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Learning PHP MySQL JavaScript With jQuery CSS
HTML5 Early Release 5th 5th Edition Robin Nixon
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Robin Nixon
ISBN(s): 9781491978917, 1491978910
Edition: 5
File Details: PDF, 7.50 MB
Year: 2018
Language: english
Learning PHP, MySQL, & JavaScript
With jQuery, CSS, & HTML5
Fifth Edition

Robin Nixon

1. Learning PHP, MySQL, & JavaScript

2. Preface
1. Audience
2. Assumptions This Book Makes
3. Organization of This Book
4. Supporting Books
5. Conventions Used in This Book
6. Using Code Examples
7. Safari® Books Online
8. How to Contact Us
9. Acknowledgments
3. 1. Introduction to Dynamic Web Content
1. HTTP and HTML: Berners-Lee’s Basics
2. The Request/Response Procedure
3. The Benefits of PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS, and HTML5
1. Using PHP
2. Using MySQL
3. Using JavaScript
4. Using CSS
4. And Then There’s HTML5
5. The Apache Web Server
6. Handling mobile devices
7. About Open Source
8. Bringing It All Together
9. Questions
4. 2. Setting Up a Development Server
1. What Is a WAMP, MAMP, or LAMP?
2. Installing Ampps on Windows
1. Testing the Installation
3. Installing Ampps on Mac OS X
4. Installing a LAMP on Linux
5. Working Remotely
1. Logging In
2. Using FTP
6. Using a Program Editor
7. Using an IDE
8. Questions
5. 3. Introduction to PHP
1. Incorporating PHP Within HTML
2. This Book’s Examples
 3. The Structure of PHP
1. Using Comments
2. Basic Syntax
3. Variables
4. Operators
5. Variable Assignment
6. Multiple-Line Commands
7. Variable Typing
8. Constants
9. Predefined Constants
10. The Difference Between the echo and print Commands
11. Functions
12. Variable Scope
4. Questions
6. 4. Expressions and Control Flow in PHP
1. Expressions
1. TRUE or FALSE?
2. Literals and Variables
2. Operators
1. Operator Precedence
2. Associativity
3. Relational Operators
3. Conditionals
1. The if Statement
2. The else Statement
3. The elseif Statement
4. The switch Statement
5. The ? Operator
4. Looping
1. while Loops
2. do...while Loops
3. for Loops
4. Breaking Out of a Loop
5. The continue Statement
5. Implicit and Explicit Casting
6. PHP Dynamic Linking
7. Dynamic Linking in Action
8. Questions
7. About the Author
Preface
The combination of PHP and MySQL is the most convenient approach to dynamic, database-
driven web design, holding its own in the face of challenges from integrated frameworks—such
as Ruby on Rails—that are harder to learn. Due to its open source roots (unlike the competing
Microsoft .NET Framework), it is free to implement and is therefore an extremely popular option
for web development.

Any would-be developer on a Unix/Linux or even a Windows/Apache platform will need to

master these technologies. And, combined with the partner technologies of JavaScript, jQuery,
CSS, and HTML5, you will be able to create websites of the caliber of industry standards like
Facebook, Twitter, and Gmail.
Audience
This book is for people who wish to learn how to create effective and dynamic websites. This
may include webmasters or graphic designers who are already creating static websites but wish
to take their skills to the next level, as well as high school and college students, recent graduates,
and self-taught individuals.

In fact, anyone ready to learn the fundamentals behind the Web 2.0 technology known as Ajax
will obtain a thorough grounding in all of these core technologies: PHP, MySQL, JavaScript,
CSS, and HTML5, and learn the basics of the jQuery and jQuery Mobile libraries too.
Assumptions This Book Makes
This book assumes that you have a basic understanding of HTML and can at least put together a
simple, static website, but does not assume that you have any prior knowledge of PHP, MySQL,
JavaScript, CSS, or HTML5—although if you do, your progress through the book will be even
quicker.
Organization of This Book
The chapters in this book are written in a specific order, first introducing all of the core
technologies it covers and then walking you through their installation on a web development
server so that you will be ready to work through the examples.

In the first section, you will gain a grounding in the PHP programming language, covering the
basics of syntax, arrays, functions, and object-oriented programming.

Then, with PHP under your belt, you will move on to an introduction to the MySQL database
system, where you will learn everything from how MySQL databases are structured to how to
generate complex queries.

After that, you will learn how you can combine PHP and MySQL to start creating your own
dynamic web pages by integrating forms and other HTML features. Following that, you will get
down to the nitty-gritty practical aspects of PHP and MySQL development by learning a variety
of useful functions and how to manage cookies and sessions, as well as how to maintain a high
level of security.

In the next few chapters, you will gain a thorough grounding in JavaScript, from simple
functions and event handling to accessing the Document Object Model and in-browser validation
and error handling, plus a comprehensive primer on using the popular jQuery library for
JavaScript.

With an understanding of all three of these core technologies, you will then learn how to make
behind-the-scenes Ajax calls and turn your websites into highly dynamic environments.

Next, you’ll spend two chapters learning all about using CSS to style and lay out your web
pages, before discovering how the jQuery libraries can make your development job a great deal
easdier, and then moving on to the final section on the interactive features built into HTML5,
including geolocation, audio, video, and the canvas. After this, you’ll put together everything
you’ve learned in a complete set of programs that together constitute a fully functional social
networking website.

Along the way, you’ll find plenty of advice on good programming practices and tips that could
help you find and solve hard-to-detect programming errors. There are also plenty of links to
websites containing further details on the topics covered.
Supporting Books
Once you have learned to develop using PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS, and HTML5, you will
be ready to take your skills to the next level using the following O’Reilly reference books. To
learn more about any of these titles, simply enter the ISBN shown next to it into the search box at
http://oreilly.com or at any good online book seller’s website.

Dynamic HTML: The Definitive Reference (9780596527402) by Danny Goodman

PHP in a Nutshell (9780596100674) by Paul Hudson

MySQL in a Nutshell (9780596514334) by Russell Dyer

JavaScript: The Definitive Guide (9780596805524) by David Flanagan

CSS: The Definitive Guide (9780596527334) by Eric A. Myer

HTML5: The Missing Manual (9781449363260) by Matthew MacDonald

Conventions Used in This Book
The following typographical conventions are used in this book:

Plain text
Indicates menu titles, options, and buttons.
Italic
Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, file extensions, pathnames,
directories, and Unix utilities.
Constant width
Indicates command-line options, variables and other code elements, HTML tags, macros,
and the contents of files.
Constant width bold
Shows program output or highlighted sections of code that are discussed in the text.
Constant width italic
Shows text that should be replaced with user-supplied values.

Note

This element signifies a tip, suggestion, or general note.

Warning

This element indicates a warning or caution.

Using Code Examples
This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, if example code is offered with this
book, you may use it in your programs and documentation. You do not need to contact us for
permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of the code. For example, writing a
program that uses several chunks of code from this book does not require permission. Selling or
distributing a CD-ROM of examples from O’Reilly books does require permission. Answering a
question by citing this book and quoting example code does not require permission.
Incorporating a significant amount of example code from this book into your product’s
documentation does require permission. There is a companion website to this book at
http://lpmj.net, where you can download all the examples from this book in a single zip file.

We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title, author,
publisher, and ISBN. For example: “Learning PHP, MySQL & JavaScript, 5th Edition by Robin
Nixon (O’Reilly). Copyright 2018 Robin Nixon,

.”

If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above, feel
free to contact us at permissions@oreilly.com.
How to Contact Us
Please address comments and questions concerning this book to the publisher:

O’Reilly Media, Inc.

1005 Gravenstein Highway North

Sebastopol, CA 95472

(800) 998-9938 (in the United States or Canada)

(707) 829-0515 (international or local)

(707) 829-0104 (fax)

We have a web page for this book, where we list errata, examples, and any additional
information. You can access this page at http://bit.ly/lpmjch_4e.

To comment or ask technical questions about this book, send email to

bookquestions@oreilly.com.

For more information about our books, courses, conferences, and news, see our website at
http://www.oreilly.com.

Find us on Facebook: http://facebook.com/oreilly

Follow us on Twitter: http://twitter.com/oreillymedia

Watch us on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/oreillymedia

Acknowledgments
I would like to once again thank my editor, Andy Oram, and everyone who worked so hard on
this book, including

??? ??? for his comprehensive technical review, ??? ??? for overseeing production, ??? ??? for
copy editing, ??? ??? for proofreading, Robert Romano and Rebecca Demarest for their
illustrations, ??? ??? for interior design, ??? ??? for creating the index, Karen Montgomery for
the original sugar glider front cover design, ??? ??? for the latest book cover, and everyone else
too numerous to name who submitted errata and offered suggestions for this new edition.
Chapter 1. Introduction to Dynamic Web
Content
The World Wide Web is a constantly evolving network that has already traveled far beyond its
conception in the early 1990s, when it was created to solve a specific problem. State-of-the-art
experiments at CERN (the European Laboratory for Particle Physics—now best known as the
operator of the Large Hadron Collider) were producing incredible amounts of data—so much
that the data was proving unwieldy to distribute to the participating scientists who were spread
out across the world.

At this time, the Internet was already in place, connecting several hundred thousand computers,
so Tim Berners-Lee (a CERN fellow) devised a method of navigating between them using a
hyperlinking framework, which came to be known as Hypertext Transfer Protocol, or HTTP. He
also created a markup language called Hypertext Markup Language, or HTML. To bring these
together, he wrote the first web browser and web server, tools that we now take for granted.

But back then, the concept was revolutionary. The most connectivity so far experienced by at-
home modem users was dialing up and connecting to a bulletin board that was hosted by a single
computer, where you could communicate and swap data only with other users of that service.
Consequently, you needed to be a member of many bulletin board systems in order to effectively
communicate electronically with your colleagues and friends.

But Berners-Lee changed all that in one fell swoop, and by the mid-1990s, there were three
major graphical web browsers competing for the attention of 5 million users. It soon became
obvious, though, that something was missing. Yes, pages of text and graphics with hyperlinks to
take you to other pages was a brilliant concept, but the results didn’t reflect the instantaneous
potential of computers and the Internet to meet the particular needs of each user with
dynamically changing content. Using the Web was a very dry and plain experience, even if we
did now have scrolling text and animated GIFs!

Shopping carts, search engines, and social networks have clearly altered how we use the Web. In
this chapter, we’ll take a brief look at the various components that make up the Web, and the
software that helps make it a rich and dynamic experience.

Note

It is necessary to start using some acronyms more or less right away. I have tried to clearly
explain them before proceeding. But don’t worry too much about what they stand for or what
these names mean, because the details will become clear as you read on.

(1)
HTTP and HTML: Berners-Lee’s Basics
HTTP is a communication standard governing the requests and responses that take place between
the browser running on the end user’s computer and the web server. The server’s job is to accept
a request from the client and attempt to reply to it in a meaningful way, usually by serving up a
requested web page—that’s why the term server is used. The natural counterpart to a server is a
client, so that term is applied both to the web browser and the computer on which it’s running.

Between the client and the server there can be several other devices, such as routers, proxies,
gateways, and so on. They serve different roles in ensuring that the requests and responses are
correctly transferred between the client and server. Typically, they use the Internet to send this
information. Some of these in-between devices can also help speed up the Internet by storing
pages or information locally in what is called a cache, and then serving these up to clients
directly from this cache, rather than fetching them all the way from the source server.

A web server can usually handle multiple simultaneous connections and—when not
communicating with a client—spends its time listening for an incoming connection. When one
arrives, the server sends back a response to confirm its receipt.

(2)
The Request/Response Procedure
At its most basic level, the request/response process consists of a web browser asking the web
server to send it a web page and the server sending back the page. The browser then takes care of
displaying the page (see Figure 1-1).

(3)
 Figure 1-1. The basic client/server request/response sequence

Each step in the request and response sequence is as follows:

1. You enter http://server.com into your browser’s address bar.

2. Your browser looks up the IP address for server.com.

3. Your browser issues a request for the home page at server.com.

4. The request crosses the Internet and arrives at the server.com web server.

5. The web server, having received the request, looks for the web page on its disk.

6. The web page is retrieved by the server and returned to the browser.

7. Your browser displays the web page.

For an average web page, this process takes place once for each object within the page: a
graphic, an embedded video or Flash file, and even a CSS template.

(4)
In step 2, notice that the browser looked up the IP address of server.com. Every machine attached
to the Internet has an IP address—your computer included. But we generally access web servers
by name, such as google.com. As you probably know, the browser consults an additional Internet
service called the Domain Name Service (DNS) to find its associated IP address and then uses it
to communicate with the computer.

For dynamic web pages, the procedure is a little more involved, because it may bring both PHP
and MySQL into the mix. For instance, you may click on a picture of a raincoat. The PHP will
put together a request using the standard database language, SQL—many of whose commands
you will learn in this book—and send the request to the MySQL server. The MySQL server will
return information about the raincoat you selected, and the PHP code will wrap it all up in some
HTML, which the server will send to your browser (see Figure 1-2).

(5)
 Figure 1-2. A dynamic client/server request/response sequence

1. You enter http://server.com into your browser’s address bar.

2. Your browser looks up the IP address for server.com.

3. Your browser issues a request to that address for the web server’s home page.

4. The request crosses the Internet and arrives at the server.com web server.

5. The web server, having received the request, fetches the home page from its hard disk.

6. With the home page now in memory, the web server notices that it is a file incorporating
PHP scripting and passes the page to the PHP interpreter.

7. The PHP interpreter executes the PHP code.

8. Some of the PHP contains SQL statements, which the PHP interpreter now passes to the

(6)
 MySQL database engine.

9. The MySQL database returns the results of the statements to the PHP interpreter.

10. The PHP interpreter returns the results of the executed PHP code, along with the results
from the MySQL database, to the web server.

11. The web server returns the page to the requesting client, which displays it.

Although it’s helpful to be aware of this process so that you know how the three elements work
together, in practice you don’t really need to concern yourself with these details, because they all
happen automatically.

HTML pages returned to the browser in each example may well contain JavaScript, which will
be interpreted locally by the client, and which could initiate another request—the same way
embedded objects such as images would.

(7)
The Benefits of PHP, MySQL, JavaScript,
CSS, and HTML5
At the start of this chapter, I introduced the world of Web 1.0, but it wasn’t long before the rush
was on to create Web 1.1, with the development of such browser enhancements as Java,
JavaScript, JScript (Microsoft’s slight variant of JavaScript), and ActiveX. On the server side,
progress was being made on the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) using scripting languages
such as Perl (an alternative to the PHP language) and server-side scripting—inserting the
contents of one file (or the output of running a local program) into another one dynamically.

Once the dust had settled, three main technologies stood head and shoulders above the others.
Although Perl was still a popular scripting language with a strong following, PHP’s simplicity
and built-in links to the MySQL database program had earned it more than double the number of
users. And JavaScript, which had become an essential part of the equation for dynamically
manipulating Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and HTML, now took on the even more muscular
task of handling the client side of the asynchronous communication (exchanging data between a
client and server after a web page has loaded). Using asynchronous communication, web pages
perform data handling and send requests to web servers in the background—without the web
user being aware that this is going on.

No doubt the symbiotic nature of PHP and MySQL helped propel them both forward, but what
attracted developers to them in the first place? The simple answer has to be the ease with which
you can use them to quickly create dynamic elements on websites. MySQL is a fast and
powerful, yet easy-to-use, database system that offers just about anything a website would need
in order to find and serve up data to browsers. When PHP allies with MySQL to store and
retrieve this data, you have the fundamental parts required for the development of social
networking sites and the beginnings of Web 2.0.

And when you bring JavaScript and CSS into the mix too, you have a recipe for building highly
dynamic and interactive websites, especially when there is now a wide range of sophisticated
frameworks of JavaScript functions you can now call on to really speed up web development,
such as the well-known jQuery, which is now probably the most common way programmers
access asynchronous communication features.

(8)
Using PHP
With PHP, it’s a simple matter to embed dynamic activity in web pages. When you give pages
the .php extension, they have instant access to the scripting language. From a developer’s point
of view, all you have to do is write code such as the following:
<?php
echo " Today is " . date("l") . ". ";
?>

Here's the latest news.

The opening <?php tells the web server to allow the PHP program to interpret all the following
code up to the ?> tag. Outside of this construct, everything is sent to the client as direct HTML.
So the text Here's the latest news. is simply output to the browser; within the PHP tags, the
built-in date function displays the current day of the week according to the server’s system time.

The final output of the two parts looks like this:

Today is Wednesday. Here's the latest news.

PHP is a flexible language, and some people prefer to place the PHP construct directly next to
PHP code, like this:
Today is <?php echo date("l"); ?>. Here's the latest news.

There are even more ways of formatting and outputting information, which I’ll explain in the
chapters on PHP. The point is that with PHP, web developers have a scripting language that,
although not as fast as compiling your code in C or a similar language, is incredibly speedy and
also integrates seamlessly with HTML markup.

Note

If you intend to enter the PHP examples in this book to work along with me, you must remember
to add <?php in front and ?> after them to ensure that the PHP interpreter processes them. To
facilitate this, you may wish to prepare a file called example.php with those tags in place.

Using PHP, you have unlimited control over your web server. Whether you need to modify
HTML on the fly, process a credit card, add user details to a database, or fetch information from
a third-party website, you can do it all from within the same PHP files in which the HTML itself
resides.

(9)
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