gettid Obtains the caller’s thread it

Running the app on a Linux machine will result in output

something like the following:
2022/02/19 21:25:59 Getpid : 12057
2022/02/19 21:25:59 Getpgrp : 12057
2022/02/19 21:25:59 Getpgrp : 29162
2022/02/19 21:25:59 Gettid : 12057
2022/02/19 21:25:59 /home/nanik/

The other system call that the application uses is to get the
current working directory using the Getcwd function.

System Call in Go
In the previous section, you looked at a simple example of using the
sys/unix package. In this section, you will explore more on system
calls by looking at an open source project. The project can be found
at https://github.com/tklauser/statx. This project works similarly to
the stat command in Linux for printing out statistical information
about a particular file.
Change your directory to the statx project and compile and run
the app as follows:

go run statx.go ./README.md

You will see output as follows:

File: ./README.md
Size: 476 Blocks: 8 IO Block:
4096 regular file
Device: fd01h/64769d Inode: 2637168 Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: (1000/ nanik) Gid:
(1000/ nanik)
Access: 2022-02-19 18:10:29.919351223 +1100 AEDT
Modify: 2022-02-19 18:10:29.919351223 +1100 AEDT
Change: 2022-02-19 18:10:29.919351223 +1100 AEDT
Birth: 2022-02-19 18:10:29.919351223 +1100 AEDT
Attrs: 0000000000000000 (-----....)
 How does the application get all this information about the file?
It obtains the information from the operating system by making a
system call. Let's take a look at the code in Listing 1-3.

import (
....

"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
)
....
func main() {
log.SetFlags(0)
flag.Parse()

if len(flag.Args()) < 1 {
flag.Usage()
os.Exit(1)
}
....
for _, arg := range flag.Args() {
var statx unix.Statx_t
if err := unix.Statx(unix.AT_FDCWD, arg, flags, mask,
&statx); err != nil {
....
dev := unix.Mkdev(statx.Dev_major, statx.Dev_minor)
....
}

Listing 1-3 Code Using statx

As seen in the snippet, the application uses a unix.Statx system

call and it passes filename and other relevant arguments. The system
call is provided as part of the golang.org/x/sys/unix package, which
is declared as follows:

func Statx(dirfd int, path string, flags int, mask int,

stat *Statx_t) (err error)

Declaration and documentation of the Statx function system call

can be found in the following link:
https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/sys/unix. Going through the
documentation, there is not much information about the parameters.
As an alternative, you can take a look at the same system call
defined for Linux, which can be found at
https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/statx.2.xhtml. Figure 1-4
shows information about the different parameters that the function
call accepts and what they mean.
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