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INTELLIGENT SYSTEM ALGORITHMS
AND APPLICATIONS IN
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Research Notes on Computing and Communication Sciences

INTELLIGENT SYSTEM ALGORITHMS

AND APPLICATIONS IN
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Edited by
Sunil Pathak, PhD
Pramod Kumar Bhatt, PhD
Sanjay Kumar Singh, PhD
Ashutosh Tripathi, PhD
Pankaj Kumar Pandey, PhD
First edition published 2022
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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Title: Intelligent system algorithms and applications in science and technology / edited by Sunil Pathak, PhD,
Pramod Kumar Bhatt, PhD, Sanjay Kumar Singh, PhD, Ashutosh Tripathi, PhD, Pankaj Kumar Pandey, PhD.
Names: Pathak, Sunil, editor. | Bhatt, Pramod Kumar, editor. | Singh, Sanjay Kumar (Research professional), editor. |
Tripathi, Ashutosh, editor. | Pandey, Pankaj Kumar, editor.
Description: First edition. | Series statement: Research notes on computing and communication sciences | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 2021020379X | Canadiana (ebook) 20210203978 | ISBN 9781774630211 (hardcover) |
ISBN 9781774639269 (softcover) | ISBN 9781003187059 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Computational intelligence. | LCSH: Machine learning. | LCSH: Artificial intelligence. | LCSH: Internet
of things. | LCSH: Big data. | LCSH: Computer networks. | LCSH: Process control.
Classification: LCC Q342 .I58 2022 | DDC 006.3—dc23
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Pathak, Sunil, editor.
Title: Intelligent system algorithms and applications in science and technology / edited by Sunil Pathak, PhD, Pramod Kumar
Bhatt, PhD, Sanjay Kumar Singh, PhD, Ashutosh Tripathi, PhD, Pankaj Kumar Pandey, PhD.
Description: First edition. | Palm Bay, FL, USA : Apple Academic Press, 2022. | Series: Research notes on computing and
communication sciences | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “Intelligent System Algorithms
and Applications in Science and Technology explores the application of intelligent techniques in various fields of en-
gineering and technology. The volume addresses a selection of diverse topics in such areas as machine learning based
intelligent systems for healthcare, applications of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things, intelligent data
analytics techniques, intelligent network systems and applications, and inequalities and process control systems. The
authors explore the full breadth of the field, which encompasses data analysis, image processing, speech processing
and recognition, medical science and health care monitoring, smart irrigation systems, insurance and banking, robotics
and process control, etc. The 21st century has witnessed massive changes around the world in intelligence systems
in order to become smarter, energy efficient, reliable, and cheaper. This collection of peer-reviewed book chapters,
contributed by renowned experts in the field, will help keep readers up to date; it sheds light on the culture of intelligent
techniques in the field of engineering and technology”-- Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021019214 (print) | LCCN 2021019215 (ebook) | ISBN 9781774630211 (hardcover) |
ISBN 9781774639269 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003187059 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Expert systems (Computer science) | Automation. | Artificial intelligence. | Algorithms.
Classification: LCC T56.24 .I69 2022 (print) | LCC T56.24 (ebook) | DDC 006.3/3--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021019214
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021019215

ISBN: 978-1-77463-021-1 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-77463-926-9 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-00318-705-9 (ebk)
RESEARCH NOTES ON COMPUTING
AND COMMUNICATION SCIENCES

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Dr. Samarjeet Borah

Department of Computer Applications,
Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology,
Sikkim Manipal University (SMU),
Majhitar, East Sikkim-737136, India
Email: samarjeet.b@smit.smu.edu.in
samarjeetborah@gmail.com

Brief Description of the Series

Computing can be defined as the practice in which computer technology is used
to do a goal-oriented assignment. It covers design and development of hardware
and software systems for various purposes. Computing devices are becoming an
integral part of life now-a-days, including desktops, laptops, hand-held devices,
smartphones, smart home appliances, etc. The evolution of the Internet of Things
(IoT) has further enriched the same. The domain is ever growing and opening up
many new endeavors, including cloud computing, social computing, ubiquitous
computing, parallel computing, grid computing, etc.
In parallel with computing, another field has emerged that deals with
the interconnection of devices. It is communication, and without which, the
modern world cannot be thought of. It works with a basic purpose of trans-
ferring information from one place or person to another. This technology has
a great influence in modern day society. It influences business and society
by making the interchange of ideas and facts more efficient. Communication
technologies include the Internet, multimedia, e-mail, telephone, and other
sound-based and video-based communication means.
This new book series consists of both edited volumes as well as selected
papers from various conferences. Volumes of the series will contain the
latest research findings in the field of communication engineering, computer
science and engineering, and informatics. Therefore, the books cater to the
needs of researchers and readers of a broader spectrum.
vi Research Notes on Computing and Communication Sciences

Coverage & Approach

The series
• Covers a broad spectrum of research domains
• Presents on market-demanded product-based research works
• Discusses the latest developments in the field
The book series broadly considers contributions from the following fields:
• Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems
• Big Data Analytics
• Broadband Convergence System and Integration Technologies
• Cellular and Mobile Communication
• Cloud Computing Technologies
• Computational Biology and Bioinformatics
• Computer and Information Security
• Computer Architecture
• Computer Graphics and Video Processing
• Control Systems
• Database Management Systems
• Data Mining
• Design Automation
• Digital Signal Processing
• GSM Communication
• High Performance Computing
• Human-Computer Interaction
• IoT and Blockchains
• Machine Learning
• Natural Language Processing
• Next Generation Communication Technologies
• Operating Systems & Networking
• Pervasive Computing and Cyber-Physical Systems
• Robotics and Automation
• Signal Processing
• Smart Internet of Everything
• SOC and System Platform Design Technologies
• Social Network Analysis
• Soft Computing
Research Notes on Computing and Communication Sciences vii

Types of Volumes
This series presents recent developments in the domains of computing and
communications. It will include mostly the current works and research find-
ings, going on in various research labs, universities and institutions and may
lead to development of market demanded products. It reports substantive
results on a wide range of computational approaches applied to a wide range
of problems. The series provides volumes having works with empirical
studies, theoretical analysis or comparison to psychological phenomena. The
series includes the following types of volumes:
• Conference Proceedings
• Authored Volumes
• Edited Volumes
Volumes from the series must be suitable as reference books for researchers,
academicians, students, and industry professionals.
To propose suggestions for this book series, please contact the book
series editor-in-chief. Book manuscripts should be minimum 250–500 pages
per volume (11 point Times Roman in MS-Word with 1.5 line spacing).
Books and chapters in the series are included in Google Scholar and
selectively in Scopus and possibly other related abstracting/indexing services.
BOOKS IN THE RESEARCH NOTES ON
COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATION
SCIENCES SERIES

• Applied Soft Computing: Techniques and Applications

Editors: Samarjeet Borah and Ranjit Panigrahi
• Intelligent System Algorithms and Applications in Science and
Technology
Editors: Sunil Pathak, Pramod Kumar Bhatt, Sanjay Kumar Singh,
Ashutosh Tripathi, and Pankaj Kumar Pandey
• Intelligent IoT Systems for Big Data Analysis: Concepts,
Applications, Challenges, and Future Scope
Editors: Subhendu Kumar Pani, Pani Abhay Kumar,
Samal Puneet Mishra, Ruchi Doshi, and Tzung-Pei Hong
• Computing and Communications Engineering in Real-Time
Application Development
Editors: B. K. Mishra, Samarjeet Borah, and Hemant Kasturiwale
ABOUT THE EDITORS

Sunil Pathak, PhD

Sunil Pathak, PhD, is an Associate Professor and
Head in the Department of Computer Science
and Engineering, Amit School of Engineering
and Technology at Amity University, Rajasthan,
India. Before joining Amity University, he was an
Associate Professor and Head in the Department
of Computer Science and Engineering at Kautilya
Institute of Engineering abd Technology. He was
also formerly at Chanakya Technical Campus
(Kauutilya Group of College) as Director of Academics and Poornima
College of Engineering, Jaipur, India. He has published more than 40
papers in international and national journals and conference proceedings,
10 book and one edited volume. He received 3rd prize for his book Web
Programming (Hind Edition) 2010, in the category of engineering diploma
level by AICTE New Delhi. His areas of research include clustering in ad
hoc networks, QoS supports in wireless networks, channel assignment in
cognitive radio networks and WDM optical networks, machine learning, and
deep learning. He is active as a reviewer for several journals, including IEEE
Transactions on Mobile Computing, IET Networks, EURASIP Journal on
Wireless Communications and Networking, Recent Patents on Engineering,
International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), IEEE
Transactions on Network and Service Management, IEE Access, etc. He is
a professional member of IEEE, ACM, IACSE, and IAEN. He has received
his bachelor’s degree from Rajasthan University; MSc (Computer Science
& Engineer); Master of Technology in Information Technology from
Tezpur Central University, Assam, India; and PhD in Computer Science &
Engineering from JK Lakshmipat University Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
xii About the Editors

Pramod Kumar Bhatt, PhD

Pramod Kumar Bhatt, PhD, is Associate Professor
and Coordinator of PhD Programmes with the
Amity School of Engineering and Technology
(ASET), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. He has published
research papers in indexed journals and confer-
ences. His research interests include artificial
intelligence, machine learning, soft computing
applications in smart grid power quality analysis
and enhancement, renewable energy integration
challenges, opportunities in smart distribution and transmission systems,
smart microgrids, industrial microgrids, and condition monitoring of smart
grid components. For over 10 years he was extensively involved in industrial
assignments, in particular, R&D, system designing, modification, commis-
sioning, maintenance, systems automation such as PLC, SCADA, and power
drive installation and testing. He has worked in various capacities at universities
of national repute. His degrees include a BE (EE), ME (Power Electronics), and
PhD in Electrical Engineering.

Sanjay Kumar Singh, PhD

Sanjay Kumar Singh, PhD, is an experienced
academician and a research professional with
around eight years of industrial experience and
almost 16 years of teaching experience at engi-
neering colleges. His research interests are in the
areas of intelligent control and automation, bio-
inspired techniques, modern instrumentation and
control engineering, and industrial electronics
with real-time applications. He was awarded his
BE with a specialization in Instrumentation from Poona University, India,
and MTech in Instrumentation from the School of Instrumentation, Devi
Ahilya Vishvidyalaya Indore (MP), India. He was awarded a PhD degree
in Engineering from M.N.I.T., Jaipur, India. He has published around 24
research papers in national and international journals and international
conferences. He is a reviewer and editorial board member of various national
and international journals. He is currently a member of IET UK, ICSES Iran,
and IAENG and a lifetime member of ISTE India.
About the Editors xiii

Ashutosh Tripathi, PhD

Ashutosh Tripathi, PhD, is Assistant Professor
at Amity University, Rajasthan, India. He has
presented and organized several conferences and
seminars and has published papers in interna-
tional journals. He has many years of teaching
experience engineering and is currently guiding a
research associate for a PhD. His area of interest
is wireless communication and embedded tech-
nology. He received a PhD in Engineering.

Pankaj Kumar Pandey, PhD

Pankaj Kumar Pandey, PhD, is Associate
Professor and Head, Chemical Engineering
Department at Amity University Rajasthan,
India. He has presented and organized several
conferences and seminars and has published
papers in international journals. He has 19
years of teaching experience at at the BE,
ME and PhD levels. He is currently guiding
a research associate for a PhD. His area of
interest is adsorption engineering and wastewater treatment. He holds a PhD
in Engineering.
CONTENTS

Contributors ........................................................................................................... xix

Abbreviations .......................................................................................................xxiii
Preface ................................................................................................................ xxvii

PART I: Machine Learning-Based Intelligent Systems

for Healthcare ..............................................................................................1
1. Big Data Analytics and Machine Learning Paradigm:
Predictive Analytics in the Healthcare Sector ..............................................3
Pratiyush Guleria

2. Cancer Cell Growth Discovery Utilizing Computerized Image

Processing Strategies.....................................................................................19
Medhavi Malik, Madhuri Sharma, Dileep Kumar Yadav, and Kavita

3. Analysis and Prediction of Asthma from Common Symptoms

Using Different Machine Learning Algorithms..........................................29
Udbhav Naryani, Praffulla Kumar Dubey, and Medhavi Malik

4. Logistic Regression Based Myocardial Infarction Disease Prediction .....39

Praffulla Kumar Dubey, Udbhav Naryani, and Medhavi Malik

5. New N-Valued Refined Neutrosophic Divergence Measure in

Medical Investigation and Project Selection ..............................................53
Adeeba Umar and Ram Naresh Saraswat

6. Implementation of Quick Response Code in Electronic Records

for Healthcare Monitoring ...........................................................................65
Ishita Banerjee and P. Madhumathy

7. An Innovative Approach to Healthcare Using Machine Learning ...........83

T. Kanagaraj, E. Udayakumar, K. Srihari, and Sunil Pathak

8. Machine Learning Theory and Methods ..................................................101

Ranjeet Yadav and Ashutosh Tripathi
xvi Contents

PART II: Applications of Artificial Intelligence and

the Internet of Things .............................................................................117
9. Artificial Intelligence (AI) .......................................................................... 119
Manju Kaushik

10. Smart Irrigation Using IoT ........................................................................135

Akula Padma Sri, Aakanksha Mudgal, and B. Suresh Kumar

PART III: Intelligent Data Analytics Techniques ................................145

11. A Study for Making Universities Intelligent Using Data
Analytics and Artificial Intelligence ..........................................................147
Yojna Arora and Rashi Kohli

12. Sentiment Analysis of Online Learners in Higher Education:

A Learning Perspective Through Unstructured Data .............................157
Priyanka Shukla and Adarsh Garg

13. Prediction of Aging-Related Bugs Using Software Code Metrics...........171

Arvinder Kaur and Harguneet Kaur

14. Application of CART-Based Modeling in Motor Insurance Fraud ........183

Rohan Yashraj Gupta, Satya Sai Mudigonda, Phani Krishna Kandala,
and Pallav Kumar Baruah

15. Application of Neural Networks for Assessing the Performance

of Insurance Business .................................................................................205
S. R. Pranav Sai, Satya Sai Mudigonda, Phani Krishna Kandala, and
Pallav Kumar Baruah

PART IV: Intelligent Network System and Application ......................231

16. A New Approach to Evaluate Computer Network Security Under
Intuitionistic Trapezoidal Fuzzy Information ..........................................233
Sapna Gahlot and Ram Naresh Saraswat

17. Optimization of Campus-Wide Fiber Networks: LINGO-Based

Derivative of Shortest Path Problems and Solution ................................243
Mohd. Rizwanullah

18. A Novel Approach to Sensors Using an Intensive Survey .......................273

R. Ramesh, E. Udayakumar, K. Srihari, and Sunil Pathak

19. Robotic Process Automation: An Application ..........................................295

Soniya Soni, Gireesh Kumar, and Richa Sharma
Contents xvii

PART V: Inequalities and Process Control Systems:

Application and Methods .......................................................................309
20. (λIR, µIR) Fuzzy Ideals in Γ-Near-Rings ..................................................... 311
Neha Gahlot and Nagaraju Dasari

21. Approximation for Chi-Square F-Divergence via

Midpoint Inequalities..................................................................................323
Anulika Sharma and R. N. Saraswat

22. New Coding Information Inequalities.......................................................337

Ram Naresh Saraswat and Adeeba Umar

23. Metaheuristics-Based Multi-Objective Design of Robust

Process Control Systems .............................................................................355
Nitish Katal and Sanjay Kumar Singh

24. Bianchi Type IX Axially Symmetric Cosmological Model with

Negative Deceleration Parameter in General Relativity .........................373
Sanjay Sharma and Laxmi Poonia

Index .....................................................................................................................383
CONTRIBUTORS

Yojna Arora
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amity University, Haryana, India,
E-mail: yojana183@gmail.com

Ishita Banerjee
Research Scholar, Dayananda Sagar Academy of Technology and Management, Bangalore, Karnataka,
India, E-mail: sakthi999@gmail.com

Pallav Kumar Baruah

Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science,
Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi, Andhra Pradesh, India
Nagaraju Dasari
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Manipal University Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Praffulla Kumar Dubey

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai,
Tamil Nadu, India, E-mail: praffullakrdubey@gmail.com

Neha Gahlot
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Manipal University Jaipur, Rajasthan, India,
E-mail: gahlotneha1995@gmail.com
Sapna Gahlot
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan–303007, India

Adarsh Garg
Professor, School of Computing Science and Engineering Galgotias University, Greater Noida,
Uttar Pradesh, India

Pratiyush Guleria
National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India,
E-mail: pratiyushguleria@gmail.com

Rohan Yashraj Gupta

Doctoral Research Scholar in Actuarial Science, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science,
Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi, Andhra Pradesh, India,
E-mail: rohanyashrajgupta@sssihl.edu.in

T. Kanagaraj
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology (KIT),
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, E-mail: kanagaraj27.t@gmail.com
Phani Krishna Kandala
Visiting Faculty in Actuarial Science, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science,
Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi, Andhra Pradesh, India

Nitish Katal
School of Electronics, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Una, Himachal Pradesh, India,
E-mail: nitishkatal@iiitu.ac.in
xx Contributors

Arvinder Kaur
University School of Information and Communication Technology (U.S.I.C.T),
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (G.G.S.I.P.U), New Delhi, India

Harguneet Kaur
University School of Information and Communication Technology (U.S.I.C.T), Guru Gobind Singh
Indraprastha University (G.G.S.I.P.U), New Delhi, India, E-mail: Harguneetphd@gmail.com
Manju Kaushik
Associate Professor, Amity Institute of Information Technology (AIIT), Amity University Rajasthan,
India

Kavita
Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women’s University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, E-mail: kavita.yogen@gmail.com

Rashi Kohli
Senior Member, IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, US,
E-mail: rashikohli.amity@gmail.com

B. Suresh Kumar
Amity University, Rajasthan, India

Gireesh Kumar
Department of Computer Science Engineering, JK Lakshmipat University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

P. Madhumathy
Professor, Dayananda Sagar Academy of Technology and Management, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Medhavi Malik
Research Scholar, Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women’s University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India;
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, E-mail: medhavimalik28@gmail.com

Aakanksha Mudgal
Amity University, Rajasthan, India

Satya Sai Mudigonda

Honorary Professor in Actuarial Science, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science,
Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi, Andhra Pradesh, India

Udbhav Naryani
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai,
Tamil Nadu, India, E-mail: udbhav.naryani@gmail.com

Sunil Pathak
Associate Professor, Department of CSE, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Jaipur,
Rajasthan, India

Laxmi Poonia
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan–303007, India,
E-mail: laxmi.poonia@jaipur.manipal.edu

R. Ramesh
Department of ECE, Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology (KIT), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu,
India, E-mail: vmramesh1993@gmail.com

Mohd. Rizwanullah
Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur,
Rajasthan, India, E-mail: rizwansal@yahoo.co.in
Contributors xxi

S. R. Pranav Sai
Doctoral Research Scholar in Actuarial Science, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science,
Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi, Andhra Pradesh, India,
E-mail: srpranavsai@sssihl.edu.in

Ram Naresh Saraswat

Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan–303007, India,
E-mail: saraswatramn@gmail.com
Anulika Sharma
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan–303007, India,
E-mail: anulikasharma022@gmail.com
Madhuri Sharma
SRM IST Delhi NCR Campus, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India,
E-mail: madhurisharma44@gmail.com

Richa Sharma
Department of Mathematics, JK Lakshmipat University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India,
E-mails: richasharma@jklu.edu.in; aligarh.richa@gmail.com

Sanjay Sharma
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan–303007, India

Priyanka Shukla
Research Scholar, School of Computing Science and Engineering Galgotias University, Greater Noida,
Uttar Pradesh, India, E-mail: priyanka.Shukla@galgotiasuniversity.edu.in

Sanjay Kumar Singh

Department of EEE, Amity University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Soniya Soni
Department of Computer Science Engineering, JK Lakshmipat University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Akula Padma Sri

Amity University, Rajasthan, India

K. Srihari
Associate Professor, Department of CSE, SNS College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Ashutosh Tripathi
Department of ECE, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

E. Udayakumar
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology (KIT),
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Adeeba Umar
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan–303007, India,
E-mail: adeeba1506@gmail.com

Dileep Kumar Yadav

Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India, E-mail: dileep252000@gmail.com

Ranjeet Yadav
Amity University Rajasthan, India, E-mail: ranjeet480@gmail.com
ABBREVIATIONS

ACC actuarial control cycle

AD average difference
AHE adaptive histogram equalization
AI artificial intelligence
AMU Aligarh Muslim University
API application interface
ARB aging-related bugs
AUC area under the curve
BPM beats per minute
CAM cooperative mindfulness message
CEC consumer electronics control
CNN convolutional neural networks
CRM customer relationship management
CSF cerebrospinal fluid
CSI camera serial interface
CSTR continuous stirred tank reactor
CUL channel utilization list
CW contention window
DCF dispersed coordination function
DoS Daniel of service
DVI digital visual interface
EDCA enhanced disseminated channel
EGC electrocardiogram
EHR electronic health record
FP false positive
FPR false positive rate
GLCM gray level co-occurrence matrix
GSM Global system for mobile
HITECH Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health
I2V infrastructure-to-vehicle
ID3 dichotomiser 3
IoT internet of things
IRC interest rate change
IRL interest rate level
xxiv Abbreviations

ISE integral square of error

IT insurer type
ITF intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy
IVITFWG interval-valued intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy weighted geometric
IVTrIFN interval-valued trapezoidal IFN
JSON JavaScript object notation
KNN K-nearest neighbor
KPIs key performance indicators
LDA latent Dirichlet allocation
LOC Lines of code
LSR link-state routing convention
LT launch time
LTI linear time-invariant
MANETs mobile uncommonly selected frameworks
MD maximum difference
ML machine learning
MOEA/D multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition
MOOCs massive open online course
MOP multi-objective optimization problem
MPR multipoint relay
MSE mean square error
NLP natural language processing
OBUs on board units
OCR optical character recognition
OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
ONF open networking foundation
PCA principal component analysis
PF page fault
PNC physical-layer network coding
POC proof of concept
POS pareto optimal solutions
PSNR peak signal to noise ratio
QoS Quality of service
QR quick response
RBF radial basis function
RMSE root mean square error
ROC receiver operating characteristics
RPA robotic process automation
RQs research questions
Abbreviations xxv

RRP route request packets

RSU roadside units
RW Robertson-Walker
SMAC social, mobile, analytic, cloud
SMO sequential minimal optimization
SMS short message service
SNA social network analysis
SNIP source normalized impact per paper
SPP shortest path problems
SVM support vector machine
TN true negative
TP true positive
TPR true positive rate
TrIFN trapezoidal IFN
TrIFWA intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy weighted average
TSP traveling salesperson problem
UI unexpected inflation
UP underwriting profits
URL uniform resource locator
V2V vehicle-to-vehicle
VANET vehicular ad-hoc network
VoIP voice over IP
WAGO weighted arithmetic averaging operator
WAVE wireless access in vehicular environment
WHO World Health Organization
ZN Ziegler Nichols
PREFACE

In the past few decades, intelligence in the field of engineering and technology
has become a fundamental objective for developing and developed countries.
The twenty-first century has witnessed massive changes around the world in
intelligence systems in order to become smarter, energy efficient, reliable,
and cheaper. Therefore, it is high time for the whole world to envisage and
ponder devising an apt mechanism for the adoption of an intelligent system in
the process of modernization.
The application of intelligence in engineering and technology is a vast
field; however, we have tried to explore the full breadth of the field, which
encompasses data analysis, image processing, speech processing, and
recognition medical science and healthcare monitoring, smart irrigation
systems, insurance, and banking, robotics, and process control, etc.
This book is an assortment of precious gem book chapters contributed by
renowned experts that focus on various aspects of fostering and imbibing the
culture of intelligent techniques in the field of engineering and technology.
Furthermore, this book puts a spotlight on various aspects of the application
of intelligent techniques in various fields of engineering and technology.
This book is separated into 24 chapters. Chapter 1 presents the patient-
centric healthcare frameworks in the context of big data and discusses the
Naïve Bayes, decision tree data mining techniques, and their solutions in
the healthcare sector. Chapter 2 discusses “Cancer Cell Growth Discovery
Utilizing Computerized Image Processing Strategies.” Chapter 3 describes
the different symptoms of asthma and implements different types of machine
learning algorithms, like the random forest, decision tree, and Naïve
Bayes algorithms in order to predict whether a person has asthma or not.
Chapter 4 discusses the proposal to predict myocardial infraction disease
by implementing various algorithms of machine learning like Naïve Bayes
algorithm, decision tree, logistic regression, and random forest. Chapter
5 proposes a novel divergence measure under the refined neutrosophic
environment with its proof of validity. The application of the proposed
divergence measure is given in decision making such as in medical diagnosis
and in project selection.
Chapter 6 focuses on the implementation of QR codes for the major
purpose of effective and effortless laboratory report exchange and in
xxviii Preface

healthcare monitoring. Chapter 7, for discussion, reflects on the latest

progress of the study on an innovative approach to healthcare using machine
learning. Chapter 8 in-depthly discusses artificial intelligence (AI), its
importance, and its application in various fields. Chapter 9 is related to
machine learning theory and the points to comprehend the basic standards
of learning as a computational procedure and joins devices from computer
science and statistics. Chapter 10 presents the sentiment analysis of online
learners in higher education and seeks to explore the unstructured data in
terms of sentiments of online learners on their perceived learning. Chapter 11
describes speech recognition with static and dynamic approaches in artificial
neural networks and shows the relative benefits of both static and dynamic
approaches with speech features for an improved visual speech recognition
system. Chapter 12 focuses on the presence of aging-related bugs (ARB)
using source code metrics. Six different machine learning algorithms are
applied to predict the non-frequent occurring bugs from Zookeeper software.
The experiment highlighted the Naïve Bayes classifier with the best results.
Chapter 13 presents an automated system that has been developed
to irrigate plants. The normal growth of plants, yield, and the quantity of
agricultural products are seriously affected by the water provided to them.
This automated system waters the plant automatically as and when required
without human interaction. Chapter 14 presents the main theories and key
application of CART-based modeling in motor insurance fraud detection.
Chapter 15 deals with big data analysis and artificial intelligence applications
to help the students predict their performance and teachers to scrutinize the
students’ performance. Chapter 16 discusses the theories and key applications
of neural networks for assessing the performance of the insurance business.
Chapter 17 presents the derivation and model for the physical inflationary
universe under the effect of the scalar field, which is purely massless and
with a flat potential.
Chapter 18 proposes MADM problems for evaluating computer network
security with TrIFN (intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy weighted average).
Chapter 19 presents an optimization of a network problem using LINGO
software to solve a campus-wide optical fiber network problem based on
a spanning tree. Chapter 20 establishes some new coding bounds using
well-known inequalities, and the results are proved through numerical
illustrations, which will be of interest in information and coding theory. A
major toolchain is formed by these inequalities for proving many outcomes
in information theory. Chapter 21 presents robotic process automation (RPA),
an automation technology based on software tools that could imitate human
Preface xxix

behavior for repetitive and on-value-added tasks such as tipping, copying,

pasting, extracting, merging, and moving data from one system to another
system. Chapter 22 introduced fuzzy ideals in Γ-near ring, for example, and
verifys few properties. Chapter 23 presents a novel approach on sensors and
examines the effects of a MAC layer, PHY layer remote channel situations,
and versatility of vehicles on group structure. Chapter 24 investigates a
metaheuristics-based multi-objective optimal design of robust controllers for
a parametrically uncertain pH neutralization process. The controller design
problem has been formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem
(MOP) using various time domain and frequency domain performance
indices.
The research contributions made by the academics of high pursuits not
only show their deep sense of agony but also suggests numerous plausible
solutions to conquer problems. Although this attempt is a tiny step intended
towards the massive change, we hope it will be a valuable contribution to
society at large.
—Editors
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
[455] Nathorst (90) Pl. ii. fig. 3.
[456] Lindenberg (39) Pl. ix. fig. 1.
[457] Zeiller (922) Pl. i. figs. 7 and 8.
[458] Fliche and Bleicher (81).
[459] Brongniart (49) p. 12.
[460] Seward (942) p. 17.
[461] Leckenby (64) Pl. xi. fig. 3.
[462] Seward loc. cit. p. 18, Pl. i. fig. 3.
[463] Raciborski (94) p. 10, Pl. vii. figs. 1–3.
[464] Brongniart (49) p. 12.
[465] Saporta (68) p. 308, Pl. i. figs. 1–8. Vide also Watelet (66) p. 40, Pl.
xi. fig. 6.
[466] Göppert and Berendt (45) Pl. vi. and (53).
[467] Gottsche (86).
[468] Schimper (65) Pl. iii.
[469] Greville (47) Pl. xii.
[470] Brown, R. (11) Pl. xxiii.
[471] Hooker, W. J. (20) Pl. clxii.
[472] Limpricht (90) p. 67.
[473] Brongniart (282) p. 93.
[474] Renault and Zeiller (88) p. 84, Pl. xli. figs. 2–4.
[475] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 186.
[476] Lesquereux (79) Pl. lxii. fig. 1.
[477] Heer (65) p. 89.
[478] Buckman (50) 1.
[479] Gardner (86) p. 203.
[480] Ludwig (59) p. 165, Pl. lxiii. fig. 9.
[481] Schimper and Schenk (90) p. 75.
[482] e.g. the Fern Trichomanes Goebelianum Gies. Giesenhagen (92) p.
157.
[483] Scott (96) a text-book for elementary students; a full account is
given of Equisetum and other genera of primary importance. Vines (95)
Part iii. Campbell (95), Luerssen (89) in Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen-Flora,
vol. iii., Van Tieghem (91), de Bary (84), Baker (87).
[484] Wallace (86) p. 117.
[485] Baker (87) p. 4. Hooker, W. J. (61) Pl. lxxiv. Vide also Milde (67) for
figures of Equisetum.
[486] Seeman (65).
[487] Duval-Jouve (64) Pl. i. fig. 5.
[488] Milde (67) Pl. xix. fig. 8.
[489] ibid. Pl. xxxi. fig. 3.
[490] Cormack (93) p. 71.
[491] Williamson and Scott (94) p. 877. These authors, in referring to
Cormack’s description of the secondary nodal wood of E. maximum,
express doubts as to the existence of such secondary growth in all
species of the genus.
[492] Pfitzer (67).
[493] Strasburger (91) p. 443.
[494] Strasburger (91) p. 435.
[495] Bower (94) p. 495.
[496] Sternberg (38) p. 43.
[497] Scott (97). This genus will be described in Volume ii.
[498] Potonié (93) Pl. xxv. fig. 1a.
[499] ibid. p. 179. Vide also Potonié (92).
[500] Zeiller (922) p. 56, Pl. xii. Other similar leaf-sheaths have been
figured by Germar (44) Pl. x., Schimper (74) Pl. xvii. and others.
[501] Grand’Eury (90) p. 223, Pl. xv. fig. 16.
[502] Renault (93) Pl. xlii. figs. 6 and 7.
[503] Kidston (92).
[504] Zeiller (95).
[505] Potonié (93) p. 179, Pl. xxv. figs. 2–4.
[506] Renault and Zeiller (88) p. 396, Pl. lvii. fig. 7.
[507] Lindley and Hutton (31) Pl. cxiv.
[508] Schoenlein and Schenk (65) Pl. v. fig. 1.
[509] Schimper and Mougeot (44) p. 58, Pl. xxix.
[510] Jäger (27).
[511] Schimper (74) Pls. ix–xi.
[512] Schimper and Koechlin-Schlumberger (62).
[513] Schoenlein and Schenk (65) Pls. i–iv.
[514] Brongniart (28) p. 115, Pl. xiii.
[515] Young and Bird (22) p. 185, Pl. iii. fig. 3.
[516] König, in Murchison (29) p. 293, Pl. xxxii.
[517] Murchison (29) p. 368.
[518] Bunbury (51) p. 189.
[519] Schimper (69) p. 267.
[520] Zigno (56) Pl. iii. fig. 1, p. 45.
[521] Gardner (86) Pl. ix. fig. 3.
[522] Williamson (83) p. 4.
[523] Williamson and Scott (94) p. 889, Pl. lxxix. fig. 19.
[524] Phillips J. (29) Pl. x. fig. 13.
[525] Lindley and Hutton (31) Pl. clxxxvi.
[526] Bunbury (51) p. 189.
[527] Zigno (56) Pl. iii. fig. 3, p. 46.
[528] Heer (77) p. 43, Pl. iv.
[529] Schimper (69) p. 284. Vide also Nathorst (80) p. 54.
[530] Andrae (53) Pl. vi. figs. 1–5.
[531] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 180.
[532] cf. p. 283.
[533] There is a similar specimen in the Oxford Museum.
[534] Since this was written I have found a specimen of Equisetites
lateralis in the Woodwardian Museum, in which a diaphragm like that in
fig. 64, C, occurs in the centre of a flattened leaf-sheath similar to that of
fig. 64, B.
[535] Buckman (50) p. 414.
[536] Schenk (67).
[537] Tenison-Woods (83), Pl. vi. figs. 5 and 6. Specimen no. V. 3358 in
the British Museum.
[538] Dunker (46) p. 2, Pl. v. fig. 7.
[539] Seward (942) p. 30.
[540] Seward (942) p. 33.
[541] Heer (55) vol. iii. p. 158, Pl. cxlv.
[542] Heer (77) p. 99, Pl. xxii.
[543] Vide Saporta (73) p. 227.
[544] The distribution will be dealt with in Volume ii.
[545] Brongniart (28) p. 151.
[546] Schmalhausen (79) p. 12, Pl. i. figs. 1–3.
[547] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 181.
[548] Zeiller (96).
[549] Zeiller (962).
[550] ibid. (96).
[551] Letter, July 30, 1897.
[552] On this character of Annularian leaves, vide p. 337.
[553] Göppert (45) p. 379, Pl. xxv. figs. 1, 2.
[554] Schmalhausen (79) p. 12.
[555] McCoy (47) Pl. xi. fig. 7.
[556] Bunbury (61) Pl. xi. fig. 1.
[557] Seward (972) p. 324, Pl. xxiv. fig. 1.
[558] Feistmantel (81) Pl. ix. A. fig. 7, &c.
[559] ibid. (90) Pl. xiv. fig. 5.
[560] Bunbury (61) Pl. xi. fig. 1.
[561] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 181, fig. 17.
[562] Heer (82) p. 9.
[563] Potonié (962) p. 115, fig. 3.
[564] Zigno (56) Pl. vii. p. 59.
[565] Bunbury (61).
[566] Feistmantel (81), Pl. xii. A.
[567] Brongniart (28) p. 152.
[568] Bunbury (61).
[569] Grand’Eury (90) p. 221.
[570] Etheridge (95).
[571] Weiss (76) p. 88.
[572] Heer (77) p. 43, Pl. iv. (78) p. 4, Pl. i.
[573] Tenison-Woods (83) Pl. ix. fig. 2.
[574] Brongniart (28) p. 128.
[575] Schimper and Mougeot (44) p. 48, Pls. xxiv–xxvi.
[576] Feistmantel (81) p. 59, Pls. i. A–x. A.
[577] ante, p. 284.
[578] Schimper and Mougeot (44) p. 50, Pls. xxiv–xxvi.
[579] Seward (972).
[580] Scheuchzer (1723), p. 19, Pl. iv. fig. 1.
[581] Volkmann (1720), p. 110, Pl. xiii. fig. 7.
[582] Woodward, J. (1728), Pt. ii. p. 10.
[583] Schulze, C. F. (1755), Pl. ii. fig. 1.
[584] Suckow (1784), p. 363.
[585] Steinhauer (18), Pls. v. and vi.
[586] Martin (09), Pls. viii. xxv. and xxvi.
[587] Artie (25).
[588] Brongniart (22), p. 218.
[589] Brongniart (28), p. 34.
[590] Lindley and Hutton (31).
[591] Cotta (50). I am indebted to Prof. Stenzel of Breslau for calling my
attention to the fact that Cotta’s work appeared in 1832, but in 1850 the
same work was sold with a new title-page bearing this date.
[592] Unger (40).
[593] Petzholdt (41).
[594] Unger (44).
[595] Brongniart (49), p. 49.
[596] E.g. Isoetes, Botrychium, &c.
[597] Mougeot (52).
[598] Göppert (64), p. 183.
[599] ἄρθρον, joint; πίτυς, Pine-tree.
[600] The original specimens described by Göppert are in the rich
palaeobotanical Collection of the Breslau Museum.
[601] Williamson (713), p. 174.
[602] vide Solms-Laubach (96).
[603] Letter, November 1897.
[604] Vide p. 310.
[605] Hick (94), Pl. ix. fig. 1.
[606] On this point vide Williamson and Scott (94), p. 869.
[607] Williamson and Scott, loc. cit. p. 876.
[608] Renault (93), Pl. xlvii. fig. 4.
[609] Stur (87).
[610] The term primary ray may be conveniently restricted to the truly
primary interfascicular tissue, and the term principal ray may be used for
the outward extension of the primary rays by the cambium [Williamson
and Scott (94), p. 878].
[611] Binney (68).
[612] Ettingshausen (55).
[613] The sections of fossil plants described by Binney were presented to
the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge, by his son (Mr J. Binney).
[614] Vide footnote, p. 311.
[615] Williamson (832), Pl. xxxiii. fig. 19.
[616] Williamson (78), p. 323, Pl. xx. figs. 14 and 15.
[617] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 888.
[618] Hartig (94), pp. 149, 297, etc.
[619] Renault (96), p. 91.
[620] Williamson and Scott, loc. cit. p. 893. Vide specimens 133*–135* in
the Williamson Collection.
[621] E.g. specimen 132*** in the Williamson Collection.
[622] Vide Williamson (71), Pl. xxviii. fig. 38; (712), Pl. iv. fig. 15; (78), Pl.
xxi. figs. 26–28. Williamson and Scott (94), Pl. lxxii. figs. 5 and 6. Renault
(93), Pl. xlv. figs. 4–6, etc. Felix (96), Pl. iv. figs. 2 and 3.
[623] Strasburger (91), Pl. ii. fig. 40.
[624] Williamson (78).
[625] Williamson (71), p. 507.
[626] Williamson (712), Pl. i. fig. 1; (78), Pl. xxi. fig. 31.
[627] Lyell (55), p. 368.
[628] Williamson (96), p. 194.
[629] Vide specimens 15–17, etc. in the Williamson Collection.
[630] The stem of fig. 83 is an example of Arthrodendron, but the
appearance of the secondary xylem agrees with that in some forms of
Arthropitys.
[631] For figures of this type of stem vide Göppert (64); Cotta (50), Pl. xv.
(specimens 13787 in the British Museum Collection); Mougeot (52), Pl. v.;
Stur (87), pp. 27–31; Renault (93), Pls. xliv. and xlv. etc.
[632] Williamson (71), (712), (87), fig. 5.
[633] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 879
[634] Vide Williamson (872). In this paper Williamson compares the three
subgenera of Calamite stems. Renault and Zeiller (88), Pl. lxxv. Renault
(93), Pls. lviii. and lix.
[635] Renault (96), p. 125; (93), Pl. lix. fig. 2.
[636] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pls. cxiv., cxc. etc. Most of the specimens
figured by these authors are in the Newcastle Natural History Museum.
For notes on the type-specimens of Lindley and Hutton, vide Howse (88)
and Kidston (902).
[637] Weiss (88), Stur (87), etc.
[638] Vide, p. 367.
[639] Ante, p. 260.
[640] Hick (95).
[641] Brongniart (22), p. 235.
[642] Schlotheim (20).
[643] Brongniart (28), p. 159.
[644] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. cxc.
[645] Ettingshausen (55).
[646] Schimper (69), p. 323.
[647] Grand’Eury (90).
[648] Martin (09), Pl. xx. figs. 4 and 6.
[649] Schlotheim (20), p. 397.
[650] Sternberg (25), p. xxviii.
[651] Brongniart (28), p. 154.
[652] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. cxci.
[653] Ettingshausen (55), p. 28.
[654] Schimper (69), Pls. xxii. and xxvi. fig. 1.
[655] For other lists and synonyms, vide Zeiller (88), p. 368, and Kidston
(86), p. 38 and (93), p. 316, also Potonié (93), p. 162.
[656] Sternberg (20).
[657] Brongniart (28), p. 155.
[658] Lehmann (1756), p. 127. Vide also Volkmanns (1720), Pl. XV. p.
113.
[659] Potonié (93), pp. 169 et seq., Pl. xxiv.
[660] Dawson (71).
[661] Nicholson (69) Pl. xviii. B. Nicholson’s specimens are in the
Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge.
[662] Schlotheim (20), p. 397.
[663] Sternberg (26), p. xxviii.
[664] Brongniart (28), p. 156.
[665] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. cxxiv.
[666] Binney (68), Pl. vi. fig. 3.
[667] Stur (87), Pl. xvi b, and Pls. iv b and xiii.
[668] Scheuchzer (1723), p. 63, Pl. xiii. fig. 3.
[669] Potonié (93), p. 166.
[670] Vide pp. 351 et seq.
[671] Renault (96), p. 66; (93), Pl. xxviii.
[672] One of the finest specimens of Annularia stellata is figured by Stur
(87), Pl. xvi b; it is in the Leipzig Museum. Vide also Schenk (83), Pl.
xxxix.; Germar (44), Pl. ix.; Renault and Zeiller (88), Pls. xlv. and xlvi.
There are some well-preserved impressions of A. stellata in the British
Museum from Radstock, Newcastle and elsewhere.
[673] Zenker (33), Pl. v. pp. 6–9.
[674] Heer (65), fig. 6, p. 9, and other authors.
[675] Weiss (76), p. 27, Pl. iii. fig. 2.
[676] Lhwyd (1699), Pl. v. fig. 202.
[677] Sterzel (82).
[678] Vide Weiss (76), Pl. iii. and Weiss (84), p. 178.
[679] Williamson (71), p. 487, Pls. xxv. and xxvi.
[680] Ibid. (78), p. 319, Pl. xix.
[681] Cash and Hick (81), p. 400.
[682] Williamson (81), vide also Spencer (81).
[683] Spencer (83), p. 459.
[684] Williamson (83), p. 459, Pls. xxvii.–xxx.
[685] Renault (85).
[686] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pls. lxxviii. and lxxix. (The specimens are
figured in a reversed position.)
[687] Binney (68), p. 5, fig. 1.
[688] Grand’Eury (77), Pls. i. and ii.; (87), Pls. xxvii., xxviii.
[689] Weiss (84), Pls. ii.–iv., viii. and ix.
[690] Stur (87), Pls. iii., vi., vii., etc.; Zeiller (86), Pl. liv.
[691] Weiss (76), (84).
[692] For references, vide Kidston (86), p. 58.
[693] Artis (25), Pl. v.
[694] Williamson and Scott (95), p. 694.
[695] Williamson (832), Pl. xxix. fig. 7.
[696] Williamson and Scott (95), Pls. xv.–xvii.
[697] For figures vide Williamson, loc. cit., Williamson and Scott, and
Renault (85), (93).
[698] E.g. Schenk (90) in Zittel’s Handbuch, p. 237.
[699] Williamson and Scott, loc. cit. p. 689.
[700] de Bary (84), p. 474; van Tieghem (91), p. 720.
[701] Renault (96), pp. 118, 126; (93), Pl. lv.
[702] Carruthers (67), Pl. lxx.
[703] Sternberg (25), Pl. xlviii. and li.
[704] Brongniart (49), p. 51.
[705] Binney (68), p. 23, Pls. iv. and v.
[706] Schimper (69), p. 330.
[707] For figures and descriptions of this type of cone vide Williamson
(73), (80), (89); Hick (93), (94) and Williamson and Scott (94).
[708] Weiss (84), Pls. xxii.—xxiv.
[709] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 911, Pls. lxxxi. and lxxxii.
[710] Vide Heinricher (82); Bower (94), p. 495; Campbell (95), pp. 396,
503.
[711] Williamson (81), Pl. liv.
[712] An excellent figure illustrating the co-existence of heterospory and
secondary thickening is given by Williamson and Scott, loc. cit., Pl. lxxxii.
fig. 36.
[713] Weiss (76), p. 103.
[714] Williamson (712).
[715] Ibid. (882).
[716] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 900.
[717] Weiss (84), Pl. xxi. fig. 4.
[718] Williamson (74), Pl. v. fig. 32.
[719] Williamson (882), Pl. ix. fig. 20.
[720] E.g. Renault (82), Pl. xix. fig. 1; (96), Pl. xxix. figs. 1 and 4.
[721] Williamson (882), Pl. viii. figs. 1 and 4.
[722] Renault (93), Pl. xxix. fig. 7.
[723] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 325.
[724] Weiss (84) p. 161. Solms-Laubach, loc. cit. p. 326.
[725] E.g. Volkmannia Ludwigi Carr., also Volkmannia elongata Presl.
[Solms (91), p. 332 and Weiss (76), p. 108].
[726] E.g. Brukmannia Grand’Euryi Ren. [Renault (76)].
[727] Weiss (84), p. 190.
[728] Weiss (76), p. 1.
[729] Weiss (84), p. 161.
[730] Renault (82), p. 139; (76).
[731] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 330.
[732] Schenk (88), p. 132; (83), p. 232.
[733] Weiss (84), p. 161.
[734] E.g. Volkmannia gracilis Sternb. [Renault (76), Pl. ii.].
[735] Schimper (69), p. 332. Vide also Renault and Zeiller (88), p. 420.
[736] Renault (82), p. 120, Pl. xix.; (93), Pl. xxix. figs. 8–14; (96), p. 77.
[737] Weiss (84), p. 98, Pl. xx. etc.
[738] Sterzel (82).
[739] Renault and Zeiller (88), Pl. xlvi. fig. 7.
[740] Kidston (86), p. 47; (93), p. 319. Vide also Renault (93), Pl. xxviii.
[741] Renault and Zeiller (88), Pl. xlv.
[742] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 339. Weiss (84), p. 159.
[743] Weiss (84), Pl. xx. fig. 6.
[744] Weiss (84), Pl. xx. fig. 7; Pl. xxi. fig. 4.
[745] Ibid. Pls. xiv. and xv. Cf. also Stur (87), Pls. vi. and vii b, and
Lesquereux (84), Pl. xc. fig. 1.
[746] Grand’Eury (90), pp. 205, 208. Renault and Zeiller (88), Pl. li.
[747] Vide Unger (50), p. 63.
[748] Weiss, loc. cit.
[749] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 328.
[750] Schenk (83), p. 234.
[751] Weiss (76), p. 88; (84), p. 162. Solms-Laubach, loc. cit. p. 334, fig.
47.
[752] Renault (96), p. 132.
[753] Zeiller (88), Pl. liv. fig. 4.
[754] Stur (87), p. 17.
[755] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. cxlii b. The original specimen is in the
University College Collection, London.
[756] Nathorst (94), p. 56, Pl. xv. figs. 1 and 2.
[757] Seward (88).
[758] Weiss (84), p. 54.
[759] Zeiller (88), p. 329.
[760] Weiss (76), p. 117; (84), p. 55.
[761] Weiss (84), p. 93, Pl. xi. fig. 1.
[762] Vide Weiss (84), Pl. xxv. fig. 2; Pl. xvi a, etc.
[763] Weiss (76), Pl. xvii. fig. 1.
[764] Weiss (84), Pl. i.
[765] Grand’Eury (90), p. 208, and (77), Pl. v.
[766] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. cxc.
[767] Stur (87), Pl. v. fig. 1.
[768] Grand’Eury (77), Pl. iv.
[769] Stur (87), Pl. xvii.
[770] Renault (82), Pl. xvii. fig. 2.
[771] Renault and Zeiller (88), Pt. ii. p. 434, Pls. lii. and liii.
[772] Stur (87), p. 37, fig. 17. Vide also Grand’Eury (90), p. 208.
[773] Stur, loc. cit.
[774] Weiss (84), p. 61.
[775] Vide Grand’Eury (77), Pl. v. fig. 5.
[776] Weiss, loc. cit. Pl. xxi. fig. 5.
[777] Stur (87), Pl. xi. fig. 1.
[778] Renault and Zeiller (88), Pt. ii. Pl. li. p. 423.
[779] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. cxiv. and Pl. cxc. The original
specimens are in the Natural History Museum, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
[780] Ibid. Pl. cxxx. and Feistmantel (75), Pl. i. fig. 8.
[781] Lesquereux (79), Pl. xiii. fig. 14.
[782] Salter (63), figs. 6 and 7. Vide also Carruthers in Woodward, H. (72),
p. 168.
[783] Grand’Eury (69); vide also (77) and (90).
[784] Renault and Zeiller (88), Pt. ii. Pls. lii. and ciii.
[785] Ibid. Pl. li.
[786] Sternberg (21), Pl. xii.
[787] Weiss (84), p. 61.
[788] Ettingshausen (55), Pl. i. fig. 4.
[789] Ettingshausen, loc. cit.
[790] Grand’Eury (69), p. 709.
[791] Feistmantel (75), Pl. i. fig. 8.
[792] Williamson (74), Pl. vii. fig. 45.
[793] Weiss (76), Pl. xvii. figs. 1 and 2.
[794] Weiss (84), Pl. xvi a. figs. 10 and 11.
[795] Ibid. Pl. xxv. fig. 2.
[796] Stur (87), Pl. ii. etc.
[797] Zeiller (88), p. 363, Pl. lvii. fig. 1.
[798] Steinhauer (18), Pl. vi. fig. 1.
[799] Kidston (93), p. 311, Pl. ii.
[800] Kidston (94), p. 248.
[801] Weiss (84), p. 119.
[802] Steinhauer (18), Pl. v. figs. 1 and 2.
[803] Artis (25), Pl. xxiv.
[804] Brongniart (282), Pls. xv. and xvi.
[805] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. lxxix.
[806] Kidston (93), p. 314; (86), p. 24.
[807] Zeiller (88), p. 333.
[808] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. lxxix.
[809] Weiss (84), Pl. iv. fig. 1.
[810] Renault and Zeiller (88), p. 385.
[811] Grand’Eury (90), p. 214.
[812] Stur (87), p. 160, Pl. ix. fig. 2.
[813] Kidston (94), p. 249.
[814] Grand’Eury (89), p. 1087.
[815] Zeiller (88), p. 355.
[816] Weiss (84), p. 96.
[817] Sterzel (93), p. 66.
[818] Zeiller, loc. cit. p. 353.
[819] Sternberg (25), Pl. xlix. fig. 5.
[820] Brongniart (282), p. 128, Pl. xix.
[821] Germar and Kaulfuss (31), p. 221, Pl. xlv. fig. 1.
[822] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. ccxvi.
[823] Grand’Eury (77), p. 293.
[824] Zeiller (80), Pl. clxxiv. (expl. plates) fig. 3.
[825] Weiss (84), pp. 112, 113, 114.
[826] Zeiller (88), p. 353.
[827] Kidston (94), p. 249.
[828] Grand’Eury (90), p. 216 (expl. plates).
[829] Stur (87), p. 68.
[830] Stur (87), Pl. x.
[831] Artis (25), Pl. ii.
[832] Weiss, loc. cit. Pls. v. vi. and x.
[833] Grand’Eury (77), (90).
[834] Vide Stur (75), etc. for remarks on the course of the vascular
strands.
[835] For good figures of the leaves vide Stur (75), Rothpletz (80),
Ettingshausen (66), Solms (96).
[836] Renault (96), p. 80; (93), Pls. xlii. and xliii. Since the above was
written an account of the internal structure of Archaeocalamites has been
published by Solms-Laubach (97); he describes the wood as being of the
Arthropitys type.
[837] Renault, loc. cit. Pl. xlii. figs. 6 and 7.
[838] Stur (75), p. 2, Pls. ii.–v.
[839] An examination of the specimens in the Museum of the Austrian
Geology Survey did not enable me to satisfactorily verify the features of
the cone as described by Stur; the impressions are far from clear.
[840] Kidston (832).
[841] Vide Paterson (41); Lyell (67), vol. i. p. 149 etc.
[842] Volkmann (1720), p. 93, Pl. vii. fig. 2.
[843] Schlotheim (20), p. 402, Pl. xxii. fig. 4.
[844] Sternberg (25).
[845] Brongniart (282), p. 122, Pl. xxvi. figs. 1 and 2.
[846] Paterson (41), Pl. iii.
[847] Göppert (52), Pls. III., V., VI., VIII., XXXVIII.
[848] Ettingshausen (66), Pls. i.–iv.
[849] Feistmantel (73), Pl. xiv. fig. 5.
[850] Zeiller (80), p. 17.
[851] Binney (68), p. 7.
[852] Stur (75), p. 3.
[853] Kidston (86), p. 35.
[854] Schimper and Koechlin-Schlumberger (62), Pl. i. The original
specimens of Schimper’s figures are in the Strassburg Museum.
[855] Feistmantel (73), p. 491, Pl. xxiv. figs. 3 and 4.
[856] Vide specimens 20 A, 20 B, 24 in the Williamson Collection.
[857] Stur (75), p. 17.
[858] Rothpletz (80), p. 8.
[859] Weiss (84), p. 56.
[860] Scheuchzer (1723), p. 19, Pl. iv. fig. 1.
[861] Schlotheim (04), Pl. ii. fig. 24, p. 57.
[862] Sternberg (25), p. 32.
[863] Brongniart (22), Pl. xiii. fig. 8, p. 234.
[864] Ibid. (28), p. 68.
[865] Dawson (66), p. 153, Pl. xii.
[866] For reference vide an excellent monograph by Coemans and Kickx
(64), also Potonié (94).
[867] e.g. Newberry (91).
[868] Renault (73), (762), (96).
[869] Williamson (74), (78).
[870] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 919.
[871] Specimen 929 in the Williamson Cabinet is a longitudinal section of
the French Sphenophyllum, as described by Renault (762).
[872] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 926.
[873] Williamson (91), p. 18.
[874] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 920.
[875] Williamson (91), p. 12.
[876] Ibid. (74).
[877] Felix (86), Pl. Vi. fig. 2.
[878] For figures vide Renault (82), Pl. xvi. fig. 1, (762) Pls. vii. and ix.
[879] Williamson (712).
[880] Weiss (84), p. 200.
[881] Binney (71).
[882] Williamson (912).
[883] Zeiller (93).
[884] Williamson (92).
[885] Potonié (94), fig. 1.
[886] For a more complete account of this strobilus vide Zeiller (93), and
Williamson (912), etc.
[887] Zeiller (93), p. 37.
[888] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 943.
[889] Scott (97), p. 24.
[890] Solms-Laubach (954).
[891] Ibid. Pl. x. fig. 6.
[892] Kidston (90).
[893] I am indebted to my friend Mr Kidston for an opportunity of
examining these specimens.
[894] Vide Renault (77), (96), p. 158. Zeiller (93), p. 34. Williamson and
Scott (94), p. 942.
[895] Brongniart (22), p. 234, Pl. ii. fig. 8.
[896] Brongniart (28), p. 68.
[897] Bischoff (28), Pl. xiii. fig. 1.
[898] Römer, F. (62), p. 21, Pl. v. fig. 2.
[899] Sterzel (86), pp. 26, 27, etc.
[900] Kidston (93), p. 333.
[901] Zeiller (88), p. 414.
[902] Ibid. p. 411.
[903] Weiss (84), p. 201, Pl. xxi. fig. 12.
[904] Solms-Laubach (954), p. 232.
[905] Geinitz (55), Pl. xx. fig. 7.
[906] Zeiller (88), Pl. lxiv. figs. 3–5, and (93), p. 24, Pl. ii. fig. 4.
[907] Stur (75), p. 108.
[908] Stur (87), Pl. xv. and Kidston (90), p. 59, Pl. i.
[909] Zeiller (88), Pl. lxii. figs. 2–4.
[910] Stur (87); Williamson (74); Seward (89), etc.
[911] Renault (82), p. 84, and Newberry (91).
[912] Kidston (90), p. 62.
[913] Stur (75), p. 114, Pl. vii.
[914] Zeiller (93), p. 32.
[915] Mahr (68), Pl. viii.
[916] Zeiller (80), p. 34, Pl. clxi. fig. 9.
[917] Coemans and Kickx (64); Zeiller (80), (88); Schimper (69).
[918] Royle (39), p. 431.
[919] For other figures of this plant, vide Feistmantel (81), Pls. xi. a and
xii. a.
[920] Zeiller (91).
[921] Vide also Zeiller (922), p. 75.
[922] Feistmantel (81), p. 69.
[923] Scott (97).
[924] Scott (962), p. 15.
[925] Dawson (61), p. 10, fig. 7.
[926] Kidston (94), p. 250.
[927] Kidston (94), p. 250.
[928] Sterzel (93), p. 143.
[929] Zeiller (94), p. 172.
[930] De Bary (84), p. 499.
[931] Westermaier and Ambronn (81).
[932] Schwendener (74), p. 124. Haberlandt (96), p. 165.
 Transcriber’s Notes:
Blank pages have been removed.
Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.
Odd-numbered page headings are entered at approximate locations as
sidenotes in ITALICS ALL CAPS, except where repeated, or duplicated in
headings.
Errata from Vol. II. applied.
Headings and table of contents have been modified to be more consistent,
including removal of section list under Chapter IX, sections II-IV are in
other chapters.
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