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 jQuery
Pocket Reference
 jQuery
Pocket Reference

David Flanagan

Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Tokyo

jQuery Pocket Reference
by David Flanagan

Copyright © 2011 David Flanagan. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North,
Sebastopol, CA 95472.
O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promo-
tional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://my.safari
booksonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional
sales department: (800) 998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com.

Editors: Mike Loukides and Simon St. Laurent

Production Editor: Teresa Elsey
Proofreader: Marlowe Shaeffer
Indexer: Ellen Troutman Zaig
Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery
Interior Designer: David Futato

Printing History:
December 2010: First Edition.

Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are
registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. The Pocket Reference series
designation, jQuery Pocket Reference, the image of a rufous-necked weaver
bird, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish
their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear
in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc., was aware of a trademark claim, the
designations have been printed in caps or initial caps.
While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the
publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for
damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

ISBN: 978-1-449-39722-7
[TG]
1291911712
 Contents

Preface ix

Chapter 1: Introduction to jQuery 1

jQuery Basics 3
The jQuery() Function 4
Queries and Query Results 8

Chapter 2: Element Getters and Setters 13

Getting and Setting HTML Attributes 14
Getting and Setting CSS Attributes 15
Getting and Setting CSS Classes 16
Getting and Setting HTML Form Values 17
Getting and Setting Element Content 18
Getting and Setting Element Geometry 19
Getting and Setting Element Data 22

Chapter 3: Altering Document Structure 25

Inserting and Replacing Elements 25
Copying Elements 28
Wrapping Elements 29
Deleting Elements 29

v
Chapter 4: Events 31
Simple Event Handler Registration 31
jQuery Event Handlers 34
The jQuery Event Object 34
Advanced Event Handler Registration 37
Deregistering Event Handlers 39
Triggering Events 41
Custom Events 44
Live Events 45

Chapter 5: Animated Effects 49

Simple Effects 52
Custom Animations 53
Canceling, Delaying, and Queuing Effects 58

Chapter 6: Ajax 63
The load() Method 63
Ajax Utility Functions 66
The jQuery.ajax() Function 72
Ajax Events 80

Chapter 7: Utility Functions 83

Chapter 8: Selectors and Selection Methods 89

jQuery Selectors 89
Selection Methods 95

Chapter 9: Extending jQuery with Plugins 103

Chapter 10: The jQuery UI Library 109

Chapter 11: jQuery Quick Reference 113

Factory Function 113

vi | Table of Contents
 Selector Grammar 114
Basic Methods and Properties 115
Selection Methods 117
Element Methods 120
Insertion and Deletion Methods 123
Event Methods 126
Effects and Animation Methods 129
Ajax Functions 131
Utility Functions 134

Index 139

Table of Contents | vii

 Preface

This book covers version 1.4 of the jQuery library for client-
side JavaScript programming. It is one chapter from my much
longer book JavaScript: The Definitive Guide. jQuery is such a
powerful library and so well suited to pocket reference format
that it seemed worth publishing this material on its own.
This book assumes that you already know how to program
with JavaScript, and that you are familiar with the basics of
client-side JavaScript programming without jQuery. For ex-
ample, you should know about DOM methods like getElement
ById(), getElementsByTagName(), and addEventListener().
Thanks to Raffaele Cecco for a timely and thorough review of
the book and of the code it contains. Thanks also to John Resig
and the entire jQuery team for creating such a useful library,
to my editor Mike Loukides for his enthusiasm for this project,
and to the O’Reilly production department for getting this
book out so quickly.
The examples in this book can be downloaded from the book’s
web page, which will also include errata if any errors are dis-
covered after publication:
http://oreilly.com/catalog/0636920016182/

ix
In general, you may use the examples in this book in your pro-
grams and documentation. You do not need to contact us for
permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of
the code. We appreciate, but do not require, an attribution
like this: “From jQuery Pocket Reference by David Flanagan
(O’Reilly). Copyright 2011 David Flanagan,
978-1-449-39722-7.” If you feel your use of code examples falls
outside fair use or the permission given here, feel free to contact
us at permissions@oreilly.com.
To comment or ask technical questions about this book, send
email to:
bookquestions@oreilly.com
This book is also available from the Safari Books Online serv-
ice. For full digital access to this book and others on similar
topics from O’Reilly and other publishers, sign up at http://
my.safaribooksonline.com.

x | Preface
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction to jQuery

JavaScript has an intentionally simple core API and an overly

complicated client-side API that is marred by major incompa-
tibilities between browsers. The arrival of IE9 eliminates the
worst of those incompatibilities, but many programmers find
it easier to write web applications using a JavaScript framework
or utility library to simplify common tasks and hide the differ-
ences between browsers. At the time of this writing, jQuery is
one of the most popular and widely used of these libraries.
Because it has become so widely used, web developers should
be familiar with the jQuery library: even if you don’t use it in
your own code, you are likely to encounter it in code written
by others. Fortunately, jQuery is stable and small enough to
document in pocket reference form.
jQuery makes it easy to find the elements of a document, and
then manipulate those elements by adding content, editing
HTML attributes and CSS properties, defining event handlers,
and performing animations. It also has Ajax utilities for dy-
namically making HTTP requests, and general-purpose utility
functions for working with objects and arrays.
As its name implies, the jQuery library is focused on queries.
A typical query uses a CSS selector to identify a set of document
elements and then returns an object that represents those ele-
ments. This returned object provides many useful methods for

1
operating on the matching elements as a group. Whenever
possible, these methods return the object on which they are
invoked, allowing a succinct method-chaining idiom to be
used. These features are at the heart of jQuery’s power and
utility:
• An expressive syntax (CSS selectors) for referring to
elements in the document
• An efficient query method for finding the set of document
elements that match a CSS selector
• A useful set of methods for manipulating selected
elements
• Powerful functional programming techniques for operat-
ing on sets of elements as a group, rather than one at a time
• A succinct idiom (method chaining) for expressing
sequences of operations
This book begins with an introduction to jQuery that shows
how to make simple queries and work with the results. The
chapters that follow explain:
• How to set HTML attributes; CSS styles and classes;
HTML form values; and element content, geometry, and
data
• How to alter the structure of a document by inserting,
replacing, wrapping, and deleting elements
• How to use jQuery’s cross-browser event model
• How to produce animated visual effects with jQuery
• jQuery’s Ajax utilities for making scripted HTTP requests
• jQuery’s utility functions
• The full syntax of jQuery’s selectors, and how to use
jQuery’s advanced selection methods
• How to extend jQuery by using and writing plugins
• The jQuery UI library
The end of this book is a quick reference to all of jQuery’s
methods and functions.

2 | Chapter 1: Introduction to jQuery

jQuery Basics
The jQuery library defines a single global function named
jQuery(). This function is so frequently used that the library
also defines the global symbol $ as a shortcut for it. These are
the only two symbols jQuery defines in the global namespace.*
This single global function with two names is the central query
function for jQuery. Here, for example, is how we ask for the
set of all <div> tags in a document:
var divs = $("div");

The value returned by this function represents a set of zero or

more DOM elements and is known as a jQuery object. Note
that jQuery() is a factory function rather than a constructor: it
returns a newly created object, but it is not used with the new
keyword. jQuery objects define many methods for operating
on the sets of elements they represent, and most of this book
is devoted to explaining those methods. Below, for example, is
code that finds, highlights, and quickly displays all hidden
<p> tags that have a class of “more”:
$("p.more").css("background-color", "gray").show("fast");

The css() method operates on the jQuery object returned by

$(), and returns that same object so that the show() method
can be invoked next in a compact “method chain”. This
method-chaining idiom is common in jQuery programming.
As another example, the code below finds all elements in the
document that have the CSS class “hide”, and registers an event
handler on each one. That event handler is invoked when the
user clicks on the element, making it slowly “slide up” and
disappear:
$(".hide").click(function() { $(this).slideUp("slow"); });

* If you use $ in your own code, or are using another library—such as

Prototype—that uses $, you can call jQuery.noConflict() to restore $ to its
original value.

jQuery Basics | 3
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
Lane, Miss Harriet, 89, 90, 104, 114–130.
Lanier, Clifford A., 55, 197–9.
Lanier, Sidney, 197–9, 201.
Lay, Bishop Henry C., 379.
Lee, Robert E., 189, 227, 242, 368.
Lee, Mrs. Robert E., 201.
Leese, Mrs. William, 90.
Le Vert, Mme., 12–17, 35, 213, 368.
Lincoln, Abraham, 75, 119, 245.
Lind, Jenny, 101, 105.
Ligon, Governor, 55.
Logan, General John A., 184.
Longstreet, General James, 187–8, 358.
Lubbuck, ex-Governor Francis R., 258.
Lumley, Mr., 37.
Lyons, Lord, 141.

“Macaire, Robert” (play of), 10.

Magruder, Colonel John B., 152.
Mallory, Miss Ruby, 176.
Mallory, Stephen R., 30, 147, 170, 177, 195, 209, 235, 246, 249, 313,
367, 370, 377.
Mallory, Mrs. S. R., 158, 167.
Marcy, Miss Nellie, 63.
Marcy, William L., 62.
Marcy, Mrs. W. L., 63.
Mario, Signor, 101.
Marlboro, Duchess of, 120.
Marshall, Chief Justice, 74.
Marshall, Henry, 174.
Mason, Miss Emily, 201.
Massonis, The, 39.
Maury, The Misses, 78, 92.
Maury, Dr. Thos., 358.
Maury, Professor, 76.
May, Dr., 51, 358,
Maynard Rifle, 105.
McClellan, General G. F., 63.
McClelland, Secretary, 64.
McClung, Alex. Keith, 15–16.
McDaniels, The, 201.
McEwan, Captain, 298.
McLean, John, 77.
McKim, Charles, 273.
McQueen, General and Mrs., 51, 56.
Memphis, Tennessee, 72, 157, 222.
Mercer, General, 274.
Merrick, Mrs. Judge, 54.
Miles, General Nelson A., 267–8, 275, 292–3, 296, 334, 345.
Miles, Porcher, 36.
Miller, Major, 307.
Mississippi, Territory of, 4, 160.
Mitchell, General O. M., 181, 183.
Mitchell, Miss, 183–4.
Mobile Meadows, 10.
Montague, Mr., 11.
Monterey, 15.
Moore, Sydenham, 188, 190.
Morgan, General J. H., 169.
Morgan, Senator J. T., 153, 378.
Morris Island, 143.
Morrow, Dr., 110, 112.
Muhlenberg, Lieutenant, 334.
Myers, Lieutenant Henry, 126.
Myers, Mr. Frederick, 274.

Napier, Lord, 30, 89, 114, 117, 133.

Napier, Lady Nina, 114.
Nashville Female Academy, 15.
Nashville, Tennessee, 15, 172, 236.
New York Herald, 355–6.
New York News, 237.
Nicolay & Hay, 73, 86.
Norwalk, Connecticut, 27.

O’Conor, Charles, 290–1.

Orr, James L., 20, 51, 314.
Orr, Mrs. James L., 52–3.
Ouseley, Sir William Gore, 134.

Palmer (Heller), 38–40.

Parepa, Rosa, 101.
Parker, Mrs. A. S., 119, 281, 321, 340, 367.
Parker, Reverend Henry E., 148.
Parrish, Mr., 123.
Partington, Mrs., 128–137.
Patterson, Mrs., 339.
Patti, Adelina, 37.
Pember, Mrs. Phoebe, 201, 277.
Pendleton, George H., 146, 304–5.
Pendleton, Mrs. George H., 89, 130, 303.
Pennsylvania Avenue, 28, 42, 102, 306.
Perry, Commodore M. C., 110.
Pettigrew, General James G., 188.
Phillips, Philip, 229, 248, 254.
Phillips, Mrs. Philip, 151, 201.
Phillips, The Misses, 104.
Pierce Administration, 27.
Pierce, Franklin, 28, 59–63, 68, 87, 106.
Pierce, Mrs. Franklin, 28.
Pierce, T. W., 271.
Pillow, General Gideon J., 69, 172.
“Pocahontas” (Play), 103.
Polk, Mrs., 71, 368.
Poore, Ben Perley, 128.
Pope, Colonel, 160.
Podestad, Mme. de, 368.
Potomac, The, 28.
Prescott, Harriet, 64.
Price, Lilly, 120.
Pryor, Mrs. Roger A., 44, 47, 179.
Pritchard, Colonel, 258, 261.
Pugh, George E., 146.
Pugh, Mrs. George E., 44–47, 89, 97, 133, 146, 303–4.

Raasloff, Minister from Denmark, 150.

Ramsey, Admiral, 95.
Ramsey, Marian, 95.
Randolph, Mrs., 173.
Rattlesnake, The, 227, 241.
Reagan, John H., 258.
Reames, Vinnie, 369.
Redd, Mrs., 225, 233.
Reedy, Miss, 169.
Rhett, Colonel Robert Barnwell, 355–6.
Rich, Mrs., 90–94.
Richmond, Va., 168, 206, 236, 239.
Richmond Enquirer, 26, 237.
Riggs, Mrs. George, 37.
Riggs & Corcoran, 308.
Robinson, Reverend Stuart, 287
Roddy, General, 183.
Rogers, Representative, 325.
Rountree, Mlle., 94.
Ruffin, Edmund, 145–6.
Sanders, Miss Narcissa, 69.
Sandidge, “Little Jimmy,” 131.
Sartiges, Countess de, 30.
Scarlett, Lieutenant, 136.
Schaumberg, Miss Emily, 116.
Scott, Alfred, 315.
Scott, Captain, 33.
Semmes, Mrs. Myra Knox, 174.
Semmes, Raphael, 144, 370.
Semmes, Thomas H., 246, 249.
Seward, Frederick, 81.
Seward, Senator W. H., 58, 81, 131, 136, 238.
Sewing Machines, The New, 103.
Seven Pines, Battle of, 187.
Shea, George, 292.
Sherman, General W. T., 230, 232–3, 239.
Shipman, Lieutenant Lemuel, 298.
Shorter, Eli S., 164.
Sickles, Daniel E., 52, 97, 118.
Sickles, Mrs. Daniel E., 52.
Slidell, Mrs. John, 29.
Smith, General Gustavus W., 188.
Smith, General Kirby E., 154, 246.
Smith, Judge William, 160.
Smithsonian Institution, 124.
Soulé, Congressman, 174.
Sparrow, General, 229.
Spence, Alice, 184.
Spicer, Emily, 65, 66, 90.
Spicer, Commander W. F., 65, 66.
Spofford, Mr., 64.
Staeckl, Baron de, 38–9.
Stafford, General, 205.
Stafford, Samuel M., 9.
Stannard, Mrs., 174.
Stanton, Edwin M., 289, 312–14, 344, 361, 364.
Star of the West, 143.
Stars, Falling of the, 7.
Stephens, Alex. H., 242, 258, 370.
Stevens, Miss, 50, 95.
Stevens, Thaddeus, 356.
Stone Mountain, 17.
Stover, Mrs., 338.
Stuart, General J. E. B., 170.
St. Thomas, Island of, 150.

Taney, Roger B., 73–4.

Tayloe, Ogle, 307.
Tayloe, Mrs. Ogle, 30, 119, 307.
Tennessee, Palisades of, 19.
Tetlow, Captain J. B., 298.
Thackeray, W. M., 104.
Thomas, A. J., 104.
Thomas, General B. M., 278.
Thompson, Mrs. Jacob, 29, 86.
Thomson, Mrs. J. R., 118.
Thomson, William, 91.
Toombs, Senator Robert, 30, 243.
Toombs, Mrs. Robert, 86.
Townsend, General E. D., 374.
Tracy, General E. D., 155, 165–6, 190, 193.
Tree, Ellen, 10.
Tucker, Lee, 174.
Tunstall, Brian, 10.
Tunstall, Sir Cuthbert, 10.
Tunstall, George, 232.
Tunstall, Peyton Randolph, 3.
Tunstall, Thomas B., 9, 13, 14, 26.
Tunstall, Tom Tait, 90.
Tuscaloosa, Ala., 4, 6, 9, 15, 17, 109.
Tyler, ex-President John, 144.

Vallandigham, Clement L., 146.

Vallette, Captain Octave, 207–8.
Vogell, Dr. Henry C., 335.
Voorhees, Daniel, 369.

Walker, Aunt Dolly, 205.

Walker, Leroy Pope, 182.
Walker, R. J., 75, 357.
Walton, Octavia, 35, 368.
War, Black Hawk, 80.
War, Revolutionary, 3.
Ward, Miss Josephine, 118.
Warrior, The Black, 109.
Watterson, Henry, 47.
Wayne, James M., 77.
Weed, Thurlow, 58.
Wesselhœft, Dr., 22.
Wheeler’s Brigade, 232.
Wheeler, General Joseph, 234, 259.
White House, The, 26, 85, 106, 130, 339, 354.
Whittle, Major and Mrs., 229, 242, 254, 278, 279.
Wickliffe, Sisters, 54, 202.
Wigfall, Louis T., 246–7.
Williams, General A. S., 35.
Williams, Buxton, 185–6.
Williams, Harriet, 31.
Wilson, Henry A., 358–9, 360–1.
Wilson, General James H., 250, 254, 276.
Winder, General John H., 187.
Winter, Mrs. Annie, 207, 258.
Wirt, General and Mrs. Wm., 69.
Withers, Miss Hattie, 127.
Withers, General Jones M., 164, 192.
Withers, Mrs. Jones M., 223.
Withers, Robert, 244.
Withers, Dr. Thomas, 153, 348.
Wood, Benjamin, 289.
Woods, Colonel, 278.
Wynans, Ross, 369.
Wyeth, John A., 279.

Yancey, William L., 16, 180–1.

Yulee, David L., 147, 274.
Yulee, Mrs. David L., 54, 202–3.

Zollicoffer, General Felix K., 172, 197.

1. Apropos of this reference to Mrs. Douglas, Col. Henry Watterson said to me:
“Her passport into Washington society was her relationship to Mistress Dolly
Madison, who was her grandaunt. It is true, Mr. James Madison Cutts, Mrs.
Douglas’s father, was a department clerk, but he was the nephew of the former
mistress of the White House. Mrs. Douglas was very beautiful,” Colonel Watterson
continued. “I remember stepping into the Douglas library one morning, and
coming upon her unexpectedly as she was dusting some bit of precious bric-à-brac,
over which she extended a personal care. She was en negligée, and, as the colour
mounted her cheek, upon my unexpected appearance, I thought I had never seen
so beautiful, so rosy a girl. I told Douglas so!” A. S.

2. Writing to Mrs. Clay from the Department of the Interior, late in 1885, E. V.
D. Miller said of Mr. Lamar, then Secretary of the Interior: “Those nearest in his
labours only understand and have compassion for him, to try to save him all we
can. He would take us all in his arms, and confer the greatest benefits on us if he
could; and a more tender, appreciative, industrious, kind-hearted man I have
never been associated with, to say nothing of his giant intellect and cultivated brain
and taste. I never knew him until I came to this office with him and saw him in all
these entangling relations. I used to get angry and avoid him because I thought he
neglected my requests and was so indifferent that there seemed to be a lack of
respect; but a closer knowledge of the demands upon him have disarmed me
entirely, and I fight him no longer.” A. S.

3. As Governor of Ohio.

4. “President Pierce was one of the handsomest men I have ever seen!” was the
remark of Colonel Watterson to me, while dwelling on those ante-bellum
personages. A. S.

5. “I remember,” said General Joseph Wheeler, “hearing of those innovations,

and that the guests entered the dining-room two by two, and left it in the same
order, to the music of the orchestra. They introduced the custom of announcing the
arrival of each guest at receptions, by having a functionary call the name, aloud, a
novelty against which a good many rebelled.” A. S.

6. Wrote the Assistant Attorney-General, William A. Maury, in 1885, to Judge

Campbell: “I called on the President in company with Judge Gilbert and Mr.
Corcoran, and, a most fitting opportunity having occurred in the course of our talk,
I pleased the President greatly by telling him you said he was the biggest man who
had been in the White House since you were a child! Which Mr. Corcoran
supplemented by saying, ‘And Judge Campbell is a man who means what he says!’”

7. Held between Messrs. Cleveland, President-elect, and Bayard in the official

residence, which is segregated from the Capitol.

8. Asbury Dickens, Clerk of the Senate.

9. In a letter dated New York, April 6, 1861, a correspondent, the intimate

associate of James Gordon Bennett, wrote as follows: “I have been in Washington
twice since I had the pleasure of seeing you, and I can say truthfully, that ... the
ensemble of the personnel of the White House has sadly changed, more befitting a
restaurant than the House of the President. They tell me many droll stories of
them, and all are deservedly rich. ‘Old Abe’ tells stories and Mrs. Lincoln simpers.
They keep a household of those horrid ... people with them all the time, mais
assez!”

10. Some time after Clement C. Clay’s return to the Confederate States, this
cane was purloined by some unknown person. Years passed; one day Mr. Clay
received an inquiry as to whether he had ever owned a cane on which his name
appeared below that of the Kentucky Senator’s; the writer explained that he wished
to know its history and to return the cane to its rightful owner. Eager for the
recovery of his valued souvenir, Mr. Clay responded; but his unknown
correspondent, having gained the information he sought, lapsed into silence. Said
Mrs. Clay, in relating this incident, “And we never heard more of the cane!” A. S.

11. This story, though quite commonly repeated, has been rather effectually
disproved by scientists. It obtained currency for many years, however. A. S.

12. A notable vehicle of this sort was purchased in Philadelphia by Mrs. Clay,
at a cost of $1,600, and was carried to Alabama, where, among the foliaged
avenues of beautiful Huntsville, it attracted universal attention. It was a capacious
and splendid equipage, lined with amber satin, and was drawn by the high-bred
horses, “Polk” and “Dallas.” From Mrs. Clay’s possession this gorgeous landau
passed into that of Governor Reuben Chapman, and, in the course of years, by
various transfers, into the hands of a station hackman, of colour! A. S.

13. A reference to Mrs. Emory, a notably attractive member of Washington

society.

14. Nevertheless, the chronicler named in rapid succession as among Mrs.

Clay’s attendants, Lord Napier, Sir William Gore Ouseley, K.C.B., and many
prominent figures in the capital. “Mrs. Senator Clay,” he added in prose, “with
knitting in hand, snuff-box in pocket, and ‘Ike the Inevitable’ by her side, acted out
her difficult character so as to win the unanimous verdict that her personation of
the loquacious malapropos dame was the leading feature of the evening’s
entertainment. Go where she would through the spacious halls, a crowd of eager
listeners followed her footsteps, drinking in her instant repartees, which were
really superior in wit and appositeness, and, indeed, in the vein of the famous
dame’s cacoëthes, even to the original contribution of Shillaber to the nonsensical
literature of the day.” A. S.

15. While this playful exchange of ideas was going on, Senator Clay stood near
his Northern confrère, with whom his relations were always courteous and kindly.
At Mrs. Clay’s parting sally, Senator Seward turned to the lady’s husband and
remarked, “Clay, she’s superb!” “Yes,” replied Senator Clay; “when she married me
America lost its Siddons!” A. S.

16. Major Anderson, in command at Fort Sumter.

17. January 9, 1861.

18. General L. Pope Walker.

19. “Talk of disunion, threats of disunion, accusations of intentions of

disunion lie scattered plentifully through the political literature of the country
from the very formation of the Government,” say Messrs. Nicolay and Hay. See vol.
II, page 296, of “Abraham Lincoln.” Also, “Benton’s Thirty Years’ View.” Vol. II,
page 786.

20. This fact is emphasised by Messrs. Nicolay and Hay. See vol. I, page 142,
“Abraham Lincoln.”

21. Now United States Senator from Alabama.

22. Judge Smith was the grandfather of Mrs. Meredith Calhoun, who, with her
husband, played a brilliant part in Paris society when Eugénie’s triumphs were at
their height. A. S.
 23. John E. Moore became celebrated on the bench: He declined the office of
territorial judge, offered him by President Pierce, but was serving as judge in a
military court when he died, in 1864. He was a brother of Colonel Sydenham
Moore, who fell at the battle of Seven Pines. A. S.

24. Of Mrs. Clay herself, renowned for her histrionic talent, Mrs. Ives wrote:
“It was the hope of having you take the part of Mrs. Malaprop that encouraged me
to undertake the amateur production of Sheridan’s play. I felt sure that if all others
failed, your acting would redeem all deficiencies. You carried the audience by
storm.... I can see you yet, in imagination, in your rich brocaded gown, antique
laces and jewels, high puffed and curled hair, with nodding plumes which seemed
to add expression to your amusing utterances!” A. S.

25. I asked Mrs. Milton Humes, daughter of ex-Governor Chapman,

concerning these war-time search-parties. “I remember distinctly,” she answered,
“seeing them look into preserve jars and cut-glass decanters, until my mother’s
risibles no longer could be repressed. ‘You don’t expect to find General Walker in
that brandy bottle, do you?’ she asked.” A. S.

26. Dr. J. M. Bannister, at the ripe age of eighty-six, still continues in active
pastoral charge of the Church of the Nativity in Huntsville. A. S.

27. Harry, son of Buxton Williams.

28. James Camp Turner, of Alabama, died at Manassas.

29. It ended in April, 1865.

30. Then in the Mounted Signal Service, Milligan’s Battalion, from Georgia,
and on the staff of General S. D. French, now of Florida. A.S.

31. Son of Senator Hammond, of South Carolina.

32. Many of these possessions are still retained by Messrs. Spann and Harry
Hammond.

33. To overcome these conditions, the Right-Reverend William Capers,

distinguished in the Methodist Church, organised a wide system of missionary
work among the plantation negroes, whereby preaching and catechising by white
ministers took place once a month. Many of the great planters assisted in this good
work, Senator R. Barnwell Rhett, Sr., being prominently associated with Bishop
Capers. Senator Rhett built a large church, which was attended by the negroes
from five plantations, and regularly by his own family. A. S.

34. Mother of the unfortunate Mrs. Maybrick.

 35. A recent writer attributes to those experiences, the coffee substitutes which
now, forty years later, have “ruined the American coffee trade.” A. S.

36. Shortly after his arrival in Canada, Mr. Clay heard of General Lee’s lost
favourite. The animal, a fine Newfoundland, had been taken from the Lee home at
Arlington by a Federal soldier, who sold it to a Captain Anderson (commanding an
English vessel) for one hundred dollars. After some months of inquiry and
negotiation, Mr. Clay secured the dog, and personally brought him back to the
Confederate States. A. S.

37. Horace Greeley.

38. Printed in Richmond Enquirer, and quoted liberally throughout the North.

39. The family coachman.

40. A gentleman in the War Department—to whom I spoke of a violent protest

uttered against General Wheeler’s confiscations, by one Betts (who sent his
complaint, long as a Presidential message, to Senator Clay, in Richmond)—smiled
a little. “Well,” he said, “Wheeler always would feed his men, you know!” A. S.

41. Speaking of that episode, Mrs. Hammond said to me: “It was months
before we succeeded in finding the silver again. Though we dug the ground over
and over in every direction where we thought it was, we couldn’t even find the
blazes for a long time.” A. S.

42. A cartoon which appeared about this time in a Richmond paper was a
graphic demonstration of the shrunk value of Confederate money. It represented a
man going to and returning from market. In the first scene he carried a bushel
basket piled high with current bills; in the second, the basket was empty, and in his
hand was an infinitesimal package, which was supposed to contain a beef steak! A.
S.

43. The actual amount offered for Mr. Clay’s apprehension was $25,000; but,
in the dissemination of the proclamation through the press, the larger sum was
repeatedly given as the amount offered—being so quoted by General Wilson and
others. See Records of the Rebellion, series I, vol. XLIX, page 733.

44. Then widow of Congressman Bouligny, of Louisiana, and now Mrs. George
Collins Levey, of London, England.

45. Desk.

46. “It were as easy,” wrote one editor, “to suspect General Lee of duplicity, or
General Butler of magnanimity, as to think Mr. Clay guilty of the crimes imputed
to him!”
 47. Neither this application, nor any communication sent by Mrs. Clay to
Judge Holt, met with the recognition of acknowledgment. A. S.

48. A reference to Holt’s Report, dated December 8, 1865, will show how little
either Mr. Pierce or this great legal light apprehended the audacity of the
inquisitorial Military Commission, of which the Secretary of War and Joseph Holt
made two. A. S.

49. Several years later Mr. Stevens reiterated these statements to one of the
editors of the New York Tribune, who again quoted Mr. Stevens’s remarks in an
able editorial. A. S.

50. The letter reads “ult.,” but, being obviously an error, is here changed. A. S.

51. Copies of those addressed by Mr. Clay to the Secretary of War and to
President Johnson. A. S.

52. Dr. Craven was already in communication with Dr. Withers, of Petersburg,
Va., Mr. Clay’s cousin, who, through the courtesy of his fellow-practitioner, was
enabled to contribute occasionally to Mr. Clay’s comfort and welfare. A. S.

53. New York Daily News.

54. To pass by less irreproachable witnesses, the following incident illustrative

of Mr. Stanton’s brusquerie to women was told by the Reverend Elisha Dyer.
“While sitting in Mr. Stanton’s private office, a well-dressed lady entered. She was
rather young, and very captivating. Approaching the Secretary, she said, ‘Excuse
me, but I must see you!’ My old friend at once assumed the air of a bear. In a stern
voice he said, ‘Madam, you have no right to come into this office, and you must
leave it! No, Madam,’ he continued, when she tried to speak, ‘not one word!’ And,
calling an orderly, he said, ‘Take this woman out!’” A. S.

55. Mr. Scott’s daughter is the wife of the widely known Dr. Garnett, of Hot
Springs, Arkansas.

56. The letter here given is from a copy furnished Mrs. Clay by Robert
Morrow, Secretary in 1866.

57. For months Mr. Holt’s Report was steadily refused to the public. Referring
to this secretive conduct, in July, 1866, A. J. Rogers said, in the House of
Representatives, “Secrecy has surrounded and shrouded, not to say protected,
every step of these examinations. In the words of the late Attorney-General, ‘Most
of the evidence upon which they [the charges] are based was obtained ex parte,
without notice to the accused, and whilst they were in custody in military prisons.
Their publication might wrong the Government.’ ...” The Secretary of War,
February 7, 1866, writes to the President that the publication of the Report of the
Judge Advocate General is incompatible with the public interests. “This report,”
continues Mr. Rogers, “in the testimony it quotes, will show that the interests of
the country would never have suffered by the dispensing with illegal secrecy, but
that the interests and fame of the Judge Advocate General himself would suffer in
the eyes of all the truth-loving and justice-seeking people on earth.” A. S.

58. Hyams, alias Harris, was one of the witnesses who, six months before the
date of Mr. Holt’s Report, had been exposed by the Rev. Stuart Robinson, and who,
six months later, or less, himself confessed his perjuries to the Judiciary
Committee. A. S.

59. But not unimpeachable, as later events proved. They were afterward
denounced by Mr. Holt as unprincipled perjurers and the cause of all his trouble.
A. S.

60. In fact, as will have been seen elsewhere, Mr. Clay arrived in South
Carolina on the fourth of February, 1865, after a full month’s journeying by stormy
sea from Nova Scotia to Bermuda; thence on the ill-fated Rattlesnake, which,
failing to make its way into port at Wilmington, now in the hands of the Federals,
with delay and circumlocution, ran the blockade at Charleston, only to perish
under the very ramparts of Fort Moultrie. His return, therefore, was sufficiently
dramatic, and known to hundreds of truly unimpeachable witnesses, had the
Judge Advocate allowed Mr. Clay to know the charges against him or given him an
opportunity for denial. A. S.

61. Conover was the chief witness in the cases of Mrs. Surratt and her
companions, and Mr. Holt’s charges against Mr. Clay were based on his testimony
and that of others who had been drilled in their parts by Conover. A. S.

62. The public, however, was not destined to be treated to a spectacle so likely
to react to the Government’s dishonour. Mr. Holt, who for a year caused to be
denied to the prisoners (one of whom had been a Cabinet Minister, the other a
United States Senator) even the visits of counsel, now, for some forever
unexplained reason, instead of arresting the perjurer Conover, after his admissions
in the Committee room of the House, talked to him kindly, and extended him the
courtesy of a trip to New York, in order that he might procure further testimony.
Once arrived, the polite swindler excused himself to his companion, and, bowing
himself out, “was not seen by him thereafter,” said Mr. Holt; and he adds naïvely,
“and up to this time he has not communicated with me, nor has he made any
effort, as I believe, to produce the witnesses!” A. S.

63. In part an interview with Mr. Holt, and the whole most obviously inspired
by him.

64. Practically the only voice now raised in an attempt to explain or justify the
Advocate General’s unique methods. While denying his knavishness, it had the
singular appearance of developing his foolishness. A. S.

65. Conover had obviated the necessity for proving, by confessing, his own
infamy. A. S.

66. Now for sixteen months a prisoner in Fortress Monroe, and denied trial or
counsel! A. S.
 67. It is hard to believe that, if Mr. Holt’s reputation had survived the doubt
thrown upon it by the House Committee, in the preceding July, it could be
seriously injured by anything that might be averred by so vile a man as his former
ally, Conover. A. S.

68. In the preparation for the publication of these Memoirs, I found myself
continually lighting upon evidences of irregularity in the Government’s
proceedings against Mr. Clay. I was met constantly by what appeared to be a
persistent and inexplicable persecution of Messrs. Davis and Clay (if not a plot
against them, as hinted by Representative Rogers) at the hands of the War
Department, acting through Mr. Joseph Holt. I encountered charges, not
ambiguously made against Mr. Holt, of malice, and of rancour which would be
satisfied only with the “judicial murder” of the prisoners in his hands. Charges of
malice and meanness have been made against him by living men as frequently as
by those who have passed away; men, moreover, whose integrity of purpose has
never been challenged. A rather general condemnation of Mr. Holt appears in
certain correspondence of the sixties. It was uttered publicly in the press in the
early and middle portion of that decade. In the pamphlet alluded to and quoted
from in Chapter XXII. of these “Memoirs,” the Rev. Stuart Robinson had quoted
Mr. Crittenden, of Kentucky, and another, to show the peculiar estimate in which
Mr. Holt was then held. “I know little,” wrote Mr. Robinson, in June of ’5, “either
of the personal or public character of Mr. Holt.... The only well-defined impression
I have of his personal character is gained from two remarks concerning him in
1861–’2. The first, that of a venerable Christian lady, of the old-fashioned country
type, made to me: ‘Joe Holt, Sir, is the only young man I ever knew that left this
country without leaving one friend behind him in it!’ The other, the fierce retort of
the venerable Crittenden, to a Cabinet officer, reported to me by Governor
Morehead: ‘Joseph Holt, of Kentucky, did you say, Sir? I tell you, Sir, by Heaven!
there is no such man as Joseph Holt, of Kentucky!’”
In addition to such contemporaneous public utterances concerning Mr. Holt, I
have learned much that is corroborative by word of mouth from men whose
opinions have been softened by time, and whose conspicuous positions in national
affairs establish their utterances as both weighty and trustworthy. Said one of
these, a United States Senator, within the year (1903), “Joseph Holt was the
meanest man of his time. He was both unscrupulous and ambitious; and the
smartest man I ever knew!”
Another as prominent in the nation’s affairs, said, using the same adjective as
did the Senator just quoted, “He was a peculiarly mean man. I don’t know the true
circumstances of Mr. Davis’s and Mr. Clay’s imprisonment, but the suspicions that
attached to Holt were never proven, nor, so far as I know, investigated. After he
went out of office he seemed to have no friends. He remained in Washington. I
often saw him. Every morning he would get into a shabby old buggy and drive to
market, where he would buy his meat and vegetables, potatoes, etc., for the day.
These he would carry back to the house in his buggy, and his cook would prepare
his solitary meals for him. I never felt anything but dislike for him,” said this
gentleman, “and I don’t know any one else who did!”
“True!” responded another gentleman, whose word has balanced national
opinion to a large extent for many years, “Mr. Holt was repugnant to me. I think he
was generally regarded as a man who had forsaken his own section for gain. I
thought him a heartless man. When he left office he went into utter obscurity!”
These remarks, coming from sources so authoritative, lent strength to the
supposition that Mr. Holt’s behaviour toward his self-surrendered prisoner and
former friend, Clement C. Clay, if it might be traced to its source, would, indeed,
reveal a persecution at once vengeful and malicious, springing from some personal
animus. For a year I made continuous effort to find this motive, but without
success. Pitiless enmity, supported by almost unlimited powers (vested in Mr. Holt
as Judge Advocate General, when the Government was in an unprecedented
condition of chaos), this officer surely exercised toward Messrs. Davis and Clay;
but, where was the raison d’être?
By an accident, “at the eleventh hour,” the paper in Mr. Clay’s handwriting
containing the sentence quoted in the preceding text came to light. I wrote
promptly to Mrs. Clay-Clopton concerning it, urging her to try to recall, if possible,
the “reasons” which Mr. Clay, in his prison in Fortress Monroe, on the night of
December 29, 1865, had given her in explanation of Mr. Holt’s animosity toward
him. Her reply ran as follows:
“I can give you, in regard of Mr. Holt’s persecution of my husband, one very
important reason! On the breaking out of the war, I think on the secession of
Mississippi, Holt, who had won both his fame and his fortune in that State of his
adoption, espoused the Southern cause. Whether this was known to others than
Mr. Davis and Mr. Clay, I do not know. From the impression that remains on my
memory, Holt communicated in confidence to those two gentlemen alone his
intention of standing by the South. Possibly, it was said to Mr. Davis alone, as the
latter was Mississippi’s leading Senator, and by Mr. Davis repeated to Mr. Clay. It
was a common thing in those days to keep secret one’s intentions.” [See visit of
Admiral Semmes, Chapter IX.] “Whether Holt’s decision was known to others than
Mr. Davis and Mr. Clay, his friend,” continues the letter, “I do not know. I
remember Mr. Clay telling me that Mr. Holt was a renegade and a traitor, who had
pledged himself to the South; but when, in his selfish ambition, he received a
higher bid from the Federal Government, he deserted our cause and went over to
the opposition. I do not recall the position offered Mr. Holt by the Federal
Government, but it was a plum he coveted.
“You ask whether Mr. Clay and Mr. Holt ever had any dealings with each
other, political or business:
“None of any kind! Mr. Clay only knew of Holt’s base defection from our cause
and condemned him for it. My husband told me (in the Fortress), ‘Mr. Holt knows
the estimate Mr. Davis and I have of his defection and would fain get us out of the
way!’” A. S.

69. Governor Clay died the following autumn.

70. On the back of this scrap, Mr. Davis wrote in pencil, “If you get this, say
I’ve got the tobacco and will give you a puff.” Long afterward, lest the identity of
the little slip should be lost, Mr. Clay added this comment beneath the original
inscription: “Preserve! Mr. Davis to me in prison! C. C. C.” A. S.

71. Mr. Harrison died in Washington, March 29, 1904. A. S.

72. Mr. Clay’s response to this letter is printed in Mayes’ “Life of Lamar.”
(Page 122.)
 TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in
spelling.
2. Anachronistic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings
retained as printed.
3. Footnotes have been re-indexed using numbers and
collected together at the end of the last chapter.
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