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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
1. A class is an example of a structured data type.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 652
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

2. In C++, class is a reserved word and it defines only a data type.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 653
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

3. If the heading of a member function of a class ends with the word const, then the function member cannot modify the
private member variables, but it can modify the public member variables.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 655
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

4. In C++ terminology, a class object is the same as a class instance.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 656
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

5. Given this declaration:

class myClass
{
public:
void print(); //Output the value of x;
MyClass();

private:
int x;
};

myClass myObject;

The following statement is legal.

myObject.x = 10;
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 657
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2016 12:12 PM

6. If an object is declared in the definition of a member function of the class, then the object can access both the public
and private members of the class.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 657
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

7. If an object is created in a user program, then the object can access both the public and private members of the
class.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2

Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
REFERENCES: 657
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

8. You can use arithmetic operators to perform arithmetic operations on class objects.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 659
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

9. As parameters to a function, class objects can be passed by reference only.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 660
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

10. The public members of a class must be declared before the private members.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 670
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

11. The components of a class are called the ____ of the class.
a. elements b. members
c. objects d. properties
ANSWER: b
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 652
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

12. Which of the following class definitions is correct in C++?

a. class studentType
{
public:
void setData(string, double, int);
private:
string name;
};

b. class studentType
{
public:
void setData(string, double, int);
void print() const;
private:
string name;
double gpa;
}

c. class studentType
{
public void setData(string, double, int);
private string name;
};

d. studentType class
{
public: void setData(string, double, int);
private: string name;
};

ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 654
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

13. If a member of a class is ____, you cannot access it outside the class.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
a. public b. automatic
c. private d. static
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 654
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

14. A class and its members can be described graphically using a notation known as the ____ notation.
a. OON b. OOD
c. UML d. OOP
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 656
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

clockType
-hr: int
-min: int
-sec: int
+setTime(int, int, int): void
+getTime(int&, int&, int&) const: void
+printTime() const: void
+incrementSeconds(): int
+incrementMinutes(): int
+incrementHours(): int
+equalTime(const clockType&) const: bool

15. The word ____ at the end of several the member functions in the accompanying figure class clockType specifies
that these functions cannot modify the member variables of a clockType object.
a. static b. const
c. automatic d. private
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 655
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: clockType definition
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10

16. Consider the UML class diagram shown in the accompanying figure. Which of the following is the name of the class?
a. clock b. clockType
c. Type d. +clockType
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 656
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: clockType definition
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

17. Consider the UML class diagram shown in the accompanying figure. According to the UML class diagram, how many
private members are in the class?
a. none b. zero
c. two d. three
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 656
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: clockType definition
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

18. A ____ sign in front of a member name on a UML diagram indicates that this member is a public member.
a. + b. -
c. # d. $
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 656
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

19. A ____ sign in front of a member name on a UML diagram indicates that this member is a protected member.
a. + b. -
c. # d. $
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 656
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

class rectangleType
{
public:
void setLengthWidth(double x, double y);
//Postcondition: length = x; width = y;
void print() const;
//Output length and width;
double area();
//Calculate and return the area of the rectangle;
double perimeter();
//Calculate and return the parameter;
rectangleType();
//Postcondition: length = 0; width = 0;
rectangleType(double x, double y);
//Postcondition: length = x; width = y;

private:
double length;
double width;
};

20. Consider the accompanying class definition. Which of the following variable declarations is correct?
a. rectangle rectangleType;
b. class rectangleType rectangle;
c. rectangleType rectangle;
d. rectangle rectangleType.area;
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 657
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: rectangleType class
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

21. Consider the accompanying class definition, and the declaration:

rectangleType bigRect;

Which of the following statements is correct?

a. rectangleType.print(); b. rectangleType::print();
c. bigRect.print(); d. bigRect::print();
ANSWER: c
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 657
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: rectangleType class
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

22. Consider the accompanying class definition, and the object declaration:

rectangleType bigRect(14,10);

Which of the following statements is correct?

a. bigRect.setLengthWidth();
b. bigRect.setLengthWidth(3.0, 2.0);
c. bigRect.length = 2.0;
d. bigRect.length = bigRect.width;
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 658
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: rectangleType class
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

23. In C++, the ____ is called the member access operator.

a. . b. ,
c. :: d. #
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 657
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

24. A class object can be ____. That is, it is created each time the control reaches its declaration, and destroyed when
the control exits the surrounding block.
a. static b. automatic
c. local d. public
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8

Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
REFERENCES: 660
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

25. A class object can be ____. That is, it can be created once, when the control reaches its declaration, and destroyed
when the program terminates.
a. static b. automatic
c. local d. public
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 660
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

26. In C++, you can pass a variable by reference and still prevent the function from changing its value by using the
keyword ____ in the formal parameter declaration.
a. automatic b. private
c. static d. const
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 660
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

27. In C++, the scope resolution operator is ____.

a. : b. ::
c. $ d. .
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 662
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

28. A member function of a class that only accesses the value(s) of the data member(s) is called a(n) ____ function.
a. accessor b. mutator

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9

Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
c. constructor d. destructor
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 666
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

29. To guarantee that the member variables of a class are initialized, you use ____.
a. accessors b. mutators
c. constructors d. destructor
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 671
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

class secretType
{
public:
static int count;
static int z;

secretType();
secretType(int a);
void print();
static void incrementY();

private:
int x;
static int y;
};

secretType::secretType()
{
x = 1;
}

secretType::secretType(int a)
{
x = a;
}

void secretType::print()
{
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
cout << "x = " << x << ", y = " << y
<< "z = " << z
<< ", count = " << count << endl;
}

static void secretType::incrementY()

{
y++;
}

30. Consider the accompanying class and member functions definitions. How many constructors are present in the class
definition?
a. none b. one
c. two d. three
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 672
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: secretType class
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

31. How many destructors can a class have?

a. no explicit destructors b. one
c. two d. any number
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 681
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2016 12:15 PM

32. A destructor has the character ____, followed by the name of the class.
a. . b. ::
c. # d. ˜
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 681
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 11

Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
33. What does ADT stand for?
a. abstract definition type b. asynchronous data transfer
c. abstract data type d. alternative definition type
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 682
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

34. Which of the following is true about classes and structs?

a. By default, all members of a struct are public and all members of a class are private.
b. A struct variable is passed by value only, and a class variable is passed by reference only.
c. An assignment operator is allowed on class variables, but not on struct variables.
d. You cannot use the member access specifier private in a struct.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 685
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

35. If a function of a class is static, it is declared in the class definition using the keyword static in its ____.
a. return type b. parameters
c. heading d. main function
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 701
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

36. With ____________________ functions, the definitions of the member functions are placed in the implementations
file.
ANSWER: inline
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 700
QUESTION TYPE: Completion
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 12
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2016 12:22 PM

37. If a class object is passed by ____________________, the contents of the member variables of the actual parameter
are copied into the corresponding member variables of the formal parameter.
ANSWER: value
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 660
QUESTION TYPE: Completion
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

38. Non-static member variables of a class are called the ____________________ variables of the class.
ANSWER: instance
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 666
QUESTION TYPE: Completion
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

39. A program or software that uses and manipulates the objects of a class is called a(n) ____________________ of that
class.
ANSWER: client
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 666
QUESTION TYPE: Completion
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

40. A(n) ____________________ function of a class changes the values of the member variable(s) of the class.
ANSWER: mutator
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 666
QUESTION TYPE: Completion
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

41. A(n) ____________________ contains the definitions of the functions to implement the operations of an object.
ANSWER: implementation file
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 686
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 13
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 10
QUESTION TYPE: Completion
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

42. The header file is also known as the ____________________.

ANSWER: interface file
interface
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 686
QUESTION TYPE: Completion
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

43. A(n) ____________________ is a statement specifying the condition(s) that must be true before the function is called.
ANSWER: precondition
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 687
QUESTION TYPE: Completion
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 10/5/2016 1:41 PM

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 14

Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 Mention is frequently found on old book-plates of various offices held
under Parlement. In France, before the Revolution, there were twelve
Parlements, namely, those of Paris, Toulouse, Grenoble, Bordeaux, Dijon,
Rouen, Aix, Rennes, Pau, Metz, Douay, and Besançon, besides some local
councils for the colonies.
These Parlements were simply local Courts of Justice, entitled to deal
both with civil and criminal cases, and their functions in no way resembled
those of the British Houses of Parliament.

BOOK-PLATE OF M. HURSON.

The officers connected with these Courts were very numerous, and those
of the higher grades were entitled to carry certain distinctive badges with
their arms, and head-dresses denoting their rank.
In ex-libris printed before the Revolution it is not unusual to find the
collars and insignia of the several orders of French knighthood, the principal
of which were the order of Saint Denis, instituted in 1267; of Saint Michel,
instituted by Louis XI. at the Château d’Amboise, August 1, 1469; of the
Saint Esprit (Holy Ghost), instituted in 1578; of Notre Dame du Mont
Carmel, instituted in 1607; and of Saint Louis, instituted in 1693. The
chevaliers de Saint Michel wore a collar from which was pendent a medal,
representing the archangel overthrowing the dragon; the collar of the Saint
Esprit was formed of alternate fleurs-de-lis and the letter H interlaced, from
which depended either a dove or a cross, according to the rank of the bearer.

BOOK-PLATE OF THE COMTE DE MONDESIR.

The Knights of the Royal and Military order of Saint Louis carried a star
with eight points, on which was the motto of the order: Bellicae virtutis
praemium.
There was also a very ancient order, that of St. Lazare de Jerusalem,
which was united by Henri IV. with that of Notre Dame du Mont Carmel.
Although the order of the Toison d’Or (Golden Fleece) was founded by a
French prince, Philippe, Duke of Burgundy, in 1429, it passed into the hands
of the House of Austria, and thence again into the possession of the kings of
Spain, who became the sovereigns of the order.
Owing, no doubt, to the close family relations existing between the royal
houses of France and Spain, the order of the Golden Fleece was conferred
upon many of the French nobles (by permission of their king), and the collar,
with the well-known badge of the pendent lamb, is to be found on many
French achievements. The motto of the order is Pretium non vile laborum.
 Of all these orders the most important were the Saint Michel, the Saint
Esprit, and the Saint Louis, which were specially distinguished as “les
Ordres du Roi” (the Orders of the King), he being their Chief and Grand
Master. Chevaliers of the order of the Saint Esprit were always first admitted
into the order of Saint Michel, so that the collars of these two orders are
generally found together. The order of Saint Louis having been founded by
Louis XIV. exclusively for the reward of military and naval services, is
occasionally met with apart from the two other orders of the king. There was
also an order, that of the Bee, intended for ladies only, which was founded in
1703.
Most of the above orders ceased to exist during the Revolution. That of
the Saint Esprit was revived at the Restoration, but the last installation took
place under Charles X., at the Tuileries, on May 31, 1830, and the latest
surviving owner of the Order was the late Duc de Nemours; whilst that of
Saint Louis, a distinctly Bourbon decoration, is probably still kept alive by
the few remaining adherents of that luckless family.
In 1802 Napoleon, then First Consul, instituted the famous order of the
Legion of Honour, for the reward of merit either in the army, navy, or in civil
life. The order was confirmed by Louis XVIII. in 1815, and its rules and
constitution were modified in 1816 and in 1851. M. Ambroise Thomas, on
whom the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour was recently bestowed, is
one of six civilians who at present hold that order. Meissioner is the only
artist who has ever held this distinction. The number of Grand Crosses is
limited to eighty, but for a long time past the number actually holding the
decoration has varied between forty and fifty. When the Legion of Honour
was created in 1802 by General Bonaparte, the holders of the Grand Cordon
(now Grand Cross) were entitled to draw £800 a year; at the Restoration this
amount was reduced by one-half. Nowadays the members of the Legion of
Honour receive the following annuities: Knights, £10; Officers, £20;
Commanders, £40; Grand Officers, £80; and Grand Crosses, £120.
Decorations conferred on civilians do not carry with them any pension.
Practically this is now the only order of knighthood existing in France, yet
the number of men who are décoré is remarkable. They can scarcely be all
chevaliers de la Légion d’Honneur, but the French have a passion for titles
and orders, a craving for le galon, which, though somewhat incompatible
with the republican form of government they have adopted, must be
gratified.
 This desire to raise oneself a rung or two on the social ladder, to which
even sensible bibliophiles appear to have succumbed, is no new thing. It
exists to-day, and has existed for centuries. Penalties, however severe, seem
to have been unavailing, and even ridicule was found powerless to check this
silly vanity.
A lawyer of Dijon, named Bernard, was ordered to erase from the tomb of
his wife the girdle of nobility he had had carved around her epitaph. Others
who carried the full-faced open helmets, proper only for emperors, kings,
and sovereign princes, on their fantastic achievements, were compelled to
adopt the closed helmet in profile proper for a simple gentleman.
Owners of assumed titles and of manufactured coats-of-arms were greatly
alarmed a few years ago by the terribly sarcastic writings of an individual
who styled himself the ghost of an ancient herald, Le Toison d’Or.[2]
In a series of letters published in “Le Voltaire” he exposed the faulty and
ignorant system of heraldry in vogue, and the deceptive assumptions of
titles, coronets, and armorial bearings in modern French Society.
Indeed, he remarked, to judge by appearances, one might imagine that the
Revolution had destroyed nothing, but that, on the contrary, it had
endeavoured to foster and encourage titles and aristocracy, so rapidly had
they increased of late years.
Toison d’Or wished to alter all this, and the salons were greatly disturbed
as he went to work chipping off titles and prefixes of nobility right and left.
But all to no purpose, except indeed to cast doubts upon all French heraldry
since the downfall of the Bourbons.
A title in France costs nothing, and deceives no one who has the slightest
knowledge of family history and genealogy.
The following letter appeared in “Notes and Queries,” London, August
25, 1894:
“As there always appears to be a doubt in the public mind as to whether
there is any office in France at all corresponding to our heralds’ offices in
this country, I ventured to put out this query to a well-known authority in
Paris, together with the queries as to whether there is any ground for the
statement that the archives of the French Heralds’ College were destroyed by
fire by the Commune, and also if there is any Heraldic or Genealogical
Society at all corresponding to the Government Office; and I received the
following reply:
 “‘The old Government had the “Généalogistes du Roi,” for proofs of
nobility, and the “Juges d’Armes,” such as d’Hozier and Cherieu. The
Monarchical Governments of this century had the “Conseil du Sceau des
Titres,” now suppressed. The archives of these officers are now dispersed,
part to the Bibliothèque Nationale (Cabinet des Titres), part to the Hôtel de
Soubise (in the series M. and MM.), part to the Ministère de la Justice (for
the period after 1789). In short, the equivalent of the Heralds’ College of
England never existed in France. However, the Conseil du Sceau had some
similarity to that body. There is no Heraldic Society, yet some persons,
without legal authority, occupy themselves with questions of nobility, but
they necessarily cannot be regarded as altogether trustworthy. Not knowing
of a Heralds’ College in France, I cannot accuse the Commune of having
burnt the archives. The fires of 1871 destroyed the parochial registers
(entries of birth, marriage, and death) preserved at the Hôtel de Ville, and in
the Library of the Louvre, which included some precious MSS. containing
some correspondence of the last two centuries.’”
“ARTHUR VICARS, Ulster.”
It will be seen that reference is made in the above letter to a certain un-
official Heraldic Society, but shortly after the above correspondence was
published, even that body was dissolved.
In May, 1895, there was sold by auction in the Hôtel des Ventes, in Paris,
the whole of the archives accumulated by the French Heraldic College.
Although it is true the institution was never anything but a private enterprise,
it had had an uninterrupted existence of more than half a century, during
which period a great store of genealogical documents had been amassed
relating to the titled families of France. It was founded in 1841 by the
Marquis de Magny, the compiler of the well-known “Livre d’Or de la
Noblesse de France,” but the present generation of Frenchmen did not care
sufficiently for rules of precedence and genealogical trees to support the
institution. Hence the sale, consisting, it is computed, of 40,000 genealogical
trees, and about 400,000 original family documents.
As to Frenchmen generally, they seem now to attach little importance to
heraldry, and few literary men place arms on their book-plates. In fact, as M.
Henri Bouchot observes: “Le blason à fait son temps, il ne se rencontre plus
guère que dans les travaux des héraldistes et détonne un peu en ce moment.”
 As a simple guide to French heraldic terms may be mentioned: “Traité
Complet de la Science du Blason,” par Jouffroy D’Eschavannes. Edouard
Rouveyre, rue des Saints Pères, Paris, 1880. This contains an excellent
“Dictionnaire des Termes de Blason.”
Heraldically interesting is the ex-libris of the library of the Château du
Verdier de Vauprivas, French King of Arms, with the old war-cry of the
Bourbons, Mont-Joye St. Denis! and the owner’s motto, “Fear no Evil.”
“Clisson assura sa Majesté du gain de la bataille, le roi lui repondit:
Connestable, Dieu le veeulle, nous irons donc avant au nom de Dieu et de
Sainct Denis.”—Vulson de la Colombière.

BOOK-PLATE OF DU VERDIER, FRENCH KING OF ARMS.

 CHAPTER IV.

EARLY EXAMPLES. FROM 1574 TO 1650.

ROM 1574 to 1650 French book-plates were not numerous, and
very few dated examples are known, but the age of the plates
can generally be approximately decided by their style.
The French shields of this first period are almost invariably
square in form, slightly curved at the bottom. As a rule, on early
plates the supporters hold the shield upright on a base which rises on each
side, or occasionally on a mosaic platform, on the squares of which are
emblazoned the principal charges of the shield. This latter decoration,
although exceedingly rich in appearance, seems to have fallen rapidly into
disuse after 1650. At first the metals and colours are irregularly emblazoned,
next they are indicated by the initials of their names, and finally (after 1638)
are shown on the present system, although, it must be admitted, that on early
plates the tinctures cannot invariably be relied on. French engravers, having
the love of beauty more strongly developed than the desire for strict heraldic
accuracy, often introduced shading in such a manner as to make it difficult to
discriminate between heraldic and non-heraldic lines in their work. Prior to
1638 it was not unusual to “trick” the arms, by placing on them the initials of
their metals or colours, as “o.” for or, “ar.” for argent, “g.” for gueules, etc.;
whereas soon after the publication of the “Tesseræ gentilitiæ” of Father
Sylvestre Petra Sancta, it became the custom to employ dots and lines in
conventional forms to indicate colours, metals, and furs in heraldic
engravings, in the simple but effective manner which is still employed. Of
the early plates, many are of large size, suitable for the folio volumes which
then formed the bulk of all libraries. The ex-libris of Lyons are especially
notable for their magnitude, as, for example, that of Claude Ruffier.
As in many cases designers’ or engravers’ signatures are found on plates
which have no owners’ names, the use of the term anonymous, applied to
such ex-libris, would have been ambiguous or misleading. I have, therefore,
spoken of ownerless plates as nameless.
 I have already alluded in the Introductory Chapter to the three most
interesting dated French plates before 1650, namely: Caroli Albosii, 1574, of
which a facsimile is here; Alexandre Bouchart, 1611, reproduced by M.
Bouchot; and Melchior de la Vallée, 1613, which has been reproduced in
both the “Archives de la Société Française” and the “Ex-Libris Journal.”
There is a fourth plate, dated 1644, yet to be described, and a few
additional notes about the above will be given, as we reach them in their
order.
First, there can be no doubt as to the authenticity of the label of Caroli
Albosii, or Charles Ailleboust, Bishop of Autun, whose father had been
doctor to Francis I., and died at Fontainebleau, in 1531.

BOOK-PLATE OF THE BISHOP OF AUTUN.

Charles Ailleboust is described in the histories of the time as having been

a handsome man, of courtly manners and great learning. He was educated
for the Church, but he also obtained several court appointments, through the
interest of his father’s many friends, and was procureur-général in the
province of Lyons. He died in the town of Autun, on December 29, 1585,
and was buried in the Church of Saint Jean-de-la-Grotte.
On his episcopal seal his arms are shown as a chevron between three
trefoils within a bordure. No mention is made as to the extent or nature of
the library left by this Bishop of Autun, but his ex-libris was found in a work
printed in Lyons in 1566, entitled “Les secrets miracles de Nature.”
One of the most curious points about this remarkable label is that it
exactly synchronizes with the earliest known dated British book-plate,
namely, that of Nicholas Bacon. But for the solace of our national vanity it
may be said that the latter is the more important of the two, being a coloured
armorial woodcut.
Amongst the finest examples of plates before 1650 may be named the
series of three, in different sizes, engraved for Jean Bigot, Sieur de
Sommesnil (the head of a Norman family of famous book-lovers).
All three plates are nameless; the arms are irregularly emblazoned, whilst
the helmet and supporters are drawn in such an antique style as to give the
plates the appearance of even greater age than they possess. Possibly they
may have been copied from some very old painting. Later on this Bigot has
another suite of armorial book-plates engraved with his name, Johannes
Bigot. In these the tinctures are indicated on the shield by their initial letters.
As a collector his son Emeric was even more famous, and added greatly to
the library he inherited from his father. He had three armorial ex-libris, one
large, and two small, on which the tinctures are correctly shown, with the
name, L. E. Bigot. These are all signed with a monogram formed of B and D
entwined.
Emeric Bigot was born in 1626, so that it is possible that his plates were
engraved a little later than 1650.
He was certainly the leading bibliophile of his day, at once the most
cultivated and the most liberal in the acquisition of rare books.
Contemporary writers mention his literary taste and his fine library, which at
the time of his death contained about 40,000 volumes. These he left to a
member of his family, Robert Bigot (who also had a book-plate), but
eventually they were sold in Paris in 1706.
The following ex-libris have also been identified as belonging to this
period, either by the names, the arms, the mottoes, or by the signatures of the
artists affixed to them:
Charles de Lorraine, Evêque de Verdun (1592-1631). Fine armorial plate,
without the owner’s name.
Alexandre Bouchart, Sieur de Blosseville. Engraved by Léonard Gaultier,
dated 1611, and already described on page 12.
Melchior de la Vallée, dated 1613, an armorial plate of extreme rarity.
The inscription reads thus: “Melchior a Valle protonotarius Insignis Ecclæ
Sancti Georgi Naceis Cantor et Canonicus Henr II. D. Lotharin. et Barri
eleemosinarius.” On account of its extreme rarity this ex-libris had long been
the subject of doubt and curiosity to collectors, even Mons. Poulet-Malassis
had not seen it, and blundered in his notes upon it.
At length Dr. Bouland gave a facsimile of it in the Archives de la Société
Française for February, 1895.
The actual engraving measures exactly six inches by four, and in the
lower portion the date (1613) is boldly engraved. Dr. Bouland, in his notes
upon it, says that this facsimile is taken from the only original copy that is
now known to exist, in the possession of Mons. Lucien Wiener, Curator of
the Lorraine Museum in Nancy. One other example was discovered some
time since, but was unfortunately destroyed in a fire. The design (which it
may be said is more curious than beautiful) was at first attributed to Callot,
but it is now believed to have been the work of Jacques Bellange, a painter
and engraver, who was born in Nancy in 1594, and died about 1638,
consequently he might well have produced work of this description in 1613.
Melchior de la Vallée was an ecclesiastic, with a passion for collecting rare
books and curiosities; unfortunately he incurred the displeasure of Charles
IV., Duke of Lorraine, was accused of sorcery, and cruelly burnt alive in
1631.
Chanlecy. The nameless armorial plate of an ecclesiastic belonging to this
Burgundian family, quartering the arms of Semur and Thiard.
Claude Sarrau. Armorial plate in two sizes; the larger one only is signed
Briot, although it is probable the same artist, Isaac Briot, engraved both. The
owner’s name does not appear on either plate. Claude Sarrau, councillor to
the parliament of Paris, died in 1651. His correspondence with the savants of
the day was edited and published by his son Isaac in 1654.
De Chaponay. Prévôt des Marchands de la Ville de Lyon in 1627. Two
handsome armorial plates, quarto and octavo, without the owner’s name. The
quarto plate has the arms of Chaponay imposed upon those of family
connections; lions support the shield, which rests on a platform composed of
a mosaic pattern of all the principal charges found on the various shields.
This is a very fine decorative plate. Signed Joan Picart incidit.
“Ex Libris Alexandri Petavii in Francorum curia consiliarii. Pauli filii.”
This is the fine armorial plate of Alexandre Petau, who inherited a splendid
library from his father, Paul Petau, conseiller au parlement de Paris, born in
1568, died in 1613. On the death of Alexandre his manuscripts were
purchased by Christina of Sweden, who bequeathed them to the Vatican. The
printed books were sold at the Hague in 1722, along with those of Mansart,
the famous architect. On the plate the shield rests on a mosaic platform,
composed of the principal charges in alternate squares correctly tinctured.
Motto: “Moribus antiquis.” This plate is reproduced by Poulet-Malassis.
Louis Brasdefer. In two sizes, each having the owner’s name. Arms
surrounded by two branches of laurel; the tinctures are indicated by their
initial letters.

BOOK-PLATE OF ALEXANDRE PETAU.

 Ex-libris of Guillaume Grangier. Guillelmus Grangierius. Faict à Nancy
par J. Valdor. An armorial plate, with six lines of Latin verse. The artist, Jean
Valdor, a Liègeois, was residing in Nancy in 1630, which approximately
fixes the date of this plate; he afterwards went to Paris, where he was living
in 1642.
Auzoles, Sieur de la Peyre, of a family of Auvergne, author of “La Sainte
Chronologie” (1571-1642). A quarto armorial plate without owner’s name,
but signed Picart ft. The shield hangs from the neck of a lion. Motto: “Sub
zodiaco vales.” This plate is reproduced by Poulet-Malassis.
Brinon. Norman family. A nameless armorial plate.
Pierre Sarragoz, of Besançon. Armorial plate, without owner’s name,
signed P. Deloysi sc. The plate contains a number of coats-of-arms, statues,
and a bust of the Emperor Rodolf II., to whom the Sarragoz family,
originally from Spain, owed their nobility. Pierre Sarragoz died October 14,
1649, according to his epitaph in the church of St. Maurice at Besançon.
Of engravings by Pierre Deloysi, of Besançon (called le vieux), few
examples are known. He was a goldsmith, and engraved the coins issued in
his native town.
De Regnouart. Armorial plate. Motto: “Age. Abstine. Sustine.”
Charreton. Armorial plate, name below shield.
Ex-libris of Roquelaire. Armorial plate, without owner’s name, signed L.
Tiphaigne. The arms are surrounded by the collars of the orders of Saint
Michael, and of the Holy Ghost.
Chassebras. Armorial plate, with the name on a ribbon.
Boussac, of Limousin. Armorial plate without owner’s name.
Antoine de Lamare, Seigneur de Chenevarin. An armorial plate with the
inscription “Ex-libris Antonii de Lamare, D. de Cheneuarin.” This plate was
found on the cover of a book having the signature Antoine de Lamare, and
the date of its acquisition, 1629. A very interesting feature about it is that
above the shield is printed (typographically) the blazon of the arms of
Lamare, and of those of the families of Croisset and of Clercy, with whom
he was connected.
Ex-libris des frères Sainte-Marthe. Armorial plate. Motto: “Patriæ fœlicia
tempora nebunt.” Signed J. Picart sc.
 Jean-Pierre de Montchal, Seigneur de la Grange. Armorial, without
owner’s name. Motto: “Je lay gaignee.” The shield rests on mosaic work, on
which the charges are repeated. In his “Traité des plus belles bibliothèques
de l’Europe” (1680), Le Gallois mentions the library of De Montchal
amongst those recently sold or dispersed.
Nicolas-Thomas de Saint André. A large plate without owner’s name.
Motto: “Pietate fulcior.”
Scott, Marquis de la Mésangère, in Normandy. Armorial plate without the
owner’s name.
Ex-libris de Garibal. Languedoc family. Name below shield.
Ex-libris de Berulle. Name below shield.
Bovet. Nameless. Armorial. Family of Dauphiné.
Bernard de Nogaret, duc d’Epernon. Large nameless armorial plate of
handsome design. The shield surrounded by the collars of the orders of Saint
Michael, and of the Holy Ghost. A very fine plate, probably the work of an
Italian artist.
“Messire François de Varoquier. Chevallier de l’ordre du Roy son coner et
maistre d’hostel ordre Tresorier de France Gnal des Finances et grand voier en
la generalité de Paris.”
Motto: “Recta ubique sic et cor.”
Le Féron. Armorial plate without owner’s name. The principal charges
are repeated on the mosaic pavement which supports the shield.
Le Puy du Fou. Two sizes, both without owner’s name. Armorial. Signed
J. Picart. Poitou family.
Joannes Bardin, presbyter. Motto: “Hic ure, hic seca, modo parcas in
æternum.” Two sizes, armorial.
Lesquen. An armorial plate without owner’s name. Motto: “VIN CEN
TI.” Breton family.
Large nameless armorial. Signed Raigniauld, Riomi, 1644. See reduced
reproduction.
Raigniauld, Riomi, 1644. The late Lord de Tabley, in his “Guide,” says:
“This engraver signs and dates a fine, but coarsely executed, anonymous
armorial plate. The shield is untinctured and quarterly; first, a star, on a
chief, three trefoils slipped; second, a cross pattée; third, a wing; fourth, two
bars, in base a wheel; over all an escutcheon charged with a fesse. Fine leaf-
like, simple mantling to helmet. No crest. I have no further knowledge of the
artist. The more modern French form of this surname is Regnault. Riomi is
an old-fashioned town in Auvergne, just north of Clermont.” It is now spelt
Riom.

ARMORIAL BOOK-PLATE BY RAIGNIAULD, DATED 1644.

This is the fourth dated plate (1574, 1611, 1613, 1644) before 1650, the
next we meet with is that of André Felibien, dated 1650.
François de Malherbe (1555-1628). The poet had plates in two sizes, both
armorial, and both probably engraved early in the seventeenth century, and
with the tinctures incorrectly shown. Neither bears the owner’s name.
Poulet-Malassis reproduces the larger plate.
Amy Lamy. A curious and exceptional plate, having the portrait of this
unknown bibliophile, with the motto: “Usque ad aras,” and six lines of
complimentary Latin verse.
 A large nameless armorial book-plate (unknown), with the motto “In
manus tuas Domine sortes mea,” signed J. de Courbes fecit, with several
other plates which cannot be identified, complete the list of plates of this
period mentioned by Poulet-Malassis. In most cases he gives details of the
arms and crests which students who desire to be conversant with French
heraldry may consult with advantage.
It will thus be seen that the proportion of book-plates which can be
positively assigned to a date prior to 1650 is small. Omitting those which
were produced in the provinces on the German frontier, or under the
influence of foreign artists, it will be remarked that all the plates produced
within the geographical limits of the France of that period were essentially
heraldic in character, composed of emblazoned shields, with helmets, crests,
mantling, and supporters, often surrounded by wreaths of laurel or palm
branches, and frequently resting on handsome mosaic platforms, decorated
with the principal charges of the shield. And so generally was the science of
heraldry understood in those days, that on only about one-half of the plates
was it deemed necessary to add the owner’s name to the shield displaying
his arms.
In the reigns of Henri IV. and Louis XIII. book-plates were probably very
uncommon, and the large size in which they were produced, for the massive
folios then in vogue, has militated much against their preservation. They are,
of all book-plates, the most eagerly sought for by collectors; they are rare,
they have great artistic merit, and the heraldry is of the grandest and purest
style ever known in France. Pierre d’Hozier compiled a list (which has never
yet been published) of the names, titles, and arms of one hundred and
twenty-five persons, who, living in 1631, were known as collectors and
lovers of works on heraldry, history, and genealogy. This list was
accompanied by drawings of the armorial bearings of each of the one
hundred and twenty-five collectors (engraved by Magneney and J. Picart),
the cream of the book-lovers of the day, la fine fleur des bibliophiles, all
possessors of libraries, and it may also reasonably be supposed, all possessed
of ex-libris.
Yet of all these Poulet-Malassis asserts that he has found but five whose
plates are known at present, namely, those of Le Puy du Fou, Montchal,
Auzoles de la Peyre, Jean Bigot, and the brothers Sainte-Marthe. Of the
remaining one hundred and twenty no book-plates are known; that some
amongst their number must have had them is reasonably certain. But where
shall we find them, or shall we ever find them?
Mais où sont les neiges d’antan?

NAMELESS ARMORIAL PLATE.

 CHAPTER V.

EXAMPLES OF EX-LIBRIS. FROM 1650 TO 1700

HE plates of André Felibien, escuier, sieur des Avaux, seigneur
de Iavercy, Historiographe du Roy, are notable as being dated
1650 and as marking the commencement of a transition period.
The heraldic style begins to show variations; the mantling
becomes less sumptuous and decorative, and the helmets are
displaced by coronets, often usurped by those who have no right to them,
either by birth, title, or estates. The shields change from the old square
French shape to oval, surrounded by a framework, or a decorative cartouche.
The fashion of resting the shield and supporters on a mosaic pavement,
having a geometrical heraldic design, disappears, to be replaced by a small
piece of landscape with grass and flowers, or the shield and supporters stand
firmly on a square solid base resembling a flight of steps, or an architectural
plinth.
Of this transition period the most interesting plates are those recording, in
the one case a gift, in the other a legacy, of valuable books to the College of
Jesuits, in Paris, in 1692.
 BOOK-PLATE OF PIERRE DANIEL HUET.

These books had been collected by two of the most famous bibliophiles
of the century, Pierre Daniel Huet, Evêque d’Avranches, and Gilles Ménage,
Doyen de St. Pierre d’Angers. Bishop Huet chose to present his books
during his lifetime (he survived the parting, and lived until 1721), and the
gift was of great value, consisting as it did, of 8,312 volumes, besides many
rare manuscripts.
 BOOK-PLATE OF ANDRÉ FELIBIEN, 1650.

The Jesuit fathers recorded their gratitude on ex-libris (in four sizes) of an
appropriately rich character, carrying the arms of Bishop Huet. They went to
less expense in showing their appreciation of the legacy of Ménage, perhaps
because he was dead (he died July 23rd, 1692), or perhaps because he only
left them about 2,000 volumes. Neither Bishop Huet nor Dean Ménage
appears to have used an ex-libris, but the bindings of their books carried
their arms stamped in gold on the covers. An account of the libraries of these
famous collectors is given in “L’Armorial du Bibliophile.”
Between 1650 and 1700 the number of book-plates is not large, nor are
they of any exceptional interest, beyond showing the gradual alteration in
style. It will suffice to name a few of the finest examples.
Nicolas Martigny de Marsal, by Sebastien Le Clerc. Four sizes, two dated
respectively 1655 and 1660.
Guillaume Tronson. Signed A. B. Flamen.
Hadriani de Valois, dom. de la Mare.
Jerôme Bignon, grand maitre de la Bibliothèque du Roi. A fine armorial
plate, probably engraved by François Chauveau.
 Leonor Le François Sr. de Rigawille. Motto: “Meliora sequentr,” dated
1673.
Charles Maurice Le Tellier, archevêque de Reims. Signed J. Blocquet,
1672.
Louis François du Bouchet, Marquis de Souches. Signed “Mavelot,
graveur de Mademoiselle.”
Mgr. Pellot, Premier President du Parlmt de Normandie. Signed J. T.,
probably Jean Toustain, an engraver of Normandy.
This President Pellot possessed a valuable collection of Spanish and
Italian books.
Guyet de la Sordière, a plate bearing the arms of several family alliances
of la Sordière.
Charles, Marquis et Comte de Rostaing. Signed P. Nolin. This fine
heraldic plate does not bear the name of its owner, but as it is exactly
reproduced in the Armorial of Segoing, with the inscription “Armes
d’Alliances de Messire Charles marquis et comte de Rostaing, gravées par
son très humble serviteur Pierre Nolin, 1650,” we are enabled at once to
identify the plate, and to fix its date.
 BOOK-PLATE OF MONSIEUR DE LORME.

Simon Chauuel, chevalier, Seigneur de la Pigeonnière, Conseiller du Roy,

etc. Signed P. Nolin.
This book-plate is also reproduced in the Armorial of Segoing, which
indeed contains about sixty copies of ex-libris copied by Nolin, either from
his own works, or from other plates belonging to his customers, or
engravings by his brother artists.
Denis Godefroy. Died in 1681. Ex-libris in two sizes, both armorial.
Potier de Novion. A nameless ex-libris, identified by the arms, and signed
by Trudon. The only known book-plate signed by this artist, who yet
engraved all the plates to illustrate his work entitled “Nouveau traité de la
science pratique du blason,” published in 1689.
Jules-Hardouin Mansart, superintendent of buildings under Louis XIV.
Signed Montulay Lenée. Heraldic plate, no name.
Jean-Nicolas de Tralage, a nephew of La Reynie, commandant of police.
De Tralage presented his valuable collections to the Abbey of Saint Victor in
1698.
 In many cases these plates have been identified only by the arms they
carry. Ex-libris had not yet become truly fashionable amongst bibliophiles of
the first rank, arms and devices being still generally stamped on the covers
of their books, and the names of the owners were seldom considered
necessary in a society where every person of any position was compelled to
understand heraldry, and to be acquainted with the armorial bearings of the
principal families.
The men of letters of the seventeenth century were not apparently
inclined to adopt ex-libris, comparatively few have been found; those of
Malherbe (who was, however, a nobleman and a courtier as well as an
author), the historiographer, André Félibien; Jerôme Bignon, who was chief
librarian in the Royal Library; Denis Godefroy, the historian, have been
named, and the collectors, Ménage and Bishop Huet; yet these latter scarcely
count, for the plates bearing their names and arms were only engraved to
place in the books they had generously presented to the Jesuit fathers.
We seek in vain for the ex-libris of Corneille, Molière, or Racine,
Boileau, La Fontaine, La Bruyère, for hitherto none have been discovered. In
1684 Madame de Sévigné wrote: “J’approuve fort de ne mettre autour de
mon chiffre que Madame de Sévigné. Il n’en faut pas davantage: on ne me
confondra point pendant ma vie et c’est assez.”
 CHAPTER VI.

EXAMPLES OF EX-LIBRIS. From 1700 TO 1789.

HE rapid multiplication of books and libraries during this period
naturally led to a corresponding increase in the use of ex-libris.
About the same time a new style of ex-libris comes in, more
fanciful and artistic than of yore, but it must be confessed of a
less practical character. These remain, for the greater part,
heraldic in design, in fact, more pretentiously heraldic than ever. For, with
the progress of education and the advance of philosophical speculation in
France, people began to realize the absurdity of purchasing heraldic
bearings, and, seeing what a sham the whole thing had become, finished by
assuming arms and coronets to keep in the fashion. “Le blason,” wrote the
Sieur de Chevigni in 1723, “est devenu un jardin public où chacun
s’accommode à sa fantaisie pour les armoiries comme pour les couronnes.”
Helmet, wreath, and mantling disappear, whilst the shield and coronet no
longer face one boldly and squarely, but appear in fantastic perspective; the
supporters assume attitudes never before contemplated in heraldry—under or
over the shield, or playing at hide and seek behind the shield. Cupids, angels,
cherubim, and mythological deities lend their aid, and a background of
clouds, with or without rainbows, completes the curious fashion in vogue
about 1750, which lasted, with some modifications, down to the time of the
Revolution.
 BOOK-PLATE OF N. R. FRIZON DE BLAMONT, 1704.

As time creeps slowly forward dated plates become more fashionable,

and the owners’ names are more generally inserted. Indeed, French vanity
begins to assert itself in lengthy inscriptions setting forth the high-sounding
titles, distinctions, and offices held by the owners of these elaborate armorial
book-plates.
 BOOK-PLATE OF CLARET DELATOURRETTE, 1719.

The plate of the Abbé de Gricourt shows us that he considered the

terrestrial globe unworthy to bear his coat-of-arms, which is therefore being
carried away to its home in paradise by a swarm of little angels singing
psalms in his praise, and weaving garlands of flowers to crown his
achievement. This ambitious plate is signed by A. T. Cys (Adrien Théry, à
Cisoing), who was a brother of the Abbé de Gricourt.
 BOOK-PLATE OF MICHEL, COMTE DE FAULTRIERES, 1730.

The plates of this later period are, for the most part, affected, pompous,
and even ridiculous in their assumptions. Shields in impossible attitudes,
either resting on nothing, or falling over the supporters. These, in their turn,
no longer perform their ancient duties seriously, but lounge about, lie asleep
at their posts, or yawn with ennui at having to take a part in such a farce as
heraldry in France had now become. As for the few plates of this period
which preserve the ancient regularity of form and correct heraldic drawing,
these usually belong to the families most entitled to bear arms, yet they look
archaic and formal beside their more ornate brethren.
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