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 Quick Functional
Programming
Why learn functional programming? Isn’t that some compli-
cated ivory-­tower technique used only in obscure languages like
Haskell?

In fact, functional programming is actually very simple. It’s also

very powerful, as Haskell demonstrates by throwing away all the
conventional programming tools and using only functional pro-
gramming features. But it doesn’t have to be done that way.

Functional programming is a power tool that you can use in addi-

tion to all your usual tools, to whatever extent your current main-
stream language supports it. Most languages have at least basic
support.

In this book, we use Python and Java and, as a bonus, Scala. If you
prefer another language, there will be minor differences in syntax,
but the concepts are the same.

Give functional programming a try. You may be surprised

how much a single power tool can help you in your day-­to-­day
programming.
Quick Functional
Programming

David Matuszek
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2023 David Matuszek
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but
the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all
materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have
attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this
publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged
please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be
reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work,

access www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.
(CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works
that are not available on CCC please contact mpkbookspermissions@tandf.
co.uk
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent
to infringe.
ISBN: 978-1-032-41532-1 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-41531-4 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-35854-1 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003358541
Typeset in Minion
by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive)
 To all my students,
past, present, and future.
Contents

About the Author, xi

Preface, xiii

Chapter 1   ◾    What Is Functional Programming? 1

Chapter 2   ◾    Methods and Functions 5

2.1 Methods 6
2.1.1 Methods in Python 6
2.1.2 Methods in Java 7
2.1.3 Methods in Scala 9
2.2 Function Literals 10
2.2.1 Function Literals in Python 11
2.2.2 Function Literals in Java 12
2.2.3 Function Literals in Scala 13
2.3 Sorting Examples 14
2.3.1 Sorting in Python 14
2.3.2 Sorting in Java 16
2.3.3 Sorting in Scala 18

vii
viii   ◾   Contents

Chapter 3   ◾    Higher-Order Functions 21

3.1 Higher-Order Functions in Python 22
3.2 Higher-Order Functions in Java 25
3.3 Higher-Order Functions in Scala 27

Chapter 4   ◾    Functional Interfaces in Java 31

4.1 Single Abstract Methods 31
4.2 Anonymous Inner Classes 32
4.3 Defining Functional Interfaces 33
4.4 Method References 34
4.5 The Other Method Reference 37
4.6 Provided Functional Interfaces 38
4.6.1 IntPredicate 38
4.6.2 Function Composition 39
4.6.3 Predicates Again 41
4.6.4 Unary Operators 42
4.6.5 More Functions and Operators 43
4.6.6 Suppliers and Consumers 44

Chapter 5   ◾    If Expressions 47

5.1 If Expressions in Python 47
5.2 If Expressions in Java 48
5.3 If Expressions in Scala 49

Chapter 6   ◾    Comprehensions 51

6.1 List Comprehensions in Python 52
6.2 Comprehensions in Java 54
6.3 For Expressions in Scala 54
6.4 For Comprehensions in Scala 57
 Contents   ◾   ix

Chapter 7   ◾    Closures 59

7.1 Closures in Python 60
7.2 Closures in Java 61
7.3 Closures in Scala 63
7.4 Closure Example 64

Chapter 8   ◾    Currying 67

8.1 Currying in Python 69
8.2 Currying in Java 71
8.3 Currying in Scala 72

Chapter 9   ◾    Function Composition 75

9.1 Function Composition in Python 75
9.2 Function Composition in Java 77
9.3 Function Composition in Scala 78

Chapter 10   ◾    Optional Values 79

10.1 Optional in Python 80
10.2 Optional in Java 80
10.3 Option in Scala 81

Chapter 11   ◾    Lists 83

11.1 Recursion 84
11.2 Lists in Python 86
11.3 Lists in Java 87
11.4 Lists in Scala 87

Chapter 12   ◾    Streams 91

12.1 Generators in Python 92
12.2 Streams in Java 92
x   ◾   Contents

12.3 Numeric Streams in Java 95

12.4 Streams in Scala 95

Chapter 13   ◾    Important Functions 97

13.1 Important Functions in Python 98
13.2 Important Functions in Java 99
13.3 Important Functions in Scala 102
13.4 Additional Functions in Scala 105

Chapter 14   ◾    Pipelines 107

14.1 Pipelines in Python 109
14.2 Pipelines in Java 110
14.2.1 Intermediate Operations 110
14.2.2 Terminal Operations 112
14.2.3 Collectors 114
14.2.4 Example 115
14.3 Pipelines in Scala 116

Chapter 15   ◾    Summary and Final Examples 119

15.1 Examples in Python 120
15.2 Examples in Java 122
15.3 Examples in Scala 123

Afterword 125

Index, 127
About the Author

I ’m David Matuszek, known to most of my students as “Dr.

Dave.”

I wrote my first program on punched cards in 1963 and immedi-

ately got hooked.

I taught my first computer classes in 1970, as a graduate student in

Computer Science at The University of Texas in Austin. I eventu-
ally got my PhD from there, and I’ve been teaching ever since.
Admittedly, I spent over a dozen years in industry, but even then,
I taught as an adjunct for Villanova university.

I finally escaped from industry and joined the Villanova faculty

full time for a few years and then moved to the University of
Pennsylvania, where I directed a Master’s program (MCIT,
Masters in Computer and Information Technology) for students
coming into computer science from another discipline.

Throughout my career, my main interests have been in artificial

intelligence (AI) and programming languages. I’ve used a lot of
programming languages.

I retired in 2017, but I can’t stop teaching, so I’m writing a series

of “quick start” books on programming and programming

xi
xii   ◾   About the Author

languages. I’ve also written two science fiction novels, Ice Jockey
and All True Value, and I expect to write more. Check them out!

And hey, if you’re a former student of mine, drop me a note. I’d

love to hear from you!

david.matuszek@gmail.com
Preface

Y ou probably think that functional programming (FP) is

something dreamed up by ivory-­ tower academics using
obscure languages that few people understand.

You’re right.

You probably think that those weird languages such as Haskell,

Standard ML, and OCaml are never going to be very popular with
ordinary programmers.

Right again.

But did you notice…

• That ivory-­tower academics are some pretty smart people?

• That the programming language you use every day, what-
ever it is, is getting more FP features?

“Pure” functional programming, abandoning all the conventional

programming techniques, really is difficult. But you don’t have to
do that. Think of it this way: Conventional programming consists
of a collection of hand tools, and FP adds a power tool to the mix.
Just one—it doesn’t do everything, and you still need all the other
tools (unless you’re an ivory-­tower academic), but where you can
use it, it saves a lot of work.
xiii
xiv   ◾   Preface

Here’s a spoiler: FP will let you replace many of your loops with
shorter, simpler, easier to understand function calls. Yes, there’s
some unfamiliar syntax involved, but it’s just syntax, and you can
get used to it very quickly. The new concepts, the parts you might
think are the most difficult, turn out to be trivially simple.

You may be surprised how much a single power tool can help you
in your day-­to-­day programming.

FP is coming into prominence now because it is a far better way to

write concurrent programs, suitable for multi-­core computers.
However, this is only a book about functional programming, not
about concurrent programming; that would require a far larger
volume.

Each chapter after the first begins with an explanation of some

particular concept of functional programming. After that, there
are sections exemplifying that concept in each of three languages.

• Python, because it is a simple, widely known language.

Python has only a few of the most basic FP features.
• Java, because it is widely known and has many of the FP
features. The developers of these features have done an
awesome job in fitting these features into a language that
was never designed to hold them.
• Scala, which has been designed from the ground up to be
both object oriented and functional, and therefore provides
the cleanest and most complete set of FP features.

I have tried to make this book accessible to programmers who

do not know Python or Scala. The FP features of these languages
can be understood without an in-­depth knowledge of the language
in which they occur. Unfortunately, no such claim can be made
for Java.
Other documents randomly have
different content
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