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Multi-Tier Application Programming
with PHP
Practical Guide for Architects and Programmers
The Morgan Kaufmaiin Practical Guides Series
Series Editor. Michael J. Donahoo
Multi-Tier Application Programming with PHP:
Practical Guide for Architects and Programmers
David Wall

TCP/IP Sockets in C#; Practical Guide for Programmers

David Makofske, Michael J. Donahoo, and Kenneth L. Calvert

Java Cryptography Extensions: Practical Guide for Programmers

Jason Weiss

JSP: Practical Guide for Java Programmers

Robert J. Brunner

JSTL: Practical Guide for JSP Programmers

Sue Spielman

Java: Practical Guide for Programmers

Zbigniew M. Sikora

The Struts Framework: Practical Guide for Java Programmers

Sue Spielman

Multicast Sockets: Practical Guide for Programmers

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TCP/IP Sockets in Java: Practical Guide for Programmers

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TCP/IP Sockets in C: Practical Guide for Programmers

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JDEC: Practical Guide for Java Programmers

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For further information on these books and for a list of forthcoming titles, please visit our
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Multi-Tier Application
Programming with PHP
Practical Guide for Architects
and Programmers

David Wall

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08 07 06 05 04 5 4 3 2 1
Pour ma chere Catou. Tu es ma lumiere.
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Contents

Preface xiii

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Defining Multi-Tier Software Design 1
1.2 Advantages of a Multi-Tier System 2
1.2.1 Software Modularity 3
1.2.2 Reliability 4
1.2.3 Division of Responsibility and Ease of Management
1.2.4 Ease of Documentation 4
1.2.5 Security 5
1.2.6 Performance and Scalability 5
1.3 Disadvantages of a Multi-Tier System 6
1.3.1 Execution Speed 6
1.3.2 Network Latency 6
1.3.3 Security 7
1.4 Questions and Exercises 7

Principles of Object Orientation in PHP 9

2.1 Creating Classes 10
2.1.1 Declaring a Class 10
2.1.2 Adding a Constructor 10
2.1.3 Adding Methods and Properties (a.k.a. Functions and
Variables) 11

VII
VIII Contents

2.2 Using a Class 12

2.2.1 Instantiating a Class 12
2.2.2 Accessing Variables in a Class Instance 12
2.2.3 Accessing Methods in a Class Instance 12
2.3 More Advanced Aspects of PHP Object Orientation 13
2.3.1 Getting a Class to Refer to Itself 13
2.3.2 Inheritance 14
2.3.3 Public, Private, and Protected Members 15
2.3.4 Overriding Class Methods 17
2.4 Questions and Exercises 19

HTTP in PHP 21
3.1 Understanding HTTP 22
3.1.1 A Simple Page Request and Response 22
3.1.2 A More Complex GET Request 24
3.1.3 A POST Request 26
3.2 Working with HTTP in PHP 26
3.2.1 Accessing GET Variables 26
3.2.2 Accessing POST Variables 27
3.2.3 Accessing Various HTML Form Elements 29
3.3 Cookies 37
3.3.1 Setting Cookies 38
3.3.2 Retrieving Cookies 39
3.3.3 Deleting Cookies 40
3.4 Sessions 40
3.4.1 Preparing the PHP Server for Session Tracking 41
3.4.2 Establishing a Session 41
3.4.3 Setting a Session Variable 42
3.4.4 Retrieving a Session Variable 42
3.5 Questions and Exercises 43

Simple Object A c c e s s Protocol Under PHP 45

4.1 Understanding SOAP 46
4.1.1 A SOAP Request 47
4.1.2 A SOAP Response 48
4.2 Implementing SOAP in PHP 50
4.2.1 A Simple Application of NuSOAP 50
4.2.2 A More Complex Application of NuSOAP 52
4.3 Questions and Exercises 53
 Contents IX

Designing and Implementing a Multi-Tier Application in PHP 55

5.1 Examining the Problem 55
5.1.1 Sketching Out the Layers 56
5.1.2 Communication Between the Layers 57
5.2 The Database Layer 58
5.2.1 Creating the Table 58
5.2.2 Populating the Table 59
5.3 The Accessor Layer 61
5.3.1 Isolating the Database Details 61
5.3.2 Getting City Names from the Database 62
5.3.3 Getting Latitudes and Longitudes from the Database 64
5.4 The Business Logic Layer 66
5.5 The Presentation Layer 68
5.6 Questions and Exercises 72

6 The Persistence Layer 73

6.1 Choosing a Persistent Storage Mechanism 73
6.1.1 Choosing a Database Server 74
6.1.2 Selecting Development Tools 75
6.2 Designing the Database 76
6.2.1 General Database Design Principles 76
6.2.2 Specific Design Requirements 76
6.3 Understanding Table Relationships and Normalization 11
6.3.1 First Normal Form 78
6.3.2 Further Normal Forms 80
6.4 Deciding on a Table Schema 80
6.4.1 Initial Table Specifications 81
6.4.2 Further Table Specifications 83
6.5 Translating the Schema into SQL 83
6.5.1 Creating the ACCT^account Table 85
6.5.2 Creating the ACCT_trans_type Table 85
6.5.3 Creating the ACCT_acct-type Table 86
6.5.4 Creating the ACCT_currency Table 86
6.5.5 Creating the ACCT.payee Table %1
6.5.6 Creating the ACCTJnstitution Table 87
6.5.7 Creating the ACCT_bank_account Table 88
6.5.8 Creating the ACCT_register Table 89
6.6 Populating the Tables 92
6.7 Questions and Exercises 93
Contents

The Accessor Layer 95

7.1 Extracting Data From the Database 95
7.1.1 Using SELECT Queries 96
7.1.2 SELECT Queries for Currawong Accounting 106
7.2 Adding Data to the Database 133
7.2.1 Using INSERT Queries 133
7.2.2 INSERT Queries for Currawong Accounting 135
7.3 Modifying Data in the Database 145
7.3.1 Using UPDATE Queries 146
7.3.2 UPDATE Queries for Currawong Accounting 147
7.4 Deleting Data from the Database 155
7.4.1 Delete Queries in General 155
7.4.2 DELETE Queries in Currawong Accounting 157
7.5 Questions and Exercises 163

Business Logic 165

8.1 Inserting, Updating, and Deleting 165
8.1.1 Inserting a Row 165
8.1.2 Updating a Row 167
8.1.3 Deleting a Row 170
8.2 Reporting 171
8.2.1 Generating an Accounts Summary 171
8.2.2 Graphing the Balance of a Single Account over Time 175
8.2.3 Graphing the Balance of a Single Account over Time, with
a Moving Average 182
8.2.4 Graphing the Balance of Multiple Accounts over Time 187
8.3 Questions and Exercises 192

The Presentation Layer 193

9.1 Frameworks and Resources 193
9.1.1 An HTML Display Framework 194
9.1.2 Generating List Boxes 197
9.2 Viewing and Adding—Everything but Transactions 202
9.2.1 Viewing and Adding Accounting Categories 203
9.2.2 Viewing and Adding Bank Accounts 208
9.2.3 Viewing and Adding Bank Account Types 209
9.2.4 Viewing and Adding Currencies 210
9.2.5 Viewing and Adding Institutions 211
9.2.6 Viewing and Adding Payees 213
9.2.7 Viewing and Adding Transaction Types 214
 Contents XI

9.3 Editing—Everything but Transactions 215

9.3.1 Editing Accounting Categories 217
9.3.2 Editing Bank Accounts 219
9.3.3 Editing Bank Account Types 221
9.3.4 Editing Currencies 222
9.3.5 Editing Institutions 223
9.3.6 Editing Payees 225
9.3.7 Editing Transaction Types 226
9.4 Transactions 228
9.4.1 Special HTML Framework 228
9.4.2 Specifying which Transactions to Display 229
9.4.3 Viewing Transactions 231
9.4.4 Editing Transactions 238
9.4.5 Deleting Transactions 244
9.4.6 Adding Transactions 250
9.5 Questions and Exercises 253

10 The Elsewhere Layer 255

10.1 Means of Grabbing Online Information 255
10.1.1 Screen Scrapes 256
10.1.2 Web Services 257
10.2 Choosing a Web Service 257
10.3 Making Use of the Web Service 258
10.3.1 Describing the Web Service 258
10.3.2 Referring to the Web Service 261
10.4 Questions and Exercises 264

Afterword 267
Index 269
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Preface

I his book aspires to replace trust in commercial products with reliance on open-source
software and your own ingenuity.
We've all been in a situation in which a customer wants to solve some complicated
information-services problem without spending much money. Maybe the project is a one-
off demonstration that's unlikely to lead to much of a sale. Maybe it's a proof-of-concept
project that may never get real funding. Maybe, and this isn't uncommon at all, the cus-
tomer is just cheap and wants a real, highly capable, production solution for the absolute
least amount of money possible. The application typically is feature rich, with a substantial
data model backing it up. It may be something like a travel reservation system, a catalog,
a data warehouse full of scientific of business data, or, as is modeled in several chapters
of this book, an accounting system.
These are the sorts of applications for which Microsoft touts the .NET Framework
and Sun Microsystems sells Enterprise Java. Those are extraordinarily capable develop-
ment environments. They are also more or less proprietary, and dependent on expensive
software licenses.
The environment that seems to be emerging in many companies is one in which the
first budget line item to fall is the one for software licenses. That means open-source
software fits the budget, and often its capabilities stack up quite favorably against its
commercially licensed competitors. But if the motto of the open-source community is
"do it yourself," there's bound to be some professional services time required to make the
software do what's needed.
Multi-Tier Application Programming with PHP: Practical Guide for Architects and
Programmers is meant for people who find themselves—or would like to find themselves—
in the position of having to provide those professional services.

XIII
XIV Preface

Goals and Audience of this Booi<

The aim of this book is to show you how to solve compUcated information-systems prob-
lems with little more than software you can download freely from the Web, namely PHP and
an open-source database server, such as MySQL or PostgreSQL. To solve such complicated
problems, you'll want to use multi-tier application architecture, specifically a strategy
called the model-view-controller (MVC) pattern.

Goals
Before you start designing applications, you'll need to understand what multi-tier design
is all about, and how to implement it with PHP and related technologies. You'll also need
some design guidance as to when it's appropriate to try to structure your applications
as multi-tier entities under PHP, when it's better to go for a full-blown solution under an
application server (as with Enterprise Java), and when a more traditional PHP solution
is best.
The essence of multi-tier (usually, it boils down to three-tier) application design is
the separation of the logical functions of an application into several layers:
The accessor layer (the model) manages interaction with a database management
system (DBMS). Its job is to query the database as efficiently as possible, making opti-
mum use of the available database connections and sharing database access across
multiple lower-level activities where possible. It exposes methods that represent
abstractions of what's in the database.
The business-logic layer (the controller) decides what sort of data to extract from
the database under various conditions. Further, it can process that data to yield
meaningful information. For example, the business-logic layer might be set up to
request revenue and expenditure data from the persistence layer, then process those
pieces of information and expose a method that returns a profit figure.
The presentation layer (the view) is concerned with providing an interface to the user.
It presents a user interface (in hypertext markup language [HTML], typically) that the
user can manipulate, and it formats the results of the business-logic layer's work in
an attractive way.
The advantage of designing applications this way is ease of maintenance and modification,
as well as better performance under load.
PHP has met tremendous success in the space between static Web pages (simple, not
very flexible, and hard to maintain) and three- or four-tier enterprise applications under
an application server like WebSphere or WebLogic (which are hard to learn, complicated,
expensive, and not worth the trouble for any but the largest projects). For the bulk of
network applications—which require database connectivity, interaction with a user via
forms, an ability to output HTML, and some mechanism for maintaining state in the inher-
ently stateless environment of hypertext transport protocol (HTTP)-—PHP and MySQL do
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
with the news of a most extraordinary indiscretion on the part of
Prince Soudaroff. He had actually said—true, it was after dinner and
in the presence of only a few intimate diplomatic friends,—but he
had said that Scythia looked to Emathia under her new ruler to
compensate her for the losses and disappointments she had
sustained in the Far East. Instantly all the people who had been
thunderstruck when the Scythian Ambassador at Czarigrad proposed
Maurice’s election nodded wisely at one another. This was the
explanation, then! No one had ever suspected Scythia of acting on
an impulse of pure philanthropy, and it was abundantly clear that
she had received ample guarantees from Prince Theophanis before
she put her interest in him to the test of publicity. When Maurice’s
supporters denied indignantly that he had given her any pledges,
they merely nodded more wisely still, and implied that the denial
raised their opinion of his political sagacity.
The most keenly amused of his critics was Prince Romanos, who
had been one of the first arrivals at the resuscitated city, carrying
one arm in a sling, but more gay and debonnaire than ever, so
bubbling over with pleasure at meeting his friends again that it
would have been sheer cruelty to refer to the circumstances in which
he had parted from them. A violent flirtation with Donna Olimpia
occupied most of his time at first, but the Princess Dowager took a
very strong view of this amusement when it came to her knowledge,
and practically forbade him her house, so that his rivals were free to
enjoy his society all day long.
“You are unfortunate in your backer,” he said one day, when
Maurice and Wylie had been discussing with considerable irritation
the latest Scythian manœuvre. “Now I cannot flatter myself that
Pannonia proposed me for any more exalted reason than to prevent
your being elected, but at least she lets me alone.”
“Probably much better for your prospects,” growled Wylie.
“But certainly. Scythia’s fussy eagerness for your success can
only do you harm, while Pannonia’s wholesome neglect will bring me
in triumphantly.”
“You seem very sure you are going to succeed,” said Maurice.
 “I am; absolutely certain. I feel it here,” he struck his chest. “I
will tell you why,” he lowered his voice mysteriously; “everything has
succeeded with me lately. I am in the—what do you call it?—line of
success.”
“I can’t for the life of me see why you should succeed,” said
Wylie.
“Because I am not handicapped by the favour of Scythia, if for
no other reason. You cannot deny that Princess Theophanis was the
playmate of the Emperor’s sisters, or that the Scythian court is
showing the kindest interest in her. Now no one can say that I have
a wife at all, far less one connected in any way with royalty, so that I
stand upon my own merits—a poor foundation, perhaps, but less
slippery than the Scythian iceberg.”
Not less perturbed than Maurice and Wylie by the
unaccountable benevolence of Scythia were the former’s supporters
among the delegates, who were now beginning to pour into the city.
Most of the men who survived the fall of Hagiamavra seemed to
have contrived to get themselves elected, and they gravitated
naturally to the house (little more than a broad verandah
approached by steps and with some cupboards beneath and in the
rear), which was the headquarters of the Theophanis cause. Here
Maurice and Wylie were generally to be found, with Dr Terminoff,
and Professor Panagiotis when he could spare time from his wire-
pulling, and the delegates became accustomed after a time to see
Prince Romanos there also. This friendly association of the two
candidates, which at first revolted their sense of propriety, began to
recall the days at Hagiamavra, over which a glamour was already
tending to gather, and the delegates applied themselves to well-
meant efforts for perpetuating the happy state of things that had
reigned there, quite oblivious of the fact that an arrangement which
had not even answered particularly well temporarily might be a
disastrous failure if adopted in permanency. To their practical minds
it seemed now quite beside the question to determine which of the
candidates had the greater right on his side; the important thing was
to compose an unhappy family feud in such a way that all parties
should, if possible, be satisfied. Early one morning a number of them
invaded the verandah, and when Maurice had been established in his
chair in their midst, and coffee and cigarettes brought in, the
spokesman demanded one more assurance that he was not in any
way pledged to Scythia in the event of his being elected.
“It is not that we doubt the Prince’s word,” said the old man;
“but we desire to treat the Lord Romanos with all fairness, and we
have a word to say for him to-day.”
Prince Romanos, leaning against the wall with a cigarette in his
hand, smiled, and acknowledged the kind intention lazily.
“The Lord Romanos is the younger man, and unmarried,”
pursued the spokesman. Prince Romanos started involuntarily. “Let
him marry the sister of the Lord Mavrikios, and they two shall be
next heirs after him and his wife.”
“My sister is already betrothed, with my full consent, to the Lord
Glafko here,” said Maurice, keeping a grave face. A look of dismay
went round the assembly.
“Yet another prince!” muttered the spokesman. “There were two
kings in Sparta, but who ever heard of three?”
“I am the Prince’s servant, and desire no more,” said Wylie.
The old man’s face cleared. “But it is beneath the dignity of the
Lady Zoe to wed a servant. Will the Lord Glafko stand in the way of
this excellent arrangement?”
“Certainly not, if the Lady Zoe prefers it,” said Wylie heartily.
“Shall I go and tell her so? But I suppose I am not the proper
person. Would you like to represent it to her?” he asked the
spokesman, who hesitated, but recovered himself quickly.
“Nay, lord; how could I put the thing as it should be put? Let
the Lord Romanos himself ask her, for who should plead his cause
better than he himself?”
Again the rest applauded, and Prince Romanos seemed to shake
off a certain hesitation, and looked round laughing.
“I take you all to witness that I am sent on this errand without
my consent. One does not go by choice to propose to another man’s
bride. But if I have your moral support——? The ladies are at home,
Prince?”
 He disappeared indoors, and the assembly awaited his return
breathlessly. When he came back, he was still laughing.
“The Lady Zoe says she would not marry me if I were the only
man in the world,” he said. “Well, you will at least bear witness that
it was not I who refused, but she.”
The delegates assented sadly, and the spokesman propounded,
without enthusiasm, an alternative plan.
“Let the Prince and his wife adopt the Lord Romanos as their
son.” Maurice winced painfully. “Then he may take part in the
government while they live, and reign after them.”
“The idea is not a bad one,” murmured Professor Panagiotis,
who had come in almost unnoticed, and taken his place beside
Maurice. But Prince Romanos laughed boisterously.
“My dear good friends, I hope Prince Theophanis will live a
hundred years, but I do not propose to be kept out of my
inheritance as long as that. No, what I want is to be Prince of
Emathia at once. He wants the same. Therefore we must fight it
out.”
The assembly subsided into silence, and suggested no more
schemes that day. But in the evening, when the delegates were
gone, and Dr Terminoff had joined the party on the verandah, the
Professor recurred to the second one.
“I could wish that Prince Christodoridi were willing to waive his
present claims in view of recognition as hereditary prince, and
eventual successor,” he said.
“No doubt you could,” said Prince Romanos. “But what have you
ever seen in me, my dear Professor, to make you imagine me a
model of patient unselfishness?”
“Nothing, I confess it,” said the Professor emphatically. “But I
should like to see our forces united. As it is, Scythia and Pannonia
have every chance of ruining our hopes, and they are already taking
advantage of it. Nilischeff is proclaiming loudly that Prince
Theophanis is the mere instrument of Scythia, and he influences
many votes.”
“And you have already lost so many that if he votes for me, I
shall be elected?” said Prince Romanos. “Come, this cheering
prophecy gives me courage to make a modest proposal of my own.
Let us face the situation without disguise. Emathia is Slav, is Greek.
We should probably disagree about the proportions, therefore I will
not go into details. Rightly or wrongly, the Slavs entertain a
preference for you, my friend,” to Maurice, “the Greeks for me. I
speak roughly, of course, but that is the general idea. The Slavs
occupy the high ground in the interior—speaking roughly again—the
Greeks the low country nearer the sea. Therefore Emathia is capable
of division into two provinces, the population of one predominantly
Greek, of the other predominantly Slav. Let us determine to divide
her thus. Whichever of us succeeds in the election will be Prince of
Emathia, and mouthpiece of the Powers, but he cannot dispense
with the other. I have no liking for your rugged hillmen, you have no
sympathy with my brilliant elusive Greeks. Therefore, if I become
Prince, I will place you in charge of the Slav province and the
scattered Slavs in the low country. If you succeed, give me the care
of the lower province and the Greeks dwelling in the upper.”
“But you are merely perpetuating the racial cleavage which has
done all the mischief!” cried Maurice, as Prince Romanos stopped
short with gleaming eyes.
“I think not. There would be one army, one judicial system.
Colonel Wylie will give us the benefit of his Indian experience in
organising them. The plan could not of course be worked unless we
were bound by the closest friendship, but we have been through
much together——”
“The plan would checkmate Scythia,” said the Professor sharply.
“I could not suggest it to any one possessing less nobility of
character than Prince Theophanis,” said Prince Romanos, not without
a hint of malice. “His zeal is so entirely for the sake of Emathia that I
can do so without being misunderstood.”
“It sounds excellent now, when we expect to succeed,” said
Wylie. “The question is, how it will look to us if we fail. What do you
say, Prince?”
“The Prince will say that if it is for the good of Emathia, he will
agree to it,” said Prince Romanos boldly.
 “Very likely,” grumbled Wylie. “I am not the person to judge. It
takes a poet to think of a thing of this kind——”
“And a fool to agree to it?” said Maurice. “But if it will give the
strength we need for the struggle against disruption? After all, it
would only be doing on a large scale what we tried on a small one at
Hagiamavra.”
“Where it was not exactly successful,” said Wylie. “Oh, I know
it’s ideally desirable, but these things want ideal people to carry
them out.”
“There is no idea of binding ourselves by a hard and fast
agreement,” said Maurice, as Prince Romanos laughed and bowed.
“It must be understood that the thing is purely tentative. If the man
in possession finds that the other is not working loyally with him, or
if the other—the under dog—finds he is thwarted in his pet schemes
without good cause, either may terminate it. We must have
arrangements for talking things over thoroughly together at frequent
intervals, of course.”
“Then you agree?” cried Prince Romanos joyfully. “Welcome,
then, my colleague! You observe that I at once claim for myself the
part of upper dog—what is that you say, top dog?—and proceed to
constitute my cabinet. Prince Theophanis my Prime Minister, my
Protector of Slavs, my second self; Colonel Wylie my War Minister;
Professor Panagiotis my Foreign Secretary, Press Censor, Director of
Public Education and of my political conscience; Dr Terminoff,
Minister of Public Health. This day week the Prince of Emathia will
claim your services, gentlemen.”
 CHAPTER XXVI.
PAYING THE BILL.

By a majority of thirty-three, Prince Romanos Christodoridi was

elected High Commissioner of Emathia. This result caused no
surprise at the Theophanis headquarters, where hope was practically
extinct from the moment that a pencil note was received from
Professor Panagiotis shortly after the opening of the poll:—
 “Treachery. Nilischeff has demanded that he and his
followers should be allowed to vote in favour of union with
Thracia. Informed that this is not the question before the
delegates, he declines to vote at all. He influences seventy-
eight votes.”

The abstention of these delegates, all Slavs, coupled with the

adverse voting of those who had been led to believe that Maurice
was merely the tool of Scythia, turned the scale in favour of Prince
Romanos, and led to much lively mutual recrimination afterwards.
This ceased only in presence of the astonishing sight of the defeated
candidate shaking hands with his successful rival, and promising him
all the help he could give in his arduous task. The world, as
represented by the diplomatists of Europe and the sightseers, looked
on cynically, as at a formal ceremony that meant nothing whatever,
but the unsophisticated Emathians accepted the scene in good faith,
possibly considering that the experiences of Hagiamavra gave them
a more intimate knowledge of the two men than that enjoyed by the
politicians.
It was a day of surprises, and not the least of them fell to Zoe’s
share. She was standing on the verandah in the afternoon, awaiting
eagerly the return of Maurice and Wylie with full details of the
defeat, when a carriage drove up to the door, and a slender black-
robed figure descended. It was Donna Olimpia Pazzi, and when she
saw Zoe looking down at her she made her an eager sign.
“Please don’t call the servants. It is you I am come to see,” she
said breathlessly, and hastened up the steps. “I have brought you a
book and a message from the Princess,” she went on, still in the
same hurried way. “No, not the Princess Dowager—my own Princess,
Princess Emilia—a book of poems, which she submits with humility
to your matured judgment—they are her own, of course—and hopes
that your friendship will justify her boldness. That was my excuse for
getting leave to come, but I had something to say to you.”
“Yes?” said Zoe. “Do sit down. Is anything the matter?”
 “I will not sit down,” said the girl, with something like defiance.
“Forgive me——” she broke off hastily. “I am in great trouble, and I
must tell some one. You will not betray me?”
“Certainly not,” said Zoe, much surprised. “Your secret will be
safe with me.”
“It is not my own secret only, but I can trust you. Last week you
refused a proposal of marriage from the Prince—from Romanos
Christodoridi?”
“Most certainly I refused him, though I have no idea how you
heard anything about it.” Zoe spoke coldly. “I regarded his proposal
as an insult, since he knew I was already engaged.”
“It was a greater insult than you imagined. He is my husband.”
“Your husband—married to you? When? How long——?”
“At Bashi Konak, when he was there wounded. In my Princess’s
private chapel, by her chaplain. She was present, and the Princess
Dowager.”
“But by Latin rites—and you are a Roman Catholic, too? But the
Greeks would never forgive him! It is impossible for him to be
Prince.”
“He is Prince, and you will not betray him, because you have
promised; nor shall I, because I am his wife—his most unhappy
wife. But I could not let you continue to think you had refused him,
when he was mine already.”
The curious perverted pride in Donna Olimpia’s voice as she
drew up her head haughtily made Zoe wonder, and she felt half
repelled, half pitiful. “I don’t understand,” she said. “You are married
to him; you have got what you wanted, then, I suppose? Then why
are you not happy?”
“How can I be happy?” the girl’s voice was choked. “He cannot
acknowledge me, or the Greeks would howl him out of Emathia. The
Princess promised me—the Princess Dowager, I mean—that he
should not be elected. Then I was to meet him in Paris, where his
father would not trouble him, and we should be left in peace. She
brought me away from Bashi Konak because she said the secret
could never be kept if we were seen together, and it must not come
out until we were both safely away from Emathia. Then he came
here, and she has hardly let me see him—even in her presence. And
now he is Prince, and he can’t claim me after all.” The tears flowed
fast.
“Then claim him,” said Zoe, rather unsympathetically.
“And destroy his position? Never! I did not want him to be
Prince, but he wishes it, and I dare not cross his will. If he had been
defeated in the election, it would not have been my fault, and I
could have comforted him. But now he would never forgive me if I
betrayed him.”
“Well, really,” said Zoe with some impatience, “so far as I can
see, there are only two things that you might do. You can make the
marriage public and claim him, or you can go back to Bashi Konak
and keep out of his way.”
“You say that, knowing what he is?” cried Donna Olimpia.
“But, speaking as one woman to another, there is one thing you
can’t do,” said Zoe earnestly. “You can’t stay on here unless the
marriage is recognised. I say that, knowing what he is, as you say.
Go back to Magnagrecia if you like—to Bashi Konak at any rate—but
don’t stay here.”
“You think he will find himself compelled to follow me, and so
ruin his own cause,” was the suspicious reply.
Zoe started angrily. “I was speaking to you for your good,” she
said. “Knowing Prince Romanos, I should think it highly unlikely——
No, I won’t say it. But surely you see that you must protect yourself?
He won’t do it. I can’t quite make out what part the Princess
Dowager has been playing. You don’t think she deceived you
deliberately?”
“I think not, but one cannot tell—with her. I don’t believe she
wished my husband to be Prince, or why take such pains to promote
our marriage?”
“I think you are both merely pawns in her game,” said Zoe. “At
any rate, you can’t feel any confidence in consulting her. If it suited
her, she would sacrifice you without a qualm. That’s what I always
feel about her.”
“You know that she has your brother also in her power?” said
Donna Olimpia suddenly. “I know it, because she told me so once, to
comfort me. I did not want my husband to be Prince, but neither did
I wish him to suffer the humiliation of being defeated by Prince
Theophanis. ‘Be tranquil,’ she said; ‘Prince Theophanis will not reign.
A word from me would make him impossible.’”
“Then you think she has brought about his defeat?” cried Zoe
indignantly. Donna Olimpia shook her head.
“No, and I will tell you why. The hold she has over him is
something connected with a paper. When we were at Skandalo,
Princess Theophanis visited her twice, in great trouble. They talked
very low, and I heard nothing in the anteroom until the end of the
second visit. Then they seemed to have come suddenly close to the
door, where the icon hangs, and something was said about Prince
Christodoridi’s being elected, but I could not hear distinctly. Then I
heard the Princess Dowager say something about ‘the paper signed
by your husband,’ and Princess Theophanis said, ‘I will give you the
paper when my husband’s life is safe,’ or words like that.”
“Well?” said Zoe breathlessly.
“Then on the day we heard that the prisoners were to be
released—I am certain of it, because the English naval officer told
me the news when he brought a packet of letters and telegrams
addressed to the Princess at Therma—she went out without me, to
congratulate Princess Theophanis. When she came back, she locked
a large envelope up in her desk. Before she did it, she took out a
paper that was inside it, with a deep mourning border, read it
through, and put it back again. I saw her.”
“The day the flag-lieutenant came?” said Zoe. “But Maurice had
only signed one paper then—a letter to a stockbroker—and he could
hardly manage that. That was black-edged, I know, but there was
nothing in it that could get him or anybody into trouble. Unless
Eirene had added what she wanted the money for—but even then
—— No, I don’t see what it could have been.”
“You won’t mind my interrupting you for a moment, Zoe?” said
Eirene, coming out of the house, “but I saw that you had Donna
Olimpia here, and I wanted her to take a note back to the Princess
for me. You will be sure to give it her at once, won’t you?” she asked
of the girl. “It is very important.”
 “Without fail, madame,” said Donna Olimpia, with a certain
excitement in her tone. Neither she nor Zoe could help noticing the
change in Eirene’s appearance. It was as if years had fallen from her
in a few hours, and for the first time since Constantine’s death she
actually smiled as she went back into the house.
“I can’t understand it,” said Zoe breathlessly; “but I think there
can’t be a doubt that you would be better away from the Princess. I
must write and thank Princess Emilia for her book; shall I mention
that you are longing to return to her?”
“Am I to leave my husband at the Princess Dowager’s mercy?”
“If you stay here, she has a weapon continually at hand with
which to attack him. Once you are at Bashi Konak, he cannot
approach you without acknowledging his marriage.”
“Princess, I am torn asunder. I will try to go—and yet I cannot
resolve to leave him to himself. While I am in the same city, even
though I don’t see him, I can watch over him a little, but if I go
away, who knows into what toils he may fall?” wringing her hands
with a hopeless gesture.
“Think about it,” said Zoe soothingly. “Would you like my brother
or Colonel Wylie to speak to him?” The unhappy girl shrank away.
“They would never take advantage of what you have told me, you
know; but I see that it would put them in a very awkward position.
Well, if you think of anything I could do—— Don’t forget my sister’s
note.”
Donna Olimpia caught up the note, and hurried away, almost
without a farewell. She found that her mistress had returned from
witnessing the public proclamation of Prince Romanos, to which she
had not been permitted to attend her, and she received a sharp
rebuke for staying out so long. But the sight of Eirene’s note turned
the Princess’s thoughts into another channel.
“Insolent!” she muttered, for though impatience might be one of
her own failings, this did not make her any more tender towards it in
others. “Well, if she will have it, she shall!”
Going to her desk, she took out Eirene’s paper in its envelope,
and enclosed both in another envelope, which she addressed to
Prince and Princess Theophanis, as if it contained an invitation. Then
she called her Dardanian servant.
“You are to give this into the hands of Prince Theophanis and no
one else,” she said. “Ask him to open it at once, and to send a
message by you that he has received it safely. Go first to the Place
de l’Europe Unie—you know where his seat was on the platform—
and if he is no longer there, follow him to his house. Lose no time.”
The man obeyed with alacrity, seeing his chance of settling a
bet which he had made on the subject of the election with a
compatriot employed at the British Consulate and detailed to guard
Prince Theophanis. His own sharpest dagger, and the compatriot’s
largest and most highly ornamented revolver, had been the stakes,
and both would now adorn his girdle. He swaggered out with
immense importance, almost knocking down a quiet gentleman who
had just alighted at the door as he did so. Prince Soudaroff looked
after him uncertainly. If the man had been going in the direction of
the Theophanis headquarters he would have ventured to stop him,
but the great square in front of the site marked out for the High
Commissioner’s palace was the common rallying-ground this
afternoon, and he let him go on. The flush of gratified resentment
had hardly died from the Princess’s cheek when she received her
visitor.
“And the next step?” she said eagerly.
“Patience, madame, patience! You must remember that we do
not wish to perpetuate the present unsettled state of affairs. No, let
the Emathians perceive the advantages of a settled government,
perhaps—who knows?—begin to find them press a little hardly; then
will come the opportunity of discrediting the temporary ruler, and the
necessity of supplying his place immediately. But we must be
prepared to prevent Prince Theophanis from stepping into the vacant
place. I presume the document which you hold contains no
limitations as to time?”
“None whatever,” said the Princess, concealing beneath a mask
of absolute certainty the sudden alarm she felt.
“Since the task was in your hands, madame, I knew it would be
well carried out. Still, I think, if I may say so, that in view of your
constant journeys, the time has come when the document would be
safer in my possession than in yours.”
“I’m afraid I can’t agree to that,” said the Princess, with a smile
of which her practised opponent detected the hollowness. “You see I
have promised Princess Theophanis not to let it out of my hands
unless it becomes necessary——”
“To produce it? Quite so. The promise is given. The mind of the
Princess Theophanis is at rest. The promise has done its work; let it
pass,” he waved his hand. “You will at any rate permit me to inspect
the document, madame? If I should retain it, disregarding your
protests, no blame can attach to you.”
“Fie, casuist!” said the Princess playfully.
“You flatter me, madame.”
“But I could not think of such a thing!”
“I await the document, madame.”
“It is useless, Prince.”
“Madame, here I am. Must I say that I do not leave the house
without that paper?”
“But I cannot give it you.”
“Cannot, madame? Why not?”
“Because I have returned it. I swore that I would.”
“You have returned it? to Princess Theophanis?”
“Yes—at least to her husband.” The triumph in her tone did not
escape Prince Soudaroff, but it was not with sympathy that his eyes
gleamed.
“At least, madame, you took the precaution of having it
photographed before parting with it?”
“No—I am sorry.” The Princess was startled at last. “I never
thought of that.”
“I also am sorry, madame. Do you perceive what you have
done? For the gratification of a moment’s malice you have wrecked
this great scheme—deliberately thrown away the results of the
labour of years. Could you not have been satisfied with sending this
priceless paper to Princess Theophanis? Then we might have
procured its return by threatening to reveal everything to her
husband. But no, you must send it direct to that most impracticable
of men, of whom one can only say that he will take the course the
least in accordance with prudence and calculation—an honest,
single-minded fool! He will probably make it public forthwith.”
“No,” said the Princess, with an inspiration born of dismay, “he
will keep it secret—to shield her. Go quickly and play upon his
feelings. You will promise secrecy if he will. Otherwise you will make
public the conduct of his wife.”
“I will try,” said Prince Soudaroff, a hint of hope in his tones.
“But remember, madame, you have failed—grievously. You know the
penalty.”
“You will disown me to save yourselves? Oh, quite so! But I
have been disowned before this, Prince, and you have been glad to
ask for my help again.”
“I hardly think that Prince Kazimir is likely to ask for your help
again, madame,” was the biting reply with which Prince Soudaroff
took his leave. He chose a somewhat roundabout way to Maurice’s
house, for he was anxious to think out the best means of dealing
with the situation. The nettle must be grasped boldly, for the
slightest sign of weakness would draw attention to the insecurity of
his position. To his disgust, there was standing at the Theophanis
door a highly ornate carriage and pair,—one of those which had
taken part in the state procession round the city,—which from the
cavasses and other attendants attached to it he knew to be that of
the British Admiral. It was with the fervent hope that the presence of
the distinguished visitor would have prevented Maurice from opening
the Princess’s envelope that he asked for admittance, to find Wylie
and Zoe entertaining the flag-lieutenant in the verandah.
Fate was against him, as he realised the moment he heard that
Admiral Essiter was being received by Prince and Princess
Theophanis in private. The Dardanian had followed Maurice home
from the square, and caught him up just as he reached his own
door. He opened the letter as he mounted the steps, and Zoe saw
his face change.
“Oh, Maurice, what is it?” she cried. “Not the black-edged
paper? Oh!” with a sudden thought, “you don’t say that Eirene gave
the ten thousand pounds to the Princess?”
 “What does it mean?” said Maurice, bewildered. “What do you
mean? What black-edged paper?”
“Donna Olimpia told me just now that the Princess had a black-
edged paper, signed by you, which Eirene had given her to save your
life; and I knew you had signed nothing but the letter to Merceda.
But it was such a small sum, comparatively——”
“This is worse. That could only have discredited the Princess.
This discredits us—me.” He laid it before her, and Zoe, after reading
it, rose superior to her natural jealousy in a way that showed she
had learnt something since her engagement.
“Maurice, you must take it to Eirene, and have it out with her at
once. It mayn’t be as bad as it looks. Perhaps she will be able to say
something to explain—— At any rate you must settle it with her
before you speak to another creature, or things will never be right
again between you.”
“That’s true. I will. And you might as well tell Wylie how it is
when he comes in. He’ll have to know why I can’t stay in Emathia as
we agreed to do.”
He went into Eirene’s sitting-room, and she started up to meet
him, but turned white at the sight of the paper in his hand.
“What does this mean, Eirene?” he asked, laying it on the table,
and she bent over it and pretended to read it, for the sake of gaining
time.
“She swore on the icon to give it back to me,” she murmured at
last. It was not what she had intended to say, but all the arguments
that raced through her mind seemed utterly futile.
“Perhaps she agreed with me, that when one is disgraced it is
as well to know it,” he replied.
“It was to save your life.”
“At the cost of honour.”
“It was the only way. I do care for your honour, Maurice, you
know it, but when it was a choice between that and your life——”
“It would have been more—regular—to leave the choice to me.”
“Ah, but I knew which you would choose. Oh, Maurice, don’t
look at me like that! I killed Constantine. Was I to kill you too?” It
was the first time she had mentioned the child’s death since she had
broken the news of it to him, and he realised the intense feeling
which had forced the words from her lips, and left her standing like
a culprit before him, supporting herself by the table. He strove for
calmness.
“No, I suppose it could hardly be expected of you,” he said.
“Maurice!” she flung herself at his feet, “don’t look at me in that
way! What is the good of talking quietly when your eyes are killing
me? Say what you like—curse me; I deserve it.”
“Oh, for Heaven’s sake, get up!” he groaned impatiently. “I don’t
want to be hard on you, Eirene. Don’t talk nonsense about cursing.
But really, life is not so excessively delightful that one cares to think
one has bought it at the price of honour.”
Eirene rose and stood before him. “You have your remedy,” she
said, very quietly. “Put the whole blame on me. Deny your signature.
Send me away—only forgive me first. I will never utter a word of
complaint, and I will always pray for you.”
“You forget that I did sign the thing, after all. Do you want me
to cover one baseness with another? No, we will go home quietly,
and drop out of sight.”
“There is no need for your future to be ruined. I will go—as you
cannot bear to see me. Zoe will take care of you—and Graham
Wylie.” Her voice trembled, but she fought down the rising tears.
“You trust them; they have not deceived you. You will have your
work, and I shall have my punishment. Perhaps when I am dying
——”
“Nonsense!” cried Maurice, driven to exasperation. “There is no
need for heroic measures. If you will think a moment, you will see it
is impossible for me to stay here after this. Our Emathians are brave,
at any rate. Well, Scythia spreads a whisper that I saved my life by a
disgraceful compact with a Scythian agent. What influence should I
have after that? I could not deny it, and you may be quite certain
that I shan’t.”
“Maurice,” said Zoe’s diffident voice at the door, “Admiral Essiter
and his flag-lieutenant are here. Shall I say you are really too tired
to see them?”
 “No!” cried Eirene, waking suddenly into fiery energy. “Bring the
Admiral in here, in here—at once, Zoe. Maurice, I forbid you to say a
word! Leave this to me.”
Poor Admiral Essiter, perceiving on the threshold that he was
intruding upon a domestic difference, wished heartily that he had
not thought of following up his official visit of congratulation to
Prince Romanos with one of condolence to the defeated candidate.
He knew something of Eirene by personal experience, and more by
report, and the sight of the black-edged paper on the table
suggested to him that she was about to separate from Maurice
owing to his ill-success in the election, and that he had been pitched
upon to assist at the final arrangements. For all the magnificence of
his appearance, and his natural coolness, he came very near
retreating ignominiously, and Eirene saw it.
“Come in, please, and shut the door,” she said imperiously. “I
wish to make a confession in your presence, sir. I have forged my
husband’s signature to that paper.”
“Really, Eirene!” said Maurice indignantly. “My wife is not quite
herself, Admiral. I signed the paper with my own hand. She doesn’t
know what she is saying.”
“Of course not—very natural,” murmured the Admiral soothingly.
“This is rather an inconvenient time, isn’t it? You would rather I
called another day?”
“No, no!” cried Eirene. “You are to stay. Don’t mind what my
husband says.”
“But I must pay a little attention to him in his own house,
mustn’t I?” said the Admiral, in the genial voice which had so many
times averted a break-up of the European Concert. “You can speak
frankly to me, Teffany, you know. If there is anything I can help to
arrange, you have only to say so. If not, I go, seeing nothing and
remembering nothing.”
“If nothing else will satisfy my wife——” began Maurice
unwillingly.
“Nothing will,” said Eirene, with such determination that her
husband and the Admiral alike bowed to it.
 “Then may I suggest that we should sit down?” said the
arbitrator pleasantly, drawing forward a chair for Eirene. “This is not
a court-martial, is it?—merely a little friendly talk. You were going to
tell me something, Princess?”
“I want you to know,” said Eirene, leaning forward in her chair,
with her hands clasped rigidly on her knee, “that I have deceived
Maurice and disgraced him——”
“Eirene! You will make the Admiral think——” cried Maurice, but
the Admiral held up his hand.
“One at a time, please. We will hear the Princess first. You
deceived your husband, ma’am—for his good, of course?”
“Of course,” said Eirene, unconscious of sarcasm. “I made him
sign that paper, when he thought he was only signing a letter.”
“You had better see it,” said Maurice, handing the document
across the table. The Admiral read it with astonishment.
“This has never left your own possession, I hope, Princess?”
“I wrote it for the Princess Dowager of Dardania, and she has
had it till now. She has great influence at the Scythian Court, and
she got the Emperor to save Maurice’s life, in return for that. I knew
he wouldn’t like my doing it, so I had to mislead him about it.”
Eirene’s tone was impenitent.
“And your feeling is that if the existence of this document
should ever be asserted, you would be unable to deny it?” asked the
Admiral of Maurice, who nodded. “Well, it seems to me that it is at
least as discreditable to Scythia as to you—more so, in fact. They
can hardly have intended ever to make it public. It was to be a
weapon held over you, I presume.”
“Yes. I was to get him to resign without mentioning it, if I
could,” assented Eirene, charmed with the Admiral’s penetration.
“And it has saved his life, and if I could have helped it he would
never have known anything about it. But I know it is just the kind of
thing he will never forgive——”
“Eirene!” cried Maurice, stung beyond endurance. “Can’t you see
that it is not the thing itself, but your having done it, that is so
horrible?”
 “And so,” said Eirene, looking very straight at the wall to keep
her tears from overflowing, “I am going to take all the blame, and
go away to a convent, and never see him again.”
“Come, come!” said the Admiral reprovingly. “We don’t do things
of that sort in England, Princess, off the stage—or at least we don’t
talk about doing them. You have treated your husband very badly,
and I don’t wonder he feels it, but there’s no need to make things
worse.”
Eirene drew herself up, and the Admiral noted with secret
satisfaction that Maurice moved nearer her involuntarily, and that his
voice was very chilling as he said, “My wife and I can settle that
between ourselves, Admiral. But if you think there is anything to be
done about this paper——”
“You would like to approach the Princess Dowager about it,
perhaps? We might frighten her with the threat of making it public.
But I fancy she is merely a tool. What I should like would be to get
at the person behind her.”
As if in answer to the aspiration, Zoe opened the door and came
in, closing it carefully. “Maurice, Prince Soudaroff is here, and is very
anxious to see you. I told him the Admiral was with you, and he said
he was come about a paper. Do you think it could be——”
“The very man I should have chosen!” said the Admiral.
“Bring him in, Zoe,” said Maurice, taking his stand resolutely
beside Eirene, with his hand on her shoulder—a point that Prince
Soudaroff noted immediately as he entered. His decision had been
reached the moment he learned that the Admiral was closeted with
Maurice and Eirene, and he did not wait to be addressed. The
Princess Dowager must be thrown over.
“I have come on rather a painful errand,” he said. “There is a
document in existence, I understand, affecting the honour of Prince
Theophanis. How it was fabricated I hardly know, but I have a
horrible fear that a certain exalted lady of our acquaintance has
been meddling with politics again. These little irregularities will
occur, one must regretfully admit, when ladies interfere in things
they know nothing about.”
 “The document embodied a certain engagement, to be carried
out if Prince Theophanis was elected?” asked the Admiral, who had
the paper, face downwards, in his hand.
“Exactly. And I fear the absurd thing has been made the means
of causing some little pain to Princess Theophanis? Ah, I was afraid
so. Really, a woman can be very cruel when her affections are
concerned, and of course the lady of whom I speak imagined she
was acting in the interests of her son.”
“Which was a pure delusion?” said the Admiral.
“Absolutely. The idea was puerile.” Never was a lie uttered more
unflinchingly like truth.
“And the promise wrung from Princess Theophanis had no effect
whatever in obtaining her husband’s release?”
“How could it? Admiral Essiter will hardly imagine that we
should traffic with an affectionate wife for the life of her husband at
the price of a piece of paper?”
“I could hardly credit it. Then this document is quite valueless?”
The Admiral spoke casually, but he had produced a match-box from
somewhere, and as he spoke he lighted the paper he held. He saw,
if neither of the others did, Prince Soudaroff’s involuntary start
forward, instantly checked, to snatch it from destruction. “I think,”
he went on, in a business-like tone, as he crushed the last flaming
corner, “that it would be as well to have a record of the facts, signed
by all of us, for reference in case of need. The lady Prince Soudaroff
has mentioned might try to repeat her game on some future
occasion. Otherwise, of course, I must safeguard the interests of
Prince Theophanis by laying the whole affair before my colleagues,
but I should prefer to keep the matter between ourselves.”
“I should prefer it infinitely,” said Prince Soudaroff—on this
occasion, probably, with truth.
“Is Colonel Wylie acquainted with the facts?” asked the Admiral
of Maurice. “Yes? Then he might act as secretary.”
“I will fetch him,” said Maurice, and Wylie was called, and wrote
out a very uncompromising, if not wholly literal, history of the case.
When Prince Soudaroff had signed it and taken his leave, the
Admiral laughed.
 “If Colonel Wylie would be good enough to make another copy,
to be laid up in the Theophanis family archives,—which in view of
the uncertainty of life in these regions had better be represented by
the Bank of England,—I should feel more at ease,” he said.
“Otherwise, if the Magniloquent shared the fate of the Maine one
night, you would be as badly off as ever.”
Wylie set to work on the copy, and Zoe remained to help him,
while Maurice escorted the Admiral to his carriage. When he
returned to the verandah, Eirene was awaiting him at the top of the
steps.
“Am I to go, Maurice?” she asked him.
“Go? where?”
“I don’t know. To some convent in Scythia, I suppose.”
“Not with my consent.”
“But do you forgive me?”
“Would you do it again?”
“Oh, Maurice!” she hid her face on his shoulder. “If your life
depended upon it?”
“Not even then. Not without asking me, at any rate.”
“But that would mean not doing it. Don’t make me promise!”
“I must. Eirene, we have hard work before us, and we ought to
be shoulder to shoulder. You mustn’t make me feel that there’s a
danger of your working against me, for any reason whatever. Only
tell me before you do things. I think you’ll find that it’s happier for
both of us.”
“I will,” she murmured. “And look, Maurice, I scribbled this down
just now, and I want you to have it put into proper form. Is it too
dark for you to read it? It is to say that I give up my right of dealing
with Mr Teffany-Wise’s money. It has done more to separate us than
anything.”
“It has.” He sighed involuntarily. “If it hadn’t come between us
—— Still, it has helped to free Emathia. But we will only deal with it
together in future, dear.”

THE END.
 TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES.
Sydney C. Grier was the pseudonym of Hilda Caroline Gregg.
This book is part of the author’s “Balkan Series II.” The series,
in order, being: The Heir, The Heritage, and The Prize.
Alterations to the text:
Note: minor spelling and hyphenization inconsistencies (e.g.
thunderstruck/thunder-struck, rank-and-file/rank and file, etc.) have
been preserved.
[Title Page]
Add brief note indicating this novel’s position in the series. See
above.
[Chapter VI]
Change “You musn’t be so doleful” to mustn’t.
[Chapter IX]
“detention in the court yard” to courtyard.
[Chapter XIV]
“it may be necessary any day to to get all our forces together”
delete one to.
[Chapter XVI]
“there was no gurantee of even temporary safety” to guarantee.
[Chapter XX]
“for the poor starving peeple around” to people.
[Chapter XXI]
“Wyllie transferred his whole force” to Wylie.

[End of Text]
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