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 Developing Web Applications with Perl,
memcached, MySQL® and Apache
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii
Chapter 1: LAMMP, Now with an Extra M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 2: MySQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Chapter 3: Advanced MySQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Chapter 4: Perl Primer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Chapter 5: Object-Oriented Perl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Chapter 6: MySQL and Perl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Chapter 7: Simple Database Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Chapter 8: memcached . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Chapter 9: libmemcached . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Chapter 10: Memcached Functions for MySQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Chapter 11: Apache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Chapter 12: Contact List Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Chapter 13: mod_perl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Chapter 14: Using mod_perl Handlers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Chapter 15: More mod_perl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Chapter 16: Perl and Ajax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
Chapter 17: Search Engine Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
Appendix A: Installing MySQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793
Appendix B: Configuring MySQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Developing Web Applications with Perl,
memcached, MySQL® and Apache

Patrick Galbraith

Wiley Publishing, Inc.

 ®
Developing Web Applications with Perl, memcached, MySQL and Apache
Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
10475 Crosspoint Boulevard
Indianapolis, IN 46256
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Copyright © 2009 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada

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To my wonderful wife, Ruth, whom I have known for 27 years and who has stood by me while writing
this book, even when I couldn’t give her the time she deserved. Also, to my dear friend Krishna,
who gave me inspiration every day.
 Credits
Acquisitions Editor Vice President and Executive Group
Jenny Watson Publisher
Richard Swadley
Project Editor
Maureen Spears Vice President and Executive Publisher
Barry Pruett
Technical Editor
John Bokma Associate Publisher
Jim Minatel
Production Editor
Rebecca Coleman Project Coordinator, Cover
Lynsey Stanford
Copy Editor
Sara E. Wilson Proofreader
Corina Copp, Word One
Editorial Manager
Mary Beth Wakefield Indexer
Robert Swanson
Production Manager
Tim Tate
About the Author
Patrick Galbraith lives up in the sticks of southwestern New Hampshire near Mt. Monadnock with
his wife, Ruth. Since 1993, he has been using and developing open source software. He has worked on
various open source projects, including MySQL, Federated storage engine, Memcached Functions for
MySQL, Drizzle, and Slashcode, and is the maintainer of DBD::mysql. He has worked at a number of
companies throughout his career, including MySQL AB, Classmates.com, OSDN/Slashdot. He currently
works for Lycos. He is also part owner of a wireless broadband company, Radius North, which provides
Internet service to underserved rural areas of New Hampshire. His web site, which comes by way of a
5.8GHz Alvarion access unit up in a pine tree, is http://patg.net.

About the Technical Editor

John Bokma is a self-employed Perl programmer and consultant from the Netherlands. He has been
working professionally in software development since 1994, moving his primary focus more and
more toward the Perl programming language. John and his wife, Esmeralda, currently live in the
state of Veracruz, Mexico, with their daughter Alice. John’s other two children, Jim and Laurinda,
live with their mother in New Zealand. For more information or to contact John, visit his web site at
http://johnbokma.com/.
 Acknowledgments

One weekend in 1993, I had the chance to go on a getaway to San Diego. Instead, I opted to stay home
and download, onto 26 floppies, Slackware Linux, which I promptly installed onto my Packard Bell 386.
I could never get the built-in video card to work with X, so I ended up buying a separate video card and
had to edit my XConfig file to get it to work. How much more interesting this was to do than editing a
config.sys and an autoexec.bat! From then on, I was hooked. I worked at Siemens Ultrasound Group in
Issaquah, Washington, at the time. An engineer there named Debra, when asked what was a good thing
to learn, said something I’ll never forget: ‘‘Learn Perl.’’ Debra — you were right!

I always wanted to be a C++ graphics programmer. That didn’t happen because of this thing called the
World Wide Web. I remember Ray Jones and Randy Bentson of Celestial Software showing me a program
called Mosaic, which allowed you to view text over the Internet. Images would be launched using XV.
Everywhere I worked, I had to write programs that ran on the Web, which required me to write CGI in
Perl. So much for my goal of being a C++ programmer — but I consider this a great trade for a great
career. (I did eventually get to write C++ for MySQL!)

I would first like to thank my editor, Maureen Spears, who is not only a great editor, but also a friend.
She gave me much-needed encouragement throughout the writing of this book.

A special thanks goes to John Bokma for his meticulous attention to detail and great knowledge of
Perl — particularly with regard to Perl programming style and convention that I didn’t realize had
changed over the last several years. I was somewhat set in my ways!

Thank you to Jenny Watson, who gave me the opportunity to write this book in the first place!

Thanks to Monty Widenius for creating MySQL and for being a mentor as well as a good friend, and
thanks, Monty, for looking over Chapters 1, 2, and 3! Thanks also to Brian Aker for being another great
mentor and friend, as well as being a software-producing machine with a scrolling page full of open
source software projects that he’s created, including Drizzle and libmemcached. Thanks to Sheeri Kritzer
for her encouragement and for listening to me — she finished her book not too long before I finished
mine, so she understood completely what I was going through.

I’d like to thank my friend, Wes Moran, head of design for Sourceforge, for providing the nice, clean,
simple HTML design I used for many of the examples in this book.

Thanks to Eric Day for his excellent input and review of chapters pertaining to Gearman.

A special thanks to Joaquı́n Ruiz of Gear 6, who provided a lot of input on Chapter 1, as well as Jeff
Freund of Clickability and Edwin Desouza and Jimmy Guerrero of Sun, who put me in touch with others
and were great sources of memcached information.

I would like to thank my current colleagues at Lycos, and former colleagues at Grazr and MySQL, as
well as the team members of Drizzle, for their part in my professional development, which gave me the
ability to write this book. Thanks also to anyone I forgot to mention!
Acknowledgments
Finally, I would like to thank the entire Open Source community. My life would not be the same without
open source software.

There’s a verse in an ancient book, the Bhagavad Gita, that aptly describes how people like Monty
Widenius, Linus Torvalds, Larry Wall, Brian Aker and other leaders within the Open Source community
inspire the rest of us:

‘‘Whatever action a great man performs, common men follow. And whatever standards he sets by exemplary acts,
all the world pursues.’’

x
 Contents

Foreword xxv
Introduction xxvii

Chapter 1: LAMMP, Now with an Extra M 1

Linux 2
Apache 3
MySQL 4
memcached 5
Gear6 6
Clickability 6
GaiaOnline 7
How memcached Can Work for You 7
Perl 8
Other Technologies 10
Sphinx 10
Gearman 11
The New Picture 11
The Future of Open-Source Web Development and Databases 12
Projects to Watch! 13
Summary 13
Chapter 2: MySQL 15
How CGI and PHP Changed the Web Dramatically 15
About MySQL 16
MySQL Programs 19
Client Programs 20
Utility Programs 25
MySQL Daemon and Startup Utilities 27
Working with Data 28
Creating a Schema and Tables 29
Inserting Data 35
Querying Data 38
Updating Data 50
Deleting Data 52
Contents
Replacing Data 56
INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE 57
Operators 58
Functions 59
Using Help 70
User-Defined Variables in MySQL 72
MySQL Privileges 74
MySQL Access Control Privilege System 75
MySQL Global System User 75
MySQL System Schema Grant Tables 76
Account Management 80
Summary 84
Chapter 3: Advanced MySQL 85
SQL Features 85
Stored Procedures and Functions 86
Triggers 94
Views 102
User Defined Functions 105
Storage Engines 111
Commonly Used Storage Engines 112
Storage Engine Abilities 113
Using Storage Engines 113
MyISAM 115
InnoDB 118
Archive 123
The Federated Storage Engine 125
Tina/CSV Storage Engine 130
Blackhole Storage Engine 132
Replication 133
Replication Overview 133
Replication schemes 134
Replication Command Options 137
Setting Up Replication 139
Searching Text 148
When to Use Sphinx 161
Summary 162
Chapter 4: Perl Primer 163
What Exactly Is Perl? 163
Perl Primer 165

xii
 Contents
Perl Data Types 165
Scalars 165
Arrays 167
Hashes 167
File Handles 168
Type Globs 168
Subroutines 168
Variable Usage 168
References 169
Scalar Usage 173
Array Usage and Iteration 174
Working with Hashes 179
Writing to Files 184
STDOUT and STDERR 184
File Handles to Processes 185
Subroutines 186
Variable Scope 189
Packages 192
Perl Modules 193
Writing a Perl Module 194
@ISA array 197
Documenting Your Module 197
Making Your Module Installable 201
Testing 201
Adding a MANIFEST file 204
CPAN 205
Regex One-Liners 206
Storing Regular Expressions in Variables 207
Regex Optimizations 208
Perl 6 Tidbits 208
Summary 210

Chapter 5: Object-Oriented Perl 211

About Object Orientation 212
Object Orientation in Perl 213
Writing a Perl Class 213
Adding Methods 217
On-Demand Method Manifestation Using AUTOLOAD 221
Other Methods 231
Making Life Easier: Moose 240
Summary 244

xiii
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