Download Full Version ebook - Visit ebooknice.

com

(Ebook) Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas,

Exercise Book by Sophocles J. Orfanidis, Davide
Ramaccia, Alessandro Toscano

https://ebooknice.com/product/electromagnetic-waves-and-
antennas-exercise-book-10865936

Click the button below to download

DOWLOAD EBOOK

Discover More Ebook - Explore Now at ebooknice.com

 Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) ready for you
Download now and discover formats that fit your needs...

Start reading on any device today!

(Ebook) Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook by Loucas, Jason;

Viles, James ISBN 9781459699816, 9781743365571,
9781925268492, 1459699815, 1743365578, 1925268497
https://ebooknice.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-6661374

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Matematik 5000+ Kurs 2c Lärobok by Lena

Alfredsson, Hans Heikne, Sanna Bodemyr ISBN 9789127456600,
9127456609
https://ebooknice.com/product/matematik-5000-kurs-2c-larobok-23848312

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) SAT II Success MATH 1C and 2C 2002 (Peterson's SAT

II Success) by Peterson's ISBN 9780768906677, 0768906679

https://ebooknice.com/product/sat-ii-success-
math-1c-and-2c-2002-peterson-s-sat-ii-success-1722018

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Master SAT II Math 1c and 2c 4th ed (Arco Master

the SAT Subject Test: Math Levels 1 & 2) by Arco ISBN
9780768923049, 0768923042
https://ebooknice.com/product/master-sat-ii-math-1c-and-2c-4th-ed-
arco-master-the-sat-subject-test-math-levels-1-2-2326094

ebooknice.com
(Ebook) Cambridge IGCSE and O Level History Workbook 2C -
Depth Study: the United States, 1919-41 2nd Edition by
Benjamin Harrison ISBN 9781398375147, 9781398375048,
1398375144, 1398375047
https://ebooknice.com/product/cambridge-igcse-and-o-level-history-
workbook-2c-depth-study-the-united-states-1919-41-2nd-edition-53538044

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Electromagnetic Waves 2: Antennas by coll ISBN

9781789450071, 1789450071

https://ebooknice.com/product/electromagnetic-
waves-2-antennas-46548838

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Optimum Signal Processing (2nd edition) by

Sophocles Orfanidis ISBN 9780979371301, 9780979371318,
0979371309, 0979371317
https://ebooknice.com/product/optimum-signal-processing-2nd-
edition-1831760

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Mechanical and Electromagnetic Vibrations and

Waves by Tamer Bécherrawy ISBN 9781848212831, 1848212836

https://ebooknice.com/product/mechanical-and-electromagnetic-
vibrations-and-waves-4449416

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Electromagnetic Fields and Waves 2nd Edition by

Magdy F. Iskander ISBN 9781577667834, 1577667832

https://ebooknice.com/product/electromagnetic-fields-and-waves-2nd-
edition-11322954

ebooknice.com
 Electromagnetic Waves
and
Antennas

Exercise book

Sophocles J. Orfanidis1
Davide Ramaccia2
Alessandro Toscano2

1
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
orfanidi@ece.rutgers.edu
www.ece.rutgers.edu/~orfanidi/ewa
2
Department of Applied Electronics, University "Roma Tre"
via della Vasca Navale, 84 00146, Rome, Italy
davide.ramaccia@gmail.com
alessandro.toscano@gmail.com
S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

Table of Contents

Chapter1 Maxwell's Equations ................................................................................... 1

1.1 Exercise.......................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Exercise.......................................................................................................... 6

1.3 Exercise........................................................................................................ 12

1.4 Exercise........................................................................................................ 16

1.5 Exercise........................................................................................................ 18

1.6 Exercise........................................................................................................ 20

1.7 Exercise........................................................................................................ 25

1.8 Exercise........................................................................................................ 29

1.9 Exercise........................................................................................................ 30

1.10 Exercise........................................................................................................ 32

1.11 Exercise........................................................................................................ 42

1.12 Exercise........................................................................................................ 54

1.13 Exercise........................................................................................................ 56

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano

 S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

Chapter1
Maxwell's Equations

1.1 Exercise

Prove the vector algebra identities:

a) A × ( B × C ) = B ( A ⋅ C ) - C ( A ⋅ B )

It is possible to write the vectors in the form:

⎧ A = A x xˆ + A y yˆ + A z zˆ
⎪⎪
⎨B = B x xˆ + B y yˆ + Bz zˆ (1.1.1)
⎪
⎪⎩C = C x xˆ + C y yˆ + C z zˆ

and to use the follow relationship:

xˆ yˆ zˆ
U × V = Ux Uy Uz =
(1.1.2)
Vx Vy Vz

( ) (
= xˆ U y Vz − U z Vy − yˆ ( U x Vz − U z Vx ) + zˆ U x Vy − U y Vx )
Now we can prove the algebra identities with simply mathematical substitutions:

(( ) (
A × ( B × C ) = A × xˆ B y C z − Bz C y − yˆ ( Bx C z − Bz C x ) + zˆ Bx C y − B y C x )) =
= ( ( )
xˆ A y Bx C y − B y C x + A z ( Bx C z − Bz C x ) ) (1.1.3)
− yˆ ( A x ( Bx C y − B y C x ) − A z ( B y C z − Bz C y ) )

+ zˆ ( − A x ( Bx C z − Bz C x ) − A y ( B y C z − Bz C y ) )

Expanding the terms in (1.1.3), we have:

A × ( B ×C ) =

(
+ xˆ A y Bx C y − A y ByCx + A z Bx Cz − A z Bz C x )
+ yˆ ( A x By Cx − A x Bx C y + A z By Cz − A z Bz C y ) (1.1.4)

+ zˆ ( A x Bz Cx − A x Bx Cz − A y By Cz + A y Bz C y )

Let us write eq. (1.1.4) in matrix form, separating the terms with the minus sign and the terms
with the plus sign:

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 1

 S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

⎡ 0 ByA xCx Bz A x C x ⎤ ⎡ 0 C yA x Bx Cz A x Bx ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
A × ( B × C ) = ⎢Bx A yC y 0 Bz A yC y ⎥ − ⎢C x A y B y 0 C z A y B y ⎥ (1.1.5)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ B x A z C z ByA zCz 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ C x A z B z C y A z Bz 0 ⎥⎦

Note that the elements of the diagonal of each matrix are zero. Each term can be filled with the
product of the three component with the same subscript ( a ii = A i B i C i ) :

⎡Bx AxCx ByAxCx BzAxCx ⎤ ⎡Cx Ax Bx CyAx Bx CzAx Bx ⎤

⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
A× ( B×C) = ⎢Bx AyCy ByAyCy BzAyCy ⎥ − ⎢Cx AyBy CyAyBy CzAyBy ⎥ =
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ Bx AzCz ByAzCz BzAzCz ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ Cx AzBz CyAzBz CzAzBz ⎥⎦
( ) ( ) (
= +AxCx Bx xˆ + Byyˆ + Bzzˆ + AyCy Bx xˆ + Byyˆ + Bzzˆ + AzCz Bx xˆ + Byyˆ + Bzzˆ − )
− Ax Bx ( Cx xˆ + Cyyˆ + Czzˆ ) − AyBy ( Cx xˆ + Cyyˆ + Czzˆ ) − AzBz ( Cx xˆ + Cyyˆ + Czzˆ ) = (1.1.6)

= B ( AxCx + AyCy + AzCz ) − C( Ax Bx + AyBy + AzBz ) =

= B ( A ⋅ C) − C( A ⋅ B)

b) A ⋅ ( B × C ) = B ⋅ ( C × A ) = C ⋅ ( A × B )

Using relationships (1.1.1) and (1.1.2), we can write:

(( ) (
A ⋅ ( B × C ) = A ⋅ xˆ B y C z − B z C y − yˆ ( B x C z − B z C x ) + zˆ B x C y − B y C x )) =
( A x B y C z − A x Bz C y ) − ( A y B x C z − A y Bz C x ) + ( A z B x C y − A z B y C x ) = (1.1.7)

( A x B y C z + A y Bz C x + A z B x C y ) − ( A x Bz C y + A y B x C z + A z B y C x )
(( ) (
B ⋅ (C × A) = B ⋅ xˆ C y A z − C z A y − yˆ ( C x A z − C z A x ) + zˆ A x C y − A y C x )) =
( B x C y A z − B x C z A y ) − ( B y C x A z − B y C z A x ) + ( Bz A x C y − Bz A y C x ) =
( Bx C y A z + By Cz A x + Bz C x A y ) − ( Bx Cz A y + By C x A z + Bz C y A x ) =↑ (1.1.8)

order them

( A x B y C z + A y Bz C x + A z B x C y ) − ( A x Bz C y + A y B x C z + A z B y C x )
(( ) (
C ⋅ (A × B) = C ⋅ xˆ A y Bz − A z B y − yˆ ( A x Bz − A z B x ) + zˆ A x B y − A y B x )) =
( C x A y Bz − C x A z B y ) − ( C y A x Bz − C y A z B x ) + ( C z A x B y − C z A y B x ) =
( Cx A y Bz + C y A z Bx + Cz A x By ) − ( Cx A z By + C y A x Bz + Cz A y Bx ) =↑ (1.1.9)

order them

( A x B y C z + A y Bz C x + A z B x C y ) − ( A x Bz C y + A y B x C z + A z B y C x )
If we compare the last row of each expression, we note that they are identical so the algebra
identity is verified.

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 2

S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

2 2 2 2
c) A×B + A ⋅B = A B

Using relationships (1.1.1) and (1.1.2), we can write:

( ) ( )
2
A × B + A ⋅ B = xˆ A y Bz − A z B y − yˆ ( A x Bz − A z Bx ) + zˆ A x B y − A y Bx
2 2
+

( )
2
+ A x B x + A y B y + A z Bz =
2
⎛ ⎞
( A y Bz − A z B y ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
+ ( A x Bz − A z B x ) + A x B y − A y B x
2
⎜ ⎟ + A x B x + A y B y + A z Bz =
⎝ ⎠

( A y Bz − A z B y ) ( ) + ( A x B x + A y B y + A z Bz )
2 2 2
+ ( A x Bz − A z B x ) + A x B y − A y B x
2
=

A 2y B2z + A 2z B2y − 2A y Bz A z B y + A 2x B2z + A 2z B2x − 2A x Bz A z B x +

( )
2
A 2x B2y + A 2y B2x − 2A x B y A y Bx + A x Bx + A y B y + A z Bz =

A 2y Bz2 + A z2 B2y − 2A y Bz A z B y + A 2x Bz2 + A z2 B2x − 2A x Bz A z B x +

A 2x B2y + A 2y B2x − 2A x B y A y Bx + A 2x B2x + A 2y B2y + A 2z B2z +
2A x B y A y B x + 2A x Bz A z Bx + 2A x B y A y Bx =
↑
cancel the opposites

A 2y Bz2 + A z2 B2y + A 2x Bz2 + A z2 B2x + A 2x B2y + A 2y B2x + A 2x B2x + A 2y B2y + A z2 Bz2 =

( A2x + A2y + A2z )( B2x + B2y + B2z ) = A 2 B 2

d) A = nˆ × A × nˆ + (nˆ ⋅ A)nˆ
Does it make a difference whether nˆ × A × nˆ is taken to mean ( nˆ × A ) × nˆ or nˆ × ( A × nˆ ) ?

The unit vector n̂can be expressed as follow:

⎧nˆ = n x xˆ + n y yˆ + n z zˆ
⎪
⎨ (1.1.10)
⎪⎩ nˆ = n x + n y + n z = 1
2 2 2

Let us begin considering the first case:

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 3

S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

( nˆ × A ) × nˆ = ⎡⎣ xˆ ( n y A z − n z A y ) − yˆ ( n x A z − n z A x ) + zˆ ( n x A y − n y A x )⎤⎦ × nˆ =

( )
+ xˆ ⎡( n z A x − n x A z ) n z − n x A y − n y A x n y ⎤ +
⎣ ⎦
− yˆ ⎡( n y A z − n z A y ) n z − ( n x A y − n y A x ) n x ⎤ +
⎣ ⎦
+ zˆ ⎡( n y A z − n z A y ) n y − ( n z A x − n x A z ) n x ⎤ = (1.1.11)
⎣ ⎦

+ xˆ ⎡ n 2z A x − n x n z A z − n x n y A y + n 2y A x ⎤ +
⎣ ⎦
− yˆ ⎡ n y n z A z − n z2 A y − n 2x A y + n y n x A x ⎤ +
⎣ ⎦
+ zˆ ⎡ n 2y A z − n z n y A y − n z n x A x + n 2x A z ⎤
⎣ ⎦
And now consider the second case:

( ) (
nˆ × ( A × nˆ ) = nˆ × ⎡ xˆ A y n z − A z n y − yˆ ( A x n z − A z n x ) + zˆ A x n y − A y n x ⎤ =
⎣ ⎦ )

( )
+ xˆ ⎡ n y A x n y − A y n x − n z ( A z n x − A x n z ) ⎤ +
⎣ ⎦
−yˆ ⎡ n x ( A x n y − A y n x ) − n z ( A y n z − A z n y ) ⎤ +
⎣ ⎦
+ zˆ ⎡ n x ( A z n x − A x n z ) − n y ( A y n z − A z n y ) ⎤ = (1.1.12)
⎣ ⎦

+ xˆ ⎡ A x n 2y − A y n y n x − A z n z n x + A x n 2z ⎤ +
⎣ ⎦
−yˆ ⎡ A x n x n y − A y n 2x − A y n z2 + A z n z n y ⎤ +
⎣ ⎦
+ zˆ ⎡ A z n x − A x n x n z − A y n y n z + A z n y ⎤
2 2
⎣ ⎦
It is very easy to show that ( nˆ × A ) × nˆ = nˆ × ( A × nˆ ) .

The second term of the identity can be written as:

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 4

S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

(
(nˆ ⋅ A)nˆ = n x A x + n y A y + n z A z )( n x xˆ + n y yˆ + n z zˆ ) =
(
+ xˆ ⎡ n x n x A x + n y A y + n z A z
⎣ )⎤⎦ +
(
+ yˆ ⎡ n y n x A x + n y A y + n z A z
⎣ )⎤⎦ +
+ zˆ ⎡ n z ( n x A x + n y A y + n z A z ) ⎤ =
⎣ ⎦ (1.1.13)

+ xˆ ⎡ n 2x A x + n x n y A y + n x n z A z ⎤ +
⎣ ⎦
+ yˆ ⎡ n y n x A x + n 2y A y + n y n z A z ⎤ +
⎣ ⎦
+ zˆ ⎡ n z n x A x + n z n y A y + n z2 A z ⎤
⎣ ⎦
Adding the two results, we obtain:
nˆ × A × nˆ + (nˆ ⋅ A)nˆ =
+ xˆ ⎡ A x n 2y − A y n y n x − A z n z n x + A x n 2z ⎤ +
⎣ ⎦
−yˆ ⎡ A x n x n y − A y n 2x − A y n 2z + A z n z n y ⎤ +
⎣ ⎦
+ zˆ ⎡ A z n 2x − A x n x n z − A y n y n z + A z n 2y ⎤ +
⎣ ⎦
+ xˆ ⎡ n 2x A x + n x n y A y + n x n z A z ⎤ +
⎣ ⎦
+ yˆ ⎡ n y n x A x + n 2y A y + n y n z A z ⎤ +
⎣ ⎦
+ zˆ ⎡ n z n x A x + n z n y A y + n z2 A z ⎤ =
⎣ ⎦ ↑
change signs in parentheses at first yˆ and add

+ xˆ ⎡ A x n 2y − A y n y n x − A z n z n x + A x n 2z + n 2x A x + n x n y A y + n x n z A z ⎤ +
⎣ ⎦
+ yˆ ⎡ A y n x + A y n z − A x n x n y − A z n z n y + n y n x A x + n y A y + n y n z A z ⎤ +
2 2 2
⎣ ⎦
+ zˆ ⎡ A z n 2x − A x n x n z − A y n y n z + A z n 2y + n z n x A x + n z n y A y + n 2z A z ⎤ =
⎣ ⎦
(1.1.14)

+ xˆ A x ⎡ n 2y + n z2 + n 2x ⎤ + + yˆ A y ⎡ n 2x + n 2z + n 2y ⎤ + + zˆ A z ⎡ n 2x + n 2y + n 2z ⎤ = A
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 5

 S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

1.2 Exercise

Prove the vector analysis identities:

1. ∇ × ( ∇φ ) = 0

2. ∇ ⋅ ( φ∇ψ ) = φ∇ 2 ψ + ∇φ ⋅ ∇ψ (Green's first identity)

3. ∇ ⋅ ( φ∇ψ − ψ∇φ ) = φ∇ 2 ψ − ψ∇ 2 φ (Green's second identity)

4. ∇ ⋅ ( φ A ) = ( ∇φ ) ⋅ A + φ∇ ⋅ A

5. ∇ × ( φ A ) = ( ∇φ ) × A + φ∇ × A

6. ∇ ⋅ ( ∇ × A ) = 0

7. ∇ ⋅ A × B = B ⋅ ( ∇ × A ) − A ⋅ ( ∇ × B )

8. ∇ × ( ∇ × A ) = ∇ ( ∇ ⋅ A ) − ∇ 2 A

First of all we have to express the operator ∇ in general orthogonal coordinates in four common
applications. All vector components are presented with respect to the normalized base ( eˆ 1 , eˆ 2 , eˆ 3 ) :

⎧ eˆ1 ∂φ eˆ 2 ∂φ eˆ 3 ∂φ
⎪∇φ = h ∂q + h ∂q + h ∂q
⎪ 1 1 2 2 3 3
⎪ 1 ⎡ ∂ ⎛ h 2 h3 ∂φ ⎞ ∂ ⎛ h1h3 ∂φ ⎞ ∂ ⎛ h1h 2 ∂φ ⎞ ⎤
⎪∇2 φ = ⎢ ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎪ h1h 2 h3 ⎣⎢ ∂q1 ⎝ h1 ∂q1 ⎠ ∂q 2 ⎝ h 2 ∂q 2 ⎠ ∂q3 ⎝ h3 ∂q3 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎪
⎪ 1 ⎡ ∂ ∂ ∂ ⎤
⎪ ∇ ⋅ F = ⎢ ( F1h 2 h 3 ) + ( F2 h1 h 3 ) + ( F3 h1h 2 ) ⎥
h1h 2 h3 ⎣ ∂q1 ∂q2 ∂q3 ⎦
⎪
⎪⎪ h1eˆ1 h 2eˆ 2 h3eˆ 3
⎨
⎪∇ × F = 1 ∂ ∂ ∂
⎪ =
h1h 2 h3 ∂q1 ∂q 2 ∂q3
⎪
⎪ h1F1 h 2 F2 h3F3
⎪
⎪ eˆ ⎡ ∂ ∂ ⎤ eˆ ⎡ ∂ ∂ ⎤
⎪ + 1 ⎢ ( h3F3 ) − ( h 2 F2 )⎥ + 2 ⎢ ( h1F1 ) − ( h3F3 )⎥ +
h 2 h3 ⎣ ∂q 2 ∂q3 ⎦ h1h3 ⎣ ∂q3 ∂q1 ⎦
⎪
⎪ eˆ ⎡ ∂ ∂ ⎤
⎪ + 3 ⎢ ( h 2 F2 ) − ( h1F1 )⎥
⎩⎪ h1h 2 ⎣ ∂q1 ∂q2 ⎦ (1.2.1)
where ( h1 , h 2 , h 3 ) are the metric coefficients. For common geometries they are defined as follow:

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 6

 S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

⎧ h1 = 1, h 2 = 1, h 3 = 1 (rectangular coordinates)
⎪
⎨ h1 = 1, h 2 = r, h 3 = 1 (cylindrical coordinates) (1.2.2)
⎪ h = 1, h = r, h = r sin ϑ
⎩ 1 2 3 (spherical coordinates)

For simplicity, the proves are done using rectangular coordinates ( h1 = 1, h 2 = 1, h 3 = 1) :

• Identity n° 1

eˆ1 eˆ 2 eˆ 3
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × ( ∇φ ) = =
∂q1 ∂q 2 ∂q3
⎛ ∂φ ⎞ ⎛ ∂φ ⎞ ⎛ ∂φ ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂q1 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q 2 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q3 ⎠
⎡ ⎛ ∂ ∂φ ∂ ∂φ ⎞ ⎛ ∂ ∂φ ∂ ∂φ ⎞ ⎤
⎢eˆ1 ⎜ − ⎟ − eˆ 2 ⎜ − ⎟ +⎥
⎢ ⎝ ∂q 2 ∂q3 ∂q3 ∂q 2 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q1 ∂q3 ∂q3 ∂q1 ⎠ ⎥
=⎢
⎛ ⎞ ⎥=0
⎢ +eˆ 3 ⎜ ∂ ∂φ ∂ ∂φ ⎥
− ⎟
⎢⎣ ∂
⎝ 1 2
q ∂q ∂q 2 ∂q1⎠ ⎦⎥
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
For the property of linearity of the derivate operator φ= φ , so each term in the
∂q i ∂q j ∂q j ∂q i

parentheses vanishes and also the result.

• Identity n° 2
⎛ ∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ψ ⎞
∇ ⋅ ( φ∇ψ ) = ∇ ⋅ ⎜ eˆ 1 φ + eˆ 2 φ + eˆ 3φ ⎟=
⎝ ∂q1 ∂q 2 ∂q 3 ⎠
∂ ⎛ ∂ψ ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂ψ ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂ψ ⎞
= ⎜φ ⎟+ ⎜φ ⎟+ ⎜φ ⎟=
∂q1 ⎝ ∂q1 ⎠ ∂q 2 ⎝ ∂q 2 ⎠ ∂q 3 ⎝ ∂q 3 ⎠
⎛ ∂φ ∂ψ ∂ 2 ψ ⎞ ⎛ ∂φ ∂ψ ∂ 2 ψ ⎞ ⎛ ∂φ ∂ψ ∂ 2ψ ⎞
=⎜ +φ +
⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ + φ +
⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ + φ ⎟⎟ =
⎜ ∂q1 ∂q1 ∂ q ∂q ∂q ∂ q ∂ q ∂ q ∂ q
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 3 3 ⎠
⎛ ∂ 2 ψ ∂ 2 ψ ∂ 2 ψ ⎞ ⎛ ∂φ ∂ψ ∂φ ∂ψ ∂φ ∂ψ ⎞
=φ ⎜ + + + + + = φ∇ 2 ψ + ∇φ ⋅ ∇ψ
⎜ ∂q1 ∂q 2 ∂q 3 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎝ ∂q1 ∂q1 ∂q 2 ∂q 2 ∂q 3 ∂q 3 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠
• Identity n° 3
First of all we expand the sum inside parentheses:
⎧ ∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ψ
⎪φ∇ψ = φeˆ 1 ∂q + φeˆ 2 ∂q + φeˆ 3 ∂q
⎪ 1 2 3
⎨
⎪ψ∇φ = ψeˆ ∂φ + ψeˆ ∂φ + ψeˆ ∂φ
1
⎩⎪
2 3
∂q1 ∂q 2 ∂q 3

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 7

 S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

so
⎛ ∂ψ ∂φ ⎞ ⎛ ∂ψ ∂φ ⎞ ⎛ ∂ψ ∂φ ⎞
( φ∇ψ − ψ∇φ) = eˆ1 ⎜ φ −ψ ⎟ + eˆ 2 ⎜ φ −ψ ⎟ + eˆ 3 ⎜ φ −ψ ⎟
⎝ ∂q1 ∂q1 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q 2 ∂q 2 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q3 ∂q3 ⎠

Now we can apply the dot product:

⎡ ∂ ⎛ ∂ψ ∂φ ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂ψ ∂φ ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂ψ ∂φ ⎞ ⎤
∇ ⋅ ( φ∇ψ − ψ∇φ ) = ⎢ ⎜φ −ψ ⎟+ ⎜φ −ψ ⎟+ ⎜φ −ψ ⎟⎥ =
⎣⎢ ∂q1 ⎝ ∂q1 ∂q1 ⎠ ∂q 2 ⎝ ∂q 2 ∂q 2 ⎠ ∂q 3 ⎝ ∂q 3 ∂q 3 ⎠ ⎦⎥
⎛ ∂φ ∂ψ ∂ 2 ψ ∂ψ ∂φ ∂ 2 φ ⎞ ⎛ ∂φ ∂ψ ∂ 2 ψ ∂ψ ∂φ ∂2φ ⎞
= +⎜ +φ − −ψ ⎟ +⎜ +φ − −ψ ⎟+
⎜ ∂q1 ∂q1 ∂q1 ∂q1 ∂q1 ∂q1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ∂q 2 ∂q 2 ∂ q 2 ∂q 2 ∂ q 2 ∂q 2 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ ∂φ ∂ψ ∂ 2 ψ ∂ψ ∂φ ∂2φ ⎞
+⎜ +φ − −ψ ⎟ =
⎜ ∂q 3 ∂q 3 ∂q 3 ∂q 3 ∂q 3 ∂q 3 ⎟⎠ ↑
⎝ cancel opposite terms in parentheses

⎛ ∂2ψ ∂2ψ ∂2ψ ⎞ ⎛ ∂2φ ∂2φ ∂2φ ⎞

=φ ⎜ + ⎟ − ψ⎜ + = φ∇ 2 ψ − ψ∇ 2 φ
⎜ ∂q1 ∂q 2 ∂q 3 ⎟⎟
+ +
⎜ ∂q1 ∂q 2 ∂q 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

• Identity n°4
⎡ ∂ ∂ ∂ ⎤
∇ ⋅ ( φA ) = ∇ ⋅ ( φA1eˆ1 + φA 2 eˆ 2 + φA3eˆ 3 ) = ⎢ ( φA1 ) + ( φA 2 ) + ( φA3 )⎥ =
⎣ ∂q1 ∂q 2 ∂q3 ⎦

⎡⎛ ∂A ∂φ ⎞ ⎛ ∂A 2 ∂φ ⎞ ⎛ ∂A3 ∂φ ⎞ ⎤
= ⎢⎜ φ 1 + A1 ⎟ + ⎜φ + A2 ⎟ + ⎜φ + A3 ⎟⎥ =
⎢⎣⎝ ∂q1 ∂q1 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q 2 ∂q 2 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q3 ∂q3 ⎠ ⎥⎦

⎛ ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ ⎞ ⎛ ∂A1 ∂A 2 ∂A3 ⎞
= ⎜ A1 + A2 + A3 ⎟ +φ ⎜ + + ⎟ = ( ∇φ ) ⋅ A + φ∇ ⋅ A
⎝ ∂q1 ∂q 2 ∂q3 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q1 ∂q 2 ∂q3 ⎠

• Identity n° 5

eˆ 1 eˆ 2 eˆ 3
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × ( φA ) = =
∂q1 ∂q 2 ∂q 3
φA1 φA 2 φA 3

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 8

 S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

⎡ ∂ ∂ ⎤ ⎡ ∂ ∂ ⎤ ⎡ ∂ ∂ ⎤
+eˆ1 ⎢ ( φA3 ) − ( φA 2 )⎥ + eˆ 2 ⎢ ( φA1 ) − ( φA3 )⎥ + eˆ 3 ⎢ ( φA 2 ) − ( φA1 )⎥ =
⎣ ∂q 2 ∂q3 ⎦ ⎣ ∂q3 ∂q1 ⎦ ⎣ ∂q1 ∂q 2 ⎦

⎡⎛ ∂φ ∂A3 ⎞ ⎛ ∂φ ∂A 2 ⎞⎤ ⎡⎛ ∂φ ∂A ⎞ ⎛ ∂φ ∂A3 ⎞ ⎤
=eˆ1 ⎢⎜ A3 + φ⎟ − ⎜ A2 + φ ⎟ ⎥ + eˆ 2 ⎢⎜ A1 + 1 φ ⎟ − ⎜ A3 + φ ⎟⎥ +
⎜ ⎟
⎣⎢⎝ ∂q 2 ∂q 2 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q3 ∂q3 ⎠ ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣⎝ ∂q3 ∂q3 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q1 ∂q1 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡⎛ ∂φ ∂A 2 ⎞ ⎛ ∂φ ∂A ⎞ ⎤
+eˆ 3 ⎢⎜ A2 + φ⎟ − ⎜ A1 + 1 φ ⎟ ⎥ =
⎣⎢⎝ ∂q1 ∂q1 ⎠ ⎜⎝ ∂q 2 ∂q 2 ⎟⎠ ⎦⎥

⎡ ∂φ ∂φ ⎤ ⎡ ∂φ ∂φ ⎤ ⎡ ∂φ ∂φ ⎤
=eˆ1 ⎢ A3 − A 2 ⎥ + eˆ 2 ⎢ A1 − A3 ⎥ + eˆ 3 ⎢ A2 − A1 ⎥ +
⎣ ∂q 2 ∂q3 ⎦ ⎣ ∂q3 ∂q1 ⎦ ⎣ ∂q1 ∂q 2 ⎦
⎡ ∂A ∂A 2 ⎤ ⎡ ∂A ∂A ⎤ ⎡ ∂A ∂A ⎤
+eˆ1 ⎢ 3 φ − φ ⎥ + eˆ 2 ⎢ 1 φ − 3 φ ⎥ + eˆ 3 ⎢ 2 φ − 1 φ ⎥ = ( ∇φ ) × A + φ∇ × A
⎣ ∂q 2 ∂q3 ⎦ ⎣ ∂q3 ∂q1 ⎦ ⎣ ∂q1 ∂q 2 ⎦

• Identity n° 6
⎡ ⎛ ∂A ∂A 2 ⎞ ⎛ ∂A 3 ∂A1 ⎞ ⎛ ∂A 2 ∂A1 ⎞ ⎤
∇ ⋅ ( ∇ × A ) = ∇ ⋅ ⎢eˆ 1 ⎜ 3 − ⎟ − eˆ 2 ⎜ − ⎟ + eˆ 3 ⎜ − ⎟⎥ =
⎣⎢ ⎝ ∂q 2 ∂q 3 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q1 ∂q 3 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q1 ∂q 2 ⎠ ⎦⎥
⎡ ∂ ⎛ ∂A 3 ∂A 2 ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂A 3 ∂A1 ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂A 2 ∂A1 ⎞ ⎤
=⎢ ⎜ − ⎟− ⎜ − ⎟+ ⎜ − ⎟⎥ =
⎢⎣ ∂q1 ⎝ ∂q 2 ∂q 3 ⎠ ∂q 2 ⎝ ∂q1 ∂q 3 ⎠ ∂q 3 ⎝ ∂q1 ∂q 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡ ∂ ∂A 3 ∂ ∂A 2 ∂ ∂A 3 ∂ ∂A1 ∂ ∂A 2 ∂ ∂A1 ⎤
=⎢ − − − + − ⎥=0
⎢⎣ ∂q1 ∂q 2 ∂q1 ∂q 3 ∂q 2 ∂q1 ∂q 2 ∂q 3 ∂q 3 ∂q1 ∂q 3 ∂q 2 ⎥⎦
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
For the linearity of the derivate operator φ= φ , so the term in brackets is null.
∂q i ∂q j ∂q j ∂q i

• Identity n°7
To evaluate the expression ∇ ⋅A×B , we have to calculate first the cross product and then the
divergence of vector A × B . This choise is obligated by the fact that if first we calculated the
divergence of the vector A , the results would be a scalar. Cross product with the vector B would be
impossible. So we have:

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 9

S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

∇ ⋅ ( A × B ) = ∇ ⋅ ⎡⎣eˆ 1 ( A 2 B3 − A3 B2 ) − eˆ 2 ( A1B3 − A 3 B1 ) + eˆ 3 ( A1B2 − A 2 B1 ) ⎤⎦ =

∂ ∂ ∂
= ( A 2 B3 − A3 B2 ) − ( A1B3 − A3 B1 ) + ( A1B2 − A 2 B1 ) =
∂q1 ∂q 2 ∂q3
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= ( A 2 B3 ) − ( A3 B2 ) − ( A1B3 ) + ( A3 B1 ) + ( A1B2 ) − ( A 2 B1 ) =
∂q1 ∂q1 ∂q 2 ∂q 2 ∂q 3 ∂q 3
⎛ ∂A 2 ∂B ⎞ ⎛ ∂A3 ∂B ⎞ ⎛ ∂A ∂B ⎞
= ⎜ B3 + A 2 3 ⎟ − ⎜ B2 + A 3 2 ⎟ − ⎜ B3 1 + A1 3 ⎟ +
⎝ ∂q1 ∂q1 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q1 ∂q1 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q 2 ∂q 2 ⎠
⎛ ∂A3 ∂B ⎞ ⎛ ∂A1 ∂B ⎞ ⎛ ∂B ∂A 2 ⎞
+ ⎜ B1 + A 3 1 ⎟ + ⎜ B2 + A1 2 ⎟ − ⎜ A 2 1 + B1 ⎟=
⎝ ∂q 2 ∂q 2 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q 3 ∂q3 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q 3 ∂q3 ⎠
⎛ ∂A ∂A 2 ⎞ ⎛ ∂A1 ∂A3 ⎞ ⎛ ∂A 2 ∂A1 ⎞
=B1 ⎜ 3 − ⎟ + B2 ⎜ − ⎟ + B3 ⎜ − ⎟+
⎝ ∂q 2 ∂q 3 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q3 ∂q1 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q1 ∂q 2 ⎠
⎛ ∂B ∂B ⎞ ⎛ ∂B ∂B ⎞ ⎛ ∂B ∂B ⎞
+ A1 ⎜ 2 − 3 ⎟ + A 2 ⎜ 3 − 1 ⎟ + A 3 ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟ =
⎝ ∂q3 ∂q 2 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q1 ∂q3 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q 2 ∂q1 ⎠
=B ⋅ ( ∇ × A ) − A ⋅ ( ∇ × B )

• Identity n° 8
⎛ ⎛ ∂A ∂A 2 ⎞ ⎛ ∂A ∂A ⎞ ⎛ ∂A ∂A ⎞ ⎞
∇ × ( ∇ × A ) = ∇ × ⎜ eˆ 1 ⎜ 3 − ⎟ − eˆ 2 ⎜ 3 − 1 ⎟ + eˆ 3 ⎜ 2 − 1 ⎟ ⎟ =
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ∂q 2 ∂q 3 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q1 ∂q 3 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q1 ∂q 2 ⎠ ⎠
⎛ ∂ ⎛ ∂A 2 ∂A1 ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂A1 ∂A 3 ⎞ ⎞
=eˆ1 ⎜ ⎜ − ⎟ − ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟⎟ +
⎜ ∂q ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
⎝ 2 ⎝ q1 q 2 ⎠ q 3 ⎝ q 3 q1 ⎠⎠
⎛ ∂ ⎛ ∂A 2 ∂A1 ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂A 3 ∂A 2 ⎞ ⎞
− eˆ 2 ⎜ ⎜ − ⎟ − ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟⎟ +
⎜ ∂q ∂q ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
⎝ 1 ⎝ 1 q 2 ⎠ q 3 ⎝ q 2 q 3 ⎠⎠
⎛ ∂ ⎛ ∂A1 ∂A 3 ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂A 3 ∂A 2 ⎞ ⎞
+ eˆ 3 ⎜ ⎜ − ⎟ − ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟⎟ =
⎜ ∂q ∂ q ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
⎝ 1⎝ 3 q1 ⎠ q 2⎝ q 2 q 3 ⎠⎠

⎛ ∂ ∂A 2 ∂ 2 A1 ∂ 2 A1 ∂ ∂A 3 ⎞
=eˆ 1 ⎜ − − + ⎟+
⎜ ∂q 2 ∂q1 ∂ q ∂q ∂q ∂q ⎟
⎝ 2 3 3 1 ⎠
⎛ ∂2A2 ∂ ∂A1 ∂ ∂A 3 ∂ 2 A 2 ⎞
− eˆ 2 ⎜ − − + ⎟+
⎜ ∂q1 ∂q1 ∂q 2 ∂q 3 ∂q 2 ∂q 3 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ ∂ ∂A1 ∂ 2 A 3 ∂ 2 A 3 ∂ ∂A 2 ⎞
+ eˆ 3 ⎜ − − + ⎟=
⎜ ∂q1 ∂q 3 ∂q ∂q ∂q ∂q ⎟
⎝ 1 2 2 3 ⎠

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 10

S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

⎛ ∂ ∂A 2 ∂ ∂A 3 ⎞ ⎛ ∂ ∂A1 ∂ ∂A 3 ⎞ ⎛ ∂ ∂A1 ∂ ∂A 2 ⎞
=eˆ 1 ⎜ + ⎟ − eˆ 2 ⎜ − − ⎟ + eˆ 3 ⎜ + ⎟+
∂
⎝ 2q ∂q1 ∂ q 3 ∂q1 ⎠ ⎝ ∂q1 ∂ q 2 ∂q 3 ∂ q 2 ⎠ ∂
⎝ 1 3
q ∂q ∂ q 2 ∂ q 3 ⎠
⎛ ∂ 2 A1 ∂ 2 A1 ⎞ ⎛ ∂2 A2 ∂2 A2 ⎞ ⎛ ∂ 2 A3 ∂ 2 A3 ⎞
+e1 ⎜ −
ˆ − ⎟ − e2 ⎜
ˆ + ⎟ + e3 ⎜ −
ˆ − ⎟=
⎜ ∂q 2 ∂q 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜ ∂q1 ∂q 3 ⎟ ⎜ ∂q1 ∂q 2 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝

⎡ ∂ ⎛ ∂A 2 ∂A 3 ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ∂ ⎛ ∂A1 ∂A 3 ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ∂ ⎛ ∂A1 ∂A 2 ⎞⎤
=eˆ 1 ⎢ ⎜ + ⎟ ⎥ + eˆ 2 ⎢ ⎜ + ⎟ ⎥ + eˆ 3 ⎢ ⎜ + ⎟⎥ −
⎢⎣ ∂q1 ⎝ ∂q 2 ∂q 3 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ∂q 2 ⎝ ∂q1 ∂q 3 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎣ ∂q 3 ⎝ ∂ q1 ∂q 2 ⎠⎦
⎛ ∂ 2 A1 ∂ 2 A1 ⎞ ⎛ ∂2 A2 ∂2 A2 ⎞ ⎛ ∂ 2 A3 ∂ 2 A3 ⎞
− e1 ⎜
ˆ + ⎟ − e2 ⎜
ˆ + ⎟ − e3 ⎜ +
ˆ + ⎟ = ∇ (∇ ⋅ A ) − ∇2 A
⎜ ∂q 2 ∂q 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ∂q1 ∂q 2 ⎠⎟
⎝ ⎝ ∂q1 ∂q 3 ⎠ ⎝

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 11

 S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

1.3 Exercise

Consider the infinitesimal volume element ΔxΔyΔz shown below, such that its upper half lies in
medium ε1 and its lower half in medium ε2 . The axes are oriented such that nˆ = zˆ .

Fig. 1.3.1: Infinitesimal volume element between two medium.

1. Applying the integrated form of Ampère's law to the infinitesimal face abcd, show that
∂D x
H 2 y − H 1y = J x Δ z + Δz (1.3.1)
∂t
2. In the limit Δz → 0 , the second term in the right–hand side may be assumed to go to zero,
whereas the first term will be non–zero and may be set equal to the surface current density,
that is, J sx ≡ lim Δ z → 0 ( J x Δ z ) . Show that this leads to the boundary condition

H 1y − H 2 y = − J sx . Similarly, shows that H 1x − H 2 x = J sy , and that these two boundary

conditions can be combined vectorially into:

nˆ × ( H 1 − H 2 ) = J s (1.3.2)

3. Apply the integrated form of Gauss's law to the same volume element and show the
boundary condition D1z − D 2 z = ρ s = lim Δ z → 0 ( ρΔ z ) .

Solution
• Question n° 1
In its historically original form, Ampère's circuital law relates the magnetic field to its electric
current source. The law can be written in two forms, the integral form and the differential form. The
forms are equivalent, and related by the Kelvin–Stokes theorem. The identity demonstrated by
Stokes is the follow:

∫∫ ( ∇ × F ) dS = ∫ F⋅d (1.3.3)
S c(S)

So applying (1.3.3) to the second Maxwell's equation, we obtain the Ampere's law in integral
form with few simply steps:
D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 12
 S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

∂D
∇× H = J +
∂t
Integrate terms of the identity over an opened surface S:
∂D
∫∫ ( ∇ × H ) ⋅ nˆ dS = ∫∫ J ⋅ nˆ dS + ∫∫ ∂t
⋅ nˆ dS
S S S

and apply the Stokes theorem:

∂D
∫ H ⋅ d = ∫∫ J ⋅ nˆ dS + ∫∫
∂t
⋅ nˆ dS (1.3.4)
c(S) S S

where is the infinitesimal vector, tangent to the curved line c that bounds the surface S.

Now we can consider the infinitesimal face abcd, that has area S = ΔzΔy and perimeter
p = 2Δz + 2Δy . The left–hand side of (1.3.4) can be decomposed into a sum of four integral
expression, one for each infinitesimal side of the rectangular abcd, and we have to define the sense
of integration. Choose an counterclockwise path so that, using the right–hand rule, the normal is x̂.
Note that the z–parallel sides have the first half in the medium 1 and the second in medium 2. So
the integral on that part of the path needs to be decomposed into two integral with different
arguments. For simplicity, denote the points of contact between mediums along the segments ab

and cd with O1 and O 2 , respectively.

On the contrary, to solve the right–side of (1.3.4) we have to identify the correct component of J
and D that flows through the face abcd, i.e. the component Jx and D x .

So we obtain:
O1 b c O2 d a
− ∫ H1 ⋅ dzˆ − ∫ H 2 ⋅ dzˆ + ∫ H 2 ⋅ dyˆ + ∫ H 2 ⋅ dzˆ + ∫ H1 ⋅ dzˆ − ∫ H1 ⋅ dyˆ =
a O1 b c O2 d
∂D x
= J x Δ zΔ y + Δ zΔ y
∂t
H 1 and H 2 are constant inside each medium, so the line integrals can be written as:

Δz Δz Δz Δz ∂D x
− H1z − H 2z + H 2y Δy + H 2z + H1z − H1y Δy = J x ΔzΔy + ΔzΔy
2 2 2 2 ∂t
i.e.
∂D x
H 2 y Δ y − H 1y Δ y = J x Δ z Δ y + Δz Δy
∂t
∂D x
H 2 y − H 1y = J x Δ z + Δz
∂t

• Question n° 2

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 13

 S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

In the limit Δz → 0 , the eq. (1.3.1) is reduced in H 1y − H 2 y = − J sx and similarly

H 1x − H 2 x = J sy . In order to obtain eq. (1.3.2), we can subtract vectorially these two boundary

conditions:

( )
yˆ ( H1x − H 2x ) − xˆ H1y − H 2y = Jsx xˆ + Jsy yˆ

nˆ × ( H 1 − H 2 ) = J s

where nˆ = zˆ .

• Question n° 3
Gauss's law relates the electric field to its electric charge sources. Like Ampère's circuital law, it
can be written in two forms, the integral form and the differential form. The forms are equivalent,
and related by the divergence theorem:

∫∫∫ ( ∇ ⋅ F ) dV = ∫∫ F ⋅ nˆ dS (1.3.5)
V S(V)

So applying (1.3.5) to the third Maxwell's equation, we obtain the Gauss's law in integral form
with few simply steps:
∇⋅ D = ρ
Integrate terms of the identity over a volume V:

∫∫∫ ( ∇ ⋅ D ) dV = ∫∫∫ ρ dV
V V

and apply the divergence theorem:

∫∫ D ⋅ nˆ dS = ∫∫∫ ρdV = Qin (1.3.6)

S(V) V

where n̂ is the outgoing unit vector normal to the closed surface S that bounds the volume V.
Now consider the volume V = ΔxΔyΔz . The left–hand side of (1.3.6) can be decomposed into two
integrals with arguments D1 and D2 , respectively in the medium 1 and medium 2. The right–hand

side of (1.3.6) is a simple volume integral. So we have:

∫∫ ( D1 ⋅ nˆ ) dS1 + ∫∫ ( D2 ⋅ nˆ ) dS2 = ∫∫∫ ρdV = ρΔxΔyΔz (1.3.7)

S1 S2 V

where S1 and S2 are portions of S in the medium 1 and medium 2, respectively and ρ is considered
constant inside the volume V.
The terms on the right–hand side of eq. (1.3.7) can be decomposed into several surface integrals,
one for each side of parallelepiped ΔxΔyΔz :

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 14

 S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

Δz Δz Δz Δz
D1z ΔxΔy + D1y Δx + D1x Δy − D1y Δx − D1x Δy −
2 2 2 2
Δz Δz Δz Δz
− D 2z ΔxΔy + D 2y Δx + D 2x Δy − D 2y Δx − D 2x Δy = ρΔxΔyΔz
2 2 2 2
i.e.
D1z − D2z = ρΔz

In the limit Δz → 0 , the amount ρΔz collapses in ρs which is the surface electric charge density.

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 15

 S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

1.4 Exercise

Show that time average of the product of two harmonic quantities Α(t) = Re ⎡ Ae jω t ⎤ and
⎣ ⎦

B (t) = Re ⎡ Be jω t ⎤ with phasors A, B is given by:

⎣ ⎦
T
1 1 ∗⎤
A(t) B (t) =
T ∫ A(t) B (t)dt = 2 Re ⎡⎣ AB ⎦
(1.4.1)
0

where T = 2π ω is one period. Then show that the time–averaged values of the cross and dot

products of two time–harmonic vector quantities A (t) = Re ⎡ A e jω t ⎤ and B (t) = Re ⎡ Be jω t ⎤ can be

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
expressed in terms of the corresponding phasors as follows:
1
A(t) × B(t) = Re ⎡ A × B∗ ⎤ (1.4.2)
2 ⎣ ⎦
1
A(t) ⋅ B(t) = Re ⎡ A ⋅ B∗ ⎤ (1.4.3)
2 ⎣ ⎦

Solution
First of all, we express the harmonic quantities A(t) and B(t) in their extended form:

⎧⎪ A(t) = A cos (ω t + ϕ1 )
⎨ (1.4.4)
⎪⎩ B (t) = B cos (ω t + ϕ 2 )

and substitute eq. (1.4.4) into eq. (1.4.1):

T T
1 1
∫ AB cos (ω t + ϕ1 ) cos (ω t + ϕ 2 ) dt
T∫
A(t) B (t) = A(t) B (t)dt = (1.4.5)
T
0 0

Now we have to use Euler's formula:

⎧ e jx + e − jx
⎧⎪ e = cos x + jsin x
jx ⎪ cos x =
⎪ 2
⎨ − jx ⇔ ⎨ (1.4.6)
− jx
⎪sin x = e − e
jx
⎩⎪ e = cos x − jsin x
⎪⎩ 2j

Substitute eq. (1.4.6) into eq. (1.4.5) and we obtain:

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 16

 S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

1
T ⎛ e jω t eϕ1 + e− jω t e−ϕ1 ⎞⎛ e jω t eϕ2 + e− jω t e−ϕ2 ⎞
T∫
A(t) B(t) = AB ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ dt =
⎜ 2 ⎟⎜ 2 ⎟
0 ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
T jω t ϕ1
AB e e + e (− jω t −ϕ1
e )(
e jω t eϕ2 + e− jω t e−ϕ2 )
2T ∫
= dt =
2
0

AB e2 jω t e( 1 2 ) + e( 1 2 ) + e ( 1 2 ) + e−2 jω t e ( 1 2 )
T ϕ +ϕ ϕ −ϕ − ϕ −ϕ − ϕ +ϕ

2T ∫
= dt =
2
0

AB
T
ABcos (ϕ1 − ϕ2 ) 1 1
= ∫ cos ( ϕ − ϕ ) dt = T = ABcos (ϕ1 − ϕ2 ) = Re ⎡ AB∗ ⎤
2 ⎣ ⎦
1 2
2T 2T 2
0

Operating in similar way, we can demonstrate the time–averaged values of the cross and dot
products of two time–harmonic vector quantities.
• Cross Product
T T T
1 1 a×b
∫ ( A(t) × B (t) ) dt = ∫ Re[Ae jω t ]a × Re[Be jω t ]b dt = Re[Ae jω t ] Re[Be jω t ]dt
T ∫
A (t) × B (t) =
T T
0 0 0
The result of integral is note by previous exercise, so:
a×b 1 1
A(t) × B(t) = Re[AB∗ ] = Re[aA × bB∗ ] = Re[A × B∗ ]
2 2 2
• Dot Product
T T T
1 1 a⋅b
A(t) ⋅ B (t) = ∫ ( A(t) ⋅ B (t) ) dt = ∫ Re[Ae jω t ]a ⋅ Re[Be jω t ]bdt = ∫ Re[Ae jω t ] Re[Be jω t ]dt =
T T T
0 0 0
a⋅b 1 1
= Re[AB*] = Re[aA ⋅ bB∗ ] = Re[ A ⋅ B∗ ]
2 2 2

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 17

 S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

1.5 Exercise

Assuming that B = μH :
1. Show that Maxwell's equations
∇ × E = − jω B
∇ × H = J + jω D
∇⋅D = ρ
∇⋅B = 0

imply the following complex–value version of Poynting's theorem:

( )
∇ ⋅ E × H ∗ = − jωμ H ⋅ H ∗ − E ⋅ J ∗tot (1.5.1)

where J tot = J + jω D .
2. Extracting the real–parts of both sides of eq. (1.5.1) and integrating over a volume V
bounded by closed surface, show the time–averaged form of energy conservation:
1 1
− ∫∫ Re[E × H∗ ] ⋅ nˆ dS = ∫∫∫ Re ⎡E ⋅ J∗tot ⎤ dV (1.5.2)
2 2 ⎣ ⎦
S(V) V

which states that the net time–averaged power floating into a volume is dissipated into
heat.
3. For a lossless dielectric, show that the integrals in (1.5.2) are zero and provide an
interpretation.

Solution
• Question n° 1
Using the identity ∇ ⋅ ( E × H ) = H ⋅ ( ∇ × E ) − E ⋅ ( ∇ × H ) and Maxwell's equations, we have:

( ) ( )
∇ ⋅ E × H ∗ = H ∗ ⋅ ( ∇ × E ) − E ⋅ ∇ × H ∗ = H ∗ ⋅ ( − j ω B ) − E ⋅ J * − j ω D* = ( )
= − jωμ H ⋅ H ∗ − E ⋅ J ∗tot

• Question n° 2
Integrate over a volume V the right–hand side of eq. (1.5.1) and apply the divergence's theorem:

∫∫∫ ( ∇ ⋅ ( E × H
∗
)) dV = ∫∫ ( E × H∗ ) nˆ dS
V S(V)

and now calculate the time–averaged value:

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 18

 S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

1 ⎡⎢ ⎤
( )
T
∗ ˆ
E × H n dS ⎥dt
T ∫ ⎢ ∫∫ ⎥
0 ⎣ S(V) ⎦
Invert the order of integrals:
⎡1 T ⎤
(∗
) 1 ∗
∫∫ ⎢⎢ T ∫ E × H dt ⎥⎥ nˆ dS = ∫∫ 2 Re ⎣⎡E × H ⎦⎤ nˆ dS (1.5.3)
S(V) ⎣ 0 ⎦ S(V)

In similar way on left–hand side, we obtain:

1 ⎡ ⎤
( )
T
∗ ∗
T ∫ ⎢ ∫∫∫
⎢ − j ωμ H ⋅ H − E ⋅ J tot dV ⎥dt =
0⎣ V ⎥⎦
⎡1 T ⎤
∫∫∫ ⎢ T ∫
⎢ − (
j ωμ H ⋅ H ∗
− E ⋅ J ∗
tot dt
⎥⎦
)
⎥ dV = (1.5.4)
V ⎣ 0
⎡1 ∗ 1 ∗ ⎤
∫∫∫ ⎢⎣ 2 Re ⎡⎣ − jωμ H ⋅ H ⎤⎦ − 2 Re ⎡⎣E ⋅ J tot ⎤⎦ ⎥⎦ dV
V

The real part of j ωμ H ⋅ H ∗ is zero because the product H ⋅ H ∗ = H 2 is real and so the quantity

j ωμ H ⋅ H ∗ is imaginary. Only the term associated with the heat survives and we can write:

1 ⎡ 1
− ∫∫ Re E × H∗ ⎤ nˆ dS = ∫∫∫ Re ⎡E ⋅ J∗tot ⎤ dV (1.5.5)
2 ⎣ ⎦ 2 ⎣ ⎦
S(V) V

The minus sign is been associated with the left–hand side because it identifies the quantity of
energy that goes in the volume V –while the Poynting's vector is defined outgoing from V– and the
right–hand side represents the energy dissipated as heat.

• Question n° 3
Inside a lossless dielectric, the current density J is zero while the displacement current D is
simply equal to ε E . So:
1 ∗
∫∫∫ 2 Re ⎡⎣ E ⋅ ( − jωε E ) ⎤ dV = 0
⎦
(1.5.6)
V

being the real part of jωε E ⋅ E∗ zero. Moreover zero for the right–hand side of (1.5.5), that
represents the quantity of energy ingoing the volume bounded by the surface S, implies that not all
the energy remains inside the volume. Exactly in steady state the quantity of energy ingoing is equal
to the outgoing one. It is correct because electromagnetic wave pass through the dielectric.

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 19

 S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

1.6 Exercise

Assuming that D = ε E and B = μH ,

1. Show that Maxwell's equations imply the following relationships:
⎛ ∂B ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
ρ E x + ⎜ D × ⎟ = ∇ ⋅ ⎜ ε E x E − xˆ ε E 2 ⎟ (1.6.1)
⎝ ∂t ⎠ x ⎝ 2 ⎠
∂D
( J × B )x + ⎛⎜ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1
× B ⎟ = ∇ ⋅ ⎜ μ H x H − xˆ μ H 2 ⎟ (1.6.2)
⎝ ∂t ⎠x ⎝ 2 ⎠
where the subscript x means the x–component.
2. From eq. (1.6.1) and (1.6.2), derive the following relationship that represent momentum
conservation:
∂G x
fx + = ∇ ⋅ Tx (1.6.3)
∂t

where f x , G x are the x–components of the vectors f = ρE + J × B and G = D × B , and Tx

is defined to be the vector(equal to Maxwell's stress tensor acting on the unit vector x̂):

Tx = ε Ex E + μ Hx H − xˆ
1
2
(ε E 2 + μ H2 )
3. Write similar equations of y, z components. The quantity G x is interpreted as the field

momentum (in the x–direction) per unit of volume, that is, the momentum density.

Solution
• Question n° 1
Let us begin with eq. (1.6.2) because it is easy to note from the left–hand side that it is the cross
∂D
product of the second Maxwell's equation (i.e. ∇× H = J + ) with the vector B and then we
∂t
extract the x–component. So we have to demonstrate the right–hand side of eq. (1.6.2). We can
write:
⎡ ⎛ ∂H z ∂H y ⎞ ⎛ ∂H z ∂H x ⎞ ⎛ ∂H y ∂H x ⎞ ⎤
( ∇ × H ) × B = ⎢ xˆ ⎜ − ⎟ − yˆ ⎜ − ⎟ + z
ˆ ⎜ − ⎟⎥ × B =
⎣⎢ ⎝ ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠ ⎥⎦

xˆ yˆ zˆ
(1.6.4)
⎛ ∂H ∂H y ⎞ ⎛ ∂H z ∂H x ⎞ ⎛ ∂H y ∂H x ⎞
= ⎜ z − ⎟ −⎜ − ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂z ⎟⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠
Bx By Bz

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 20

 S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

Now we consider only the x–component, writing Bi = μ Hi :

⎡ ⎛ ∂H z ∂H x ⎞ ⎛ ∂H y ∂H x ⎞ ⎤
( ∇ × H ) × B x −component = μ ⎢−H z ⎜ − ⎟ − H y ⎜ ∂x − ∂y ⎟ ⎥ =
⎣⎢ ⎝ ∂x ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦⎥
(1.6.5)
⎡ ∂H z ∂H x ∂H y ∂H x ⎤
= μ ⎢ −H z + Hz − Hy + Hy ⎥
⎣ ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y ⎦

From the forth Maxwell's equation (i.e. ∇ ⋅ B = 0 ) and the constitutive relation B = μH , we can

add to eq. (1.6.5) the term H x ( ∇ ⋅ H ) and the couple of terms ± H x ∂ H x , because they're both zero:
∂x

( ∇ × H ) × B x −component =

⎡ ∂H z ∂H x ∂H y ∂H x ∂H x ⎤
⎢ −H z + Hz −H y + Hy + Hx +⎥
⎢ ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂x ⎥
(1.6.6)
=μ⎢ ⎥=
∂H y ∂ H ∂ H ∂ H
⎢+Hx + Hx z
+ Hx x
−H x x ⎥
⎢⎣ ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x ⎥⎦

Let us consider the only emphasized terms of eq. (1.6.6):

⎡ ∂H z ∂H y ∂H x ⎤ 1 ⎡ ∂H z ∂H y ∂H x ⎤
−μ ⎢Hz + Hy + Hx ⎥ = − μ ⎢ 2H z + 2H y + 2H x ⎥=
⎣ ∂x ∂x ∂x ⎦ 2 ⎣ ∂x ∂x ∂x ⎦

1 ⎡ ∂H 2z ∂H y ∂H 2x ⎤
2
1
− μ ⎢ + + ⎥ = −xˆ μ∇H 2
2 ⎢ ∂x ∂x ∂x ⎥ 2
⎣ ⎦
and now consider the remaining terms:
⎡ ∂H x ∂H x ∂H x ∂H y ∂H z ∂H x ⎤
μ ⎢Hz + Hy + Hx + Hx + Hx + Hx ⎥ =
⎣ ∂z ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ⎦ ↑
order them

⎡ ∂H x ⎛ ∂H y ∂H x ⎞ ⎛ ∂H x ∂H z ⎞⎤
= μ ⎢ 2H x + ⎜ Hx + Hy ⎟ + ⎜ Hz + Hx ⎟⎥ =
⎣⎢ ∂x ⎝ ∂y ∂y ⎠ ⎝ ∂z ∂z ⎠ ⎦⎥

(
⎡ ∂H 2 ∂ H y H x )
∂ (Hx Hz ) ⎤
=μ⎢ x +
⎢ ∂x ∂y
+
∂z ⎥
( (
⎥ = μ∇ ⋅ H x H x xˆ + H y yˆ + H z zˆ ) ) = μ∇ ⋅ ( H x H )
⎣ ⎦
So we have that eq. (1.6.6) can be written as:
1
( ∇ × H ) × B x−component = μ∇ ⋅ ( Hx H ) − xˆ μ∇H2 =
2
(1.6.7)
⎛ 1 ⎞
= ∇ ⋅ ⎜ μ H x H − xˆ μ H2 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
that is the right–hand side of eq. (1.6.2).

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 21

 S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

⎛ ∂B ⎞
Eq. (1.6.1) is obtained in similar way. In the left–hand side, there is the term ⎜ D × ⎟ that
⎝ ∂t ⎠x

∂B
suggests us the cross product of the first Maxwell's equation (i.e. ∇ × E = − ) with the vector D
∂t
and then we extract the x–component. So we have to demonstrate the right–hand side of eq. (1.6.1).
We can apply the cross product to the first Maxwell's equation:
∂B
D × ( ∇× E) = −D ×
∂t
From the properties of the cross product, it's possible to invert the order of the terms in the left–
hand side and change the sign in the right–hand–side:
∂B
( ∇ × E) × D = D ×
∂t
Now consider the term ( ∇ × E ) × D :

⎡ ⎛ ∂E z ∂E y ⎞ ⎛ ∂E z ∂E x ⎞ ⎛ ∂E y ∂E x ⎞ ⎤
( ∇ × E ) × D = ⎢ xˆ ⎜ − ⎟ − yˆ ⎜ − ⎟ + z
ˆ ⎜ − ⎟⎥ × D =
⎣⎢ ⎝ ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠ ⎥⎦

xˆ yˆ zˆ
(1.6.8)
⎛ ∂E ∂E y ⎞ ⎛ ∂E z ∂E x ⎞ ⎛ ∂E y ∂E x ⎞
= ⎜ z − ⎟ −⎜ − ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂z ⎟⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠
Dx Dy Dz

Now we consider only the x–component, writing Di = ε Ei :

⎡ ∂E z ∂E x
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ∂E y ∂E x
⎞⎤
( ∇ × E ) × D x −component = ε ⎢−Ez ⎜ − ⎟ − E y ⎜ ∂x − ∂y
⎟⎥ =
⎢⎣ ⎝ ∂x ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦
(1.6.9)
⎡ ∂E ∂E ∂E y ∂E ⎤
= ε ⎢ −E z z + E z x − E y + Ey x ⎥
⎣ ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y ⎦

As for eq. (1.6.5), we can add to eq. (1.6.9) the third Maxwell's equation (i.e. ∇⋅ D − ρ = 0 ), but in
this case there is the term ρ and it's correct for the results that we want to obtain. In fact,
multiplying it with E x , the term −ρ Ex completes the left–hand side of eq. (1.6.1), changing its
sign.
With these considerations, we can add to eq. (1.6.9) the term E x ∇ ⋅ D and the couple of terms
∂E x
±Ex :
∂x

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 22

 S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

( ∇ × E ) × D x −component =

⎡ ∂E z ∂E ∂E y ∂E ∂E x ⎤
⎢ −E z + E z x −E y + Ey x + Ex +⎥
⎢ ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂x ⎥
(1.6.10)
=ε⎢ ⎥
∂E y ∂E z ∂E x ∂E x
⎢+E x + Ex + Ex −E x ⎥
⎢⎣ ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x ⎥⎦

Let us consider the only emphasized terms of eq.(1.6.10):

⎡ ∂E z ∂E y ∂E ⎤ 1 ⎡ ∂E ∂E y ∂E ⎤
ε ⎢ −E z − Ey − E x x ⎥ = − ε ⎢ 2E z z + 2E y + 2E x x ⎥ =
⎣ ∂x ∂x ∂x ⎦ 2 ⎣ ∂x ∂x ∂x ⎦

1 ⎡ ∂E 2z ∂E y ∂E 2x ⎤
2
1
=− ε⎢ + + ⎥ = −xˆ ε∇E 2
2 ⎢ ∂x ∂x ∂x ⎥ 2
⎣ ⎦
and now consider the remaining terms:
⎡ ∂E x ∂E x ∂E x ∂E y ∂E z ∂E x ⎤
ε ⎢Ez + Ey + Ex + Ex + Ex + Ex ⎥ =
⎣ ∂z ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ⎦ ↑
order them

⎡ ∂E x ⎛ ∂E x ∂E y ⎞ ⎛ ∂E x ∂E z ⎞ ⎤
= ε ⎢ 2E x + ⎜ Ey + Ex ⎟ + ⎜ Ez + Ex ⎥=
⎢⎣ ∂x ⎝ ∂y ∂y ⎠ ⎝ ∂z ∂z ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦

(
⎡ ∂E 2 ∂ E x E y )
∂ ( Ex Ez ) ⎤
=ε⎢ x +
⎢ ∂x ∂y
+
∂z ⎥
( (
⎥ = ε∇ ⋅ E x E x xˆ + E y yˆ + E z zˆ ) ) = ∇ ⋅ (ε E x E )
⎣ ⎦
So we have that eq. (1.6.10) can be written as:
1
( ∇ × E) × D x−component = ∇ ⋅ ( ε E x E ) − xˆ ε∇E2 =
2
(1.6.11)
⎛ 1 ⎞
= ∇ ⋅ ⎜ ε E x E − xˆ ε E 2 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
that is the right–hand side of eq.(1.6.1).

• Question n° 2
The identity (1.6.3) is obtained adding eq.(1.6.1) and (1.6.2) as follow:
⎛ ∂B ⎞ ⎛ ∂D ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
ρ E x + ( J × B )x + ⎜ D × ⎟ + ⎜ × B ⎟ = ∇ ⋅ ⎜ ε E x E + μ H x H − xˆ ε E 2 − xˆ μ H 2 ⎟
⎝ ∂t ⎠ x ⎝ ∂t ⎠x ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
∂ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
ρ E x + ( J × B ) x + ( D × B ) = ∇ ⋅ ⎜ ε E x E + μ H x H − xˆ ε E 2 − xˆ μ H 2 ⎟
∂t x ⎝ 2 2 ⎠

It is easy to note the presence of f x , ∂G x and Tx as defined in the text of the exercise.
∂t

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 23

 S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

• Question n° 3
Operating in the similar way to question n°1, it is possible to demonstrate that the relationships
(1.6.1) and (1.6.2) can be written for the y and z–component as follow:
⎡⎛ ∂B ⎞ ⎛ 1 2 ⎞
⎢⎜ D × ∂t ⎟ − ρ E y = ∇ ⋅ ⎜ yˆ 2 ε E − ε E y E ⎟
⎢⎝ ⎠y ⎝ ⎠
(1.6.12)
⎢ ⎛ ∂D ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎢( J × B ) y + ⎜ × B ⎟ = ∇ ⋅ ⎜ yˆ μ H 2 − μ H y H ⎟
⎢⎣ ⎝ ∂t ⎠y ⎝ 2 ⎠

⎡⎛ ∂B ⎞ ⎛ 1 2⎞
⎢⎜ D × ∂t ⎟ + ρ E z = ∇ ⋅ ⎜ ε E z E − zˆ 2 ε E ⎟
⎢⎝ ⎠z ⎝ ⎠
(1.6.13)
⎢ ⎛ ∂D ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎢( J × B )z + ⎜ × B ⎟ = ∇ ⋅ ⎜ μ H z H − zˆ μ H 2 ⎟
⎣ ⎝ ∂t ⎠z ⎝ 2 ⎠

From eq. (1.6.12) and (1.6.13) as in question n°2, we can derive the relationship that represents
momentum conservation for y and z–component:
∂G y
fy + = ∇ ⋅ Ty (1.6.14)
∂t
∂G z
fz + = ∇ ⋅ Tz (1.6.15)
∂t
where
⎧ ⎧
⎪f y = ( J × B ) y − ρ E y ⎪f z = ( J × B ) z + ρ E z
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎛∂ ⎞ ⎪ ⎛∂ ⎞
⎨G y = ⎜ ( D × B ) ⎟ ⎨G z = ⎜ ( D × B ) ⎟
⎪ ⎝ ∂t ⎠y ⎪ ⎝ ∂t ⎠z
⎪ ⎪
(
1
)
⎪Ty = yˆ ε E 2 + μ H 2 − ε E y E − μ H y H
⎩ 2 ⎩
1
2
(
⎪Tz = ε E z E + μ H z H − zˆ ε E − μ H
2 2
)

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 24

 S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

1.7 Exercise

Consider the permittivity of a dispersive material

ε 0 ω p2
ε (ω ) = ε 0 + (1.7.1)
ω02 − ω 2 + jωγ
where ω p is the so–called plasma frequency of the material defined by:

Ne2
ωp = (1.7.2)
ε0m
and γ measures the rate of collisions per unit of time.
Show that the casual and stable time–domain dielectric response of eq. (1.7.1) is given as follows:
⎧ε ( t ) = ε 0δ ( t ) + ε 0 χ ( t )
⎪
⎨ ωp2 −γ t/2
⎪ ( )
χ t = e sin (ω0 t ) u ( t )
⎩ ω0

where u ( t ) is the unit–step function and ω0 = ω02 − γ 2 4 , and we must assume that γ < 2ω0 , as

typically the case in practice. Discuss the solution for the case γ 2 > ω0 .

Solution
For the linearity of Fourier transform, we have
⎧ ε 0ωp2 ⎫⎪
−1 ⎪
ℑ −1
{ε (ω )} = ℑ ⎨ε 0 + 2 ⎬=
⎩⎪ ω0 − ω 2 + jωγ ⎭⎪ (1.7.3)
⎧⎪ 1 ⎫⎪
= ℑ−1 {ε 0 } + ε 0ωp2 ℑ−1 ⎨ ⎬
⎩⎪ ω0 − ω + jωγ ⎭⎪
2 2

where ℑ−1 denotes the inverse Fourier transform operator.

The first term of eq. (1.7.3) is constant, so it's easy to calculate:

ℑ−1 {ε 0 } = ε 0δ (t) (1.7.4)

because the Fourier transform of Dirac delta function is:

+∞
− jω t
ℑ {δ (t)} = ∫ δ (t)e dt = e − jω t =1
t =0
−∞

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 25

 S.J. Orfanidis – Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas Exercises Chapter 1

The second term of eq. (1.7.3) is more complicate and it is necessary to simplify the argument.
First of all, we can reduce the denominator in the product of two polynomials of first degree. So we

have to find the solutions of the equation ω 02 − ω 2 + j ω γ = 0 in ω and we obtain:

− jγ ± −γ 2 + 4ω02
ω1,2 = (1.7.5)
−2

Assuming that −γ 2 + 4ω02 = 2ω0 and that 2ω0 > γ , we can rewrite eq. (1.7.5) as follow.

γ
ω1,2 = j ∓ ω0 (1.7.6)
2
where it's important to note that ± has been substituted by ∓ because of the minus sign of the
denominator. Now we can write:

⎪⎧ 1 ⎪⎫ ⎧
−1 ⎪ 1 ⎪⎫ ⎧
−1 ⎪ A B ⎫⎪
ℑ−1 ⎨ ⎬=ℑ ⎨ ⎬=ℑ ⎨ + ⎬
⎩⎪ ω 0 − ω + jωγ
2 2
⎭⎪ ⎪⎩ (ω − ω1 )(ω − ω 2 ) ⎭⎪ ⎪⎩ (ω − ω1 ) (ω − ω 2 ) ⎪⎭

where A and B are two constant that we calculate applying the method of weighted residuals:
1 1 1 1
A = lim = = =−
ω →ω1 (ω − ω2 ) (ω1 − ω2 ) ⎛ γ γ ⎞ 2ω0
⎜ j − ω0 − j − ω0 ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
,
1 1 1 1
B = lim = = =
ω →ω2 (ω − ω1 ) (ω2 − ω1 ) ⎛ γ γ ⎞ 2ω0
⎜ j + ω0 − j + ω0 ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
so:

⎧ ⎫⎪ ⎧− 1 1 ⎫
−1 ⎪ 1 −1 ⎪ 2ω0 2ω0 ⎪
ℑ ⎨ 2 ⎬=ℑ ⎨ + ⎬ (1.7.7)
⎪⎩ ω0 − ω + jωγ ⎪⎭ ⎪ (ω − ω1 ) (ω − ω2 ) ⎪
2
⎩ ⎭
Now the problem is only to transform the trivial expression 1 (ω − ω i ) and then to apply the

result to eq. (1.7.7). To solve this problem, consider:

{ }
ℑ je − jωi t u(t) ,

where u(t) is the unit step function, and we obtain:

D. Ramaccia and A. Toscano Pag. 26

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 Los Angeles, Calif. 2.44
Louisville, Ky. 1.50
Madison, Wis. .94
Miami, Fla. 2.81
Minneapolis, Minn. .63
New Orleans, La. 1.94
New York, N. Y. 2.19
Oklahoma City, Okla. 1.31
Omaha, Nebr. .56
Phoenix, Ariz. 2.06
Pittsburgh, Pa. 1.75
Raleigh, N. C. 2.06
San Francisco, Calif. 2.50
Salt Lake City, Utah 1.75
Santa Fe, N. M. 1.58
Seattle, Wash. 2.31
Spokane, Wash. 2.00
St. Louis, Mo. 1.19
Trenton, N. J. 2.19
Wichita, Kansas 1.00

NORTHWESTERN BELL TELEPHONE CO.

BELL SYSTEM SERVICE
 Transcriber’s Notes
Silently corrected a few typos.
Retained publication information from the printed edition: this
eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.
In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
_underscores_.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TECHNICAL
SCHOOL, SIOUX FALLS ARMY AIR FIELD ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in
these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it
in the United States without permission and without paying
copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of
Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything
for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as
creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.
Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given
away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with
eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject
to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree
to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund
from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in
paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a
few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.
See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law
in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated
with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this
agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached
full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge
with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the
terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears,
or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with
this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located
in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning
of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or
expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or
a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original
“Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must
include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in
paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive
from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
 about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt
that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project
Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for

the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3,
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the
Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim
all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR
NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR
BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH
1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK
OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL
NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT,
CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF
YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving
it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or
entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide
a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation,

the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation,
anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with
the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the
following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or
any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission

of Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many
small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to
maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About

Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebooknice.com