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 Curioso
Best practices and expert techniques et al. Join the discussion @ p2p.wrox.com Wrox Programmer to Programmer™

for today’s most demanding apps Expert

As the world’s most popular, general purpose, open source scripting
language, PHP is frequently used with MySQL to create high-traffic,
mission-critical applications. This indispensable book shares proven,

PHP and MySQL

author-tested best practices and expert techniques that can be applied
to even the most demanding MySQL-driven PHP apps. You’ll explore
ways to extend MySQL with user-defined functions, write PHP
extensions, and solve problems when PHP and MySQL alone are not
enough and other techniques or third-party tools are necessary.
wrox.com
Expert PHP and MySQL:
Programmer
• Reviews essential techniques, such as design patterns, complex
queries, and advanced regular expression
Forums
Join our Programmer to
• Addresses advanced PHP concepts, such as iterators and closures Programmer forums to ask
and answer programming
• Demonstrates using Gearman for multitasking in your web applications questions about this book,
• Discusses caching using memcached with MySQL and your PHP join discussions on the
hottest topics in the industry,
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• Discusses ways to create PHP Extensions and MySQL User Defined Functions programmers from around
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• Shows how to use Sphinx for search functionality in your PHP
web applications Code Downloads
Andrew Curioso is a senior software engineer at MyVBO (Virtual Business Office)
creating an innovative and scalable infrastructure for Rich Internet Applications using
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Take advantage of free code
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Ronald Bradford is a technology strategist and advisor specializing in MySQL, Drizzle
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performance analysis and scalability of web applications, his consulting portfolio Read More
ranges from Internet startups to Fortune 500 companies. Find articles, ebooks, sample
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Patrick Galbraith is a principal software engineer at Lycos, adding new PHP and MySQL for hundreds of books, and

MySQL
offerings for Tripod Users, switching remaining apps using Oracle to MySQL as well as more reference resources on ®

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$44.99 USA
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 CONTENTS AT A GLANCE

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix
CHAPTER 1 Techniques Every Expert Programmer Needs to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
CHAPTER 2 Advanced PHP Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
CHAPTER 3 MySQL Drivers and Storage Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
CHAPTER 4 Improving Performance through Caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
CHAPTER 5 memcached and MySQL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
CHAPTER 6 Advanced MySQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
CHAPTER 7 Extending MySQL with User-Defined Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
CHAPTER 8 Writing PHP Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
CHAPTER 9 Full-Text Searching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
CHAPTER 10 Multi-tasking in PHP and MySQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
CHAPTER 11 Rewrite Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
CHAPTER 12 User Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
CHAPTER 13 Understanding the INFORMATION_SCHEMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
CHAPTER 14 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
CHAPTER 15 Command-Line and Web Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .517
CHAPTER 16 Optimization and Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567

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563120ffirs.indd ii 2/18/10 9:07:32 AM
 EXPERT

PHP and MySQL®

563120ffirs.indd iii 2/18/10 9:07:32 AM

563120ffirs.indd iv 2/18/10 9:07:32 AM
 EXPERT

PHP and MySQL®

Andrew Curioso
Ronald Bradford
Patrick Galbraith

563120ffirs.indd v 2/18/10 9:07:32 AM

 Expert PHP and MySQL®
Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
10475 Crosspoint Boulevard
Indianapolis, IN 46256
www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published simultaneously in Canada

ISBN: 978-0-470-56312-0

Manufactured in the United States of America

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mentioned in this book.

563120ffirs.indd vi 2/18/10 9:07:32 AM

 This book is dedicated to my wife, Laura. Without
your support this book wouldn’t be possible. Thank
you for being by my side and planning the wedding
while I was doing my writing!

ÑAndrew Curioso
For MySQL Culture, past, present, and future. To
many in the MySQL community: you are more than
colleagues, you are great friends.

ÑRonald Bradford
This book is dedicated to my son, Kiran Patrick.
“Kiran” means “ray of light” in Sanskrit, and you are
a ray of light in my life!

ÑPatrick Galbraith

563120ffirs.indd vii 2/18/10 9:07:32 AM

563120ffirs.indd viii 2/18/10 9:07:32 AM
 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

ANDREW CURIOSO has been coding in PHP and MySQL for a decade. His experience includes develop-
ing professional-grade PHP and MySQL based web applications for MIT Lincoln Laboratory (part of
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and being at the ground floor of the state-of-the-art web-
publishing platform Webon at Lycos (currently the page builder technology for Angelfire.com). Aside
from software engineering, Andrew takes interest in software usability, business, the semantic web, and
robotics. He currently works at MyVBO, a virtual business office that provides powerful tools to help
small to medium sized business manage their companies online. Over the years, he’s had the opportu-
nity to work on exciting projects and specializes in data portability, linked data, social media, and Rich
Internet Applications. His home on the web can be found at http://andrewcurioso.com/.
RONALD BRADFORD has more than two decades of professional IT industry experience in a broad
range of disciplines. His core expertise is in relational database management systems (RDBMS)
including MySQL, Oracle and Ingres. His technical software development skills include working
in Java (J2EE), PHP, Perl, Python, Web (HTML/CSS/XML/JSON), and Linux/Unix operating
systems. He is a professional speaker, educational curriculum developer, and writer who special-
izes in technical presentations, workshops, online content publishing, and knowledge transfer.
More information on his related MySQL writings, presentations and useful tools can be found at
http://ronaldbradford.com.

PATRICK GALBRAITH lives up in the sticks of southwestern New Hampshire near Mt. Monadnock
with his wife Ruth and son Kiran. Since 1993, he has been using and developing Open Source soft-
ware. He has worked on various Open Source projects including MySQL, federated storage engine,
memcached Functions for MySQL, Drizzle, Narada Search Engine Slashcode, and is the maintainer
of DBD::mysql. He has worked at a number of companies throughout his career, including MySQL
AB, Classmates.com, OSDN/Slashdot, and Lycos. He currently works at NorthScale, a leading
provider of scale-out infrastructure software for web applications. He is also part owner of a wire-
less broadband company, Radius North, which provides Internet service to underserved rural areas
of New Hampshire. His website, which comes by way of a 5.8GHz Alvarion access unit up in a pine
tree, is http://patg.net.

563120ffirs.indd ix 2/18/10 9:07:32 AM

563120ffirs.indd x 2/18/10 9:07:32 AM
 ABOUT THE TECHNICAL EDITORS

ALAN COLLISON is a software engineer with more than a dozen years of experience developing scal-
able PHP applications. His expertise ranges from the design and development of front end GUIs to
the implementation of core server side application business logic.
JAY COSKEY is a software developer and software development manager who lives in Seattle, and
has worked for companies including Cray Inc. and Amazon.com. He has used numerous languages
on Linux, Unix, and Windows platforms, in environments ranging from OS development, to web
and enterprise systems. When not involved in mathematics or software, he can sometimes be found
woodworking.
ERIC DAY has been writing high-performance servers and databases for most of his career and cur-
rently works on open source projects such as Drizzle and Gearman. He has also written a number of
extensions for higher level languages such as PHP. When not hacking on code, he can be found run-
ning, enjoying a good vegan meal, or blogging at http://oddments.org/.
KEN MACKE is a systems architect, developer, and owner of RockIP Networks — a provider of web
hosting and IT consulting services. Ken has over 15 years of experience creating cutting-edge software
with technologies such as PHP, C++, C#, and .NET. You can find Ken online at twitter.com/kmacke.
ELIZABETH NARAMORE has been a web developer since 1997, with a focus in PHP and E-commerce.
In addition to being a web developer, she is an author, editor, speaker, and educator, and active
member of communities such as the PHP Community, PHPWomen, and her local PHP Users Group.
TROND NORBYE is a Senior Software Engineer specializing in databases and distributed caching. He
currently works at NorthScale designing and implementing scale out data systems. Prior to joining
NorthScale, Trond was a key member of Sun Microsystems’ Web Scale Infrastructure group where
he worked on Drizzle, Gearman and Memcached. In his copious free time he is a core contributor
on the Memcached, Libmemcached and OpenGrok Open Source projects.
KARL WILBUR is an enterprise consultant, PHP developer and Linux guru with more than a decade
of LAMP experience and a passion for the bleeding-edge. When not out motorcycling the Midwest
he can be found lurking on the Internet at http://karlwilbur.net/.

563120ffirs.indd xi 2/18/10 9:07:32 AM

563120ffirs.indd xii 2/18/10 9:07:32 AM
 CREDITS

EXECUTIVE EDITOR PRODUCTION MANAGER

Robert Elliott Tim Tate

PROJECT EDITOR VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE GROUP

Maureen Spears PUBLISHER
Richard Swadley
TECHNICAL EDITORS
Alan Collison VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER
Jay Coskey Barry Pruett
Eric Day
Ken Macke ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER
Elizabeth Naramore Jim Minatel
Trond Norbye
Karl Wilbur PROJECT COORDINATOR, COVER
Lynsey Stanford
PRODUCTION EDITOR
Eric Charbonneau COMPOSITOR
Jeff Lytle, Happenstance Type-o-Rama
COPY EDITOR
Kim Cofer PROOFREADER
Nancy Bell
EDITORIAL DIRECTOR
Robyn B. Siesky INDEXER
Johnna VanHoose Dinse
EDITORIAL MANAGER
Mary Beth Wakefield COVER DESIGNER
Michael E. Trent
MARKETING MANAGER
Ashley Zurcher COVER IMAGE
©Gavin Hellier/Photographer’s Choice RF/
Getty Images

563120ffirs.indd xiii 2/18/10 9:07:32 AM

Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
ANDES, General description of the, 1

ANEMOMETER formula devised by C. F. Marvin, 49

ANGOT, A., Reference to work of, 46

ANTIQUITIES of Peru, 8

ARCHANGELICA, Mention of, 89, 114

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, Sketch of, 19

ASIA, Exploration in, 253

ATREVIDA, Mention of the, 63, 92, 105

AURIFEROUS sands from Yakutat bay, 196

AVALANCHES, 145, 155

BAIE DE MONTI, 56
— named by La Pérouse, 60

BAKER, MARCUS, cited on early eclipses, 220

— — — Mount St. Elias, 232
—, Explorations by, 70, 72
—, Reference to bibliography by, 58
—, Record of discussion by, viii, ix

BASE LINE, Measurement of, 86

BATES, H. W., Quotation from, on South America, 29

BEAR, Meeting with the, 94, 109

BELCHER, SIR EDWARD, Explorations by, 68, 69

BELL, A. GRAHAM, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

BELL, CHARLES J., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

BELLIN, S., Geographic work by, 207

BERING BAY, Mention of, 56

BERING'S first voyage (The cartography and observations of); A. W.

Greely, 205
— provisions, 219

BERING, VITUS, Explorations by, 58

BERG, M., cited on thunderstorms, 44

BIEN, MORRIS, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

BIGELOW, F. H., Record of communication by, viii

BIRNIE, JR., ROGERS, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

BLACK GLACIER, Brief account of, 101, 104

BLODGETT, J. H., Record of discussion by, vii, ix

BLOSSOM ISLAND, Description of, 113, 122

BOARD ON GEOGRAPHIC NAMES, Institution of the, 39

BONVALOT, G., Crossing of Tibet by, 253

BOURSIN, HENRY, Mention of, 79

BRAZIL, Revolution in, 36
—, Sketch of, 17

BROKA, GEORGE, Explorations by, 73, 74

BUACHE, PHILLIPE, Geographic work by, 208

BUCHAN, ALEX., Reference to work of, 44

BUCKLE, SIR HENRY, Quotation from, on tropical America, 29

BY-LAWS, Proposed amendment to the, xii

CAMP hands, 166

CARPENTER, Z. T., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

CARTOGRAPHY, Discussion of, 251

— (The) and Observations of Bering's First Voyage; A. W. Greely,
205

CASCADE GLACIER named, 144

CENTURY COMPANY, Offer of coöperation by, 249

CHAIX HILLS named, 73

CHARIOT, THE, Mention of, 140

CHATHAM, Mention of, 66

CHERIKOF, ALEXEI, Explorations of, 58

CHINA, Exploration in, 253

CHRISTIE, J. H., Member of expedition, 76
—, Work of, 82, 83, 84, 96, 103, 112, 113, 123, 162

CLIMATE of South America, 6

CLOVER, RICHARDSON, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY, Explorations by, 70, 72

—, Offer of coöperation by, 249

COLD WAVES, Prediction of, 51

COLLETT, M. J., Review of map described by, 250

COMMERCE of South America, 17, 19, 23

COOK, CAPTAIN JAMES, Explorations of, 58

CORDILLERAS of South America, 1

CORWIN CLIFFS, Mention of, 138

CORWIN (The) in Disenchantment bay, 100

— Return of the, 163

CREVASSES, 181, 182

— at Pinnacle pass, 130

CROSS SOUND, visited by Vancouver's expedition, 67

CRUMBACK, J. H., Member of expedition, 76

—, Work of, 96, 103, 122, 125, 129, 131, 135, 137

CURTIS, W. E., Record of communication by, xi

CYCLONES, Theory of, 42

DAGELET, M., Mention of, 60

DAHLGREN, ULRICA, Presentation of flag by, viii

DALL, W. H., cited on Bering's first voyage, 205

— — — — supplies, 219
— — — de l'Isle's map, 218
— — — early eclipses, 219
— — — Mount St. Elias, 231
—, Explorations by, 70, 72
—, Quotation from, on map by de l'Isle, 207
—, Record of discussion by, vii
—, Reference to bibliography by, 58

DALTON, JOHN, Glacier named for, 98

—, Mention of, 73

D'ANVILLE, M., cited on early eclipses, 229

DAVIS, W. M., Reference to meteorologic review by, 47

DEDEKEN, P., Crossing of Tibet by, 253

DEFINITION of formations in St. Elias region, 167

DEKALB, COURTENAY, Record of communication by, ix

DE L'ISLE, J. N., Authenticity of map by, 211, 213

—, Geographic work by, 206
—, Map by, 207
—, Quotation from, on eclipses, 220

DE MONTI BAY, Arrival at, 79

DESCUBIERTA (The), Mention of, 63

DESENGAÑO BAY, named by Malaspina, 63

DEVIL'S CLUB (Panax horridum), Mention of, 95, 115

DIGGES' SOUND, named by Vancouver, 68

DILLER, J. S., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

DIP at Pinnacle pass, 140

DISCOVERY (The), Mention of, 66

DISENCHANTMENT BAY, Canoe trip in, 96, 103

—, Last view of, 163
—, Mention of, 56
—, visited by Malaspina, 63, 64

DIXON, CAPTAIN GEORGE, Explorations of, 60, 62

DOBBINS, J. W., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

DOBBS, ARTHUR, Geographic work by, 210

DOME PASS named, 146

DONEY, L. S., Member of expedition, 76

—, Work of, 85, 158, 159, 160, 162

D'ORLEANS, PRINCE HENRI, Crossing of Tibet by, 253

DOUGLASS, E. M., Record of discussion by, xi

DOUGLASS, CAPTAIN, Explorations of, 62

DRY BAY, Mention of, 55

DU BOCAGE, BARBIC, Geographic work by, 211

—, Quotation from, on de l'Isle's map, 216

DU FOSSE, E., cited on early publications, 207

DU HALDE, PÈRE, Geographic work by, 206

—, Quotation from, on de l'Isle's map, 218

EARTHQUAKES, South American, 2

ECLIPSES, Early, observed in Kamshatka, 219, 229

EIFFEL TOWER, Use of, in meteorology, 46

EKHOLM, NILS, cited on isostaths, 43

ELDORADO, Early accounts of, 14

ELECTION of officers, xii

ESPERANZA, POINT, Mention of, 14, 85

EXPEDITION (An) to Mount St. Elias, Alaska; I. C. Russell, 53

EXPLORATION in Alaska, 248

FARENHOLT, LIEUTENANT COMMANDER O. F., of U. S. S. Pinta, 79

FAULTED pebble from Pinnacle pass, 171

FAULTS 83, 136

—, Thrust, in Hitchcock range, 118
FERREL, WILLIAM, cited on cyclones, 42
—, Reference to treatise by, 47

FINLEY, J. P., Reference to work of, 50

FLORAL HILLS, Brief account of, 105, 108

FLORAL PASS, Brief account of, 105, 108, 110

FORMATIONS of the St. Elias region, 167

FOSSILS at Pinnacle pass, 140

—, Description of, of Yakutat system, 172

FOSSIL PLANTS, Report on, by Lester F. Ward, 199, 200

FRANCE, Review of Staff Map of, 250

GABBRO on the Marvine glacier, 123

GALIANO, DON DIONISIO ALCALA, Mention of, 63

GALIANO GLACIER, Visit to, 89, 90

GANNETT, HENRY, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

—, Instructions from, 194
—, Review of railway operations by, 255
— — — Staff Map of France, by, 250

GANNETT, S. S., Computation of height of Mount St. Elias, by, 235

GEOGRAPHIC names, Board of, 39

GEOGRAPHY of the Air; A. W. Greely, 41

— — — Land; H. G. Ogden, 31

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, Acknowledgments to, 40

—, Instructions from, 192, 193, 194
—, Offer of coöperation by, 249

GEOLOGY of the St. Elias region, 167, 174, 190, 191

GILBERT, G. K., Instructions from, 192, 193

—, Record of discussion by, vii, ix, x
—, Remarks by, at field meeting, x
—, Report on exploration by, 250

GLACIAL currents, 187

— river, Example of, 183
— streams, 183, 184

GLACIER BAY, Mention of, 67

GLACIERS in Disenchantment bay in 1792, 64, 65, 97

— — — — observed by Malaspina, 64, 65
— — — — — — Puget, 67, 68
— of the St. Elias region, 176
— west of Icy bay, 187

GRACE, M. P., Financial operations by, 23

GREELY, A. W., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

— cited on Mississippi floods, 38
—; Geography of the Air, 41
—, Note by, on polar regions, 252
— — — — the crossing of Tibet, 253
—, Record of communication by, vii, viii, xi
—; The Cartography and Observations of Bering's First Voyage, 205

GUIANA, Sketch of, 13

GUIDES, Use of, in ascending St. Elias, 166

GUYOT GLACIER named, 73

HAENKE, D. TADEO, Haenke island named for, 65

HAENKE ISLAND, Condition of, when seen by Malaspina, 63, 64, 65, 97
—, Visit to, 96, 103

HANN, JULIUS, cited on cyclones, 42

HAYDEN, DR. F. V., Glacier named for, 108

HAYDEN, EVERETT, Contributions to exploration fund by, 75

—, Record of discussion by, vii, viii, ix, xi
—, Report on exploration by, 250

HAYDEN GLACIER, Brief account of, 108, 110, 111

HAYS, J. W., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

HAZEN, H. A., Reference to work of, 50

HEIGHT and position of St. Elias, 189, 190

HENDRIKSEN, REVEREND CARL J., Mention of, 80, 83

HILL, S. A., Reference to work of, 47

HILL, R. T., Record of communication by, xiii

HITCHCOCK, PROFESSOR EDWARD, Range named for, 112

HITCHCOCK RANGE, Brief account of, 112

— from Pinnacle pass, 133
—, Structure of, 118

HOOGEWERFF, J. A., Record of communication by, viii

HOOPER, CAPTAIN C. L., Navigation of Disenchantment bay, 56, 100

—, Offer of coöperation by, 249

HORE, E. C., Record of address by, vii

—; The Heart of Africa, 238

HOSMER, E. S., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

—, Return of, 83
—, Volunteer assistant, 76

HOTCHKISS, JED., Record of communication by, ix, x

—, Testimonial to, x

HOVEY, H. C., Record of communication by, x

—, Remarks by, at field meeting, x

HOWELL, E. E., Record of communication by, xi

HUBBARD, GARDINER G., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

—, Glacier named for, 99
—, Presentation of flag by, viii
—, Record of presidential address by, xiii
—; South America: Annual address by the President, 1

HUBBARD GLACIER, Brief description of, 99

HUC, L'ABBÉ, Route of, 255

HUGHES, T. MCKENNEY, Record of communication by, x

ICEBERGS, Formation of, 98, 99, 101, 102
— in Yakutat bay, Description of, 87

ICE tunnels, 184

INCAS of Peru, 8

INDIANS of South America, 7

INSTRUCTIONS from Geological Survey, 192, 193, 194

— — National Geographic Society, 194

IRVING, PROFESSOR R. D., Mountain named for, 144

JACKSON, SHELDON, Record of discussion by, ix

JOHNSON, J. B., Record of discussion by, xi

JOHNSON, WILLARD D., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

—, Exploration planned by, 75
—, Record of discussion by, vii
—, Report on exploration by, 250

JUDD, J. G., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

JUNGEN, ENSIGN C. W., Mention of, 81

KAMSHATKA, Cartography of, 217

—, Early eclipses in, 219, 229

KERR, MARK B., assigned as an assistant, 75

— cited on Mount St. Elias, 39
—, Report on topographic work by, 195
KHANTAAK ISLAND, Village on, 79, 80

K
ING, HARRY, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

KNAPP, HON. LYMAN E., Mention of, 79

KNIGHT ISLAND, Scenery near, 83

— named by Puget, 68

KNOWLTON, F. H., Report on fossil plants, 199

LA BOUSSOLE, Mention of, 58

LAKE CASTANI named, 73

LAKELETS on the glaciers, 119, 120

LAKES, Abandoned beds of, near Blossom island, 116

LA PÉROUSE, J. F. S., Explorations of, 58, 60

LA PLATA river, Sketch of, 5

LASSA, recent attempt to reach, 253

L'ASTROLABE, Mention of, 58

LAURIDSEN, P., cited on early maps, 215

—, Quotation from, on de l'Isle's map, 217

LEACH, BOYNTON, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

LEVÉE systems of the Mississippi, 37

LIBBEY, PROFESSOR WILLIAM, Explorations by, 72, 73

LINDENKOHL, A., Computation of position of Mount St. Elias by, 235

LINDSLEY, W. L., Member of expedition, 76
—, Work of, 122, 131, 134, 135, 139, 144, 149, 150, 153, 157, 158,
164

LITTLEHALES, G. W., Record of discussion by, vii

LITUYA BAY, Mention of, 55

LOB-NOR, Character of, 253

LOGAN, SIR W. E., Mountain named for, 141

LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY, Acknowledgments to, 247

LUCIA GLACIER, Brief account of, 192

— —, Crossing of, 105, 106, 108, 109

LYNN CANAL, Mention of, 78

MALASPINA, ALEJANDRO, cited on Mount St. Elias, 231

—, Explorations of, 62, 66

MALASPINA GLACIER, Character of, 187

— described and named, 71, 72
—, Excursion on, 120, 121, 162
— from Blossom island, 118, 119
—, Mention of, 56

MALDONADO, Reference to, 62, 63

MAPS of Alaska, Rare, 206

— (Staff) of France, Review of the, 250

MARVIN, C. F., Reference to work of, 48

MARVINE, A. R., Glacier named for, 112

MARVINE GLACIER, Account of, 112, 122, 124

MCCARTENEY, C. M., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

MCGEE, W J, Record of communication by, xiii

—, Record of discussion by, x, xi

MELVILLE, G. W., Record of communication by, viii

MENDENHALL, T. C., Record of discussion by, xi

METEOROLOGY, Condition of, 41

MEYER, HUGO, Reference to work of, 47

MIRAGE in Yakutat bay, 87

MISSISSIPPI RIVER, Flood of, 37

MONSOONS, Characteristics of, 47

MONGOLIA, Exploration in, 255

MOON, Mountains of the, 240

MORAINES, 195
—, Medial, on the Marvine glacier, 123
— on the Malaspina glacier, 134
— near Yakutat bay, 191

MOUNTAINS of South America, 1

MOUNT AUGUSTA, Avalanches on the sides of, 145

— Elevation of, 117

MOUNT BERING, Height and condition of, 65

MOUNT COOK, Appearance of, 92

— named, 72
—, Rocks composing, 92

MOUNT FAIRWEATHER, Height of, 69

MOUNT LOGAN named, 141

MOUNT MALASPINA, Elevation of, 117

— named, 72

MOUNT NEWTON named, 146

MOUNT ST. ELIAS, Expedition to, 53

— (see St. Elias, Mount).

MOUNT VANCOUVER named, 72

MUIR GLACIER, Visit to, 78, 79

MULGRAVE, LORD, Port Mulgrave named for, 60

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY, Instructions from, 194

NÉVÉ fields, 180, 181, 182

NEWELL, F. H., Record of communication by, xi

NEWTON GLACIER, Ascent of, 150

NEWTON, HENRY, Mountain named for, 146

NEW YORK TIMES, Expedition of the, 72, 73

NICARAGUA CANAL, Progress of the, 37

NOLIN, J. B., Geographic work by, 211

NOMENCLATURE, Geographic, 39

NORDHOFF, CHARLES, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

NORRIS GLACIER, Mention of, 78

NUNATAK in Lucia glacier, 106

OFFICERS, Election of, xii

OGDEN, H. G.; Geography of the Land, 31

—, Record of communication by, xi
—, Record of discussion by, viii, xi

OIL stoves, Use of, 164

OREL, Mention of the, 70

ORINOCO RIVER, Sketch of, 3

ORTHOGRAPHY of geographic names, 39

ORTON, JAMES, Quotation from, on South America, 28

OTKRYTIE, Mention of the, 69

OUTFIT necessary for Alaskan expeditions, 165

PANAX HORRIDUM, 95, 115

PAMPAS, Characteristics of, 19

PANAMA CANAL project, Revival of the, 37

PAN-AMERICAN congress, Work of the, 36

— railway route, 27

PARTRIDGE, WILLAIM, Member of expedition, 76

—, Work of, 158, 159, 162

PARTSCH, DR., Reference to work of, 46

PEARY, R. E., Record of communication by, viii

PERU, Incas of, 8

—, Sketch of, 22

PHIPPS, C. J., Port Mulgrave named for, 60

PIEDMONT glaciers, Characteristics of, 122, 176, 185, 186

— —, Example of, 120, 121
— type of glaciers, Mention of, 57

PIMPLUNA rocks, Mention of, 70, 187

PINNACLE PASS cliffs, Account of, 132, 137

— —, Height of, 137
— —, View from, 132
—, Description of, 130, 132
— named, 130

PINNACLE SYSTEM, Description of rocks of, 167

— named, 131
PINTA, Mention of the, 79, 81

PIZARRO, GONZALO, Discovery of the Amazon by, 11

PLANTS on Blossom island, 114

POINT ESPERANZA, Camp at, 82, 84, 85

POINT GLORIOUS named, 137

POINT RIOU, Mention of, 69

POLAR regions, Recent work in, 252

POMORTSEW, DR., Reference to work of, 46

POPULATION of Africa, 238

— of South America, 6, 15

PORT MULGRAVE, 56
— named by Dixon, 60

POWELL, J. W., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

—, Record of communication by, viii
— — — discussion by, x
— — — introductory remarks by, xiii

POWELL, WILLIAM B., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75

PUERTO DEL DESENGAÑO, Mention of, 56

PUGET, PETER, Explorations of, 66, 68

PYRAMID HARBOR, Mention of, 78

QUEEN CHARLOTTE, Mention of the, 60
—, Voyage on the, 78, 79

RABOT, CH., cited on polar exploration, 252

RAILROADS, South American, 25

—, Statistics of, 255

RALEIGH, SIR WALTER, Expeditions by, 14

RATIONS, 164

REPORT on sands from Yakutat bay by J. Stanley-Brown, 196

RESOLUTION relating to publication, xii

REVENUE MARINE SERVICE, Offer of coöperation by, 249

REYNOLDS, J. J., Remarks by, at field meeting, x

RIO DE LA PLATA, Sketch of, 5

RIVERS, Glacial, 183

— of South America, 3

ROCKHILL, W. W., Reference to explorations by, 253

ROPE CLIFF named, 149

ROUTE (New), Suggested, 163, 164

RUSSELL, I. C.; An Expedition to Mount St. Elias, 53

— cited on Mount St. Elias, 39
—, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
—, Height and Position of Mount St. Elias, 231
—, Proposed exploration by, 249
—, Record of communication by, vii, xi
— — — discussion by, vii, ix

RUSSELL, THOMAS, Acknowledgments to, 62

— cited on cyclones, 43
—, Reference to work of, 51

RUSSIAN Academy of Sciences, Quotation from records of, 212

"RUSSIAN OFFICER," Geographic work by the, 209

—, Identity of the, 222
—, Quotation from the, on de l'Isle's map, 215, 217
— — — — — — writings, 221

SALMON fishing, 162

SANDS, Auriferous, from Yakutat bay, 196

SAN FRANCISCO RIVER, Sketch of, 5

SANGAI, Active vulcanism of, 2

SCHWATKA, LIEUTENANT FREDERICK, Explorations by, 72, 73

SERPENTINE on the Marvine glacier, 123

SETON-KARR, H. W., Explorations of, 72, 73

SEWARD GLACIER, Crevasses on, 133, 179, 180

—, Crossing of, 142
—, Description of, 177, 178, 179

SEWARD, HON. W. H., Glacier named for, 129

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