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A01_WEET6590_07_SE_FM.indd 25 22/09/15 9:12 PM
Seventh Edition
Financial and
Management Accounting
Pauline Weetman
Professor of Accounting
University of Edinburgh
First published under the Financial Times Pitman Publishing imprint 1996 (print)
Second edition published 1999 (print)
Third edition 2003 (print)
Fourth edition 2006 (print)
Fifth edition 2011 (print)
Sixth edition 2013 (print and electronic)
Seventh edition 2016 (print and electronic)
The right of Pauline Weetman to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
The print publication is protected by copyright. Prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, distribution or
transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise, permission should be obtained from
the publisher or, where applicable, a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom should be obtained from the
Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
The ePublication is protected by copyright and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred, distributed, leased, licensed or publicly
performed or used in any way except as specifically permitted in writing by the publishers, as allowed under the terms and conditions
under which it was purchased, or as strictly permitted by applicable copyright law. Any unauthorised distribution or use of this text
may be a direct infringement of the author’s and the publishers’ rights and those responsible may be liable in law accordingly.
All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author
or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or
endorsement of this book by such owners.
Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence (OGL) v3.0. www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/
open-government-licence.
Pearson Education is not responsible for the content of third-party internet sites.
The Financial Times. With a worldwide network of highly respected journalists, The Financial Times provides global business news,
insightful opinion and expert analysis of business, finance and politics. With over 500 journalists reporting from 50 countries worldwide,
our in-depth coverage of international news is objectively reported and analysed from an independent, global perspective. To find out more,
visit www.ft.com/pearsonoffer.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
19 18 17 16 15
NOTE THAT ANY PAGE CROSS REFERENCES REFER TO THE PRINT EDITION
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
Part 1 A conceptual framework: setting the scene 3
1 Who needs accounting? 4
2 A systematic approach to financial reporting:
the accounting equation 27
3 Financial statements from the accounting equation 54
4 Ensuring the quality of financial statements 77
MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
Part 5 Setting the scene and defining the basic tools of
management accounting 449
16 Functions of management accounting 450
17 Classification of costs 475
18 Product costs: materials, labour and overheads 498
Appendices
I Information extracted from annual report of Safe and Sure
Group plc, used throughout Financial Accounting A1
II Solutions to numerical and technical questions in Financial
Accounting A16
III Solutions to numerical and technical questions in Management
Accounting A42
Index I1
Financial accounting
Questions236
A Test your understanding 237
B Application 237
C Problem solving and evaluation 238
Activities for study groups 239
Notes and references 239
Supplement: recording non-current (fixed) assets and depreciation240
Test your understanding 249
B Application 296
C Problem solving and evaluation 297
Activities for study groups 297
Notes and references 297
Supplement: bookkeeping entries for accruals298
Test your understanding 300
15.1 Introduction422
15.2 Cash and cash equivalents423
15.3 The direct method and the indirect method423
15.4 Preparing a statement of cash flows: the indirect method427
15.5 Preparing a statement of cash flows: the direct method435
15.6 Interpretation of cash flow information436
15.7 Illustration437
15.8 Summary441
Further reading 441
Questions441
A Test your understanding 442
B Application 442
C Problem solving and evaluation 443
Notes and references 445
MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
Appendices
I Information extracted from annual report of Safe and
Sure Group plc, used throughout Financial Accounting A1
II Solutions to numerical and technical questions in Financial
Accounting A16
III Solutions to numerical and technical questions in Management
Accounting A42
Index I1
Introduction
This book uses the international Conceptual Framework and International Financial
Reporting Standards (IFRS) as its primary focus. It enables students in their early
stages of study to understand and analyse the published annual reports and financial
statements of our largest businesses and public sector institutions. IFRS are now
applied in many aspects of government, local authority and other public sector
accounting. Where relevant it also refers to the approach used in small and medium-
sized businesses where the traditions of UK GAAP continue to be applied.
The book is written for the first level of undergraduate degree study in accounting and
business studies, or equivalent introductory accounting courses for any professional
training where an understanding of accounting is a basic requirement. While UK
listed companies apply IFRS in their published financial statements, the remainder of
the annual report is governed by UK-based regulations and codes. All UK companies
operate under the Companies Act 2006. Their annual reports are influenced by the
regulatory process applied to listed companies in the UK. This seventh edition is
thoroughly revised to reflect these regulatory changes, particularly the restructuring
of the Financial Reporting Council to take responsibility for the standards previously
issued by the UK Accounting Standards Board, and the introduction of the strategic
report.
All ‘Real World’ case studies at the start of each chapter have been updated to
reflect current conditions, especially the changes that have resulted from the banking
and credit crisis of 2008–09. The underlying pedagogy of previous editions has been
retained in response to encouraging comments from reviewers and from users of the
book.
As institutions come under increasing scrutiny for the quality of the teaching and
learning experience offered, a textbook must do more than present the knowledge
and skills of the chosen subject. It must make explicit to the students what targets are
to be achieved and it must help them to assess realistically their own achievements
of those targets. It must help the class lecturer prepare, deliver, explain and assess
the knowledge and skills expected for the relevant level of study. This is achieved by
stating learning outcomes at the start of each chapter and by ensuring that the chapter
headings and the end-of-chapter questions address the stated outcomes.
The management accounting chapters continue the approach of previous editions
in taking some of the newer costing techniques into mainstream discussion, reflecting
their increasing acceptance in management accounting practice. Business strategy and
competitive position are recurring themes.
An accompanying website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/weetman provides the
lecturer with a complete resource pack for each chapter. Student handouts containing
a skeleton outline of each chapter, leaving slots for students to complete; overhead-
projector masters that match the lecture handouts; additional multiple-choice
questions and further graded questions in application of knowledge and in problem
solving; all are features for this seventh edition.
End-of-chapter questions are graded according to the skills being assessed. There
are tests of retained knowledge, tests of application of knowledge in straightforward
situations and tests of problem solving and evaluation using the acquired knowledge
in less familiar situations.
Overall the aim of the seventh edition is to provide an introduction to financial
accounting and management accounting which engages the interest of students and
encourages a desire for further study. It also contributes to developing the generic
skills of application, problem solving, evaluation and communication, all emphasised
by employers.
Subject coverage
Financial reporting is an essential component in the process of communication
between a business and its stakeholders. The importance of communication increases
as organisations become larger and more complex. Reporting financial information
to external stakeholders not involved in the day-to-day management of the business
requires a carefully balanced process of extracting the key features while preserving
the essential core of information. The participants in the communication process
cover a wide range of expertise and educational background, so far as accounting is
concerned. The range begins with those who prepare financial statements, who may
have a special training in accounting techniques, but it ends with those who may be
professional investors, private investors, investment advisers, bankers, employee
representatives, customers, suppliers and journalists.
One very significant group of stakeholders in any business is the internal management
of the organisation. Managers have access to a wealth of detailed financial information
and a responsibility for the careful management of the assets and operations of
the organisation. The way in which the managers of an organisation use financial
information is very much contingent on the purpose for which the information is
intended. Management accounting is a specialist area of study within accounting more
generally. Ideally, management accounting and financial accounting would coalesce
if the external users could be given access to all internal information, but that might
damage the competitive position of the business and would probably swamp the
external users in detail.
First-level degree courses in accounting are increasingly addressed to this broad
base of potential interest and this book seeks to provide such a broad base of
understanding while also supplying a sound technical base for those intending to
pursue specialised study of the subject further. In particular it makes use of the
Conceptual Framework which is used by the International Accounting Standards Board
in developing and reviewing accounting standards. That Conceptual Framework is
intended to help preparers, users and auditors of financial statements to understand
better the general nature and function of information reported in financial statements.
Fair value accounting principles are introduced.
In particular
An international perspective reflects the convergence in accounting standards across the
European Union for listed companies. Features specific to the UK are retained where
these continue to be relevant to other enterprises.
Concepts of financial accounting are identified by applying the principles
enunciated by the International Accounting Standards Board in its Conceptual
Framework. The Conceptual Framework emphasises the desirability of meeting the
needs of users of financial statements and it takes a balance sheet-oriented approach.
That approach is applied consistently throughout the book, with some indication of
the problems which may arise when it is clear that the established emphasis on the
matching of revenues and costs may give a more rational explanation of existing
practice.
User needs are explained in every chapter and illustrated by including first-person
commentary from a professional fund manager, holding a conversation with an
audit manager. The conversations are based on the author’s research in the area of
communication through the annual report.
The accounting equation is used throughout the financial accounting section for
analysis and processing of transactions. It is possible for students who do not seek
a technical specialism to complete the text without any reference to debit and credit
bookkeeping. It is, however, recognised that particular groups of students may wish
to understand the basic aspects of debit and credit bookkeeping and for this purpose
the end-of-chapter supplements revisit, on a debit and credit recording basis, material
already explored in the chapter. Debit and credit aspects of management accounting
are not covered since these are regarded as best reserved for later specialist courses if
the student so chooses.
Practical illustration is achieved by drawing on the financial information of a
fictitious major listed company, taking an overview in early chapters and then
developing the detailed disclosures as more specific matters are explored.
Interpretation of financial statements is a feature of all financial reporting chapters,
formally brought together in Chapters 13 and 14. The importance of the wider range
of corporate communication is reinforced in Chapter 14. This chapter also includes
a discussion of some current developments that are under debate in the context of
international convergence.
A running case study example of the fictitious company Safe and Sure plc provides
illustration and interpretation throughout the chapters. Safe and Sure plc is in the
service sector. The Instructor’s Manual contains a parallel example, Craigielaw plc, in
the manufacturing sector. In the Instructor’s Manual there are questions on Craigielaw
to accompany most of the chapters.
Skills outcomes
The end-of-chapter questions test not only subject-specific knowledge and technical
skills but also the broader general skills that are transferable to subsequent employment
or further training.
Graded questions
End-of-chapter questions are graded and each is matched to one or more learning
outcomes. Where a solution is provided to a question this is shown by an [S] after the
question number.
Instructor’s Manual
A website is available at www.pearsoned.co.uk/weetman by password access to
lecturers adopting this book. The Instructor’s Manual contains additional problem
questions for each chapter, with full solutions to these additional questions as well as
any solutions not provided in the book. The Instructor’s Manual also includes basic
tutorial instructions and overhead-projector masters to support each chapter.
Target readership
This book is targeted at a broad-ranging business studies type of first-level degree
course. It is intended to support the equivalent of one semester of 12 teaching
weeks. There is sufficient basic bookkeeping (ledger accounts) in the end-of-chapter
supplements to make the book suitable for those intending to pursue a specialised
study of accounting beyond the first level but the bookkeeping material is optional
for those who do not have such special intentions. The book has been written
with undergraduate students particularly in mind, but may also be suitable for
professional and postgraduate business courses where financial reporting is taught at
an introductory level.
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to academic colleagues and to reviewers of the text for helpful comments
and suggestions. I am also grateful to undergraduate students of five universities who
have taken my courses and thereby helped in developing an approach to teaching
and learning the subject. Professor Graham Peirson and Mr Alan Ramsay of Monash
University provided a first draft of their text based on the conceptual framework
in Australia which gave valuable assistance in designing the structure of this book,
which was also guided from the publishing side by Pat Bond and Ron Harper.
Professor Ken Shackleton of the University of Glasgow helped plan the structure
of the management accounting chapters. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of
Scotland gave permission for use of some of the end-of-chapter questions.
Subsequently I have received valuable support in successive editions from the
editorial staff at Pearson Education. For this latest edition I am grateful to colleagues
and students who have used the book in their teaching and learning. I have also been
helped by constructive comments from reviewers and by guidance from Rebecca
Pedley, Acquisitions Editor, and Natasha Whelan, Senior Project Editor.
Figures
Figure 4.1 from https://www.frc.org.uk/About-the-FRC/FRC-structure.aspx, © Financial
Reporting Council (FRC). All rights reserved. For further information, please visit www.frc
.org.uk or call +44 (0)20 7492 2300. Figure on page 354 from Annual Report and Accounts 2014
(National Express plc 2014) p. 15, http://nexgroup.blob.core.windows.net/media/2293/
ar2014-full.pdf, Reproduced with permission from National Express Group.
Tables
Table on page 27 from Annual Report and Accounts 2013/14 (BBC 2014) p. 125, http://
downloads.bbc.co.uk/annualreport/pdf/2013-14/bbc_annualreport_201314.pdf; Table on page
354 from Annual Report and Financial Statements 2014 (Stagecoach Group plc 2014) p. 14,
http://www.stagecoach.com/investors/financial-analysis/reports/2014.aspx; Table on page
355 from Annual Report and Accounts January 2014 (Next plc 2014) p. 19, http://www.nextplc
.co.uk/~/media/Files/N/Next-PLC/pdfs/reports-and-results/2014/Next%20AR2014%20web
.pdf; Table on page 476 from HGCA, http://www.hgca.com/markets/survey-results.aspx, 2014
Text
Case Study on pages 4–5 from Annual Report and Accounts 2013/14 (Oxfam 2014) pp. front
cover, 6, 8, 38, reproduced with the permission of Oxfam GB, Oxfam House, John Smith Drive,
Cowley, Oxford OX4 2JY, UK www.oxfam.org.uk. Oxfam GB does not necessarily endorse
any text or activities that accompany the materials.; Extract on page 28 from Annual Report and
Accounts 2013/14 (BBC 2014) p. 2, http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/annualreport/pdf/2013-14/
bbc_annualreport_201314.pdf; Case Study on page 54 from Annual Report and Form 20-F, 2014
(AstraZeneca 2014) pp. 11, 74, http://www.astrazeneca.com/Investors/Annual-reports; Case
Study extract on page 77 from The FRC and its regulatory approach, January (2014) p. 1, https://
www.frc.org.uk/Our-Work/Publications/FRC-Board/The-FRC-and-its-Regulatory-Approach.
pdf; Case Study extract on page 78 from Corporate Reporting Review - Annual Reports 2013, October
2013 (Financial Reporting Council 2014) p. 5, https://frc.org.uk/Our-Work/Publications/
Corporate-Reporting-Review/Coporate-Reporting-Review-Annual-Report-2013.pdf; Case Study
extract on pages 77–8 from Amendments to the Financial Reporting Standard for Small Enterprises
(effective January 2015), FRC, April 2014, revision to section 2.40. , https://www.frc.org.uk/
Our-Work/Publications/Accounting-and-Reporting-Policy/Amendments-to-the-FRSSE-Micro-
entities.pdf, all Case Study extracts on pages 77–8 © Financial Reporting Council (FRC). All
rights reserved. For further information, please visit www.frc.org.uk or call +44 (0)20 7492 2300;
Case Study on pages 112–13 from Annual Report and Accounts January 2014 (Next plc) pp. 20 and
22, http://www.nextplc.co.uk/~/media/Files/N/Next-PLC/pdfs/reports-and-results/2014/
Next%20AR2014%20web.pdf; Case Study on page 142 from Annual Report and Accounts
2014 (National Express plc 2014) p. 36, http://nexgroup.blob.core.windows.net/media/2293/
ar2014-full.pdf, Reproduced with permission from National Express Group; Case Study on
pages 142–3 from Annual Report and Financial Statements (Stagecoach 2014) p. 15, http://www
.stagecoach.com/investors/financial-analysis/reports/2014.aspx; Case Study on page 170–1
from Annual Report 2013/14, (Morrisons plc 2014) pp. 5–6, 44 http://www.morrisons-corporate
.com/Documents/Corporate2014/Morrisons_AnnualReport13-14_Complete.pdf; Comment
from Financial Times on page 171 from Strategy not shame should determine scaled of BarCap,
Financial Times, 13/03/2014 (Smith, Al and Guthrie, J.); Case Study on pages 211–12 from Annual
Report and Financial Statements 2014–15 (Royal Mail plc 2015) pp. 2, 28, 135, 121–2, http://www
.royalmailgroup.com/sites/default/files/Annual%20Report%20and%20Accounts%202014–15
.pdf; Case Study on pages 250–51 from Annual Report and Accounts 2014 (Associated British Foods
plc. 2014) pp. ii, 2, 38, 94, 113, http://www.abf.co.uk/documents/pdfs/2014/2014_abf_annual_
report_and_accounts.pdf; Case Study on pages 281–2 from Annual Report and Accounts 2014 (W H
Smith plc 2014) pp. 1, 18, 20, 74, http://www.whsmithplc.co.uk/investors/company_reports/;
Case Study on pages 301–2 from Annual Report 2013 (Rio Tinto 2013) pp 1, 129–30, 154, http://
www.riotinto.com/annualreport2013/_pdfs/rio-tinto-2013-annual-report.pdf; Case Study on
pages 323–4 from Mothercare launches £100m rights issue, Financial Times, 23/09/2014 (Barrett,
C.), © The Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved; Extract on page 355 from Annual
Report and Financial Statements 2013/14 (Wm Morrisons Supermarkets plc 2014) p. 5, http://
www.morrisons-corporate.com/Documents/Corporate2014/Morrisons_AnnualReport13-14_
Complete.pdf; Case Study on pages 379–80 from Financial Times, http://www.ft.com/cms/
s/0/8588d422-b6ca-11e1-8c96-00144feabdc0.html#ixzz21tpdndrN, © The Financial Times
Limited. All Rights Reserved; Case Study on pages 385–6 from Annual Report and Accounts 2014
(Associated British Foods 2014) p. 9, http://www.abf.co.uk/documents/pdfs/2014/2014_abf_
annual_report_and_accounts.pdf; Case Study on page 421 from ITV: no news, good news?,
Financial Times, 08/10/2014 (Lex Team), http://www.ft.com/cms/s/3/64144f84-4e2a-11e4-bfda-
00144feab7de.html#axzz3G6ZBpeuK, © The Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved; Case
Study on pages 450–1 from Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA), http://
www.cimaglobal.com/About-us/What-is-management-accounting/ CIMA Global website,
October 2014; Case Study on pages 475–6 from HGCA, http://www.hgca.com/press/2014/
may/09/grain-haulage-survey.aspx; Case Study on pages 534–5 from http://www.cakeboss
.com/Cake-Stuff/Articles/How-Much-Should-I-Charge; Case Study on page 558 from Gemfields
eyes Colombian emerald venture, Financial Times, 22/09/2014 (Wilson, J.), http://www.ft.com/
cms/s/0/6977e036-4249-11e4-a9f4-00144feabdc0.html#ixzz3GCVPUa8X, © The Financial Times
Limited. All Rights Reserved; Case Study on pages 588–9 from Budget Booklet 2014/15 (Lancashire
Fire and Rescue Service 2015) http://www.lancsfirerescue.org.uk/financial-summary/; Case
Study on p. 626 ‘Summary of Industry Standards’, information provided by RestaurantOwner
.com. For more information, go to www.RestaurantOwner.com; Case Study on pages 656–8 from
Annual Report and Accounts 2013–14 (Natural England 2014) pp. 4, 67–70, 80, https://www.gov
.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/326495/ne-annual-report-
accounts-2013-2014-print-ready.pdf, Contains public sector information licensed under the Open
Government Licence (OGL) v3.0.http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-
licence.; Case Study on page 683 from Drax biomass conversion a first for Osborne infrastructure
scheme, Financial Times, 24/04/2013 (Pickard, J.), http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/26526d1c-acf4-
11e2-b27f-00144feabdc0.html?siteedition=uk#axzz3G82tUShy, © The Financial Times Limited.
All Rights Reserved; Case Study on pages 682–3 from Annual Report 2013 (Drax Group plc 2013)
p. 42, http://www.drax.com/media/32649/drax_ar13_final.pdf; Case Study on pages 713–14
from The Evolution of Mobility: Bombardier Transportation Presents Solutions for the Future of Public
Transportation at InnoTrans 2014 (Bombardier) Berlin Transportation, Press Release, http://
uk.bombardier.com/en/media/newsList/details.bombardier-transportation20140917theevoluti
onofmobilitybombardie.bombardiercom.html?
Picture Credits
123RF.com: 558, 588; Alamy Images: Arterra Picture Library 656, lee avison 211, Kevin Britland
170, Robert Convery 250, 281, Jeff Gilbert 28, R Heyes Design 421, Carolyn Jenkins 385, Justin
Kase z11z 142, Gary Moseley 354, Paul Robbins 112, studiomode 498, Urbanimages 323; picture
courtesy of Bombardier Transportation UK Ltd: 713; Corbis: 475; Imagestate Media: John Foxx
Collection 301; Oxfam: Pablo Tosco 4; Shutterstock.com: Konstantin Chagin 450, kentoh 534,
krsmanovic 626t, Nomad_Soul 54, Pressmaster 77, TTstudio 682
Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders and we apologise in advance for any
unintentional omissions. We would be pleased to insert the appropriate acknowledgement in
any subsequent edition of this publication.
A conceptual framework:
setting the scene
Oxfam/Pablo Tosco
Association, the objects for which
Oxfam is established for the public
benefit are:
● to prevent and relieve poverty
and to protect vulnerable
people, including through
humanitarian intervention;
● to advance sustainable development;
● to promote human rights, equality and diversity, in particular where to do so contributes to the
prevention and relief of poverty; in all cases working anywhere in the world.
Highlights
11 million people reached directly in 52 countries, and millions more benefiting from changes in
governments’ policy and practice influenced by Oxfam
6.1 million people supported in 24 humanitarian emergencies
600,000 people globally who took online campaign actions
1,337 grants to 81 partner organisations
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