Download the Full Ebook and Access More Features - ebooknice.

com

(Ebook) Intermediate C Programming for the PIC

Microcontroller: Simplifying Embedded Programming
by Hubert Henry Ward ISBN 9781484260678,
9781484260685, 1484260678, 1484260686
https://ebooknice.com/product/intermediate-c-programming-
for-the-pic-microcontroller-simplifying-embedded-
programming-22417478

OR CLICK HERE

DOWLOAD EBOOK

Download more ebook instantly today at https://ebooknice.com

 Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) ready for you
Download now and discover formats that fit your needs...

Start reading on any device today!

(Ebook) Programming Arduino Projects with the PIC Microcontroller: A Line-By Line
Code Analysis and Complete Reference Guide for Embedded Programming in C by Hubert
Henry Ward ISBN 9781484272299, 1484272293

https://ebooknice.com/product/programming-arduino-projects-with-the-pic-
microcontroller-a-line-by-line-code-analysis-and-complete-reference-guide-for-
embedded-programming-in-c-34873434

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook by Loucas, Jason; Viles, James ISBN
9781459699816, 9781743365571, 9781925268492, 1459699815, 1743365578, 1925268497

https://ebooknice.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-6661374

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) C Programming for the PIC Microcontroller. by kan

https://ebooknice.com/product/c-programming-for-the-pic-microcontroller-50195818

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Introductory Programs with the 32-bit PIC Microcontroller: A Line-by-Line

Code Analysis and Reference Guide for Embedded Programming in C (Maker Innovations
Series) by Hubert Ward ISBN 9781484290514, 9781484290507, 1484290518, 148429050X

https://ebooknice.com/product/introductory-programs-with-the-32-bit-pic-
microcontroller-a-line-by-line-code-analysis-and-reference-guide-for-embedded-
programming-in-c-maker-innovations-series-50493086

ebooknice.com
(Ebook) Introductory Programs with the 32-bit PIC Microcontroller by Hubert Ward
ISBN 9781484290514, 1484290518

https://ebooknice.com/product/introductory-programs-with-the-32-bit-pic-
microcontroller-50009494

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Matematik 5000+ Kurs 2c Lärobok by Lena Alfredsson, Hans Heikne, Sanna
Bodemyr ISBN 9789127456600, 9127456609

https://ebooknice.com/product/matematik-5000-kurs-2c-larobok-23848312

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) SAT II Success MATH 1C and 2C 2002 (Peterson's SAT II Success) by Peterson's
ISBN 9780768906677, 0768906679

https://ebooknice.com/product/sat-ii-success-math-1c-and-2c-2002-peterson-s-sat-
ii-success-1722018

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Programming the PIC Microcontroller with MBASIC by Smith J. ISBN

9780080460741, 9780750679466, 0080460747, 0750679468

https://ebooknice.com/product/programming-the-pic-microcontroller-with-
mbasic-982686

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Microcontroller Programming: The Microchip PIC by Julio Sanchez, Maria P.

Canton ISBN 9780849371899, 0849371899

https://ebooknice.com/product/microcontroller-programming-the-microchip-
pic-981986

ebooknice.com
 TECHNOLOGY IN AC TION™

Intermediate
C Programming
for the PIC
Microcontroller
Simplifying Embedded
Programming
—
Hubert Henry Ward
 Intermediate
C Programming
for the PIC
Microcontroller
Simplifying Embedded
Programming

Hubert Henry Ward

Intermediate C Programming for the PIC Microcontroller: Simplifying
Embedded Programming
Hubert Henry Ward
Leigh, UK

ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-6067-8 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-6068-5

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6068-5

Copyright © 2020 by Hubert Henry Ward

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,
and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,
or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark
symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos,
and images only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no
intention of infringement of the trademark.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if
they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not
they are subject to proprietary rights.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of
publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal
responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty,
express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
Managing Director, Apress Media LLC: Welmoed Spahr
Acquisitions Editor: Natalie Pao
Development Editor: James Markham
Coordinating Editor: Jessica Vakili
Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer Science+Business Media New York,
1 NY Plaza, New York, NY 10004. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax (201) 348-4505, e-mail
orders-ny@springer-sbm.com, or visit www.springeronline.com. Apress Media, LLC is a
California LLC and the sole member (owner) is Springer Science + Business Media Finance Inc
(SSBM Finance Inc). SSBM Finance Inc is a Delaware corporation.
For information on translations, please e-mail booktranslations@springernature.com; for
reprint, paperback, or audio rights, please e-mail bookpermissions@springernature.com.
Apress titles may be purchased in bulk for academic, corporate, or promotional use. eBook
versions and licenses are also available for most titles. For more information, reference our Print
and eBook Bulk Sales web page at www.apress.com/bulk-sales.
Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the author in this book is
available to readers on GitHub via the book’s product page, located at www.apress.com/
978-1-4842-6067-8. For more detailed information, please visit www.apress.com/source-code.
Printed on acid-free paper
Table of Contents
About the Author���������������������������������������������������������������������������������ix

About the Technical Reviewer�������������������������������������������������������������xi

Introduction���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xiii

Chapter 1: Creating a Header File���������������������������������������������������������1

Creating a Header File������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2
Creating a Project in MPLABX��������������������������������������������������������������������������3
Including the Header File�������������������������������������������������������������������������������18
Creating the Project Source File��������������������������������������������������������������������19
Creating a Global Header File������������������������������������������������������������������������23
The PICSetUp.h Header File���������������������������������������������������������������������������26
Analysis of Listing 1-1�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������28
Synopsis��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������46
Answer to Exercise����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������46

Chapter 2: Controlling a Seven-­Segment Display�������������������������������47

Controlling a Seven-Segment Display�����������������������������������������������������������������47
Common Anode Seven-Segment Display������������������������������������������������������49
Common Cathode Seven-Segment Display���������������������������������������������������50
Controlling the Display with the PIC��������������������������������������������������������������52
The Seven-Segment Display Program�����������������������������������������������������������53
The Listing for the Seven-Segment Display Program������������������������������������57
The Analysis of Listing 2-1����������������������������������������������������������������������������59

iii
Table of Contents

Improving the Seven-Segment Display Program�������������������������������������������71

The Problem with the Program����������������������������������������������������������������������71
Arrays������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������72
Using Pointers�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������72
Analysis of The Pointer Example�������������������������������������������������������������������73
The Improved Program����������������������������������������������������������������������������������74
Synopsis��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������79
Answers to the Exercises������������������������������������������������������������������������������79

Chapter 3: The 24-Hour Clock�������������������������������������������������������������81

The Seven-Segment Display�������������������������������������������������������������������������������82
The Algorithm for the 24-Hour Clock Using Seven-Segment Displays���������������82
The Initialization of the PIC���������������������������������������������������������������������������������86
Analysis of Listing 3-1����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������93
A 24-Hour Clock with the LCD Display��������������������������������������������������������������104
Analysis of the Header File for the LCD�������������������������������������������������������121
The Analysis of Listing 3-2��������������������������������������������������������������������������133
Improvements for the 24-Hour Clock LCD Program������������������������������������145
Using Switch and Case Keywords���������������������������������������������������������������������147
Analysis of the New Subroutine������������������������������������������������������������������149
Synopsis������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������151

Chapter 4: Creating a Square Wave��������������������������������������������������153

Why Create a Square Wave?�����������������������������������������������������������������������������153
Musical Notes���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������154
The Speed of the Simple DC Motor�������������������������������������������������������������������156
Pulse Width Modulation������������������������������������������������������������������������������������156
Creating a Square Wave with the PWM Mode���������������������������������������������������158

iv
 Table of Contents

Creating a 500Hz Square Wave�������������������������������������������������������������������������162

The Mark Time or Duty Cycle����������������������������������������������������������������������������164
Analysis of Listing 4-1��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������166
Creating Two Square Wave Outputs������������������������������������������������������������������169
Setting the Speed of a DC Motor�����������������������������������������������������������������������172
Driving the Motor����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������175
Creating a Three-Speed DC Motor Program������������������������������������������������������176
Using a Variable Input Voltage to Change the Speed of a DC Motor�����������������179
Analysis of Listing 4-5��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������180
Creating a Musical Note������������������������������������������������������������������������������������186
Creating the Middle C Note�������������������������������������������������������������������������������187
Creating a Musical Keyboard����������������������������������������������������������������������������191
The Analysis Of Listing 4-7�������������������������������������������������������������������������������194
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������196
Answers to the Exercises����������������������������������������������������������������������������������196

Chapter 5: DC Motors������������������������������������������������������������������������199

The Stepper Motor��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������199
The Servo Motor������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������209
Using the CCPM to Produce the Pulse Train Signal�������������������������������������210
Controlling the Positions of the Servo Motor with a Variable Resistor��������212
Improving The Servo Motor Program�����������������������������������������������������������215
The Algorithm for the Improved Program����������������������������������������������������216
Summary�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������223
Solution to the Exercise�������������������������������������������������������������������������������224

v
Table of Contents

Chapter 6: Interrupts������������������������������������������������������������������������225
What Are Interrupts?�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������225
The Fetch and Execute Cycle����������������������������������������������������������������������������226
The Program Counter����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������226
The Sources of Interrupts���������������������������������������������������������������������������������230
The Process for a Simple Interrupt with No Priorities���������������������������������231
Setting Up the PIC to Respond to the Interrupts������������������������������������������232
The PIE1 Register����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������237
The Algorithm for the Interrupt Test Program����������������������������������������������239
Compiler Software Version Issue�����������������������������������������������������������������240
The Analysis of Listing 6-1��������������������������������������������������������������������������243
Using the Compare Function of the CCP Module����������������������������������������������251
The Algorithm for the Compare Function�����������������������������������������������������253
The Analysis Of Listing 6-2��������������������������������������������������������������������������256
Using Priority Enabled Interrupts����������������������������������������������������������������������260
The Algorithm for the High/Low Priority Program����������������������������������������260
Analysis of Listing 6-3���������������������������������������������������������������������������������265
Explanation of How the High/Low Priority Program Works��������������������������270
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������272

Chapter 7: Frequency Measurement and the EEPROM���������������������273

Using the Capture Function of the CCP�������������������������������������������������������������273
Setting the CCP to the Capture Mode����������������������������������������������������������������274
What the CCP Captures in the Capture Mode����������������������������������������������������274
The Algorithm for the Frequency Measurement Program���������������������������������276
Example Frequency Measurement��������������������������������������������������������������������278
The Program to Measure the 500Hz Square Wave��������������������������������������������280

vi
 Table of Contents

Analysis of Listing 7-1��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������283

Using the EEPROM Inside the 18f4525�������������������������������������������������������������296
Analysis of Listing 7-3��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������304
Simulation of the EEPROM Program Using MPLABX�����������������������������������������312
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������314

Appendix 1: Some Useful Definitions������������������������������������������������317

Appendix 2: Mathematical and Logic Operators�������������������������������319

Appendix 3: Keywords����������������������������������������������������������������������321

Appendix 4: Data Types��������������������������������������������������������������������323

Appendix 5: The ASCII Character Set������������������������������������������������325

 ppendix 6: Numbering Systems Within

A
Microprocessor-Based Systems�������������������������������������������������������327
B
 inary Numbers������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������328
Converting Decimal to Binary���������������������������������������������������������������������������328
Converting from Binary to Decimal�������������������������������������������������������������������329
Adding and Subtracting Binary Numbers����������������������������������������������������������331
Subtracting Binary Numbers�����������������������������������������������������������������������������332
The Hexadecimal Number System��������������������������������������������������������������������334

Appendix 7:���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������337

 ppendix 8: The Frequency and Wavelength of the

A
Main Musical Notes��������������������������������������������������������������������������339

Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������345

vii
About the Author
Hubert Henry Ward has nearly 25 years of experience as a college lecturer
delivering the BTEC, and now Pearson's, Higher National Certificate and
Higher Diploma in Electrical and Electronic Engineering. Hubert has a
2.1 Honours Bachelor's Degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.
Hubert has also worked as a consultant in embedded programming. His
work has established his expertise in the assembler and C programming
languages, within the MPLABX IDE from Microchip, as well as designing
electronic circuits and PCBs using ECAD software. Hubert was also the UK
technical expert in Mechatronics for three years, training the UK team and
taking them to the Skills Olympics in Seoul 2001, resulting in one of the
best outcomes to date for the UK in Mechatronics.

ix
About the Technical Reviewer
Sai Yamanoor is an embedded systems engineer working for an industrial
gases company in Buffalo, NY. His interests, deeply rooted in DIY and
open source hardware, include developing gadgets that aid behavior
modification. He has published two books with his brother, and in his
spare time, he likes to build things that improve quality of life. You can find
his project portfolio at http://saiyamanoor.com.

xi
Introduction
This book looks at some useful aspects of the PIC microcontroller. It
explains how to write programs in C so that you can use the PIC micro to
control a variety of electronics and DC motors. After reading this book, you
will be well on your way to becoming an embedded programmer using the
C programming language.

The Aims and Objectives of This Book

The main aim of this book is to introduce you to some useful applications
of programming PIC micros such as

• Creating header files

• Controlling seven-segment displays

• Using an LCD display with two lines of 16 characters

• Pulse width modulation

• Using driver ICs such as the ULN2004A

• Controlling DC motors, including stepper motors and

servo motors

• Using every aspect of the Capture, Compare and PWM,

CCP module in the PIC

• Using interrupts

• Writing to the EEPROM

xiii
Introduction

The Objectives of This Book

After reading through this book, you should be able to program the PIC
to use all of the above. You should have a good understanding of some of
the advance programming techniques for PIC micros. You should be able
to download your programs to your PIC in a practical situation where you
have the ability to design and build some useful projects.

The Prerequisites
There are none really, but understanding the C programming language
will be useful. However, I will explain how each program works as we go
through them.
Also, if you understand the binary and hexadecimal number systems,
it will be an advantage but there is a section in the Appendix that will help
you with that.
However, to get the full use out of this book, you will need to install the
following software:

• MPLABX, which is the IDE from Microchip. The version

in the book is MPLABX Version 5.25. However, any
version later than 2.20 is OK.

• A C compiler for the 8-bit micro. I use XC8 (V2.10)

but with some programs I use XC8 (V1.35) compiler
software. However, you should be aware that some of
the later compilers are missing some useful libraries.
This is why I sometimes use version 1.35.

All of these programs are freely available from the Microchip web site.

xiv
 Introduction

Another useful piece of software is a suitable ECAD (electronic

computer-aided design) software program that supports 8-bit micros.
The ECAD software I use is PROTEUS. However, it is not free, so as well as
showing you how to simulate the programs in PROTEUS, I will show you
how to use a suitable prototype board to run the programs in a practical
situation.
If you want to go down the practical route, you will need to purchase a
programming tool and a prototype board.
The tools I use are either the ICD3 can (Microchip has now moved
onto the ICD4 can) or the PICkit3 programmer to download the programs
from MPLABX to the PIC.
The prototype board I use is the picdem2 plus DEMO BOARD and
a prototype board from Matrix Multimedia (although Matrix no longer
produces the more versatile board that I use).
This book was written based around using MPLABX V5.25.
However, the principles of how to create projects and write programs
are transferable to earlier and later versions of MPLABX. There may be
some slight differences in the details, but they shouldn't cause too many
problems.
The PIC that this book is based around is the PIC18F4525. This is a
very versatile 8-bit micro that comes in a 40-pin dual-inline package. As
long as the PIC you want to use has the same firmware modules, then the
programs in the book can easily be used on other PIC micros with some
minor modifications. However, you should always refer to the data sheet
for the particular PIC you use because some of the SFRs (special function
registers) may differ. For example, the PIC18F4525 uses the ADCON0,
ADCON1, and ADCON2 SRFs to control the ADC module but the 16F88
uses the ANSEL, ADCON0, and ADCON1 registers.
Throughout the book, I include program listings and I go through an
analysis of any new instructions that the listings introduce. With respect to
the first listing, I will assume that all of the instructions are new to you, the
reader.

xv
Introduction

Before we move into the book for real, I think it will be useful to you if
I explained a bit about what MPLABX is. It is an industrial IDE created by
Microchip. The term IDE stands for integrated development environment.
It is actually a lot of programs collected together to create a programming
environment:

• There is an editor, which is slightly more than a simple

text editor. However, in my early days, I used to write
my programs in Notepad.

• There is also a compiler program that converts your

program instructions from C to the machine code that
all microprocessor-based systems use. In the very early
days of programming, the programmers used to write
in this machine code. This was a bit before my time,
although in my early days, I wrote all my programs
in assembler. Assembler is the closet language to the
actual machine code that all micros use.

• There is also a linker program that will bring together

any include files that we wish to use in our projects.

• As well as these programs, there are a range of

programs that we can use to help debug our programs
or simply simulate them.

So this IDE is a very large collection of programs that make our job of
writing code much more efficient. Yet it’s free; well, I use the free version,
which is not as efficient as the paid version but it is more than good
enough for us.
I therefore hope that you not only learn how to program the PIC micro
but you also enjoy going through my book and that you produce some
useful projects along the way.

xvi
CHAPTER 1

Creating a Header File

In an effort to reduce the amount of text in the program listings and reduce
the amount whereby I simply repeat myself, let’s create and use a series of
header files. Header files are used when your programs use the same series
of instructions in exactly the same way in all your projects and programs.
In this book, you will create three header files. The first will be
concerned with the configuration words you write for your projects.
The configuration words are used to configure how the PIC applies the
essential parameters of the PIC. They have to be written for every project
and program you create. Therefore, if you are going to write the same
configuration words for all of your projects, you should use a header file.
The second header file will be associated with setting up the PIC to
use the ports, the oscillator, the timers, etc. You will set them in exactly the
same way in all of your projects, so it’s useful to create a header file for this.
However, in some projects you may need to modify some of the settings, so
be careful when using this header file.
The third header file you will create will be used if your programs use
the LCD (liquid crystal display) in exactly the same way such that

• The LCD is always connected to PORTB.

• The LCD uses just four data lines instead of eight to

save I/O.

• The RS pin is always on Bit4 of PORTB and the E pin on

Bit5 of PORTB.

© Hubert Henry Ward 2020 1

H. H. Ward, Intermediate C Programming for the PIC Microcontroller,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6068-5_1
Chapter 1 Creating a Header File

• The LCD always increments the cursor position after

each character has been displayed.

• The LCD always uses 2 lines of 16 characters.

• The actual characters are always on a 5 by 8 grid.

If this is all true, you should create a header file for the LCD.
These are the three header files you will create in this book. There are
many more examples of when you should create a header file. The process
of creating and using header files makes your program writing more
efficient.
Header files can be made available for all of your projects, like global
header files as opposed to local header files. Local header files are
available only to the project they were created in.
Also, you can split projects up so that different programmers can write
different sections of the programs and save them as header files to be used
in all projects by all of the company’s programmers.

Creating a Header File

Now that I have explained what header files are and why you would use
them, let’s create one. The first header file you will create will be for the
configuration words that you will use for most of the projects in this
book. It will also give me the chance to go through creating a project in
MPLABX for those readers who have never used MPLABX before. The
version I am using is MPLABX V5.25. It is one of the latest versions of the
IDE from Microchip. Microchip is always updating the software, but the
main concepts of creating a project and writing programs do not change.
You will be able to follow the process even if you have an earlier version of
MPLABX or a later version.

2
 Chapter 1 Creating a Header File

Creating a Project in MPLABX

Assuming you have downloaded both the MPLABX software and the XC8
(V2.10) compiler software or XC8 (V1.35), when you open the software, the
opening screen will look like Figure 1-1.

Figure 1-1. The opening screen in MPLABX

The project window on the left-hand side may not be shown. If you
want it shown, you should select the word Window from the top menu
bar. Click the word Projects, with the orange boxes in front of it, and the
window should appear. You may have to move the window about to get it
in the position shown.
Now, assuming you are ready to create a project, you should either
click the word File, in the main menu bar, and select New project, or click
the orange box with the small green cross on the second menu bar. This is
the second symbol from the left-hand side of the second menu bar.
When you have selected the Create project option, you should see the
window shown in Figure 1-2.

3
Chapter 1 Creating a Header File

Figure 1-2. The New Project window

Most of the projects you will create are Microchip Embedded and
Standalone. Therefore, make sure these two options are highlighted and
then click the Next button. The Select Device window should now be
visible, as shown in Figure 1-3.

4
 Chapter 1 Creating a Header File

Figure 1-3. The Select Device window

In this window, you can choose which PIC you want to use. Select the
Advanced 8-bit MCUs (PIC18) in the small box alongside Family, as shown
in Figure 1-3. Then, in the Device window, select the PIC18F4525. The result
is shown in Figure 1-3. To make these options visible, you need to click the
small downward pointing arrow in the respective box. The different options
should then become visible. If the device window is highlighted in blue, you
could simply type in the PIC number you want, such as PIC18F4525. Your
selected device should appear in the window below.
If you are using a different PIC, select it here.
Once you are happy with your selection, click the Next button.
The next window to appear is the Select Tool window. This is shown
in Figure 1-4. With this window you can select the programming tool you
want to use to download the program to your prototype board. There are a
range of tools you can use. I mainly use the ICD3 CAN or the PICkit3 tool.

5
Chapter 1 Creating a Header File

However, if I am only simulating the program, I use the simulator option.

Note that the MPLABX IDE comes with its own simulations for the PICs
you may use. It also has a wide range of tools that allow us to simulate
and test programs within MPLABX all without having a real PIC. You will
use the simulator in this project, so select the simulator option shown in
Figure 1-4.

Figure 1-4. The Select Tool window

Having selected the tool you want, click Next to move on to the next
window where you can select the compiler software you want to use,
assuming you have downloaded the appropriate compiler software (see
Figure 1-5).

6
 Chapter 1 Creating a Header File

Figure 1-5. The Select Compiler window

You should select the XC8(V2.10) compiler software, although with

some later projects you will use V1.35, as shown in Figure 1-5. Then click
Next to move to the Select Project Name and Folder window shown in
Figure 1-6.

7
Chapter 1 Creating a Header File

Figure 1-6. The Select Project Name and Folder window

In this window, you will specify the name of the project and where you
want to save it. The software will create a new directory on your computer
with the project name you create here. It is recommended that you don’t
use long-winded, complicated path names for the new folder so I normally
save all my projects on the root directory of my laptop.
I have suggested a project name for this new project as
advanceProject1. Note that I am using camelcase, where two words,
or more, are combined together. The first letter of the first word is in
lowercase and the first letters of any subsequent words are in uppercase. In
this way multiple words can be combined together to make one long word.
As you type the name for your project, you should see that the folder is
created on the root drive, or wherever you have specified it should be. The
folder name will have a .X added to it.
It will be in this new folder that all the files associated with the project
will be saved as well as some important subdirectories that are created.

8
 Chapter 1 Creating a Header File

Once you are happy with the naming of the project, simply click the
Finish button and the project will be created. The window will now go back
to the main window, as shown in Figure 1-7.

Figure 1-7. The main window with the project created

You should see the project window at the left-hand side of your screen,
as shown in Figure 1-7. Note that you may need to move the window about
to get it the same as that shown in Figure 1-7.
Now that you have the new project created, you need to create a
header file that you will use in all of your projects in this book.
To create the header file, right-click the subdirectory in the project tree
named Header Files. When you do this, the flyout menu will appear, as
shown in Figure 1-8.

9
Chapter 1 Creating a Header File

Figure 1-8. The flyout menu for the new header file

From that flyout menu, select New. From the second flyout menu,
select xc8_header.h, as shown in Figure 1-8.
The window shown in Figure 1-9 will appear.

10
 Chapter 1 Creating a Header File

Figure 1-9. The name and location for the new header file

All you need to do here is give the file a name. I have chosen the name
conFigInternalOscNoWDTNoLVP as it gives a good description of what I
want to do in this header file, which is set these three main parameters of
the configuration words. Note the configuration words specify how you
want to configure and so use the PIC.
The main concern is that PICs have a wide variety of primary oscillator
sources and you need to tell the PIC which one you will be using. The
oscillator is the device or circuit that provides a signal from which the
clock signal, the signal that synchronizes the operations of the PIC,
is derived. I prefer to use the internal oscillator block as the primary
oscillator source. This saves buying an oscillator crystal. It also saves two
inputs that would be used if I used an external oscillator. This is because I
would connect the external oscillator to the PIC via those two input pins,
normally RA6 and RA7.

11
Chapter 1 Creating a Header File

The second major item I change is to turn off the WDT, which is the
watch dog timer. This is a timer that will stop the micro if nothing has
happened for a set period of time. This is a facility that you don’t want in
these programs, so you must turn it off. Note that the WDT is mainly used
in continuous production lines. In that situation, the fact that nothing has
happened for a set time usually means something has gone wrong so it’s
best to turn everything off.
The third item to turn off is the low voltage programming (LVP)
function. The low voltage programming affects some of the bits on
PORTB. Therefore, to keep the bits on PORTB available for general I/O, I
normally turn off the LVP.
So this explains the header file’s cryptic name. You should always give
your header files a name that relates to how you want to use the file.
Once you have named the header file, click Finish and the newly
created header file will be inserted into the main editing window in
the software. However, Microchip automatically inserts an awful lot of
comments and instructions that, at your level of programming, you don’t
really need. Therefore, simply select all that stuff and delete it so that you
have an empty file ready for you to insert the code that you really want.
Now that you have a clean file, you can control what goes into it. The
first thing you should do is put some comments in along the following
lines:

• You should tell everyone that you wrote this code.

• You should say what PIC you wrote it for and when you
wrote it.

• You should explain what you are trying to do with it.

12
 Chapter 1 Creating a Header File

There are two types of comments in C programs, which are

• Single-line comments: They start with two forward

slashes (//). Anything on the same line after the two
forward slashes is ignored by the compiler as they are
simply comments. For example,

//these words are just comments

• Multiple lines of comments or a paragraph of

comments: This is text inserted between the following
symbols: /* */. For example,

/* Your comments are written in here */

So insert a paragraph of comments as shown in Figure 1-10.

Figure 1-10. The comments for the header file

You should insert your own comments into the editor similar to those
shown in Figure 1-10.
You will notice that I changed the colour of my comments to black and
bold size 14. This is to try and make them more visible than the default
grey.
If you want to change the colour, you can do so by selecting the word
Options from the drop-down menu that appears when you select the
Tools choice on the main menu bar. You will get the window shown in
Figure 1-­11.

13
Chapter 1 Creating a Header File

Figure 1-11. Changing the font and colours

Click the tag for Fonts and Colours and then select what you want to
change. Once you are happy with your choice, click OK. I changed the
colour of the comments to black, as shown in Figure 1-11.
Now you need to create the configuration words for your header file.
As this is something you must do for all your projects, Microchip has
developed a simple process for writing to the configuration words. This
can be achieved using a special window in the MPLABX IDE. To open this
window, click the word Window on the main menu bar and then select
Target Memory Views from the drop-down menu that appears. Then select
Configuration Bits from the slide-out menu that appears. This process is
shown in Figure 1-12.

14
 Chapter 1 Creating a Header File

Figure 1-12. Selecting the configuration bits

Once you have selected the configuration bits, your main window will
change to that shown in Figure 1-13.

Figure 1-13. The configuration bits

15
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
The Opening of the Year 1842—Whereabouts of the Twelve Apostles—
Correspondence of Elder Hyde From Trieste—Report of High Council on
Affairs in Nauvoo—Events and Conditions in the British Mission.

Sundry Labors of the Prophet.

The Prophet's Letter to Edward Hunter—Reports Opening of the New

Store.

Rejoicing of the Prophet.

Tithing and Consecrations for the Temple of the Lord.

Book of Mormon Corrections.

Meeting with the Twelve.

Highly Interesting from Jerusalem.

Excerpts from Elder Hyde's Letters.

The Prophet's Letter to Isaac Galland—On Settlement of Accounts.

Isaac Galland Affair.

Seventies' Quorum Affairs.

Revelation.

Report of High Council Committee.

Letter of G. Walker to Elder Brigham Young et al.—Affairs in England

Since Departure of the Apostles.

CHAPTER XXX.

Emigration of the Saints From England to Nauvoo—The Book of Abraham

Emigration.
Death of Laura Phelps.

Debates in Nauvoo.

Vindication of Daniel Wood.

Letter of Alfred Cordon to Joseph Smith—Reporting Affairs in England.

Confidence in the Nauvoo Charter.

Announcement of the Trustee-in-Trust for the Church Respecting Work on

the Temple.

An Additional Word from the Twelve.

Letter of the Prophet to an Unknown Brother on Tithing.

Note of Robert Pierce—Expressing Satisfaction at Financial Settlement.

The Book of Abraham.

CHAPTER XXXI.

The Wentworth Letter.

CHAPTER XXXII.

The Bennett-Dyer Correspondence—The Prophet's Discourse on the

Subject of the Resurrection, and the Salvation of Children—Epistle of the
Twelve to the Saints in England Concerning Their Emigration to America.

Tax Controversy.

Attempted Settlement with Gilbert Granger,

Book of Abraham Fac-similes.

Letter of the Prophet to John C. Bennett—on Bennett's Correspondence

Anent Slavery.
Correspondence Between Dr. C. V. Dyer and General J. C. Bennett.

Letter of John C. Bennett to Joseph Smith—Anent the Dyer-Bennett

Correspondence.

Letter of the Prophet to Edward Hunter—Business Transactions.

Extract from the Legion Minutes.

Extract from High Council Minutes.

The Prophet Becomes Editor of the Times and Seasons.

Honor Among Thieves.

Origin of the Female Relief Society.

The Prophet's Sermon on Life and Death; the Resurrection and the
Salvation of Children.

An Epistle of the Twelve to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

in its Various Branches and Conferences in Europe, Greeting.

CHAPTER XXXIII.

A Mason's Estimate of Nauvoo and the Prophet—Organization of the

Female Relief Society—"Try the Spirits"—The Prophet's Editorial.

Nauvoo and the Mormons.

Extract from a Letter from Elder E. P. Maginn, Salem, Massachusetts.

Organization of the Relief Society.

Character of the Mormon Women.

Mission of John Snyder.

Synopsis of the Prophet's Sermon on Baptism for the Dead.

Letter of Lorenzo D. Barnes to Parley P. Pratt—Reporting Labors.

Synopsis of the Prophet's Remarks to the Female Relief Society.

"Try the Spirits"—The Prophet's Editorial in the Times and Seasons.

CHAPTER XXXIV.

Special Conference of the Church at Nauvoo—The Prophet's Reproof of the

Wicked—Epistle of the Twelve to the Saints in Kirtland—Status of the
Church.

The Thirteenth Anniversary of the Organization of the Church.

Conference Minutes. Special Conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of

Latter-day Saints, City of Nauvoo, April 6th, 1842.

Remarks of the Prophet at the Funeral of Ephraim Marks.

Synopsis of Remarks of the Prophet—Reproof of all Wickedness.

A Meteor Fall.

Council Meeting with the Twelve.

Council Meeting with the Twelve.

An Epistle of the Twelve to the Saints in America, Greeting.

Military Appointments.

CHAPTER XXXV.

The General Bankrupt Law—The Doctrine of Baptism for the Dead—The

Prophet's Address to the Female Relief Society—The Keys of the
Priesthood and the Nauvoo Temple.

The Bankrupt Law.

The Prophet Forced into Bankruptcy.

Baptism for the Dead.

Cause of the Prophet's Insolvency.

James Arlington Bennett Honored.

Repast Militaire.

The Rights and Privileges of Women in the Church Remarks of the Prophet
to the Relief Society.

The Temple.
 Introduction to Volume IV.
Five subjects may be said to form the outline of the chief events detailed in
this volume of the History of the Church the Founding of Nauvoo; the
Appeal of the Church to the National Government for redress of wrongs
suffered in Missouri; the Mission of the Twelve Apostles to the British Isles;
the Mission of Orson Hyde to Palestine; and the Doctrinal Development of
the Church.

Preliminary Considerations.

Preliminary to a brief consideration of these several subjects, I desire to say

a word as to the reception of the Latter-day Saints by the people of Illinois,
and the conditions prevailing in that state at the time of their arrival. A
knowledge of these conditions is necessary to the understanding of this
whole Illinois period of the History of the Church.

Much has been made of the hospitality which the people of Illinois
extended to the Latter-day Saints at the time of their expulsion from
Missouri. A writer in the American Historical Magazine for July, 1906,
says: "To the latter state [Illinois] they [the Saints] went in 1839, and were
received with such open-armed hospitality as only a very generous and
liberty-loving people can extend to those whom they honestly believe to be
suffering from a wrongful oppression. The conduct of the Saints in five
years turned this feeling of extraordinarily deep-seated sympathy, inducing
great practical charities, into a feeling of very bitter hatred, threatening to
break into mob violence." Far be it from me to depreciate the kindness of
those who extended a helping hand to the Saints in the hour of their distress.
Stripped and sorely wounded they fled from the violence of Missouri
militia-mobs, and found for a time a peaceful asylum in Illinois. Many were
the acts of disinterested kindness extended to them by the people in the
western part of that state; and every such act I am sure was and is
remembered, both by those who were the direct recipients of such acts of
kindness and by their grateful descendants. But is responding to the calls of
humanity so rare a thing in a Christian state, that it must needs be regarded
as so exceptional in this case? Such was the condition of the Saints as they
fled from Missouri, such the injustice to which they had been subjected in
that state, that their situation would have appealed to the generosity of
savages, how much more, then, to a civilized and Christian community!
And then, speaking of this reception of the Saints en masse, by Illinois, and
leaving out of consideration for the moment—since they have already been
acknowledged—the individual acts of kindness bestowed upon the exiles,
was this reception of the Saints by Illinois wholly disinterested? Were there
not benefits which the Saints could bestow upon the state in return for the
heartiness of the reception given? Would it not have been, under all the
circumstances, the gravest of blunders for Illinois to have refused asylum to
these exiles? Is it to be presumed that the public men of western Illinois
were so blind to their own interests as not to see in these twelve or fifteen
thousand people a mighty advantage to the state? It is true they were poor in
this world's goods; but they were rich in labor-power, and their reputation
for habits of sobriety and of industry had preceded them. Here were
thousands of husbandmen seeking lands. Illinois had thousands of acres of
unoccupied lands awaiting husbandmen. How shortsighted and
unstatesman-like it would have been for the men of Illinois not to have
welcomed these settlers into their state? With half an eye it is easy to see
that the benefits of this reception of the exiled Mormons by Illinois is not
by any means a one-sided affair; and it would be doing an injustice to the
intelligence of the people of that state to suppose they were blind to these
advantages. This will more fully appear when other conditions are taken
into account. Illinois has an area of 56,650 square miles; and at the time of
the advent of the Saints in that state a white population of less than four
hundred thousand,[1] as against a present population of five and a half
millions.[2] It will be seen, then, that in 1839, the year of the advent of the
Saints into that state, Illinois was very sparsely settled, and needed above
all things for her development and prosperity, people to subdue her
wilderness and cultivate her rich lands, especially people desirous of
making homes, and becoming permanent citizens. Moreover, Illinois had
recently launched an extensive system of internal improvements by state
aid. This system included the construction of 1,300 miles of railroads in the
state, besides provisions for the improvement of the navigation of the
Kaskaskia, Illinois, Great and Little Wabash, and Rock rivers. Also the
construction of a canal from Lake Michigan to the navigable waters of the
Illinois river, a distance of more than one hundred miles (from Chicago to
Peru). To carry out this system of internal improvements the state
legislature of 1836-7 had appropriated the sum of $12,000,000; and to raise
the money state bonds were placed on the stock markets of the eastern
states and in England. It is not my province here even to note the wisdom or
unwisdom of this policy of wholesale state aid for these internal
improvements; let the wisdom or unwisdom be what it may, these
conditions emphasized Illinois' demand for population, and again makes it
evident that it would have been the height of folly for the people of that
state to do other than give hearty welcome to this body of population so rich
in labor-power; so potent in wealth producing energy.

Another thing to be noted is the fact that about the time of the advent of the
Saints into Illinois, political parties were just taking form in that state, and it
is within the record of facts in the case, as well as of great likelihood, that a
desire for obtaining political advantage was at least in the background of
motives prompting the heartiness of the reception given to the Saints.

Illinois was admitted into the Union in 1818, but it is a matter of common
knowledge that in the early years of her history as a state, her officers were
elected not on any well defined political party principles, but chiefly on the
strength of the personality of the candidates and the special things for which
they individually stood. Indeed, it was not until 1830 that anything like
party lines were drawn in the state, and that it became a battle ground for
the two great national parties, Whigs and Democrats. It was a committee
from a Democratic party organization in Quincy, Illinois, that took the
initiative in welcoming the Saints into the state, and strive how one may, it
is difficult to think there was not some political advantage sought through
this action. On the other hand, the Whigs were not slow to urge upon the
incoming exiles that it was a Democratic state and a Democratic
administration in that state which had not only permitted, but had really
ordered their expulsion from Missouri, and that doubtless the injustice they
had suffered was owing to Democratic ideas of the administration of
government. Nor were there wanting those among the Saints who were
willing to believe that such was the case. Indeed, Joseph Smith, the Prophet,
found it necessary to gently reprove some of his people who were rapidly
making the question of their expulsion from Missouri a political party
question in Illinois. This effort to win the Saints to one political party or the
other, continued to be a factor in their affairs so long as they remained at
Nauvoo. It was owing to this rivalry for their support that doubtless made it
possible for the Saints to obtain larger grants of power for their city
government, and greater political privileges and influence in the State than
otherwise could have been obtained by them. It also was this rivalry for
their favor, as the events in this, but more especially in the succeeding
volume will prove, that made them alternately fulsomely flattered and
heartily disliked; fawningly courted, and viciously betrayed.

A knowledge of these circumstances, I say, is essential to the right

understanding of the Nauvoo period of the Church's history.

The Founding of Nauvoo.

The founding of the city of Nauvoo was an event, the interest of which
extends beyond the people immediately concerned in it. It was a unique
movement in its way, and may yet suggest a policy in reference to the
government of large cities from which great benefits may arise. Very
naturally after the experiences of the Mormon people in Missouri, the
Prophet was anxious to environ them with conditions that would insure
protection to the community, hence for Nauvoo he secured as large
concessions of political power as it was possible to obtain, and an
examination of the Nauvoo charter proper with its attendant charters
providing as they did for an independent educational system, from common
schools to a University; an independent military organization with a
lieutenant-general as its commander;[3] a large grant of commercial as well
as municipal power, demonstrates how well he succeeded. Commenting
upon the charter immediately after its passage by the state legislature had
been formally announced, he said: "The City Charter of Nauvoo is of my
own plan and device. I concocted it for the salvation of the Church, and on
principles so broad, that every honest man might dwell secure under its
protective influence without distinction of sect or party."[4] On another
occasion when defending the right of the city to issue writs of habeas
corpus, even against processes of the state, he held: "If there is not power in
our charter and courts, then there is not power in the State of Illinois nor in
the Congress or Constitution of the United States; for the United States
gave unto Illinois her Constitution or Charter, and Illinois gave unto
Nauvoo her charters conceding unto us our vested rights which she has no
right or power to take from us. All the power there was in Illinois she gave
to Nauvoo. * * * The municipal court has all the power to issue and
determine writs of habeas corpus within the limits of this state that the
Legislature can confer. This city has all the power that the State courts have,
and was given by the same authority—the legislature. * * * The charter says
that the City Council shall have power and authority to make, ordain,
establish, and execute such ordinances not repugnant to the Constitution of
the United States, or of this State, as they may deem necessary for the
peace, benefit and safety of the inhabitants of said city.[5] And also that the
Municipal Court shall have power to grant writs of habeas corpus in all
cases arising under the ordinances of the City Council. The City Council
have passed an ordinance 'that no citizen of this city shall be taken out of
this city by any writ without the privilege of a writ of habeas corpus.' There
is nothing but what we have power over, except where restricted by the
Constitution of the United States. 'But,' says the mob, 'what dangerous
powers!' Yes—dangerous, because they will protect the innocent and put
down mobocrats. There is nothing but what we have power over, except
where restricted by the Constitution of the United States. * * * If these
powers are dangerous, then the Constitution of the United States, and of this
State are dangerous; but they are not dangerous to good men; they are only
so to bad men who are breakers of the laws. * * * The lawyers themselves
acknowledge that we have all power granted us in our charters, that we
could ask for—that we had more power than any other court in the State;
for all other courts were restricted while ours was not."

Such views in relation to an ordinary municipal government would

unquestionably be stamped as preposterous. No such powers as are here
claimed are accorded to ordinary city governments in Illinois or any other
of the states of the American Union. What then may be said of the Prophet's
claims in respect to the municipal powers of Nauvoo? Nothing in way of
defense, except that Nauvoo was not an ordinary municipality; that Joseph
Smith had sought for extraordinary grants of power for the city of Nauvoo
and had obtained them; that his personal experiences and the experiences of
his people, both in Ohio and Missouri, had taught him the necessity of
having officers charged with the duty of administering government wherein
his people were concerned, who were friendly disposed and whose interests
were largely identical with those of the Saints: that the things which both
the Prophet and his people had suffered justified both him and them in
seeking for and obtaining such power as had been conferred by charters
upon the city of Nauvoo; that the Prophet was wholly within the lines of
right conduct when he invoked the municipal powers in his own protection
against the aggressions of his old enemies in Missouri and his new
betrayers in Illinois. But whether the legislature of Illinois was fully aware
of the extraordinary powers they were conferring upon the city of Nauvoo,
or being aware of the import of their action the party in control of the
legislature was willing to grant the extraordinary powers in the hope of
currying political favor with the Saints, may not now be determined; but in
any event these extraordinary powers were granted; and wittingly or
unwittingly a "city-state" had practically been established within the state of
Illinois. Nothing short of this descriptive term can adequately set forth the
municipal government of Nauvoo. It seems to be an unconscious reversion.
In an incipient way, to the "city-states" or "city-republics" of the old Greek
confederations; or the "free-towns" of medieval times, when the cities were
more potent than nations in commerce and even in politics. Whether or not
the state courts of Illinois and United States courts would have sustained the
Nauvoo charters if the matter of their validity had been referred to them for
adjudication, may not be determined; but one can scarcely suppress the
thought that the likelihood is that they would not have been sustained; on
the contrary they would have been most likely declared anomalous to our
system of government as it then stood, and now stands. But certainly if the
experiment of such a municipal government had not been interrupted in its
progress, it might have been an instructive object lesson in the government
of cities; and even as it is, the founding of Nauvoo, the "city-state," suggests
an important idea which may work out great practical reforms in municipal
government in our country.

The founders of our Government dealt with conditions that were very
simple in comparison with the complexity of the conditions which
government in its various forms, municipal, state and national, is confronted
with today. The Municipal problems which now vex the people had not then
arisen above the horizon of their experience. The American commonwealths
of the early decades of the nineteenth century were practically rural
commonwealths. At the time of Washington's inauguration (1789) the
population of New York was but thirty-three thousand; Philadelphia forty-
two thousand; Boston but eighteen thousand; Baltimore thirteen thousand;
Brooklyn one thousand six hundred, and more village than town. Now
compare these cities with their present population. New York has a
population of over four millions;[6] Philadelphia a population of one and a
half millions;[7] Boston more than half a million;[8] Baltimore over five
hundred thousand;[9] Brooklyn is absorbed in New York, but as a borough of
the larger city it has a population of nearly one and a half millions;[10]
Chicago, which in 1840 had but four thousand inhabitants, much smaller
than Nauvoo, has now a population of more than two millions;[11] St. Louis
which in 1840 had a population of but 16,469, has now a population of
three quarters of a million.[12] Nothing like the growth of urban population
within the United States during the last fifty years has been known in the
history of the world, and it has brought to the inhabitants of these cities
problems undreamed of by the founders of our government. Every year
discloses more and more distinctly the fact that between these condensed
communities and the town, village, and rural population of the states in
which they are located, there are very distinct interests and governmental
problems of widely differing character. The differences which justify
distinct local governments in the state of New York and the peninsula of
Florida are not more insistent than the differences between the great
commercial city of New York and the state of the same name. Without
entering upon elaborate discussion of these questions (a discussion which is
foreign to the character of this writing) I venture the suggestion that
separate and complete state governments for our large cities, or the
elevation of them into what I have called "city-states," such as Nauvoo was,
in an incipient way, will be the solution to most of the problems of
municipal government in our very large cities. It would greatly enlarge in
them the governmental powers essential to their more perfect peace,
security, and prosperity. Also it would separate them from embroilment in
those questions of the state governments under which they are now located,
and in which they have so little interest—often indeed, there is even sharp
conflict of interests, engendering bitterness and strife which hinders
progress for both city and state. Besides, granting complete statehood to our
larger cities would be but a proper recognition of the right of those great
aggregations of citizens with their varied industries, their immense wealth
and distinct interests, to that measure of influence in our national affairs
which their numbers and intelligence and interests justly demand.

The Appeal of the Church to the National government for Redress of

Wrongs Suffered in Missouri.

The Prophet Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon, and Judge Elias Higbee were
chosen as the committee to present to the National Congress the petition of
the Saints for a redress of their grievances, suffered in Missouri. This
journey to the nation's Capital was of importance quite apart from the
immediate purpose for which it was undertaken; namely, it brought the
Prophet in contact with the leading statesmen of the United States. While in
Washington, he was brought in contact with and interviewed such men as
Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, President Martin Van Buren, different
members of the Cabinet, Senators, and Representatives. Such contact
enabled him to take new measurements, not only of a different class of men
from those with whom he had been accustomed to associate, but new
measurements of himself by comparison and contrast of himself with those
leading spirits of the nation. Comparisons which could not result otherwise
than in advantage to him; and I think it must be conceded by all students of
the Prophet's character, especially to those who have been at all close
observers of its development, that after this trip to Washington, which
afforded the above noted opportunities of comparison and contrast, the
Prophet's growth was immeasurably greater than at any time before that
journey.

In some respects however it was unfortunate that the Prophet was not more
cosmopolitan in his training and in his views of life on the occasion of this
visit to the nation's capital; for lack of such training and views of life led
him to the formation of rather hasty judgments as to the character of our
nation's public men at that time. He undoubtedly had sticking to him as yet,
some of the prejudices of his New England and New York sectional
training; and at the time of his visit the spirit of the public men of the nation
at Washington was largely influenced by the Southern character and spirit.
Bourbon Democracy was at its height. The gentlemen of the South with
their extreme notions of chivalry and polite deportment, predominated. In
those days men were held to strict account for their manner of address one
to another. An improper word, a slight, magnified into an insult, meant a
challenge to mortal combat on "the field of honor," and this sense of
personal responsibility for utterances begot, no doubt, an extreme politeness
in personal deportment which seemed puerile to those reared in another
atmosphere and influenced by other sentiments than those which resulted
from education in the South. Joseph Smith's judgment upon manners and
customs in Washington, was doubtless New England's judgment upon
Southern customs with which it had no patience, much less sympathy. It is
only from these considerations that the rather harsh judgment of the Prophet
in relation to conditions in Washington can be properly understood.

Relative to the business upon which this committee visited Washington, it

should be said that Sidney Rigdon failed to participate in it at all, in
consequence of an illness which befell him on his journey, and hindered
him from reaching Washington until the business was practically settled. A
short stay in Washington convinced the Prophet that nothing was to be
expected in the way of obtaining a redress of grievances for his people from
the very cautious politicians then in control of the government, all of whom
were anxious, apparently, to palliate the actions of Missouri with reference
to the Saints, for the sake of retaining her political influence on their side;
and also because of a prevailing inclination to a strict construction of the
powers of the general government in its relations to the states. The Prophet
therefore left Washington to preach the Gospel for a short time in New
Jersey and Philadelphia, after which he returned to Nauvoo, leaving Judge
Elias Higbee to urge consideration of the petition of the Saints which had
been referred to the Senate committee on Judiciary, with what result is
made known in detail in the body of this volume of the history. It is
sufficient here to say that the net result of the Committee's deliberations
was simply to recommend that the Saints appeal for a redress of their
wrongs to the United States District Court having jurisdiction in Missouri,
or they could, if they saw proper, "apply to the justice and magnanimity of
the State of Missouri—an appeal which the committee feel justified in
believing will never be made in vain by the injured or oppressed."—(Sic!)

This suggestion to take their case to the United States Courts was never
acted upon by the Saints, nor does it appear in what manner it would have
been practicable for them to do so. True it is expressly provided in the
Constitution that "The Judicial power of the United States shall extend to all
cases in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the
United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their
authority; to controversies between two or more states; between a state and
citizens of another state; between citizens of different states; between
citizens of the same state," etc.[13] The case of the Saints would fall either
under the clauses in the above quotation respecting controversies arising
between a state (Missouri) and citizens of another state (the Saints, now
citizens, of Illinois); or "between citizens of different states," the Saints,
citizens of Illinois, and their former persecutors, citizens of Missouri. In
considering the question under the first clause it must be remembered that
the eleventh amendment to the Constitution (declared in force 1798)
provides that "The Judicial power of the United States shall not be
construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted
against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens
or subjects of any foreign state." It is held that "the power as well as the
dignity of a state would be gone if it could be dragged into court by a
private plaintiff."[14]

The Supreme Court in the case Chisholm vs. the State of Georgia, had
decided (1793) that an action did lie against the State of Georgia at a suit of
a private plaintiff. The state however refused to appear, whereupon the
Supreme Court proceeded, a year later, to give judgment against her by
default in case she should not appear and plead before a day; whereupon
there arose such a storm of protest, not only in Georgia, but in the other
states as well, that the eleventh amendment was adopted exempting a state
from being sued in the courts of the United States by citizens of another
state, or by citizens subjects of any foreign state. Moreover, states are not
suable in any event except with their consent;[15] and if a state waive its
immunity, it may attach any conditions it pleases to its consent.[16] Under
these circumstances it is not surprising that the Saints never attempted to
bring Missouri before the United States courts. They could only have
planted suit against the state by its consent, and if she consented, then under
such conditions as she might be pleased to attach to that consent. Moreover,
the Saints had the best of reasons for believing that Missouri would never
consent.
As to suing their persecutors as individuals before the United States courts,
as citizens of one state suing citizens of another, it is only necessary to
remind the reader of the insuperable difficulties attending upon that
procedure to convince him of the futility of such action. The expensiveness
of the undertaking, and the extreme poverty of the exiles alone would be
sufficient to bar such an undertaking; for every one knows how bitterly hard
it is for the poor to set the judicial machinery of organized society in motion
in their favor. Then there was the evident conspiracy entered into by the
mobs of Missouri to defeat the ends of justice in respect of the Saints: mobs
which an unfriendly governor had converted into a state militia; to which
that same governor gave an order to expel from the state or exterminate the
entire people; under which order said mob-militia did expel from the state
some twelve thousand citizens, depriving them of their property and liberty
without due process of law; and afterwards the state through its legislature
sanctioned and applauded the actions of this mob-militia for the part it had
taken in causing said expulsion—though attended by acts of unspeakable
atrocity—by appropriating 200,000 dollars to meet the expenses of the
mob-militia in carrying out the governor's illegal orders. After these crimes
against the Constitution and laws of the state, against American institutions
and the civilization of the age—after all this, I say, it is not difficult to
understand how farcical would be any procedure before either the state or
the federal courts in Missouri. By acts of perjury, in order to still further
defeat the ends of justice and protect each other from the penalties due to
their crimes, it would have been easy for the people of Missouri to defeat
the ends of justice. And after having committed the crimes of murder and
robbery; after having unlawfully expelled a whole people, numbering
thousands, from their homes—of which the despoilers were then possessed
—it is not to be believed that such characters would hesitate to suborn
witnesses, commit perjury, or hesitate to do any other thing, however
criminal, in order to escape the just punishment for their crimes.

The offense of the State of Missouri against the Saints was a denial of
political as well as of civil rights. She had in her treatment of the Saints
abdicated republican government. Her officers, including the chief
executive of the state had violated the Constitution of the state in that they
had entered into a wide-spread conspiracy to deprive the Saints of their
liberty and property without due process of law; and in fact had deprived
them of those rights by expelling them by force of arms from the state.

These were the wrongs the Saints had endured; this the nature of the crime
of the state of Missouri against them, and it seems that for these things
which they suffered there could be found no remedy; for, as already
explained, a state could not be made party to a suit before the courts, either
state or federal, without her consent; and it is a well settled principle of
American law that "a suit nominally against an officer but really against a
state to enforce performance of its obligation in its political capacity, will
not lie." A state, therefore, could not be directly arraigned before the courts
or any kind of tribunal for failure to enforce its political obligations; nor
could it be indirectly so arraigned through its officers since such an
arraignment would undoubtedly have been held to be but "nominally
against the officers and really against the state;" hence void.[17] The only
arraignment of the state that could be made was evidently at the bar of
public opinion and sentiment, and this sentiment, unfortunately viciated by
misrepresentations, was against the Saints. All things considered, then, there
was little wisdom behind the recommendation of the Senate Judiciary
Committee for the Saints to prosecute their case before the Federal courts
having jurisdiction in Missouri; and the suggestion that they apply to the
justice and magnanimity of the state of the Missouri, borders upon mockery.
However, Missouri did not escape the chastisement due to her many acts of
predatory injustice upon the Saints; there was measured out to her more
than four fold of that sorrow and affliction which she had perpetrated upon
the Saints. She sowed to the wind in her conduct towards the Mormon
people, she reaped the whirl-wind in the terrible experiences of more then
ten years of border warfare, banditti rule, and her enormous sacrifice of
blood and treasure in the Civil War; all of which is abundantly set forth in
the Introduction to Volume III of this work.

The Mission of the Twelve to England.

The mission of the Twelve to England marks an epoch in the missionary

experience of the Church. They undertook this mission in fulfillment of a
commandment received of the Lord on the 8th of July, 1838, at Far West,
Missouri, which revelation was given in answer to the question of the
Prophet: "Show us thy will, O Lord, concerning the Twelve." In answer to
that question the Lord directed that the several vacancies then existing in
the quorum should be filled by the appointment of John Taylor, John E.
Page, Wilford Woodruff, and Willard Richards. "And next spring," said the
revelation, "let them [the Twelve] depart to go over the great waters and
there promulgate my gospel, the fullness thereof, and bear record of my
name. Let them take leave of my Saints in the City Far West on the 26th day
of April next, on the building spot of my house saith the Lord."[18]

Notwithstanding the fact that the Church had been expelled from the state
of Missouri before the 26th day of April, 1839, a number of the Twelve
accompanied by several of those who had been appointed to fill vacancies
in the quorum, returned to Far West, held a meeting on the site of the Lord's
house in the public square of that place, on the date appointed, sung some
hymns, ordained those present who had been appointed to fill vacancies in
the quorum, laid a corner stone of the Lord's house, took leave of a few of
the brethren who were there, and thence started for foreign lands, stopping
for a time en route at Nauvoo. Late in the summer of 1839 the Twelve
began their departure, usually in pairs, for foreign lands. The work had
already been introduced into England by the labors of Elder Heber C.
Kimball and associates, Elder Orson Hyde of the quorum of the Twelve;
also Elders Willard Richards, Isaac Russell, John Goodson, John Snyder;
and Joseph Fielding, a priest. The mission of the Twelve to England as a
quorum, however, established the work in the British Isles on a broader and
more permanent basis, and thence forward the body religious was
strengthened from this mission; and as much from the character as from the
numbers of the British Saints.

The Mission of Orson Hyde to Palestine.

The mission appointed to Elders Orson Hyde and John E. Page, of the
quorum of the Twelve, to Jerusalem, was second in importance only to that
appointed to the rest of the Twelve to Great Britain. John E. Page utterly
failed to fulfill his appointment, notwithstanding the frequent urging and
reproofs of the Prophet. He never left the shores of America, and finally
returned to Nauvoo to be severely censured for his lack of faith and energy.
Orson Hyde, on the contrary, in the midst of many hardships, persevered in
his journey to the Holy Land, until he succeeded in accomplishing that
which had been appointed unto him. Elder Hyde it appears, was a
descendant of the tribe of Judah;[19] and sometime after the Prophet had
become acquainted with him, most probably in the year 1832, in the course
of pronouncing a blessing upon him, said: "In due time thou shalt go to
Jerusalem, the land of thy fathers, and be a watchman unto the house of
Israel; and by thy hand shall the Most High do a great work, which shall
prepare the way and greatly facilitate the gathering together of that people."
[20]
It was in fulfillment of this prediction upon his head that he had been
called upon this mission to Jerusalem, to dedicate the land of Palestine by
apostolic authority, preparatory to the return of the Jews and other of the
tribes of Israel to that land of promise. This mission he fully accomplished.
An account of his journey and of his beautiful and powerful prayer of
dedication will be found in his letters published in this volume.[21]

The question will be asked, Has anything resulted from this mission to
dedicate the land of Palestine to the return of the Jews and other tribes of
Israel? The only answer is an appeal to facts, to events that have taken place
since that prayer of consecration was offered up by this Apostle of the new
dispensation of the Gospel, on the 24th of October, 1841.

At the time of Elder Hyde's visit and the ceremonies of dedication he

performed on the Mount of Olives, there were comparatively but few Jews
at Jerusalem. As late as 1876 the British Consul Reports show that there
were but from fifteen to twenty thousand Jews in Judea. But twenty years
later the same authority declared the number of Jews at sixty to seventy
thousand; and, what was of more importance than the numbers announced,
these reports represented that the new Jewish population was turning its
attention to the cultivation of the soil, which but requires the blessings of
God upon it to restore it to its ancient fruitfulness, and which will make it
possible for it to sustain once more a numerous population. The St. Louis
Globe-Democrat commenting on these Consular Reports of 1896, said:

"Only two decades ago there were not more than fifteen or twenty thousand
Jews in Jerusalem. At that time no houses were to be found outside the
walls of the city. Since then many changes have taken place and the Hebrew
population—mainly on account of the increase of the Jewish immigration
from Russia—now stands at between sixty and seventy thousand. Whole
streets of houses have been built outside the walls on the site of the ancient
suburban districts, which for hundreds of years have remained deserted. It is
not, however, only in Jerusalem itself that the Jews abound, but throughout
Palestine they are buying farms and establishing themselves in a
surprisingly rapid manner. In Jerusalem they form at present a larger
community than either the Christian or the Mohammedan."

Also in 1896 that racial movement among the Jews known as "Zionism"
took definite form. This movement was really the federation of all the
Jewish societies that have cherished the hope of seeing Israel restored to his
promised possessions in Palestine. That year the first international
conference of Zionists was held in Basel, Switzerland, and since then under
the leadership of the late Dr. Herzel of Austria, and since his death under
the leadership of Israel Zangwill, and by reason of its annual conferences
constantly increasing in interest and attendance, "Zionism" has taken on all
the aspects of one of the world's great movements. It is not so much a
religious movement as a racial one; for prominent Jews of all shades of both
political and religious opinions have participated in it.

After saying through so many centuries at the feast of the Passover, "May
we celebrate the next Passover in Jerusalem," the thought seems to have
occurred to some Jewish minds that if that hope is ever to be realized some
practical steps must be taken looking to the actual achievement of the
possibility—hence the "Zionite Movement." The keynotes of that
movement are heard in the following utterances of some of the Jewish
leaders in explanation of it: "We want to resume the broken thread of our
national existence; we want to show to the world the moral strength, the
intellectual power of the Jewish people. We want a place where the race can
be centralized."—(Leon Zoltokoff). "It is for these Jews (of Russia,
Roumania and Galicia) that the name of their country (Palestine) spells
'Hope.' I should not be a man if I did not realize that for these persecuted
Jews, Jerusalem spells reason, justice, manhood and liberty."—(Rabbi Emil
G. Hirsch). "Jewish nationalism on a modern basis in Palestine, the old
home of the people."—(Max Nordau). "Palestine needs a people, Israel
needs a country. Give the country without a people to the people without a
country."—(Israel Zangwill). In a word it is the purpose of "Zionism" to
redeem Palestine, and give it back to Jewish control, create, in fact, a
Jewish state in the land promised to their fathers.

The age has come when the promises of the Lord to Israel must be fulfilled;
and hence an apostle of the new dispensation of the Gospel is sent by divine
authority to dedicate the land of Palestine preparatory to the return of Israel
to his promised inheritance. After which follows this strange and world-
wide movement among the Jews looking to the re-establishment of "Jewish
nationalism on a modern basis in Palestine." What other relationship can
exist between the mission of the Apostle Orson Hyde and this world-wide
movement among the Jews for the re-establishment of Israel in Palestine,
but the relationship of cause to effect—under, of course, the larger fact that
the set time for the restoration of Israel has come? The apostle's mission to
Jerusalem for the purpose of dedicating that land, preparatory to the return
of Israel, was without doubt part of the general program for the restoration
of Israel to their lands and to the favor and blessing of God.

The Doctrinal Development of the Church.

The doctrinal development in this period of the dispensation of the fullness

of times, namely, between July, 1839, and the month of May, 1842, about
three years, was chiefly in relation to salvation for the dead, and the sacred
ritual of the Temple. The foundation for this doctrinal development in
relation to salvation for the dead, was laid in the very inception of the work.
On the occasion of the first visit of the angel Moroni to the Prophet, on the
night of the 21st of September, 1823, among other ancient prophecies
quoted by him, and which he declared was soon to be fulfilled, was the
prophecy in the fourth chapter of Malachi in relation to the future coming of
Elijah the prophet, "before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the
Lord." As quoted by the angel there was a slight variation in the language
from King James' version, as follows: "Behold, I will reveal unto you the
Priesthood by the hand of Elijah the prophet, before the coming of the great
and dreadful day of the Lord. And he shall plant in the hearts of the children
the promises made to the fathers, and the hearts of the children shall turn to
their fathers; if it were not so, the whole world would be wasted at his
coming."[22]
Here the promise is made, that in consequence of the restoration of a certain
Priesthood, or special keys of authority held by Elijah, the promises made
to the fathers shall be planted in the hearts of the children, "and the hearts of
the children shall turn to their fathers." Why? For a complete answer to that
question the Church waited some years. Again, and still early in the history
of the work, namely, March, 1830, the Lord in a revelation to Martin Harris
through the Prophet Joseph, added another line or two of knowledge to this
doctrine; knowledge which pushed out of the horizon of men's conceptions
the terrible and unjust doctrine respecting the eternal punishment which
God is supposed to inflict upon those who fail to obey the Gospel in this
life, and also those who died in ignorance of it. In explanation of the terms,
"eternal punishment," and "everlasting punishment," sometimes found in
Holy Writ, the Lord said to the Prophet: "Behold, I am endless, and the
punishment which is given from my hand is endless, for endless is my
name. Wherefore—

"Eternal punishment is God's punishment.

"Endless punishment is God's punishment."

That is to say, the punishment takes the name of Him in whose name it is
inflicted; as if it were written, "Eternal's punishment," "Endless's
punishment." And also, it must be understood, that the punishment itself is
endless. That is, penalties always attend upon law, and follow its violation.
That is an eternal principle. Law is inconceivable without accompanying
penalties. But it does not follow that those who fall into the transgression of
law, and therefore under sentence of Eternal's justice, will have to endure
affliction of the penalty eternally. Justice can be satisfied. Mercy must be
accorded her claims, and the culprit having been brought to repentance and
taught obedience to law through the things which he has suffered, must go
free. But only to suffer again the penalties of the law, if he again violates it;
for laws and their penalties are eternal. Hence eternal punishment, hence
endless punishment administered to the violator of the law, until he learns to
live in harmony with law. For, on the one hand, as "that which is governed
by law is also preserved by law, and perfected and sanctified by the same;"
[23]
so "that which breaketh a law and abideth not by the law, but seeketh to
become a law unto itself, and willeth to abide in sin and altogether abideth
in sin, cannot be sanctified by law, neither by mercy, justice, nor judgment.
Therefore they must remain filthy still."[24] Thus obedience to law becomes
a savor of life unto life; while disobedience to law equally becomes a savor
of death unto death.

In February, 1832, still further light was shed upon the subject of the
different states or degrees of glory in which men will live in the future, by
the revelation known as "The Vision." This revelation is one of the
sublimest ever given to man. It utterly discredits and displaces the dogmas
about the future of man held by Christendom, or at least by Protestant
Christendom. The orthodox, Protestant view of man's future is that there are
two states in one or the other of which man will spend eternity—in heaven
or in hell. If one shall gain heaven, even by ever so small a margin, he will
enter immediately upon a complete possession of all its unspeakable joys,
equally with the angels and the holiest of Saints. Not only in the "Shorter
Catechisms," but in nearly all orthodox creeds the accepted doctrine was:
"The souls of believers are at their death made perfect in holiness." On the
other hand, if one shall miss heaven, even by ever so small a margin, he is
doomed to everlasting torment equally with the wickedest of men and vilest
of devils, and there is no deliverance for him through all the countless ages
of eternity! It will be noted that I have excepted out of participating in the
above view of man's future, the Catholic church, by ascribing these views
only to orthodox Protestant Christendom. This is because the Catholic
church doctrine slightly differs from the doctrine of the Protestants on this
subject. That is Catholics do not believe that all Christians at death go
immediately into heaven, but on the contrary "believe that a Christian who
dies after the guilt and everlasting punishment of mortal sins have been
forgiven him, but who, either from want of opportunity, or through his
negligence has not discharged the debt of temporal punishment due to his
sin, will have to discharge that debt to the justice of God in purgatory."
"Purgatory is a state of suffering after this life, in which those souls are for a
time detained, which depart this life after their deadly sins have been
remitted as to the stain and guilt, and as to the everlasting pain that was due
to them, but which souls have on account of those sins still some temporal
punishment to pay; as also those souls which leave this world guilty only of
venial (that is pardonable) sins. In purgatory these souls are purified and
rendered fit to enter into heaven, where nothing defiled enters."[25] As all
works of the Catholic church accessible to me have nothing on the different
degrees of glory in which men shall subsist in eternity, I conclude that
Catholic teaching is that they who finally attain unto heaven are all equal in
glory. So that in the last analysis of the matter, Catholic doctrine falls as far
below the great truth that God has revealed upon the subject of the future
estate of man, as the doctrine of orthodox Protestant Christendom.

Here is not the place for an extended exposition of the doctrine in relation
to the future state of man as revealed to Joseph Smith in the revelation
called "The Vision."[26] It must suffice here to say that its central principle is
resident in the justice and the mercy of God, that requires that every man
shall be judged according to his works, considered in the light of his
intelligence, his consciousness of right and wrong, and the moral law under
which he lived. If he lived in the earth when the Gospel of Jesus Christ was
not in the world, or if he lived at places or in circumstances where he did
not learn of its existence, much less come to a knowledge of its truths, then
the plain dictates of justice demand that some means must exist by which its
sanctifying powers may be applied to him in the future; so also as to those
who have even once rejected the truth (as in the case of the antediluvians
who rejected the teaching of righteous Noah, and were disobedient,[27] when
once the long suffering of God waited in vain in those days for their
repentance); having paid the just penalty of their disobedience, then justice
would demand that some means must exist by which the saving principles
of the Gospel of Jesus Christ may be applied to them; for only by the
acceptance of the principles of the Gospel, and by the application of its laws
and ordinances as the means by which the grace of God is applied to man,
can the sons of men hope for salvation. Then as men differ in degree of
intelligence; in the intensity of their faith; in the hartiness of their
obedience; in the steadiness of their fidelity; and in as much as there is the
stern fact of human freedom and responsibility, and the possibility of a short
or long resistance to the will of God, even up to eternal resistance to that
will, there is an infinitude of states of glory, of so called rewards and
punishments, in which man will live in the future. There is one glory of
which the sun in heaven is spoken of as being typical; another of which the
inferior light of the moon is typical; and another of which the varying light
of the stars is typical. And even as one star differs from another star in
glory, in light, so differ those states of existence in which men will live in
the future, but each assigned to a place, to an environment, that corresponds
to the status of his development; which is only the modern way of saying he
shall be judged according to his works. These, in brief, are the underlying
principles of this remarkable revelation; a revelation which in every way is
worthy the encomium that the Prophet Joseph himself bestowed upon it at
the time of its inception: "Nothing could be more pleasing to the Saints
upon the order of the Kingdom of the Lord, than the light which burst upon
the world through the foregoing Vision. Every law, every commandment,
every promise, every truth, and every point touching the destiny of man,
from Genesis to Revelation, where the purity of the Scriptures remains
unsullied by the folly of men, go to show the perfection of the theory [of
different degrees of glory in the future life] and witnesses the fact that that
document is a transcript from the records of the eternal world."

In June, 1836, while attending to washings and anointings in the Kirtland

Temple, previous to its dedication, the Prophet received still further
knowledge as to the future state of man. This also was by means of a vision.
He says: "The heavens were opened upon us, and I beheld the celestial
kingdom of God, and the glory thereof, whether in the body or out, I cannot
tell. I saw the transcendent beauty of the gate through which the heirs of
that kingdom will enter, which was like unto circling flames of fire; also the
blazing throne of God, whereon was seated the Father and the Son. I saw
the beautiful streets of that kingdom, which had the appearance of being
paved with gold. I saw Fathers Adam and Abraham, and my father and
mother, my brother, Alvin, that has long since slept, and marveled how it
was that he had obtained an inheritance in that kingdom, seeing that he had
departed this life before the Lord had set His hand to gather Israel the
second time, and had not been baptized for the remission of sins. Thus came
the voice of the Lord unto me saying—

"All who have died without a knowledge of this Gospel, who would have
received it if they had been permitted to tarry, shall be heirs of the celestial
kingdom of God; also all that shall die henceforth without a knowledge of
it, who would have received it with all their hearts, shall be heirs of that
kingdom, for I, the Lord, will judge all men according to their works,
according to the desire of their hearts."
"And I also beheld that all children who die before they arrive at the years
of accountability, are saved in the celestial kingdom of heaven."

The next step in the development of this doctrine of salvation for the dead
was the coming of Elijah to "turn the heart of the fathers to the children, and
the heart of the children to the fathers," according to Malachi; to restore the
priesthood and "plant in the hearts of the children the promises made to the
fathers," by which "the hearts of the children shall be turned to the fathers,"
according to Moroni. And Elijah committed the keys of this dispensation of
turning the hearts of the fathers and children towards each other to Joseph
Smith and to Oliver Cowdery. This took place in the Kirtland Temple on the
3rd of April, 1836.[28]

It was not, however, until the Nauvoo period that the doctrine of salvation
for the dead was fully developed and active steps taken looking to the actual
performance of ordinances in their behalf. In the revelation that was given
on the 19th of January, 1841, the Saints were commanded to build a house
unto the Lord, a Holy Temple unto the Most High. "For," said this
revelation, "there is not a place found on earth that He may come to and
restore again that which was lost unto you, or which He hath taken away,
even the fullness of the Priesthood; for a baptismal font there is not upon
the earth, that they, my Saints, may be baptized for those who are dead; for
this ordinance belongeth to my house, and cannot be acceptable to me, only
in the days of your poverty, wherein ye are not able to build a house unto
me. But I command you, all ye my Saints, to build a house unto me; and I
grant unto you a sufficient time to build a house unto me, and during this
time your baptisms shall be acceptable unto me." That is, the baptisms for
the dead should be acceptable unto the Lord in other places than the temple,
until the temple should be prepared for that ordinance, if the Saints would
be diligent and build it according to the Lord's appointment. Moreover, the
information is imparted in the revelation that, it is "in Zion, and in her
stakes, and in Jerusalem, those places which I [the Lord] have appointed for
refuge, shall be the places for your baptisms for your dead."

After this revelation was given to the Church baptism for the dead was a
subject frequently expounded in Nauvoo, both by the Prophet and other
leading elders. It was a theme upon which the Twelve Apostles dwelt in
their Epistles to the Church both in America and in Great Britain. Baptisms
for the dead were performed for some time in the Mississippi river, and
later, in the latter part of November, 1841, in the baptismal font erected in
the basement of the Temple, and dedicated for that sacred purpose. For a
time some irregularities obtained in relation to this ordinance owing to the
fact that the perfect knowledge of the order of it had not then been obtained,
but was developed later in this Nauvoo period of the History of the Church,
as will appear in Volume V of this work.

It was a mighty stride forward in the doctrinal development of the Church,

this idea of the possibility of salvation for the dead through the
administration of the ordinances of the Gospel for and in their behalf by
their kindred on earth; and greatly enlarged the views of the Saints in
relation to the importance and wide spread effects of their work. The ends
of the earth indeed converged in the labors of the Saints henceforth, for
their activities in the administrations of the holy ordinances of the Gospel
would affect all past generations as well as affect all generations to come. It
was a bringing into view the full half of the work which up to this time had
lain hidden behind the horizon of men's conceptions of that "great and
marvelous work" which God from the beginning declared was about to be
brought forth among the children of men.[29]

Other Doctrines of the Prophet's Teaching.

Other doctrines taught by the Prophet within the period covered by this
volume, relate to the Priesthood; to the Status of Translated Persons; to
Man's Personal Responsibility for his own conduct, to Election and
Reprobation. A word in relation to each of these doctrines must suffice here
since they do not reach their full development in the teachings of the
Prophet until the last two years of his eventful life, and must therefore
receive fuller treatment in the Introduction of Volume V.

Relative to the Priesthood, the most important items advanced by the

Prophet in this volume, are, first, the unity of all Priesthood, and second, the
place and power assigned to Adam in the order of the dispensations of the
Gospel granted to our earth. Treating on the unity of the Priesthood, the
Prophet said: "There are two Priesthoods spoken of in the Scriptures, viz.,
the Melchisedek and the Aaronic or Levitical. Although there are two
Priesthoods, yet the Melchisedek Priesthood comprehends the Aaronic or
Levitical Priesthood, and is the grand head, and holds the highest authority
which pertains to the Priesthood, and the keys of the kingdom of God in all
ages of the world to the latest posterity on the earth, and is the channel
through which all knowledge, doctrine, the plan of salvation, and every
important matter is revealed from heaven. Its institution was prior to 'the
foundation of this earth, or the morning stars sang together, or the Sons of
God shouted for joy,' and is the highest and holiest Priesthood, and is after
the order of the Son of God, and all other Priesthoods are only parts,
ramifications, powers and blessings belonging to the same, and are held,
controlled, and directed by it. It is the channel through which the Almighty
commenced revealing His glory at the beginning of the creation of this
earth, and through which He has continued to reveal Himself to the children
of men to the present time, and through which He will make known His
purposes to the end of time."

Respecting the place of Adam in the Priesthood and his relationship to the
dispensations of that Priesthood to our earth, the Prophet said:
"Commencing with Adam, who was the first man, who is spoken of in
Daniel as being the 'Ancient of Days,' or in other words, the first and oldest
of all, the great, grand progenitor of whom it is said in another place he is
Michael, because he was the first and father of all, not only by progeny, but
the first to hold the spiritual blessings, to whom was made known the plan
of ordinances for the salvation of his posterity unto the end, and to whom
Christ was first revealed, and through whom Christ has been revealed from
heaven, and will continue to be revealed from henceforth. Adam holds the
keys of the dispensation of the fullness of times; i. e., the dispensation of all
the times have been and will be revealed through him from the beginning to
Christ, and from Christ to the end of all the dispensations that are to be
revealed. 'Having made known unto us the mystery of His will, according to
His good pleasure which He hath purposed in Himself: that in the
dispensation of the fullness of times He might gather together in one all
things in Christ, both which are in heaven, and which are on earth; even in
him (Ephesians, 1st chap., 9th and 10th verses). Now the purpose in
Himself in the winding up scene of the last dispensation is that all things
pertaining to that dispensation should be conducted precisely in accordance
with the preceding dispensations. And again. God purposed in Himself that
there should not be an eternal fullness until every dispensation should be
fulfilled and gathered together in one, and that all things whatsoever, that
should be gathered together in one in those dispensations unto the same
fullness and eternal glory, should be in Christ Jesus; therefore He set the
ordinances to be the same forever and ever, and set Adam to watch over
them, to reveal them from heaven to man, or to send angels to reveal them.
* * * * These angels are under the direction of Michael or Adam, who acts
under the direction of the Lord. * * * * There are many things which belong
to the powers of the Priesthood and the keys thereof, that have been kept
hid from before the foundation of the world; they are hid from the wise and
prudent to be revealed in the last times."

That it was the design of the Lord in building the Temple at Nauvoo, that
there should be other ordinances revealed besides "baptism for the dead," is
clearly manifested in the revelation itself, for it says: "And again, verily I
say unto you, how shall your washings be acceptable unto me, except ye
perform them in a house which you have built to my name. * * * *
Therefore, verily I say unto you, that your anointings, and your washings,
and your baptisms for the dead, and your solemn assemblies, and your
memorials for your sacrifices, by the sons of Levi and for your oracles in
your most holy places wherein you receive conversations, and your statutes
and judgments, for the beginning of the revelations and foundation of Zion,
and for the glory, honor, and endowment of all her municipals, are ordained
by the ordinance of my holy house which my people are always
commanded to build unto my holy name. And verily I say unto you, let this
house be built unto my name, that I may reveal mine ordinances therein,
unto my people; for I deign to reveal unto my Church things which have
been kept hid from before the foundation of the word, things that pertain to
the dispensation of the fullness of times."

The ordinances here mentioned in addition to baptism for the dead are
chiefly connected with the Priesthood of the Church, and were fully
developed in the teachings of the Prophet before the close of his eventful
career.

As to the status of translated personages, he said: "Many have supposed that

the doctrine of translation was a doctrine whereby men were taken
immediately into the presence of God, and into an eternal fulness, but this is
a mistaken idea. Their place of habitation is that of the terrestrial order, and
a place prepared for such characters He held in reserve to be ministering
angels unto many planets, and who as yet have not entered into as great a
fullness as those who are resurrected from the dead."

Of man being personally responsible for his own conduct, he is reported by

the Editor of the Times and Seasons as saying: "He [the Prophet] then
observed that Satan was generally blamed for the evils which we did, but if
he was the cause of all our wickedness, men could not be condemned. The
devil could not compel mankind to do evil; all was voluntary. Those who
resisted the Spirit of God, would be liable to be led into temptation, and
then the association of heaven would be withdrawn from those who refused
to be made partakers of such great glory. God would not exert any
compulsory means, and the devil could not; and such ideas as were
entertained [on these subjects] by many were absurd." What beautiful
harmony between the Prophet's doctrine here and that of the Apostle James:
"Let no man say when he is tempted, I am tempted of God: for God cannot
be tempted with evil, neither tempteth he any man: But every man is
tempted, when he is drawn away of his own lusts, and enticed. Then when
lust hath conceived, it bringing forth sin: and sin when it is finished,
bringeth forth death."[30]

Of election, a term used generally in connection with reprobation, when

commenting on the 9th Chapter of Romans,—wherein Paul is supposed to
teach the doctrine of election,—the Prophet is represented as saying: "He
then spoke on the subject of election, and read the 9th chapter of Romans,
from which it was evident that the election there spoken of was pertaining
to the flesh, and had reference to the seed of Abraham, according to the
promise God made to Abraham, saying, 'In thee, and in thy seed, all the
families of the earth shall be blessed.' * * * The whole of the chapter had
reference to the Priesthood and the house of Israel: and unconditional
election of individuals to eternal life was not taught by the Apostles. God
did elect or predestinate, that all those who would be saved, should be saved
in Christ Jesus, and through obedience to the Gospel, but He passes over no
man's sins, but visits them with correction, and if His children will not
repent of their sins He will discard them."
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebooknice.com